Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D225/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D225/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D225/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia

Definitions

• This invention relates to 11-0-methylgeldanamyc ⁇ n compounds having cytotoxic properties, their method of preparation, and their use for treating hyperprohfeiative diseases, in particular cancer.
• Geldanamycm belongs to the ansamycin family of natural products, whose members are characte ⁇ zed by a benzenoid nucleus (typically a benzoquinone or hydroquinone nucleus) connected at two meta positions to form a macrocychc lactam.
• a benzenoid nucleus typically a benzoquinone or hydroquinone nucleus
• the ansamycins include the macbecms, the herbimycms, the TAN-420s, and reblastatin-
• R a OMe
• R b Me
• R C H
• R d H
• R e H
• R f H
• Hsp90 heat shock protein- 90
• client proteins proteins
• the binding of geldanamycin to Hsp90 disrupts Hsp90- client protein interactions, preventing the client proteins from folding correctly and rendering them susceptible to proteasome-mediated destruction.
• HSP90 client proteins are many mutated or overexpressed proteins implicated in cancer: p53, Bcr-Abl ldnase, Raf-1 kinase, Akt kinase, Npm-Alk kinase pl85 BrbB2 transmembrane ldnase, Cdk4, Cdlc ⁇ , Weel (a cell cycle-dependent kinase), HER2/Neu (ErbB2), and hypoxia inducible factor-l ⁇ (HLF-l ⁇ ).
• HEF-l ⁇ hypoxia inducible factor-l ⁇
• geldanamycin compounds having geldanamycin-like bioactivity, but with a better overall spectrum of properties.
• Position 17 of geldanamycin has been an attractive focal point, chemically speaking, for the synthesis of geldanamycin compounds because its methoxy group is readily displaced by a nucleophile, providing a convenient entry into 17-substituted-17-demethoxygeldanamycin compounds.
• structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have shown that structurally and sterically diverse 17-substituents can be introduced without destroying antitumor activity.
• position 17 is a choice one for the introduction of property-modulating substituents, such as a solubilizing group.
• the best-known 17-substituted geldanamycin is 17-allylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin ("17-AAG”), currently undergoing clinical trials.
• 17-substituted geldanamycin is 17-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino-17-demethoxy- geldanamycin (“17-DMAG”) (Snader et al, WO 02/079167 Al (2002), incorporated by reference).
• the aforementioned X-ray co-crystal structure also shows that the 11-OH group is partially exposed to the solvent but still acts as an H-bond acceptor with Lys58 of Hsp90.
• a small ether group at position 11, such as an 11-OMe group may retain the H-bonding capability while entering into other interactions with Hsp90, leading to compounds with improved physical and/or pharmacological properties.
• herbimycin A, macbecins I and II and TAN-420E each have an 11-OMe group, but, during the course of their biosynthesis they also pick up a suite of idiosyncratic functionalities that are not found in geldanamycin, such as a 15-OMe group, which has a tendency to lower cytotoxic activity. More importantly, they lack geldanamycin 's benzoquinone-bonded 17-OMe group. Without such a 17-OMe group, the introduction of 17- substituents is more difficult. See Muroi et al, Tetrahedron 37, 1123-1130 (1981); Shibata et al, J. Antibiotics 39 (11), 1630-1633 (1986); Tanida et al, US 4,540,517 (1985).
• the literature also contains a number of disclosures relating to semi-synthetic geldanamycin compounds having a group other than hydroxyl at position CI 1 : Muroi et al, US 4,421,688 (1983); Schnur, US 5,387,584 (1995); Schnur et al, US 5,932,566 (1999); Welch et al., US 6,015,659 (2000); Whitesell et al, WO 94/08578 A2 (1994); Ho et al, WO 00/03737 A2 (2000); Snader et al, WO 02/36574 Al (2002); Snader et al, WO 02/079167 Al (2002); Santi et al, WO 03/013430 A2 (2003); Zhang et al, WO 03/066005 A2 (2003); Omura et al, JP 63-218620 (1988); Schnur et al, J.
• the present invention provides 11-O-methylgeldanamycin compounds having a structure according to formula I:
• R 1 is OMe or R 2 R 3 N, where R 2 and R 3 are independently H, - alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo, aryl, or heteroaryl; or R 2 and R 3 and the nitrogen to which they are attached combine to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered ring; and
• this invention provides a method of inhibiting the proliferation of a target cell, comprising contacting the target cell with an effective amount of a compound having a structure according to formula I.
• the target cell can be a cancer cell, especially a breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia cell.
• this invention provides a method of treating a hyperproliferative disease, comprising administering to a patient suffering from such hyperproliferative disease a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to formula I.
• the hyperproliferative disease so treated may be cancer, especially breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia.
• this invention provides for the use of a compound having a structure according to formula I for the preparation of a medicament for treating a hyperproliferative disease, which may be cancer, especially breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia.
• a hyperproliferative disease which may be cancer, especially breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia.
• Alkyl means an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon moiety having the specified number of carbon atoms in the chain (e.g., as in “Ci -C 8 alkyl”) or, where the number of carbon atoms is not specified, up to 5 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Alkenyl means an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon moiety having at least one carbon-carbon double bond and the specified number of carbon atoms in the chain (e.g., as in “C 2 -C 8 alkenyl”) or, where the number of carbon atoms is not specified, up to 5 carbon atoms in the chain.
• Alkynyl means an optionally substituted straight or branched chain hydrocarbon moiety having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and the specified number of carbon atoms in the chain (e.g., as in “C -C 8 alkynyl”) or, where the number of carbon atoms is not specified, up to 5 carbon atoms in the chain.
• alkylaryl "arylalkyl,” “heterocycloalkyl,” “alkylheteroaryl,”
• alkylheterocycle and the like mean an aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl group, as the case may be, bonded directly to an alkyl moiety, as in benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.
• Aryl means a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring system having 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the ring portion, such as phenyl, napthyl, and biphenyl moieties, each of which is optionally substituted at one or more positions.
• Cycloalkyl means an optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring system, preferably containing 1 to 3 rings and 3 to 7 carbons per ring which may be further fused with an unsaturated C 3 -C carbocyclic ring.
• Exemplary cycloalkyl ring systems include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, and adamantyl.
• Halogen or "halo" means fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• Heterocycle means an optionally substituted, fully saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or nonaromatic ring system, for example, which is a 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 10 to 15 membered tricyclic ring system, which has at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
• Heteroaryl means a heterocycle in which the ring system is aryl. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, where the N and S optionally may be oxidized and the N optionally may be quaternized.
• Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic ring systems include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thizaolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxazepinyl, azepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridinyl, N-oxo-
• Preferred heterocyclo groups include pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrirnidinyl, pyrroyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thienyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and the like.
• substituted or unsubstituted or “optionally substituted” phrasing, such group may have one or more independently selected substituents, preferably one to five in number, more preferably one or two in number. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be synthesized by techniques known in the art as well as the methods set forth herein.
• substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, halo, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino quarternary ammonium, aralkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloamino, dialkylamino, alkanoylamino, thio, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclothio, ureido, nitro, cyano, carboxy, caroboxylalkyl, carbamyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiono, arylthiono, alkylsulfonyl, sulfonamindo, aryloxy, and the like, in addition to those specified herein.
• the substituent may be further substituted, e.g., by
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable ester” means an ester that hydrolyzes in vivo (for example in the human body) to produce the parent compound or a salt thereof or has per se activity similar to that of the parent compound.
• Suitable ester groups include, without limitation, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety preferably has no more than six carbon atoms.
• Illustrative esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates, citrates, succinates, and ethylsuccinates.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt of a compound suitable for pharmaceutical formulation.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of a compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, or the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formed by treatment of a solution of the compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable base, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonia, alkylamines, or the like.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable base such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonia, alkylamines, or the like.
• the present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention.
• prodrugs are in general functional derivatives of the compounds that are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound.
• the term "administering" shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to a subject in need thereof.
• Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs. Bundgaard, ed., Elsevier, 1985.
• Geldanamycin is a well-known natural product, obtainable by culturing the producing organism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus NRRL 3602.
• the compounds of this invention can be made semi-synthetically, by chemical modification of geldanamycin.
• R 4 is H while R 1 is as defined in the BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION section, above.
• R 1 is R 2 R 3 N.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is MeO.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is R 2 R 3 N, where R 2 is H and R 3 is a substituted
• C ⁇ -C 3 alkyl (preferably a substituted C 2 alkyl group).
• the substituent preferably is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, cycloalkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclo having at least one nitrogen ring atom, and heteroaryl having at least one nitrogen ring atom.
• R is H.
• R 1 is R 2 R 3 N, where R 2 is H and R 3 is a C 2 -C 4 alkenyl group, preferably allyl.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is R 2 R 3 N, where R 2 and R 3 are each H.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is R 2 R 3 N, where R 2 and R 3 and the nitrogen to which they are attached combine to form a substituted or unsubstituted 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered ring (preferably a 3, 4, 5, or 6 membered ring).
• R 4 is H.
• R may be selected from the group consisting of
• Compounds I can be made by either one of two methods.
• Method A shown in Scheme 1 (depicting the instance in which R 4 is H)
• geldanamycin is first converted to compound I-e (ll-(9-methyl-geldanamycin) by treatment with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate.
• Compound I-e is then converted to other compounds I of this invention (those in which the group R 1 is R 2 R 3 N) by treatment with the corresponding amine R 2 R 3 NH.
• alkylation is preferably performed at the stage of compound I-e (i.e., before displacement of the 17-OMe group with an amine R 2 R 3 NH), to avoid the simultaneous alkylation of either the R 2 or R 3 group, if they are susceptible to alkylation.
• R 2 nor the R 3 group is susceptible to alkylation
• N22 alkylation after completion of the second step shown in Scheme 1 is viable.
• Method B the groups R and R should be not susceptible to alkylation (vide supra), so that N22 alkylation can be performed either before or after 17-OMe displacement.
• N22 alkylation can be accomplished by treatment with a base such as an alkoxide in a polar solvent such as DMF or DMSO, followed by addition of a desired phenacyl halide, at 5 to 65°C.
• alkylation can be accomplished by refluxing in acetone in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate and the phenacyl halide.
• N22 alkylation is further described in Schnur et al, US 5,932,566 (1999), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
• the present invention also includes methods for treating diseases such as, but not limited to, hyperproliferative diseases, including: cancers of the head and neck which include tumors of the head, neck, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, salivary glands, and paragangliomas; cancers of the liver and biliary tree, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma; intestinal cancers, particularly colorectal cancer; treat ovarian cancer; small cell and non-small cell lung cancer; breast cancer sarcomas, such as fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, embryonal rhabdomysocarcoma, leiomysosarcoma, neurofibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma, and alveolar soft part sarcoma; neoplasms of the central nervous systems, particularly
• compositions described herein will result in a reduction in the size or number of the cancerous growth and/ or a reduction in associated symptoms (where applicable).
• Pathologically practice of the method and use of compositions described herein will produce a pathologically relevant response, such as: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, reduction in the size of the cancer or tumor, prevention of further metastasis, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.
• the method of treating such diseases comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive combination to a subject. The method may be repeated as necessary.
• the methods and compositions of the present invention can be used in combination therapies. In other words, the inventive compounds and compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more other desired therapeutic or medical procedures.
• compositions described herein can be combined with other treatment modalities, such as surgery and/or radiation.
• an agent or procedure is further included to mitigate potential side effects from the inventive compound or composition such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea may be treated with antidiarrheal agents such as opioids (e.g: codeine, diphenoxylate, difenoxin, and loeramide), bismuth subsalicylate, and octreotide.
• Nausea and vomiting may be treated with antiemetic agents such as dexamethasone, metoclopramide, diphenyhydramine, lorazepam, ondansetron, prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine, and dronabinol.
• antiemetic agents such as dexamethasone, metoclopramide, diphenyhydramine, lorazepam, ondansetron, prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine, and dronabinol.
• compounds of this invention are administered in combination with other anti-cancer or cytotoxic agents, including other Hsp90 inhibitors; microtubule stabilizers, intercalators, DNA crosslinkers, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, angiogenesis inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, nucleoside analogs, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
• other anti-cancer or cytotoxic agents including other Hsp90 inhibitors; microtubule stabilizers, intercalators, DNA crosslinkers, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, angiogenesis inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, nucleoside analogs, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
• Specific anti-cancer agents that can be so used in combination include geldanamycin, 17-AAG, 17-DMAG, epothilones, discodermolide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, imatinib, gefitinib, vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine), mitomycin C, bicalutamide, cisplatin, fluoruracil, gemcitabine, irinotecan, methotrexate, capecitabine, doxorubicin, floxuridine, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, bleomycin, busulfan, hydroxyurea, thiotepa, camptothecin, interferons, interleukins, and the like.
• the co-administered anti-cancer or cytotoxic agent can be a protein kinase inhibitor, including: quinazolines, particularly 4-anilinoquinazolines such as Iressa (AstraZeneca; N-(3- chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-4- quinazolinamine) and Tarceva (Roche/Genentech; N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7- bis(2- methoxyethoxy)-4-quinazolinamine monohydrochloride); phenylamino- pyrimi dines such as Gleevec (Novartis; 4-[(4-methyl-l-piperazinyl)methyl]- N-[4-methyl-3-[[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2- pyrimidinyl]amino]phenyl]benzamide); pyrrol
• non-cancer disorders that are characterized by cellular hyperproliferation are treated.
• Illustrative examples of such disorders include but are not limited to: atrophic gastritis, inflammatory hemolytic anemia, graft rejection, inflammatory neutropenia, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, demyelinating neuropathies, dermatomyositis, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, myositis, nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, pemphigus vulgaris, primary glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, surgical adhesions, stenosis or restenosis, scleritis, scleroderma, eczema (including atopic dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, allergic dermatitis), periodontal disease (i.e., periodontitis), polycys
• vasculitis e.g., Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis), polyarteritis nodosa, allergic angiitis and granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss disease), polyangitis overlap syndrome, hypersensitivity vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura), serum sickness, drug- induced vasculitis, infectious vasculitis, neoplastic vasculitis, vasculitis associated with connective tissue disorders, vasculitis associated with congenital deficiencies of the complement system, Wegener's granulomatosis, Kawasaki's disease, vasculitis of the central nervous system, Buerger's disease and systemic sclerosis); gastrointestinal tract diseases (e.g., pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative proctitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, benign strictures of any cause including ideopathic (e.g.,
• an effective amount of a compound of this invention is used, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition may be dry, or it may be a solution.
• Treatment may be reactive, for treating an existing condition, or prophylactic, to forestall development of a condition.
• Compounds of this invention can be used in the preparation of a medicament.
• the compounds may be administered orally, topically, or parenterally (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, transdermally).
• Compounds of this invention may be used in a composition, combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds may be in their free forms or, where appropriate, as a pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives such as prodrugs, and saltsand esters thereof.
• the composition may be in any suitable form such as solid, semisolid, or liquid form.
• the pharmaceutical preparation will contain one or more of the compounds of the invention as an active ingredient in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral, or parenteral application.
• the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, pessaries, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
• the carriers that can be used include water, glucose, lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, potato starch, urea, and other carriers suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in solid, semi-solid, or liquified form.
• auxiliary stabilizing, thickening, and coloring agents and perfumes may be used.
• compounds of this invention may be formulated as microcapsules and nanoparticles.
• General protocols are described for example, in Bosch et al, US 5,510,118 (1996); De Castro, US 5,534,270 (1996); and Bagchi et al, US 5,662,883
• Dosage levels of the compounds of the present invention are of the order from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, preferably from about 1 mg to about 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. More preferably, the dosage levels are from about 5 mg to about 20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, corresponding to 350 mg to 1400 mg per patient per day, assuming a 70 kg patient.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered on an intermittent basis, i.e., at semi-weekly, weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly intervals.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain carrier material, which may vary from about 5 percent to about 95 percent of the total composition.
• Dosage unit forms will generally contain from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient.
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors. These factors include the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time and route of administration and the rate of excretion of the drug; whether a drug combination is employed in the treatment; and the severity of the particular disease or condition for which therapy is sought.
• the crude product was purified by HPLC on a C-18 column eluted using a gradient of water/acetonitrile.
• the ll-O-methyl-17- (substituted)amino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin product (compound I, R 1 equals R 2 R 3 ⁇ ) was obtained as a purple solid.
• Compound I-j (ll-0-methyl-17-(2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl)amino-17-deme- thoxygeldanamycin) was prepared by the general procedure of Method A: ESI TOF MS m/z 657.3846, calcd for C 35 H 5 3N [M + H] + , 657.3858.
• Hsp90 binding was determined according to the procedure of Carreras et al,
• Cytotoxicity was determined with SKBr3 cells (ATCC HTB-30), a breast cancer cell line.
• the SKBr3 cells were maintained in McCoy's 5 A modified medium (Invitrogen #16600082) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone #SH30070.03) and 2mM L- glutamine at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere. Cells were plated into 96-well microtiter back plates at 4,000 cells per 50 ⁇ L per well, overnight.
• test compound (10 ⁇ M to 0.1 pM) in cell culture media were prepared with a Biomek 2000 apparatus, using the protocols of deeper-1000 ⁇ L- media and deeper-1000 ⁇ L- dilution. 50 ⁇ L of each dilution was added to wells containing cells. Each compound or control (medium only) was tested in duplicate. For each assay, the wells contained a final volume of 100 ⁇ L (50 ⁇ L of cells and 50 ⁇ L of compound dilution). After incubating for 72 h, the plates were let stand at room temperature for 30 min. CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Reagent (Promega #G7573) (100 ⁇ L) was added to each well.
• Luminescence was recorded using a Wallac VICTOR 2 Multilabel Counter (PerkinElmer) and IC 50 values were determined using Kaleidagraph software (Synergy Software).
• compounds of this invention exhibit significant Hsp90 binding activity and cytotoxicity towards SKBr3 cells.
• compounds of this invention have a K for Hsp90 binding of 4 ⁇ M or less.
• compounds of this invention have an IC 50 towards SKBr3 cells of 300 nM or less.
• MCF-7 is another human breast cancer line.
• SKON-3 is a human ovarian cancer cell line.
• A-549 is a human lung cancer line.
• CCRF-CEM, CCRF-CEM/taxol, CCRF-CEM/VBL, and CCRF-CEM/VP-16 are leukemia cell lines, the latter three being sublines resistant to paclitaxel, vinblastine, and VP-16 (etoposide), respectively.
• CCRF-CEM/ 1400 65 2500 530 4000 2500 140 170

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