Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
  • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
  • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
  • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
  • C12N5/0642—Granulocytes, e.g. basopils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in human blood. However, when infection occurs, neutrophils migrate from the bloodstream to the site of infection and contribute to the primary immuiiological defense. Neutrophils produce antimicrobial products and proinflammatory cytokines that can promote containment of the infection, which can provide the acquired immune system with enough time to clear the infection and generate immunological memory. Neutrophils, as well as other professional phagocytes including, for example, macrophages, clear many bacterial infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in innate immune recognition of pathogens.
• TLRs Toll-like receptors
• Suitable IRM compounds include, for example, TLR8-slective agonists and/or substituted imidazoquinoline amines. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of activating neutrophils in which the method generally includes contacting neutrophils with a TLR8-selective agonist and/or a substituted imidazoquinoline amine in an amount sufficient to activate the neutrophils. hi some embodiments, the neutrophils may be activated in vitro. In alternative embodiments, the neutrophils may be activated in vivo. In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method of treating a condition in a subject.
• the method includes administering a TLR8-selective agonist and/or substituted imidazoquinoline amine to neutrophils of the subject in an amount effective to activate the subject's neutrophils sufficiently to treat the condition.
• the subject's neutrophils may be activated in vitro, while in alternative embodiments the subject's neutrophils may be activated in vivo.
• the activated neutrophils maybe re-introduced into the subject.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions that generally include a TLR8-selective agonist and/or a substituted imidazoquinoline amine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.
• FIG. 1 shows IL-8 production by human neutrophils upon stimulation with TLR agonists.
• Neutrophils are important components of innate immunity. Activated neutrophils can kill microbes that have entered a host. Left unchecked, the microbes can establish an infection that, depending upon the microbe, the host, and many other factors, can cause illness or, in severe cases, death. Enhancing the activation of neutrophils can enhance a host's early innate immune defenses against infection.
• the present invention provides a method of activating neutrophils with, generally, a neutrophil-activating IRM compound.
• the invention includes activating neutrophils using a neutrophil-activating IRM compound and a method of treating a condition in a subject using a neutrophil-activating LRM compound.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions that include a neutrophil-activating IRM compound. This is the first demonstration of direct neutrophil activation using a neutrophil-activating IRM compound.
• the neutrophil-activating IRM compound can be a TLR8- selective agonist.
• the invention includes activating neutrophils using a TLR8-selective agonist and a method of treating a condition in a subject using a TLR8-selective agonist
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions that include a TLR8-selective agonist. This is the first demonstration of direct neutrophil activation using a TLR8 -selective agonist.
• neutrophils may be directly activated using a compound that does not also act as a TLR7 agonist, thereby avoiding possibly undesirable effects that can result from activating TLR7-mediated biological activity.
• TLR8-selective agonist refers to any compound that, in an appropriate assay, can be demonstrated to act as an agonist of TLR8, but does not act as an agonist of TLR7.
• a TLR8-selective agonist may, therefore, act as an agonist for TLR8 and one or more of TLR1 , TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, or TLR10.
• a TLR8-selective agonist may be a compound that acts as an agonist for TLR8 and for no other TLR, it may alternatively be a compound that acts as an agonist of TLR8 and, for example, TLR6.
• an agonist of a TLR refers to a compound that, when combined with the TLR, can produce a TLR-mediated cellular response.
• a compound may be considered an agonist of a TLR regardless of whether the compound can produce a TLR-mediated cellular response by (a) directly binding to the TLR, or (b) combining with the TLR indirectly by, for example, forming a complex with another molecule that directly binds to the TLR, or otherwise resulting in the modification of another compound so that the other compound can directly bind to the TLR.
• the TLR agonism for a particular compound may be assessed in any suitable manner. For example, assays for detecting TLR agonism of test compounds are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0132079, and recombinant cell lines suitable for use in such assays are described, for example, in International Patent
• the assay used to assess the agonism of a compound with respect to one TLR may be the same as, or a different than, the assay used to assess the agonism of the compound with respect to another TLR.
• a compound can be identified as an agonist of TLR8 if performing the assay with a compound results in at least a threshold increase of some TLR8-mediated biological activity.
• a compound may be identified as not acting as a TLR7 agonist (i.e., a TLR7 non-agonist) if, when used to perform an assay designed to detect TLR7-mediated biological activity, the compound fails to elicit a threshold increase in TLR7-mediated biological activity.
• an increase in biological activity refers to an increase in the same biological activity over that observed in an appropriate control.
• An assay may or may not be performed in conjunction with the appropriate control. With experience, one skilled in the art may develop sufficient familiarity with a particular assay (e.g., the range of values observed in an appropriate control under specific assay conditions) that performing a control may not always be necessary to determine the TLR agonism of a compound in a particular assay.
• the precise threshold increase of TLR-mediated biological activity for determining whether a particular compound is or is not an agonist of a particular TLR in a given assay may vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the biological activity observed as the endpoint of the assay, the method used to measure or detect the endpoint of the assay, the signal-to-noise ratio of the assay, the precision of the assay, and whether the same assay is being used to determine the agonism of a compound for both TLR7 and TLR8. Accordingly, it is not practical to set forth generally the threshold increase of TLR-mediated biological activity required to identify a compound as being an agonist or a non-agonist of a particular TLR for all possible assays.
• Assays employing HEK293 cells transfected with an expressible TLR structural gene may use a threshold of, for example, at least a three-fold increase in a TLR-mediated biological activity (e.g., NFKB activation) when the compound is provided at a concentration of, for example, from about 1 ⁇ M to about 30 ⁇ M for identifying a compound as an agonist of the TLR transfected into the cell.
• a thresholds and/or different concentration ranges maybe suitable in certain circumstances.
• different thresholds may be appropriate for different assays.
• the present invention provides a method of activating neutrophils.
• the method includes contacting neutrophils with an IRM compound, whether a TLR8 -selective agonist in an amount effective to activate the neutrophils.
• Neutrophils may be activated either in vivo or in vitro.
• neutrophils may be collected from a source, contacted with the IRM compound in vitro, thereby activating at least a portion of the neutrophils in the sample, and then introduced into a subject.
• the source of the neutrophils and the subject may be the same individual. In other embodiments, the source of the neutrophils and the subject may be different individuals.
• a sample collected from the source may include cells other than neutrophils.
• the sample may be enriched for neutrophils or otherwise processed before the neutrophils are activated.
• the IRM compound may be administered to an unprocessed sample. Activated neutrophils may be washed or otherwise processed before being introduced into the subject.
• unprocessed, activated neutrophils may be introduced into the subject.
• the cells introduced into the subject may include cells other than neutrophils.
• An amount of an LRM compound effective for activating neutrophils is an amount sufficient to increase at least one biological activity characteristic of activated neutrophils.
• Such biological activities include, for example, phagocytosis; production of cytokines and/or chemokines such as, for example, MLP-l ⁇ , MlP-l ⁇ , MIP-3 ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ , IL-l ⁇ , or IL- 8; chemotactic response to IL-8; shedding of L-selectin; generation of superoxide or other oxygen radicals associated with the respiratory burst; and decreased expression of certain chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR1 or CXCR2).
• chemokines e.g., MLP-l ⁇ , MlP-l ⁇ , MIP-3 ⁇ , GRO- ⁇ , IL-l ⁇ , or IL- 8
• chemotactic response to IL-8 shedding of L-selectin
• generation of superoxide or other oxygen radicals associated with the respiratory burst and decreased expression of certain chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR1 or CXCR2).
• the IRM compound may activate any suitable portion of neutrophils in the sample, hi some embodiments, the IRM compound can activate from about 1% to about 100% of the neutrophils in the sample, although the methods of the present invention may be performed while activating a percentage of the neutrophils in the sample outside this range. In some embodiments, the IRM compound may activate at least about 80% of the neutrophils in the sample, h other embodiments, the IRM compound may activate at least about 50% of the neutrophils in the sample. In certain embodiments, the IRM compound may activate at least about 1% of the neutrophils in the sample, for example, at least about 10% of the neutrophils or from about 1 % to about 5% of the neutrophils in the sample.
• a relatively low percentage e.g., from about 1 % to about 5%
• activated neutrophils may be obtained, but still provide practical utility because of the nature of a particular biological activity characteristic of activated neutrophils. For example, cell signaling such as through cytokine secretion can amplify biological activity downstream of the signal.
• a relatively small percentage of activated neutrophils may produce and secrete sufficient cytokine to induce a practical, useful level of biological activity in immune cells that are induced by (i.e., downstream of) the cytokine signal produced and secreted by the activated neutrophils.
• the IRM compound may be administered as a component of a pharmaceutical composition.
• Activated neutrophils may be identified, if desired, by detecting one or more biological activities characteristic of activated neutrophils. i the case of production and secretion of a cytokine such as, for example, IL-8, activated neutrophils may be identified by detecting an increase in the production and secretion of the cytokine.
• cytokine production may be assayed, for example, by ELISA or by bioassay.
• cytokine production may be assayed by measuring the amount of cytokine systemically (e.g., from a blood sample) or locally (e.g., from a tissue biopsy).
• Methods that may be used for detecting other biological activities characteristic of activated neutrophils include, for example, flow cytometry, mRNA extraction, QRT-PCR, chemotactic assays, respiratory burst assays, and phagocytosis assays. Exemplary assays are described in, for example, Hayashi et ah, Blood 102(7):2660-2669 (2003).
• the precise amount of IRM compound effective for activating neutrophils may vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the LRM compound; the nature of the carrier; the intended dosing regimen; whether the IRM compound is being administered in vitro or in vivo and, if in vivo, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated); the method of administering the IRM compound; whether a drug is being co- administered with the LRM compound and, if so, the identity, nature, and interactivity of the drug with the IRM compound; and the species to which the IRM compound is being administered.
• the present invention provides a method of treating certain conditions in a subject.
• treat or variations thereof refer to reducing, ameliorating, or resolving, to any extent, the symptoms or signs related to a condition.
• Sign or “clinical sign” refers to an objective physical finding relating to a particular condition capable of being found by one other than the patient.
• Symptom refers to any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition.
• the method includes administering to the subject's neutrophils an amount of an LRM compound effective to activate the subject's neutrophils sufficiently to treat the condition.
• the IRM compound can be administered to the subject's neutrophils in vitro
• the IRM compound can be administered to the subject's neutrophils in vivo.
• neutrophils may be collected from the subject, contacted with the IRM compound in vitro, thereby activating at least a portion of the neutrophils in the sample, and then re- introduced into the subject.
• the sample containing the neutrophils may include other types of cells as well.
• the sample may be enriched for neutrophils or otherwise processed before the neutrophils are activated.
• the IRM compound may be administered to an unprocessed sample. Activated neutrophils may be washed or otherwise processed before being re-introduced into the subject, hi alternative embodiments, unprocessed activated neutrophils may be re- introduced into the subject. Consequently, depending upon the composition of the original sample and the degree of processing between collection and re-introduction, the cells re- introduced into the subject may include cells other than neutrophils.
• An amount of IRM compound effective to activate neutrophils sufficiently to treat the condition can be any amount that either ameliorates symptoms of the condition to any. degree, or slows the progression of the condition (e.g., spread of symptoms, severity of symptoms, or spread or growth of an underlying infection or tumor). In some embodiments, symptoms may be ameliorated completely so that the condition is resolved.
• the IRM compound may be administered as a component of a pharmaceutical composition.
• compositions that include an IRM compound and methods of administering such pharmaceutical compositions are described in detail below.
• the precise amount of IRM compound effective for activating neutrophils sufficiently to treat the condition may vary according to factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound; the nature of the carrier; the intended dosing regimen; whether the IRM compound is being administered in vitro or in vivo and, if in vivo, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated); the method of administering the IRM compound; whether a drug is being co-administered with the LRM compound and, if so, the identity, nature, and interactivity of the drug with the IRM compound; and the species to which the IRM compound is being administered.
• IRMs are small organic molecules (e.g., molecular weight under about 1000 Daltons, in some cases under about 500 Daltons, as opposed to large biological molecules such as proteins, peptides, and the like) such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
• IRMs include certain purine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,376,501, and 6,028,076), certain imidazoquinoline amide derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,069,149), certain imidazopyridine derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,518,265), certain benzimidazole derivatives (such as those described in U.S. Patent 6,387,938), certain derivatives of a 4-aminopyrimidine fused to a five membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring (such as adenine derivatives described in U. S. Patent Nos.
• IRMs include large biological molecules such as oligonucleotide sequences.
• Some IRM oligonucleotide sequences contain cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,239,116; 6,339,068; and 6,406,705.
• CpG-containing oligonucleotides can include synthetic immunomodulatory structural motifs such as those described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,426,334 and 6,476,000.
• Other IRM nucleotide sequences lack CpG sequences and are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 00/75304 and Heil et al, Science (2004), vol. 303, pp. 1526-1529.
• Other IRMs include biological molecules such as aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates (AGPs) and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,113,918; 6,303,347; 6,525,028; and 6,649,172.
• AGPs aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates
• reference to a compound throughout this disclosure, including the appended claims can include the compound in any pharmaceutically acceptable form, including any isomer (e.g., diastereomer or enantiomer), salt, solvate, polymorph, and the like.
• reference to the compound can include each of the compound's enantiomers as well as racemic mixtures of the enantiomers.
• the IRM compound can be an IRM compound that includes a 2-ammopyridine fused to a five membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
• IRM compounds suitable for use in the invention include, for example, compounds having a 2-aminopyridme fused to a five membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
• Such compounds include, for example, imidazoquinoline amines including but not limited to substituted imidazoquinoline amines such as, for example, amide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline amines, aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, urea substituted imidazoquinoline ethers, thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amines, 6-, 7-, 8-, or 9-aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or arylalkyleneoxy substitute
• the IRM compound may be an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridme amine, or a thiazolonaphthyridine amine.
• neutral-activating IRM refers to and IRM compound that is a substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a tetrahydroimidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazonaphthyridine amine, a tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine, an oxazoloquinoline amine, a thiazoloquinoline amine, an oxazolopyridine amine, a thiazolopyridine amine, an oxazolonaphthyridme amine, or a thiazolonaphthyridine amine.
• a substituted imidazoquinoline amine refers to an amide substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a urea substituted imidazoquinoline amine, an aryl ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a heterocyclic ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, an amido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a sulfonamido ether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a urea substituted imidazoquinoline ether, a thioether substituted imidazoquinoline amine, a 6-,
• substituted imidazoquinoline amines specifically and expressly exclude l-(2-methylpropyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin- 4-amine and 4-amino- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-2-ethoxymethyl-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-l-ethanol.
• Suitable IRM compounds also may include the purine derivatives, imidazoquinoline amide derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, adenine derivatives, and oligonucleotide sequences described above.
• the IRM compound may be a thiazoloquinoline amine such as, for example, 2-propylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, 2-propyl-7-(pyridin-3-yl)- thiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, N-[3-(4-amino-2-propylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-7- yl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide, or [3-(4-amino-2-propylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-7- yl)phenyl]methanol.
• a thiazoloquinoline amine such as, for example, 2-propylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, 2-propyl-7-(pyridin-3-yl)- thiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, N-[3-(4-amino-2-propylthiazol
• the IRM compound may be a sulfonamide substituted imidazoquinoline amine such as, for example, ⁇ - ⁇ 2-[4-amino-2- (ethoxymethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ methanesulfonamide.
• the IRM compound may be an amide substituted imidazoquinoline amine such as, for example, N-(2- ⁇ 2-[4-amino-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-l- yl ]ethoxy ⁇ ethyl)hexadecanamide.
• the IRM compound may be provided in any formulation suitable for administration to a subject. Suitable types of formulations are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,553; U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,944; U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,090; U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,166; U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,776; U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,186; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0199538; European Patent No. EP 0 394 026; and International Patent Publication
• the formulation may be provided in any suitable form including, but not limited to, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, or any form of mixture.
• the IRM compound may be delivered in formulation with any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or vehicle.
• a formulation may be delivered in a conventional topical dosage form such as, for example, a cream, an ointment, an aerosol formulation, a non-aerosol spray, a gel, a lotion, and the like.
• a formulation may further include one or more additives including but not limited to adjuvants, skin penetration enhancers, colorants, flavorings, fragrances, moisturizers, thickeners, and the like.
• a formulation containing the IRM compound may be administered in any suitable manner such as, for example, non-parenterally or parenterally.
• non- parenterally refers to administration through the digestive tract, including by oral ingestion.
• Parenterally refers to administration other than through the digestive tract such as, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, transdermally, subcutaneously, transmucosally (e.g., by inhalation), or topically.
• the methods of the present invention include administering the IRM compound to a subject in a formulation of, for example, from about 0.0001% to about 10% (unless otherwise indicated, all percentages provided herein are weight/weight with respect to the total formulation) to the subject, although in some embodiments the IRM compound may be administered using a formulation that provides the IRM compound in a concentration outside of this range, hi certain embodiments, the method includes administering to a subject a formulation that includes from about 0.01% to about 1% IRM compound, for example, a formulation that includes from about 0.1% to about 0.5% IRM compound.
• the methods of the present invention include administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a concentration of, for example, from about 1.0 nM to about 100 mM, although in some embodiments the methods may be performed by administering the LRM compound in concentrations outside this range.
• the method includes administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a concentration of from about 0.1 ⁇ M to about 1 mM.
• the method includes administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a concentration of from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M, for example, an IRM compound concentration of from about 3 ⁇ M to about 5 ⁇ M.
• the methods of the present invention include administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a dose of, for example, from about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg to the subject, although in some embodiments the methods may be performed by administering the LRM compound in concentrations outside this range.
• the method includes administering sufficient IRM compound to provide a dose of from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg to the subject, for example, a dose of from about 100 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
• the dosing regimen may depend at least in part on many factors known in the art including but not limited to the physical and chemical nature of the IRM compound, the nature of the carrier, the amount of IRM compound being administered, the state of the subject's immune system (e.g., suppressed, compromised, stimulated), the method of administering the IRM compound, and the species to which the formulation is being administered. Accordingly it is not practical to set forth generally the dosing regimen effective for activating neutrophils for all possible applications. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, can readily determine the dosing regimen with due consideration of such factors.
• the IRM compound may be administered, for example, from a one-time dose to multiple doses per day.
• the carrier e.g., a one-time dose to multiple doses per day.
• LRM compound may be administered from about once per week to about three times per day, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the IRM compound at a frequency outside this range. In one particular embodiment, the IRM compound is administered twice per day. In an alternative embodiment, the IRM compound is administered once per day.
• treatment with an LRM compound can include a period of from a single, one-time dose to continuous maintenance therapy. In certain embodiments, treatment can include administering an LRM compound for from one day to about 12 weeks, although in some embodiments the methods of the present invention may be performed by administering the LRM compound for a period outside this range (e.g., continuous maintenance therapy). In one particular embodiment, the IRM compound may be administered over a period of about 10 days.
• Conditions for which IRM compounds may be used as treatments include, but are not limited to: (a) viral diseases such as, for example, diseases resulting from infection by an adenovirus, a herpesvirus (e.g., HSV-I, HSV-II, CMV, or VZV), a poxvirus (e.g., an orthopoxvirus such as variola or vaccinia, or molluscum contagiosum), a picoraavirus
• a coronavirus e.g., SARS
• a papovavirus e.g., papillomaviruses, such as those that cause genital warts, common warts, or plantar warts
• a hepadnavirus e.g., hepatitis B virus
• a flavivirus e.g., hepatitis C virus or Dengue virus
• a retrovirus e.g., a lenti virus such as HIV
• bacterial diseases such as, for example, diseases resulting from infection by bacteria of, for example, the genus Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Shigella, Listeria, Aero
• an LRM compound may be useful as a vaccine adjuvant for use in conjunction with any material that raises either humoral and/or cell mediated immune response, such as, for example, live viral, bacterial, or parasitic immunogens; inactivated viral, tumor-derived, protozoal, organism-derived, fungal, or bacterial immunogens, toxoids, toxins; self-antigens; polysaccharides; proteins; glycoproteins; peptides; cellular vaccines; DNA vaccines; autologous vaccines; recombinant proteins; glycoproteins; peptides; and the like, for use in connection with, for example, BCG, cholera, plague, typhoid, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza, polio, rabies, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, tetanus, diphtheria, hemophilus influenza b, tuberculos
• Example 1 The compounds used in Example 1 are shown in Table 1.
• Example 1 Neutrophils were enriched from human peripheral blood by ⁇ ISTOPAQUE-1077

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