WO2005039058A1 - 符号化データ生成方法と装置 - Google Patents
符号化データ生成方法と装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005039058A1 WO2005039058A1 PCT/JP2004/015274 JP2004015274W WO2005039058A1 WO 2005039058 A1 WO2005039058 A1 WO 2005039058A1 JP 2004015274 W JP2004015274 W JP 2004015274W WO 2005039058 A1 WO2005039058 A1 WO 2005039058A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
- H03M7/40—Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T9/00—Image coding
- G06T9/20—Contour coding, e.g. using detection of edges
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B29/00—Maps; Plans; Charts; Diagrams, e.g. route diagram
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for generating encoded data representing a road position or the like on a digital map and an apparatus for generating and decoding encoded data, and reduces the data amount of encoded data. It is intended.
- VICS Vehicle Traffic Information and Communication System
- vehicle navigation device equipped with a digital map database to transmit road traffic information that indicates congested sections and travel time through FM multiplex broadcasting and beacons. Implement the provided service! / Puru.
- the vehicle navigation device receives the road traffic information and displays the map on the screen by coloring the congested section or calculating and displaying the time required to reach the destination.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-23357 proposes a method of notifying a road position on a digital map without using a node number or a link number and with a small amount of data.
- sampling points are reset at fixed distance intervals on a road section on the digital map to be conveyed (this is called "equidistant resampling"), and the position data of each sampling point is set.
- the compression-encoding process is performed on the data sequence in which are sequentially arranged, and the compression-encoded data is transmitted.
- the receiving side restores the data sequence of the sampling point position data and reproduces the road shape on its own digital map. If necessary, use this location data to identify and refer to a location on the digital map of the user (map matching) to identify road sections.
- the compression encoding of the position data sequence is performed as follows: (1) conversion of the position data into a single variable; and (2) statistical bias of the value represented by the single variable.
- the conversion is performed in the order of (3) variable-length encoding of the converted value.
- sampling points on the road section set by the equidistant resampling are represented by PJ-1 and PJ.
- This sampling point (PJ) can be uniquely specified by two dimensions of the distance (resample length) L and the angle ⁇ from the adjacent sampling point (PJ-1), and the distance is fixed (L). Then, the sampling point (PJ) can be represented by a single variable consisting only of the angle component ⁇ from the adjacent sampling point.
- the angle ⁇ is defined as the angle ⁇ ⁇ by the absolute azimuth that specifies the magnitude in the range of 0-360 degrees clockwise, with the azimuth of true north (upward in the figure) being 0 degrees. (Absolute direction from true north).
- This angle ⁇ can be calculated by the following formula, where the xy coordinates (latitude, longitude) of P1 and PJ are (xj-l, yj-l) and (xj, yj).
- ⁇ j- 1 tan " 1 ⁇ (xj-xj- 1) / (yj-yj- 1) ⁇
- the road section can be represented by a data sequence of the angle components of each sampling point by separately indicating the fixed distance L between the sampling points and the latitude and longitude of the sampling point (reference point) at the start or end. it can.
- the angle component of each sampling point is converted into a neighboring sampling value so that the single variable value at each sampling point becomes a statistically uneven value suitable for variable-length coding. It is represented by the displacement difference between the point and the angle component, that is, the “deviation” 6 j. This declination ⁇ j t
- the angular component of the sampling point is obtained by calculating the declination ⁇ j of the sampling point PJ of interest and the sampling points PJ-1, PJ-2,.
- Statistical expression by expressing the difference value (prediction difference value or prediction error) ⁇ j from the predicted value Sj of the sampling point PJ predicted using the declination -j-1, ⁇ j-2, It can be converted to biased data.
- the predicted value Sj is, for example,
- the predicted difference value ⁇ ⁇ j is
- Fig. 26 (d) shows a graph of the frequency of occurrence of data when a straight road section is displayed with a declination ⁇ and when a curved road section is displayed with a predicted difference value ⁇ . Is shown.
- variable length coding There are various types of variable-length coding methods such as a fixed numerical compression method (0 compression or the like), Shannon's Fano coding method, Huffman coding method, arithmetic coding method, dictionary method, and any method may be used.
- variable length coding data with a high frequency of occurrence is encoded with a small number of bits, and data with a low frequency of occurrence is encoded with a large number of bits, thereby reducing the total data amount.
- the relationship between this data and the code is defined in the code table. [0012] Now, the arrangement of ⁇ 0 at the sampling points of the road section expressed in units of 1 ° is “0—0——2—0—0— + 1—0—0——1—0— + 5—0 — 0— 0— + 1— 0 "
- the typical angle of ⁇ 0 in the range of ⁇ 2 ° — 4 ° is ⁇ 3 °
- the code is “111 0”, when +, the additional bit “0”, and when —, the additional bit “1” ⁇ 5.
- the representative angle of ⁇ 0 in the range of 7 ° is ⁇ 6 °
- the sign of “111100” is indicated by a plus and minus sign
- the representative angle is specified as ⁇ 9 °
- the sign “111101” is defined by adding an additional bit indicating positive or negative.
- the data sequence is encoded as follows.
- the receiving side that has received this data restores the data sequence of ⁇ ⁇ using the same code table as that used in the encoding, performs the processing opposite to that of the transmitting side, and converts the position data of the sampling points. Reproduce.
- the data amount of the encoded data can be reduced.
- the value (quantized resample length) that the resample length Lj of each section j can take is, for example, Lj is determined in advance by using the radius of curvature of the section j using the following formula, and the quantization sample length closest to this value is determined as the resample length Lj: 40Z80Z160Z320Z640Z1280Z2560Z5120 meters.
- JP-A-2003-23357 was tried using the following three prediction formulas.
- the prediction formula 2 or the prediction formula 3 is often suitable. There were many cases that were suitable.
- the present invention provides a coded data generation method for efficiently compressing data to generate coded data such as a road shape of a digital map, and generating the coded data and generating the coded data. For the purpose of providing a device for decrypting! Puru.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-2003-23357
- Prediction Equation 3 is a prediction using the average curvature of The curvature error for each interval is smoothed. Therefore, highly accurate prediction is possible in the above-mentioned “smooth power over a long distance”.
- a linear object having a linear shape is resampled to set a plurality of nodes, and positional information of each node represented by an argument from the immediately preceding node is set.
- To generate a declination data sequence convert the declination to a prediction difference value indicating a difference from a prediction value, and generate encoded data for performing variable-length coding on the prediction difference value data sequence.
- a prediction formula for calculating a predicted value is selected from a plurality of prediction formulas.
- the effect of data compression can be enhanced.
- the data sequence of the predicted difference value when the argument is converted into the predicted difference value is evaluated, and a prediction formula is selected based on the evaluation result.
- the above-described encoded data generation method may include the following steps (1) and (6).
- step (5) for each of the plurality of prediction formulas, a step of acquiring a plurality of data strings of the prediction difference values respectively corresponding to the plurality of prediction formulas; And the step of selecting the predetermined prediction formula in the step (4) from a plurality of prediction formulas based on the evaluation result of the evaluation step. .
- a plurality of prediction expressions include a prediction expression having 0 as a prediction value.
- the plurality of prediction expressions described above may include at least one prediction expression formed by a function using at least one argument before the argument of interest as a parameter.
- a plurality of prediction formulas include a prediction formula that uses the argument of the immediately preceding node as a prediction value.
- one of the plurality of prediction formulas includes a prediction formula having a prediction value of an average or a weighted average of a plurality of preceding declination angles.
- a plurality of prediction formulas include a prediction formula having a prediction value that is an angle obtained by reversing the sign of the argument of the immediately preceding node.
- all the deviations included in the deviation angle data string are included.
- the angle is converted to a predicted difference value, and the data sequence of the predicted difference value is evaluated. Based on the evaluation result, a prediction formula for converting all declinations to the predicted difference value is selected!
- the argument included in the argument data sequence corresponding to a partial section of the linear object is converted into a prediction difference value, and the prediction difference value data sequence is evaluated. Based on the evaluation result, a prediction formula for converting the argument corresponding to the partial section into a prediction difference value is selected.
- the data compression effect can be further enhanced by dynamically changing the prediction formula in the middle of the shape data of the linear object.
- the argument data string is divided by an argument state transition pattern, and a prediction equation for converting the argument into a prediction difference value in units of the pattern is selected. Do as you do.
- the argument data string is divided into blocks each containing a predetermined number of data, and a prediction formula for converting the argument into a prediction difference value is selected for each block. I will do it.
- the selected prediction formula appears in the coded data in a fixed number unit, so that it is not necessary to insert a marker code into the coded data.
- the argument data string is divided into blocks in accordance with a change in the resampled sample length, and the argument is converted into a prediction difference value in units of this block.
- the feature of the shape data changes at the point where the resample length changes. Therefore, when this method is adopted, a prediction formula that matches the characteristics of the shape data can be selected.
- the oblique angle of interest is determined in accordance with the evaluation result of the data sequence of a predetermined number of oblique angle prediction difference values preceding the oblique angle of interest of the oblique angle data sequence.
- the prediction formula for converting the angle into the prediction difference value is selected.
- both the encoding side and the decoding side implement a rule by a program. More realizable.
- a predetermined number of declinations are converted into a plurality of prediction difference value data strings, and the evaluation result for the prediction difference value data string based on the predetermined selection formulas satisfies a predetermined requirement. Only in this case, the currently used prediction equation may be changed to a predetermined prediction equation, and then the argument of interest may be converted into a prediction difference value.
- a prediction equation may be selected with reference to the selection state of the prediction equation in the preceding or following argument or block.
- the evaluation criterion of the prediction difference value sequence in the argument or block of interest is selected. You may add a penalty value to the value. This penalty value can be set according to the frequency of occurrence of each prediction formula.
- the data sequence of the prediction difference value is evaluated based on the number of 0s included in the data sequence, and a prediction expression having the largest number of 0s is selected. I try to do it.
- the data sequence of the prediction difference value is evaluated based on the statistical value (variance, standard deviation, etc.) of the prediction difference value included in the data sequence, and the variance or standard The prediction formula that minimizes the deviation is selected.
- the evaluation value for each prediction difference value is set in advance according to the appearance frequency of the prediction difference value, and the evaluation of the data sequence of the prediction difference value is performed in the data sequence. This is performed based on the total value of the evaluation values of the included prediction difference values.
- the prediction expression having the smallest total value is selected.
- a linear object is resampled by the encoded data
- a shape data resample processing unit that sets a node, arranges the position information of each node expressed in declination from the previous node and generates a declination data sequence, and calculates the declination of this data sequence
- a prediction that evaluates a data sequence of a prediction difference value when converted to a prediction difference value indicating a difference from a prediction value, and selects a prediction formula for calculating a prediction value from a plurality of prediction formulas based on the evaluation result.
- the declination included in the data sequence generated by the formula deciding unit and the shape data resampling unit is converted into a prediction difference value between the prediction value calculated using the prediction formula determined by the prediction formula deciding unit, and the And a variable-length encoding processing unit that performs variable-length encoding on the data sequence of the prediction difference value.
- the encoded data generation method described above can be implemented to efficiently compress the data amount of the encoded data.
- the coded data restoration device decodes the variable length coded coded data representing the position information of the linear object, and predicts the difference between the argument and the predicted value.
- a coded data decoding unit for reproducing shape data including a value data sequence; a prediction formula determination unit for determining a prediction formula used for calculating a predicted value from information of the decoded shape data;
- a shape data restoration unit that calculates a prediction value using the prediction expression determined by the expression determination unit, and reproduces position information of the node of the linear target from the data sequence of the prediction difference value decoded by the encoded data decoding unit. And set up!
- the position information of the linear object can be reproduced from the encoded data of the position information of the linear object.
- the present invention also includes a program for causing a computer to generate encoded data obtained by encoding a linear object, and the program resamples the linear object and sets a plurality of nodes. Then, the procedure of arranging the position data of each node represented by the argument from the immediately preceding node to generate the argument data string, and the method of predicting the argument data string by the position data of each node A procedure for evaluating a data string of a predicted difference value when converted to a predicted difference value indicating a difference from a value, and a procedure for selecting a prediction equation for calculating a predicted value from a plurality of prediction equations based on the evaluation result. And the argument included in the argument data sequence generated by the shape data resampling unit into a prediction difference value between a prediction value calculated using the determined prediction formula and a prediction difference value To perform variable-length coding on a data sequence , The co Computer.
- the present invention further includes a program for causing a computer to decode encoded data representing a linear object, the program comprising a variable-length encoded code representing position information of the linear object.
- a procedure for decoding shape data including a data sequence of a prediction difference value indicating a difference between an argument and a prediction value, and calculating a prediction value from the decoded shape data.
- the encoded data generation method of the present invention can effectively compress data when generating encoded data.
- the apparatus of the present invention can encode the shape data of the linear object by effectively compressing the data by implementing the encoding data generation method. Encoded data can also restore the original shape data.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a code generation data generation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a declination sequence of road shape data.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a zigzag phenomenon.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a code generation data generation method in a target road unit selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a resample and argument sequence generation procedure in the encoding data generation method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an evaluation value calculation procedure in the encoding data generation method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an example of a Huffman table describing occurrence frequencies.
- FIG. 8 is a data configuration example of encoded data generated by a target road unit selection method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 Coded data generated by the target road unit selection method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing a decoding procedure of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a method for generating encoded data by a pattern unit selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a decoding procedure of encoded data generated by the pattern unit selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a method for generating encoded data in a block unit selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing a decoding procedure of encoded data generated by the block unit selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- [16] is a flowchart showing a procedure of a method for generating encoded data in the resample length interlocking method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a decoding procedure of encoded data generated by the resample length interlocking method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a method for generating encoded data by the sequential selection method in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a data configuration example of encoded data generated by a sequential selection method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing a procedure for decoding encoded data generated by the sequential selection method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 22 is a diagram showing an evaluation value obtained by the prediction formula and a total evaluation method of a change penalty accompanying a change in the prediction formula.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a method of dynamically changing a change penalty according to a change in a prediction formula.
- FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an information transmitting device and an information utilizing device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a block diagram showing the configurations of a vehicle-mounted probe car and a probe information collection center according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram for explaining a method of converting position data into data having a statistical bias.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing a code table used for variable-length coding.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating a change in the resample length due to the curvature of the road shape.
- the encoded data is generated by encoding a road shape of a digital map which is an example of a linear object.
- the encoded data is generated in the order of
- the resampling of the road shape in (a) is performed by a method described in JP-A-2003-23357, and a plurality of nodes are set by resampling the linear object.
- the conversion of (b) into declination ⁇ is performed by a method described in JP-A-2003-23357, in which the position data of each node is represented by an angle component, and this angle component is converted to declination ⁇ .
- Figures 2 (a), (b), and (c) show the (declination) data sequence (declination) in which the position data at each node of the shape data of the target roads A, B, and C are represented by declination ⁇ Square row).
- Each line also has 10 data points, and their data numbers are displayed at the left end.
- the numbers enclosed by> in the declination column are the resample length change codes indicating the resample length quantization codes, and the numbers following the right are obtained by resampling with the code resample length.
- the position data of each node obtained is represented by declination ⁇ (deg).
- the position data of each node is represented by the declination from the previous node, and the data sequence of the declination is generated.
- Sj is calculated by adaptively using a calculation formula (prediction formula) of a predicted value Sj for predicting the value of the position data, This is a process of converting the argument ⁇ of the argument sequence into a difference value (preliminary difference value) from the predicted value Sj.
- variable length coding (d) of (d) is a process of performing variable length coding on a prediction difference value (prediction error) of shape data converted into a prediction difference value sequence, which is described in JP-A-2003-23357. Do it the way you are.
- this encoding data generation method is characterized by the position data conversion process (c).
- the position data of each node j is represented by the argument ⁇ j, and the predicted value is 0.
- the position data of each node j is represented by (0 j-0 1).
- the position data of each node j is represented by ⁇ ]-( ⁇ 1 1 +2) ⁇ 2 ⁇ .
- the predicted value is the average of the two argument angles preceding the argument of interest.
- the number of leading declinations is arbitrary, and a weighted average such as (a ⁇ j-1 + b 0 j-2) Z (a + b) may be used as the predicted value. Large, real number).
- the compression efficiency is high.
- This zigzag phenomenon occurs inevitably when the road shape is traced by setting the angular resolution ⁇ at the time of resampling, because the available angles are limited (the necessity accompanying angle quantization).
- the declination column of FIG. 2 (a) the zigzag phenomenon occurs, and the position data of a certain point is displayed in italic characters.
- Target road unit selection method Method of dynamically selecting a prediction formula for each target road
- pattern unit selection method A method of detecting the pattern of the declination column of the target road and selecting a prediction formula for each pattern unit (referred to as “pattern unit selection method”)
- block unit selection method A method in which the declination column of the target road is divided into blocks with a fixed number of data, and a prediction formula is selected in block units (referred to as a “block unit selection method”).
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the relationship between the prediction formula selected by the resample length interlocking method and the road shape.
- the road shape is indicated by a dotted line
- the resample shape is indicated by a solid line
- the change in the resample length is indicated by Ml>, ⁇ M2>, and ⁇ M3>.
- the flowchart of FIG. 4 shows the processing procedure in the target road unit selection method.
- Digital map database force Obtains the shape data of the target road (Step 1), and expresses the position data of the node generated by resampling by declination ⁇ to generate a declination sequence (Step 2).
- step 2 The process of step 2 is performed in detail according to the procedure shown in Fig. 5. That is, the angular resolution ⁇ at each angle of each resample length is determined in advance (step 21), and the shape data of the target road is converted into a curvature function (step 22). Determine L (Step 23). Next, the target road is resampled using the resample length L and the representative angle of angular resolution ⁇ according to the declination (step 24), and the shape data of the target road is resampled using the resample section length change code and declination quantum And convert them into a declination sequence (Step 25)
- ⁇ is converted into a difference value (prediction difference value) from the prediction value Sj, and which prediction formula is optimal is evaluated (step 3).
- the processing of step 3 is performed in detail according to the procedure shown in FIG.
- Step 33 ⁇ j — Sj) (Step 33), and calculate the evaluation value of this declination sequence (Step 34).
- the calculation of the evaluation value is performed as in the following (i) -i (iii).
- a score corresponding to the frequency of appearance is set in advance for the data appearing in the predicted difference value sequence, and the cumulative value obtained by adding the score of the data appearing in the predicted difference value sequence to be evaluated is used as the evaluation value.
- the evaluation value Give a rating.
- the occurrence frequency (or occurrence probability) of each angle is described, and a shorter code is assigned to an angle having a higher occurrence frequency.
- the cumulative value is used as the evaluation value. give.
- the code length of the angle is added according to the angle appearing in the prediction difference value sequence to be evaluated, the cumulative value is used as the evaluation value. .
- by having a score table corresponding to such an appearance frequency in advance it is possible to perform the evaluation according to (i ii) even when performing a variable length code other than the Huffman code.
- steps 33 and 34 The processing of steps 33 and 34 is performed using all the prediction formulas.
- the prediction expression having the best evaluation value is selected, and the argument ⁇ of the argument sequence is converted into a prediction difference value with the prediction value calculated by the prediction expression (step 4).
- the entire shape data converted into a column is subjected to variable length code compression (step 5).
- the prediction equation used is defined for the obtained encoded data (step 6).
- FIG. 8 shows the data configuration of encoded data generated by the target road unit selection method.
- data representing the used prediction formula is inserted before the shape data body of the target road.
- the flowchart in FIG. 9 shows a procedure for reproducing the shape data of the target road from the encoded data.
- the shape data subjected to the variable-length decoding process is extracted from the encoded data (step 41), and a prediction formula is determined with reference to the header (step 42).
- Convert (step 43) Reproduce the shape data (step 44).
- the flowchart in FIG. 10 shows a processing procedure in the pattern unit selection method.
- the procedure for acquiring shape data (step 51) and resampling and declination string conversion processing (step 52) is the same as the processing procedure for the target road unit selection method (Figs. 4 and 5).
- step 55 the entire shape data converted into the prediction difference value sequence is subjected to variable-length code compression (step 55), and the used code is defined in the obtained code data in groups. 56).
- the argument data string is divided into blocks (groups) corresponding to the argument state transition patterns. Then, an optimal prediction formula is selected for each block.
- FIG. 11 shows the data configuration of encoded data generated by the pattern unit selection method.
- a prediction formula initial value representing the prediction formula used in the first group is inserted before the shape data body of the target road, and the prediction data indicating the insertion of the prediction formula is preceded by the position data of each subsequent group.
- the expression marker and the prediction expression number of the prediction expression used in the group are inserted.
- the flowchart of FIG. 12 shows a procedure (a method of decoding encoded data) for reproducing shape data of a target road from the encoded data.
- the shape data subjected to the variable-length decoding process is extracted from the encoded data (step 61), the number of the angle data from which the shape data force is also read is set to an initial value, and the prediction formula to be used first is the prediction formula.
- the prediction formula represented step 62
- the prediction formula represented step 62
- read the corresponding angle data from the shape data step 63
- identify whether or not a prediction formula change code is inserted before the angle data (step 62).
- the prediction formula change code has not been inserted, the set prediction formula is used as it is (step 66), and the angle data is converted into declination according to the prediction formula (step 67). If the prediction formula change code has been inserted, the prediction formula is changed to the new prediction formula specified by the code (step 65), and the angle data is converted into declination according to the prediction formula (step 65). 67). Such processing is performed for all the angle data (steps 68 and 69), and the shape data of the target road is reproduced (step 70).
- the data sequence of the declination corresponding to a part of the linear object (road shape) that is not part of the entire linear object (road shape) is converted into a data sequence of the prediction difference value, and the evaluation of the data sequence of the prediction difference value is performed. Based on the result, an optimal prediction formula for converting the argument corresponding to the partial section into a prediction difference value is selected. This idea is commonly used in the following methods (3)-(5).
- the flowchart in FIG. 13 shows a processing procedure in the block unit selection method.
- the procedure for acquiring the shape data (step 71) and the resampling and argument sequence conversion processing (step 72) are the same as the processing procedure in the target road unit selection method (Figs. 4 and 5).
- the method of evaluation is the same as in the case of the target road unit selection method (Fig. 6).
- the prediction formula with the best evaluation value is selected for each block, the argument sequence is converted to a prediction difference value sequence (step 74), and the entire shape data converted to the prediction difference value sequence is subjected to variable-length coding compression (step 74). 75)
- the used prediction equation is defined for each block of the obtained encoded data (step 76).
- FIG. 14 shows the data structure of encoded data generated by the block unit selection method.
- a prediction formula initial value indicating the prediction formula used in the first block is inserted before the shape data of the target road, and the prediction data is predicted prior to the position data of each subsequent block.
- the formula number has been inserted. Since the insertion position of the prediction expression number is automatically determined by the number of data included in the block, it is not necessary to insert a prediction expression marker.
- the flowchart of FIG. 15 shows a procedure for reproducing the shape data of the target road from the encoded data.
- the variable-length-decoded shape data is extracted (step 81), the number of the block from which the shape data is also read is set to the initial value, and the prediction formula to be used first is set to the prediction formula initial value.
- Set the prediction formula shown (Step 82), read the angle data of the block whose shape data force is also applicable (Step 83), and convert the angle data to declination according to the prediction formula defined for that block (Step 83).
- Step 84 This process is performed for all blocks (steps 85 and 86), and the shape data of the target road is reproduced (step 87).
- the predetermined number of declination data included in one block is set to ten. This number can be arbitrarily changed.
- the flowchart of FIG. 16 shows a processing procedure in the resample length interlocking method.
- the procedure for acquiring the shape data (step 91) and the resampling and argument sequence conversion processing (step 92) are the same as the processing procedures for the target road unit selection method (Figs. 4 and 5).
- the prediction formula having the best evaluation value is selected for each block, the argument sequence is converted into a prediction difference value sequence (step 94), and the entire shape data converted into the prediction difference value sequence is subjected to variable length coding compression. (Step 95) In the obtained coded data, the used prediction formula is defined for each block (step 96).
- FIG. 17 shows the data structure of encoded data generated by the resample length interlocking method.
- the initial value of the prediction formula representing the measurement formula is inserted, and the prediction formula number of the prediction formula used in each subsequent block follows the section length marker inserted at the start position of the angle data resampled with the same resample length Specified in section length information.
- the flowchart of Fig. 18 shows a procedure for reproducing the shape data of the target road from the encoded data.
- the variable-length-decoded shape data is extracted from the encoded data (step 101), and the number of the block of the same resample length to be read is set to the initial value (step 102).
- Such processing is performed on all blocks having the same resample length (steps 105 and 106), and the shape data of the target road is reproduced (step 107).
- the flowchart of FIG. 19 shows the processing procedure in the sequential selection method.
- the procedure for acquiring shape data (step 111) and resampling and declination sequence conversion processing (step 112) is the same as the processing procedure for the target road unit selection method (FIGS. 4 and 5).
- the argument ⁇ of the argument sequence is converted into a prediction difference value, and a prediction expression ⁇ new with the best evaluation value is selected (step 115).
- the method of evaluation is the same as in the case of the target road unit selection method (Fig. 6).
- step 116 it is determined whether it is necessary to change the set prediction formula in light of the prediction formula change condition. That is, in the present method, it is determined whether or not the power to change the optimal prediction formula used for the position data is determined while referring to the shape upstream of the position data to be encoded. .
- the angle data is converted into a prediction difference value (step 119) using the prediction equation that has been set as it is (step 118). If the change condition is satisfied! /, The prediction formula is changed to the prediction formula ⁇ new (step 117), and the angle data is converted to a prediction difference value (step 119). Such processing is performed on all the angle data (steps 120 and 121), and the entire shape data converted into the prediction difference value sequence is subjected to variable-length coding compression (step 122).
- the rules for changing the prediction formula are set in a program that defines the encoding process.
- a prediction equation for converting a focused argument into a predicted difference value according to a result of evaluating a data sequence of a predicted difference value of a predetermined number (P) preceding the focused argument is described. Selected. Further, only when the evaluation result satisfies a predetermined requirement, the currently used prediction formula is changed to a predetermined prediction formula.
- FIG. 20 shows the data configuration of encoded data generated by the sequential selection method. Since the encoding data does not include information for specifying a prediction equation, the data amount is small. The prediction formula used for decoding is selected based on the rules of the program that specifies the decoding of the encoded data.
- the flowchart of FIG. 21 shows a procedure of reproducing the shape data of the target road from the encoded data.
- it is determined whether or not the force that needs to change the set prediction formula is determined based on the change condition of the prediction formula (step 135). If the change condition is not satisfied, the prediction formula that has been set is used as it is (step 137). ), And converts the angle data into declination according to the prediction formula (step 138).
- the prediction formula is changed to the prediction formula ⁇ new (step 136), and the angle data is converted to the argument according to the prediction formula (step 138).
- Such processing is performed on all the angle data (steps 139 and 140), and the shape data of the target road is reproduced (step 141).
- the prediction formula used to calculate the predicted value for converting the position data into the predicted difference value is determined for each road or for the road. By adaptively selecting each part, the amount of encoded data can be efficiently compressed.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an evaluation value obtained by the prediction formula and a comprehensive evaluation method of a change penalty accompanying a change in the prediction formula.
- the prediction formula is changed because changing the prediction formula reduces the amount of data and improves the efficiency of data transmission.
- the prediction formula is not changed because the transmission efficiency is better without changing.
- the change penalty is relatively small for a prediction formula with a high frequency of occurrence, and the change penalty is large for a prediction formula with a low frequency of occurrence. If a prediction formula with a low frequency of occurrence is used, it is highly likely that the prediction formula will be changed to another prediction formula in the next block.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating a method of dynamically changing a change penalty according to a change in a prediction formula.
- Fig. 24 shows an information transmission device (encoded data generation device) 20 that executes this encoded data generation method to convey a target road of traffic information, and a vehicle-mounted vehicle that utilizes the provided traffic information.
- 1 shows a configuration with an information utilization device (encoded data restoration device) 40 such as a navigation device or a personal computer.
- the information transmission device 20 includes an event information input unit 21 for inputting traffic congestion information and traffic accident information, a shape data extraction unit 23 for extracting road shape data of a target road section of traffic information from the digital map database A22, and a A shape data resampling unit 26 that resamples the road shape data extracted by the data extraction unit 23 to generate a declination sequence of node position data, and a conversion unit that converts the declination sequence into a prediction difference value sequence.
- a prediction formula determination unit 25 that determines a prediction formula
- a variable length coding processing unit 28 that converts the argument of the shape data into a prediction difference value using the prediction formula determined by the prediction formula determination unit 25, and performs compression coding.
- a compressed data storage unit 27 that stores the compressed and encoded road shape data and provides the stored data to external media, and a shape data transmission unit 29 that transmits the compressed and encoded road shape data.
- the information utilization device 40 includes a shape data receiving unit 41 that receives the provided road shape data, an encoded data decoding unit 42 that decodes the compressed and encoded data, and a prediction difference value.
- Prediction formula determination unit 47 that identifies the prediction formula used when transforming the data
- shape data restoration unit 43 that restores shape data using the prediction formula identified by prediction formula determination unit 47, and data from digital map database B46.
- a map matching unit 45 for specifying a road section represented by a node point on a digital map, and an information utilization unit 44 for utilizing the obtained information.
- the shape data extracting unit 23 extracts the road shape data of the target road, and the shape data resampling unit 26 resamples the road shape data to obtain the bias of the road shape data. Generate a square sequence.
- the prediction formula determination unit 25 predicts the declination sequence using the “target road unit selection method”, “pattern unit selection method”, “block unit selection method”, “resample length interlocking method” or “sequential selection method” described above. Determine the prediction formula to convert to a value sequence.
- the variable-length coding processing unit 28 calculates a prediction value using the prediction formula determined by the prediction formula determination unit 25, generates a prediction difference value sequence by subtracting the prediction value from the argument of the argument sequence, and generates Encode.
- the road shape data compressed by the variable length coding is recorded on an external medium and provided, or transmitted from the shape data transmitting unit 29.
- the encoding data decoding unit 42 decodes the compression-encoded data.
- the prediction formula determining unit 47 identifies a prediction formula for decoding the argument from the decoded data, and the shape data restoration unit 43 reproduces the argument sequence using the prediction formula, Convert declination to latitude and longitude data and reproduce road shape data.
- the resampled shape connecting the reproduced nodes is displayed on the display screen of the information utilization device 40 so as to overlap the digital map.
- the map matching unit 45 performs a map matching between the reproduced position data of the node points and the map data of the digital map database B46, and executes the map matching on the digital map data. Identify the target road.
- the information utilization device 40 can also constitute a car navigation receiver or a map display terminal.
- FIG. 25 shows a case where the encoded data generation method is executed to convey a traveling locus.
- FIG. 2 shows the configuration of an on-board probe car device (encoded data generation device) 60 and a probe information collection center (encoded data restoration device) 50 for collecting probe information.
- Probe force (1) The in-vehicle device 60 includes a vehicle position determination unit 61 that determines the vehicle position based on information received from the GPS antenna 73 and detection information from the gyro 74, a digital map database 69, And a traveling locus shape resampling unit 63 that resamples the traveling locus and generates a declination sequence of the node position data, and converts the declination sequence into a prediction difference value sequence.
- a predictive formula determining unit 68 that determines the predictive formula of the vehicle, and a variable length code that converts the declination of the travel locus shape data into a predictive difference value using the predictive formula determined by the predictive formula determining unit 68 and compresses and encodes it.
- the processing section 64 includes a compression processing section 64, a compressed data storage section 65 for storing compression-encoded traveling locus shape data, and a traveling locus transmitting section 66 for transmitting compression-encoded traveling locus shape data.
- the probe information collection center 50 includes a traveling trajectory receiving section 51 that receives traveling trajectory shape data provided from the on-board probe car device 60, and an encoding that decodes the compression-encoded received data.
- a trajectory shape restoring unit 53 and a traveling trajectory measurement information utilization unit 54 that uses traveling trajectories and measurement information collected from the probe car on-board unit 60 to generate traffic information are provided.
- the traveling locus accumulating section 62 of the probe car on-board unit 60 sequentially accumulates the own vehicle position detected by the own vehicle position judging section 61 as a traveling locus.
- Traveling locus shape resample processing unit 6 3 reads the traveling locus data stored in the traveling locus storage unit 62, the travel locus by Lisa sample, to produce a polarization angle column of the travel locus shape data.
- the prediction formula determining unit 68 calculates the argument sequence by using the “target road unit selection method”, “pattern unit selection method”, “block unit selection method”, “resample length interlocking method” or “sequential selection method” described above. Determine the prediction formula to convert to a column.
- the variable-length coding processing unit 64 calculates a prediction value using the prediction expression determined by the prediction expression determination unit 68, generates a prediction difference value sequence by subtracting the prediction value from the argument of the argument sequence, and generates Encode.
- the compression-encoded data is transmitted to the probe information collection center 50 at the time of transmitting the probe information. This data is The data may be stored in a medium and provided to the probe information collection center 50.
- the encoded data decoding unit 52 decodes the data collected from the probe car on-board unit 60.
- the prediction formula determining unit 55 identifies a prediction formula for decoding the argument from the decoded data, and the traveling trajectory shape restoring unit 53 reproduces the argument sequence using the prediction formula, and Converts the angle into latitude and longitude data and reproduces the travel locus data.
- the information on the traveling locus is used for generating traffic information together with the measurement information such as the speed measured by the probe car on-board unit 60.
- the information transmitting apparatus and the in-vehicle probe car use the encoded data generation method of the present invention to generate the encoded data of the target road and the traveling locus, thereby efficiently reducing the data amount. Can be compressed.
- a probe car system is constructed from the combination of the probe car on-board unit 60 and the probe information collection center 50, and a method of transmitting information of the probe car system between them is achieved. This is achieved by a combination of a data generation method and a decoding method of the encoded data.
- the coded data generation device is an information transmission device 20, which is an information transmission center, or an example in which the probe car vehicle-mounted device 60 is used. These are examples of the embodiment on the information transmission side. Any form of device or terminal capable of transmitting information may be used. Further, the generated encoded data can be recorded on a medium and provided to another device. Further, the information utilization device 40 and the probe information collection center 50, which are coded data restoration devices, are merely examples, and any device that can utilize information such as a personal computer and a portable terminal may be used. Of course, the same effect can be obtained with an information collection center capable of restoring encoded data or a device on the center side. Needless to say, similar effects can be obtained by performing restoration processing using a medium on which encoded data is recorded.
- the present invention also includes a program for causing a computer to generate encoded data obtained by encoding a linear object, and the program resamples the linear object to generate a plurality of items.
- the procedure of setting the nodes of the first node, arranging the position data of each node represented by the argument from the previous node, and generating the argument data string, and the procedure of setting the argument data string to each node A procedure for evaluating a data sequence of the predicted difference value when converted to a predicted difference value indicating a difference from a predicted value for predicting the position data of the position data, and a plurality of prediction formulas for calculating the predicted value based on the evaluation result And a prediction difference between a predicted value calculated using the determined prediction formula and a declination included in the declination data sequence generated by the shape data resampling processing unit.
- a program is incorporated into the information transmitting device 20 and the probe car vehicle-mounted device 60 in various formats.
- a program can be recorded in a predetermined memory in the information transmitting device 20, the probe car in-vehicle device 60, or a device outside these devices.
- the program may be recorded on an information recording device such as a hard disk, or an information recording medium such as a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a memory card.
- the program may be downloaded via a network!
- the present invention further includes a program for causing a computer to decode encoded data representing a linear object, wherein the program includes a variable-length encoded code representing position information of the linear object.
- a procedure for decoding shape data including a data sequence of a prediction difference value indicating a difference between an argument and a prediction value, and calculating a prediction value from the decoded shape data.
- Such a program is also incorporated into the information utilization device 40 and the probe information collection center 50 in various formats.
- a program can be recorded in a predetermined memory in the information utilization device 40, the probe information collection center 50, or a device outside these devices.
- the program may be recorded on an information recording device such as a node disk or an information recording medium such as a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a memory card.
- the program may be downloaded via a network.
- a map data distribution system is constituted by a combination of the information transmitting device 20 and the information utilizing device 40 or the in-vehicle probe car device 60 and the probe information collecting center 50 of the present invention.
- an algorithm (program) according to the code generation data generation method of the present invention is mapped to a map.
- the data can be recorded on a recording medium on which map data corresponding to various map information is recorded. This makes it possible to compress the map data itself.
- linear object has a road shape for position reference, but the linear object is not limited to the road shape.
- “Linear object” includes all elongated shapes including various forms such as straight lines and curves, and may include all geographic information that can be represented by a linear shape on a map. In addition, it is not related to maps such as fingerprints, but includes everything represented by linear shapes.
- the encoded data generation method of the present invention is used to generate encoded data representing position information such as road shapes, rivers, railway tracks, administrative boundaries, contour lines, and the like on a digital map, and transmit and store the data.
- encoded data representing position information such as road shapes, rivers, railway tracks, administrative boundaries, contour lines, and the like on a digital map
- it can be used to generate coded data representing linear objects, such as various figures and fingerprints, and to transmit and store them. it can.
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Abstract
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JP2005514800A JPWO2005039058A1 (ja) | 2003-10-17 | 2004-10-15 | 符号化データ生成方法と装置 |
CA002523144A CA2523144A1 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2004-10-15 | Encoding data generation method and device |
US11/835,066 US7528746B2 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2007-08-07 | Encoding data generation method and device |
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JP2004280521A (ja) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-10-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | プローブカーシステムでの走行軌跡の伝送方法と装置 |
WO2009026189A2 (en) | 2007-08-16 | 2009-02-26 | Cortxt, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for providing location data with variable validity and quality |
US20090167599A1 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2009-07-02 | Cortxt, Inc. | Location Based Services Information Storage and Transport |
US20090191897A1 (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2009-07-30 | Cortxt, Inc. | Environment Characterization for Mobile Devices |
US8035547B1 (en) | 2008-03-17 | 2011-10-11 | Garmin Switzerland Gmbh | System and method of assisted aerial navigation |
DE102010063330A1 (de) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-06-21 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Komprimieren von Routendaten |
CN103366411B (zh) | 2012-03-30 | 2016-01-06 | 国际商业机器公司 | 用于通过无线网络传输车辆位置数据残差的方法和装置 |
CN103795417B (zh) * | 2014-01-22 | 2017-02-15 | 复旦大学 | 一种最大误差可控的轨迹数据压缩方法 |
CN107328423B (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2020-10-16 | 厦门雅迅网络股份有限公司 | 基于地图数据的弯道识别方法及其系统 |
US11147501B2 (en) | 2017-10-12 | 2021-10-19 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Systems and methods for enhanced encoded source imaging |
CN112082565B (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-12-09 | 西安交通大学 | 一种无依托定位与导航方法、装置及存储介质 |
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US20070273570A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
US7528746B2 (en) | 2009-05-05 |
CA2523144A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
US20060227020A1 (en) | 2006-10-12 |
CN1788421A (zh) | 2006-06-14 |
KR20060096181A (ko) | 2006-09-08 |
US7271746B2 (en) | 2007-09-18 |
JPWO2005039058A1 (ja) | 2007-11-29 |
EP1675268A1 (en) | 2006-06-28 |
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