WO2005035813A2 - Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode - Google Patents
Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005035813A2 WO2005035813A2 PCT/FR2004/002509 FR2004002509W WO2005035813A2 WO 2005035813 A2 WO2005035813 A2 WO 2005035813A2 FR 2004002509 W FR2004002509 W FR 2004002509W WO 2005035813 A2 WO2005035813 A2 WO 2005035813A2
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Definitions
- the invention relates to anodes intended for the production of aluminum by electrolysis. It relates more particularly to the so-called “inert” or “non-consumable” anodes, as well as their preparation and their use.
- Aluminum metal is produced industrially by igneous electrolysis, namely by electrolytic reduction of alumina in solution in a bath based on molten cryolite, called electrolyte bath, in particular according to the well-known method of Hall- Héroult.
- the electrolytic reduction is carried out in electrolysis cells comprising an electrolysis tank, provided with cathode elements made of carbon, and one or more anodes.
- the electrolyte bath is contained in the tank and the anodes are partially submerged in the electrolyte bath.
- the electrolysis current keeps the electrolyte bath at the temperature required by the Joule effect.
- the electrolysis cell is regularly supplied with alumina so as to compensate for the consumption of alumina produced by the electrolysis reactions.
- the anodes are made of carbon material and the electrolysis is carried out at a temperature typically of the order of 950 ° C.
- the anodes made of carbonaceous material are progressively consumed during electrolysis, it is frequently necessary to readjust the height of the part of the anodes which is immersed in the bath and to intervene on the cell to replace the anodes.
- the degradation of the anodes produces carbon dioxide (more than a tonne of CO 2 per tonne of aluminum produced), which contributes to the greenhouse effect.
- inert or “non-consumable” anodes
- wear speed of which would be very low, preferably less than 1 cm / year, in order to obtain lifetimes greater than a year and produce a metal of commercial purity.
- electrode materials composite materials with a ceramic matrix containing one or more metallic phases. These metal phases make it possible in particular to improve the thermomechanical properties of the electrodes, which are subjected to significant thermal stresses liable to deteriorate them.
- Such composite materials which contain at least one so-called “ceramic” phase and at least one metallic phase, are known under the name “cermet”.
- Cermets of this type are typically produced according to a process comprising four main stages: the mixture of oxide powders (for example NiFe 2 O 4 and NiO, or Fe 2 O 3 and NiO), and of metallic copper, adding an organic binder to the above powder mixture, to obtain a so-called "Haunted” powder, pressing (uniaxial or isostatic), binder powder to obtain a coherent "raw” solid whose shape is fixed by the geometry of the pressing mold, - heat treatment of the raw solid under a controlled atmosphere at a temperature in the region of 1300 ° C, in order to decompose the binder and ensure the sintering of the powder.
- French application FR 03-03045 in the name of Aluminum Pechiney describes such a production process.
- the microstructure of the cermet obtained reveals grains of spinel ferrite, grains of nickel oxide and metallic particles whose average size is typically greater than 10 ⁇ m in the case of copper. Part of the copper is usually exuded on the surface of the cermet. Metallic drops whose diameter is between a hundred microns and several millimeters can thus be observed. It is generally necessary to remove these roughness by appropriate chemical or mechanical treatments before the implementation of the cermet in an electrolysis cell. These treatments increase manufacturing costs and are most often difficult to implement. On the other hand, the process for producing such cermets requires strict control of the sintering atmosphere, so as not to oxidize the copper.
- the organic binder As for the organic binder, whose role is to facilitate shaping and to ensure the consistency of the "raw” material, it must not react with oxides or metallic phases. Furthermore, during the heat treatment, the decomposition of the binder (so-called “debinding" step) under a neutral or slightly oxidizing atmosphere leads in particular to the formation of unsaturated carbonaceous species reducing agents which are likely to modify the chemical composition or the microstructure of the cermet. Controlling the debinding step is therefore very delicate. The Applicant has sought solutions which make it possible to reduce, or even avoid, these drawbacks.
- the subject of the invention is a method of manufacturing a part of determined shape, intended to form all or part of an anode for the production of aluminum by igneous electrolysis, and containing a cermet formed of at least one metal oxide, such as a mixed oxide with spinel structure, and at least one metal phase, in which a mixed oxide is used comprising a metal R in the form of cations in its chemical structure, that is to say ie a mixed oxide of which the metal R is one of the constituents, the said metal R being capable of being reduced in whole or in part by a reduction operation, during the manufacturing process, so as to form all or part of said metallic phase.
- a mixed oxide comprising a metal R in the form of cations in its chemical structure, that is to say ie a mixed oxide of which the metal R is one of the constituents, the said metal R being capable of being reduced in whole or in part by a reduction operation, during the manufacturing process, so as to form all or part of said metallic phase.
- Said mixed oxide which comprises at least two distinct metallic elements, including the metal R, is typically a single-phase oxide.
- Said mixed oxide is preferably an oxide of spinel structure.
- the initial mixed oxide, or "precursor” oxide, possibly mixed with one or more other oxides, is haunted, that is to say mixed with the binder, and compacted to give it the required determined shape.
- the part is then heat treated so as to unbind and sinter it.
- the method advantageously includes an additional stabilization heat treatment.
- the Applicant has found a process which makes it possible to prepare cermets which, in particular, only show, after sintering, a very low exudation of metal. They are thus notably distinguished from cermets produced by known methods.
- these cermets are characterized by a particular microstructure, namely a dispersion of very small metal particles (a few micrometers) within a matrix of mixed metal oxide, typically of mixed oxide of spinel structure.
- the method makes it possible to sinter cermets, the single-phase mixed oxide compositions of which are said to be difficult to sinter, such as nickel and iron spinels.
- the method according to the invention also makes it possible to develop cermets at lower sintering temperatures than those of the prior art, making it possible in certain cases to use ovens of more robust, reliable and less expensive technology, in particular for thermal treatment temperatures below 1200 ° C.
- the process for producing cermet-based parts according to the invention is based on the preparation of a precursor of the oxide phase of the cermet in the form of a mixed oxide in which the metal which will constitute the largest part (ie typically more than 60%, even more than 75%, by weight) of the metallic phase of the final cermet is present in the form of oxide, and is a constituent of the mixed oxide.
- the initial solid solution for example of spinel oxides, makes it possible to disperse the cationic constituents in a very homogeneous manner and to result in a final cermet itself very homogeneous and densified at the end of a treatment at moderate temperature, typically below 1000 ° C.
- This sintering ability also makes it possible to obtain solid or shaped parts of centimeter size, thus guaranteeing a service life of several years under the conditions of use.
- the Applicant has discovered that it was possible to reduce all or part of the cations of the future metallic constituent of the final cermet, present in the initial mixed oxide, by a controlled reduction operation. Thanks to this process, the metal formed is present in the form of a significant proportion of very fine metallic particles dispersed in the ceramic material.
- An additional advantage of the process of the invention is to obtain, by the ceramic material, protection of the fine metallic particles obtained against an accidental subsequent reoxidation, which is not the case of metallic particles obtained by reduction from l 'corresponding simple oxide or a mixture of this simple oxide with other oxides.
- the reduction is preferably carried out between 200 and 750 ° C., while the sintering is carried out at a temperature typically higher than 900 ° C.
- the possibility, according to the invention, of carrying out a reduction before sintering, and therefore of separating these two operations, makes it possible to optimize them separately.
- the invention thus makes it possible to avoid the drawbacks of a possible reduction of one or more of the oxides of the ceramic phase during the sintering at high temperature, whether this reduction is desired or undergone.
- the reduction operation is carried out in whole or in part on the mixed oxide powder, before the part is shaped.
- This embodiment has the advantage of producing a very homogeneous dispersion of the metallic particles, which homogeneity is preserved in the final part.
- the reduction operation is carried out in whole or in part after the shaping of the part.
- This embodiment has the advantage of maintaining the metal R in oxidized form until the heat treatment of consolidation of the part, thus making it easier to avoid any reoxidation of the reduced metal.
- the duration of the reduction treatment is a duration sufficient for at least a predetermined part of the cations of the metal intended to constitute the phase dispersed metal of the cermet is reduced in metallic form so as to form a composite material containing at least one oxide phase, in particular of spinel structure, and a metallic phase.
- the cations of the metal (or metals) of this metallic phase are preferably chosen so as to be more easily reducible than those of the other metals constituting the mixed oxide of spinel structure. During reduction, it is not necessary to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. The reduction step is interrupted when the desired phases are obtained.
- the invention also relates to a part having a determined shape and comprising at least one mixed oxide, in particular a mixed oxide of spinel structure, of which a constituent element is wholly or partly reduced according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to an anode comprising at least one part according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to the use of an anode comprising at least one part according to the invention for the production of aluminum by igneous electrolysis.
- the invention also relates to an electrolysis cell comprising at least one anode comprising at least one part according to the invention.
- the parts are generally large parts which simultaneously have a minimum active surface (so that they can be used at an acceptable electrolysis current density), an electrical cross section sufficiently high to give the 'anode an acceptable voltage drop at nominal current and a volume sufficient for its properties to remain within acceptable limits in the event of significant wear after a few years of use.
- the large dimensions are also imposed by technological constraints which generally impose a limitation on the number of anodes in an electroysis cell. said large dimensions are typically of the order of 3 to 5 cm in the smallest dimensions of the parts and of the order of 30 to 50 cm in the largest dimensions.
- Figures Figures 1 and 2 show electrical conductivity curves, as a function of temperature, of the parts obtained by the process according to the invention.
- the method of manufacturing a part of determined shape, intended to form all or part of an anode for the production of aluminum by igneous electrolysis, and containing a formed cermet of at least one metallic oxide with spinel structure and at least one metallic phase comprises: - the preparation of a powder containing at least one mixed oxide of spinel structure one of the constituents of which is a metal R, present in the form of cations, said metal R being capable of being reduced in whole or in part by a reduction operation, so as to form all or part of said metal phase, said reduction operation being preferably carried out, at least in part, during the manufacturing process of said part, - the preparation of a mixture containing said powder and a binder, typically an organic binder, - the shaping of said part by comp action of the mixture, - a debinding operation of said part, - a sintering operation of said part.
- the mixed oxide of spinel structure can also contain one or more doping agents capable of improving the properties of use of the part.
- the metal R is preferably at least one metal chosen from, in particular, copper, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, and their mixtures.
- Said mixed oxide contains as constituent , in the form of cations, at least one metal M which can exist in at least two valence states M n + and M (n "I) + .
- M metals include iron (valences 2 and 3), molybdenum (valences 3 and 4), manganese (valences 3 and 4), vanadium (valences 4 and 5), cobalt (valences 2 and 3). 3) and chromium (valences 2 and 3).
- said mixed oxide can also contain, as constituent, at least one metal, the cation of which reduces the solubility of the mixed oxide of spinel structure in the molten cryolite, such a metal being chosen in particular from nickel, chromium and tin.
- Said mixed oxide may also contain at least one metal having a valence state greater than 3, normally capable of increasing and / or stabilizing the electrical conductivity when hot.
- This metal is chosen in particular from titanium, zirconium, rhafhium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten.
- the mixed oxide of spinel structure can be obtained, for example, by solid-solid reaction or by decomposition of mixed hydroxides or mixed salts of organic acids, such as mixed oxalates, etc., which results in a sufficiently powdery fine to be shaped and sintered by conventional methods.
- Said mixed oxide can be advantageously obtained by a process called "spray-pyrolysis" comprising: - the preparation of at least one salt of the metallic elements intended to form the mixed oxide, typically by mineral acid attack on pure metals ; - Dissolution or suspension of said salt (s) in a carrier fluid, typically water; - Spraying said solution and / or said suspension at a temperature sufficient to cause evaporation of the carrier fluid and thermal decomposition of said salt or salts, so as to obtain said mixed oxide.
- the spray-pyrolysis process makes it possible to obtain said mixed oxides efficiently, with a yield typically greater than 95%, which it is impossible to obtain by precipitation / washing / thermal decomposition in the oven.
- the binder is typically polyvinyl alcohol, but can be any other known organic or organometallic binder, such as acrylic polymers, polyglycols (for example polyethylene glycol), polyvinyl acetates, polyisobutylenes, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylates, stearic acid or stearates such as zinc stearate.
- the initial mixture may optionally also contain one or more doping agents and / or one or more sintering additives.
- the initial mixture is typically substantially free of metallic phase (ie typically less than 0.5 atomic%), but it may optionally contain one or more elements in metallic form, and in particular noble metals, such as silver, gold, palladium or platinum.
- the initial mixture may optionally also contain a determined proportion of a solid reducing agent in pulverulent form, such as a powder of carbonaceous material (typically carbon black and / or graphite), a powder of an organometallic compound containing at minus said metal R in the form of a cation (typically an oxalate, such as an oxalate of Cu, Cu-Ni or Cu-Ag) or a mixture of these.
- a solid reducing agent in pulverulent form, such as a powder of carbonaceous material (typically carbon black and / or graphite), a powder of an organometallic compound containing at minus said metal R in the form of a cation (typically an oxalate, such as an oxalate of Cu, Cu-Ni or Cu-Ag) or a mixture of these.
- a solid reducing agent in pulverulent form, such as a powder of carbonaceous material (typically carbon black and / or graphite
- the use of a solid pulverulent reducer has the advantage of producing a very homogeneous reduction, in particular for very large parts for which the reduction by a gaseous reducer could be limited by the gas diffusion in the part.
- the specific surface of the solid reducing powder is greater than or equal to the specific surface of the initial mixed oxide containing the metal R intended to be reduced.
- the manufacturing process further comprises a so-called "atomization" operation of the mixture before the shaping step. This operation involves suspending the mixture in a fluid
- he carrier such as water
- a spraying of the suspension so as to cause the complete drying thereof before its collection and handling.
- This variant has the advantage of producing a very homogeneous mixture, which makes it possible to obtain a homogeneous dispersion of metallic particles of very small size in the final cermet. It is particularly advantageous in the case where the mixture does not contain (or very little) metal phase because it then confers very great homogeneity on the mixture.
- the shaping of said mixture by compaction produces a green part having said determined shape. This compaction is typically carried out by uniaxial or isostatic pressing of said mixture in a mold of determined shape.
- the debinding operation includes a heat treatment, the temperature of which depends on the nature of the binder used, and is generally between 400 and 500 ° C.
- the holding time at this temperature can vary, for example, from 0.5 h to 10 h, depending on the size and in particular the greater thickness of the parts produced, generally from 1 h to 5 h for solid or shaped parts. maximum thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters.
- the reduction operation according to the invention comprises a heat treatment capable of causing the formation of the metal phase (s) from the metal R contained in said mixed oxide in the form of cations.
- This reduction is preferably a controlled reduction, which is preferably still controlled so as to preferentially reduce the metal R.
- the reduction operation is carried out in whole or in part on the part after the debinding operation.
- the debinding operation of the green part comprises a heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere (for example in air) capable of breaking down the binder in the form of CO 2 and water vapor, thus leaving no deposits in the oven and easy to remove, and the reduction operation is carried out under a reducing atmosphere, which subjects the debonded part to the action of a reducing agent allowing reduction in the metallic state all or part of the cations of the metal R present in said mixed oxide.
- the reducing agent is in particular hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia and their mixtures.
- the mixture typically contains, by volume, from 0.5 to 10% of hydrogen, and preferably from 0.5 to 4% so as to remain below the explosive limit at temperature. room.
- This variant avoids the formation of unstable carbon chains which generate reducing deposits in the cold parts of the oven or of the part to be sintered, which deposits may subsequently, due to their reducing nature, modify the chemical composition or the microstructure of the cermet.
- the reduction operation is carried out in whole or in part on the part during the debinding operation.
- the debinding operation of the green part comprises a debinding and reduction heat treatment under a controlled atmosphere in which the reducing agent is the binder or the decomposition products thereof.
- the reduction operation is carried out in whole or in part on the powder containing the mixed oxide, preferably before the introduction of the binder.
- Debinding is then preferably carried out under a controlled atmosphere, so as to avoid reoxidation of the metal.
- the powder also contains a determined proportion of powder of a solid reducing agent, such as a powder of a carbonaceous material (typically carbon black and / or graphite), a powder an organometallic compound containing at least said metal R in the form of a cation (typically an oxalate, such as an oxalate of Cu, Cu-Ni or Cu-Ag), or a mixture of these.
- a solid reducing agent such as a powder of a carbonaceous material (typically carbon black and / or graphite), a powder an organometallic compound containing at least said metal R in the form of a cation (typically an oxalate, such as an oxalate of Cu, Cu-Ni or Cu-Ag), or a mixture of these.
- the solid reducing powder is intended to reduce all or part of said metal R during the reduction operation.
- the specific surface of the solid reducing powder is greater than or equal to the specific surface of the initial mixed oxide containing the metal
- the reduction operation is adapted so as to allow the reduction in the metallic state of a predetermined proportion of the cations of the metal R.
- one generally operates at a temperature between 200 and 750 ° C, preferably between 250 and 550 ° C, more preferably between 300 and 450 ° C, for a period which can range from 0.5 to 10 h, especially from 1 h to 5 h for parts massive or in the shape of maximum thickness between the millimeter and the decimeter, and preferably between 2 h and 4 h for pieces of maximum thickness of a few centimeters.
- the reduction is carried out so as to obtain a proportion of metallic phase in the cermet of at least 1% by weight, preferably greater than 5% by weight, and typically between 10 and 30% by weight.
- the Applicant considers that the reduction operation according to the invention can be implemented industrially by proceeding as follows: There is a rotary furnace capable of reducing 3 t / h of mixed oxide, i.e. for example 420 kg / h of Cu engaged in the form of oxide with 2484 kg / h of nickel ferrite (with an apparent density of 700 kg / m ), sufficient to supply material for inert anodes one or more electrolysis plants.
- the Applicant estimates that a yield of 93% can be obtained for a typical residence time of 1 h, with an inclination angle of the oven of 3 to 5 °, a typical rotation speed of 2 to 3 rpm, and for a maximum retention of around 18%. The same operation at 350 ° C.
- the sintering operation of the part is carried out under a controlled atmosphere, typically under an inert atmosphere (for example argon or nitrogen). If the reduction operation is carried out on the debonded part, the sintering is typically carried out following it in the same oven. Sintering in a controlled atmosphere preferably brings the compound to a temperature making it possible to obtain a densification rate typically greater than 90%, and preferably greater than 95%.
- the method comprises an additional treatment at a temperature higher than the operating temperature, typically 1050 to 1200 ° C., which, while remaining much lower than the conventional method, makes it possible to stabilize the properties of use (electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion, thermomechanical resistance) while avoiding the coalescence of the metal phases or the enlargement of the oxide phase grains, phenomena capable of degrading these properties of use.
- the method of the invention may include additional optional operations, such as operations for final shaping of the part (machining or other) intended to produce an anode suitable for use, in particular at the electrical connection.
- the process of the invention makes it possible to prepare cermets having a microstructure very different from that of traditional composite materials.
- the spinel structure includes a compact cubic network of O 2 " ions and generally divalent A 2+ and trivalent B 3+ metal cations. Within this network, metal cations are distributed between octahedral sites and sites tetrahedral.
- the replacement of a part of the divalent ions by trivalent ions can be done by replacing three divalent ions by two trivalent ions. There is therefore in this case creation of a gap.
- trivalent ions are replaced by divalent ions, the only possibility, to conserve the number of cationic charges, is to replace two trivalent cations by three divalent cations, provided that a gap already present in the network can be used. It is also possible to introduce into the spinel structure cations of valence greater than three.
- the set of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric spinels is often represented by a formula of the type AB 2 O 4+ ⁇ in which ⁇ is a positive number (super-stoichiometric spinels), zero (stoichiometric spinels) or negative (sub-stoichiometric spinels) .
- the spinels used in accordance with the invention are preferably stoichiometric or slightly non-stoichiometric spinels, with generally ⁇ less than 0.1, and preferably less than 0.05, in absolute value.
- the mixed oxides of spinel structure used in accordance with the invention have an electrical conductivity of semiconductors, that is to say that their conductivity increases with temperature.
- R represents, in the form of cations, at least one metal chosen from copper, nickel, iron and cobalt
- X represents, in the form of cations, at least one metal chosen from nickel, chromium, aluminum and tin
- Z represents, in the form of cations, a metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafhium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten
- M represents, in the form of cations , at least one metal which may have two valence states differing by one, chosen from iron, molybdenum, manganese, vanadium, cobalt and copper
- x, y, z and (4 + ⁇ ) are numbers representing the quantities of X, R, Z and
- x can vary from 0.1 to 2.0, y can vary from 0.05 to 1.0, z is less than 1, the sum (x + y + z) is less than 3, ⁇ is a positive, negative or zero number, such that the spinel oxide of formula I is electrically neutral. It is seen that certain metals such as molybdenum and vanadium can play both the role of metals M and of metals Z.
- the products of formula I can exhibit at least one of the following characteristics: x is a number which can vary from 0.3 to 0.7, y is a number which can vary from 0.3 to 0.7, z is a number which can vary from 0.1 to 0.3.
- the oxides of formula I retain their spinel structure.
- the reduction of the R cations is accompanied by the reduction of part of the cations M n + into cations M (n'1) + .
- the composition of the mixed oxide can be modified by doping agents, which are not represented by a general chemical formula such as formula I or II, and which are not necessarily part of the crystal lattice.
- doping agents can for example facilitate the regulation of crystallization, as well as sintering.
- doping agents are capable of promoting the conductivity of the spinel oxides of formula I or II which are semiconductors.
- the initial mixture can optionally contain at least one doping agent.
- the doping agents are present in the form of oxides, or optionally in the form of chemical elements or of metals, in a proportion by weight not exceeding 5% by weight, and preferably 2% by weight, even 1% by weight. , based on the weight of the mixed oxide.
- Doping agents are for example silicon, phosphorus, boron, alkaline earth metals (in particular barium), alkali metals, gallium, germanium, arsenic, indium, antimony, bismuth , scandium, yttrium, etc.
- Another variant of the process consists in adding to said mixture another metal oxide, capable of forming a two-phase oxide system with said mixed oxide, and / or at least one metal which is difficult to oxidize at a temperature below 1000 ° C., such as Ag, Au, Pd, Pt or their mixtures or alloys.
- the other oxide is an oxide which contains one or more cations which are less easily reducible in the metallic state than the R ions contained in the initial mixed spinel.
- This other oxide can be used to modulate the electrical or thermomechanical properties or the resistance to corrosion.
- electrochemical test of cermet with a view to optimizing the properties of the anode for the electrolysis of aluminum.
- the addition metal or metals which may or may not ally with the metal R obtained by reduction of the spinel is (are) likewise added for the purpose of improving the above properties.
- This addition also has the purpose of "ennobling" the metallic phase of the cermet, making it less soluble in the cryolithic medium used for the electrolysis of aluminum.
- the invention also relates to the use of an anode comprising at least one part obtained, or obtainable, by the method described above, in an electrolytic process for the production of aluminum, that is to say for aluminum production by igneous electrolysis.
- the temperature is of the order of 850 to 1075 ° C, typically between 875 and 975 ° C, and preferably between 900 and 960 ° C.
- the invention also relates to a sintered piece of cermet having a determined shape allowing its use as an anode for the manufacture of aluminum, in which the chemical composition of the ceramic phase of the cermet, apart from the doping agents possibly present, responds to formula II:
- R represents, in the form of cations, at least one metal chosen from copper, nickel, iron and cobalt
- X represents, in the form of cations, at least a metal chosen from nickel, chromium, aluminum and tin
- Z represents, in the form of cations, at least one metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafiiium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten
- x 'can vary from 0.1 to 2.0
- y' represents zero or a number less than 0.05
- z is less than 1.5
- the sum (x '+ y' + z) is less than 3
- ⁇ is a positive, negative or zero number, such that the spinel oxide of formula II is electrically neutral, and in which the metallic phase is in the form of individualized particles distributed in the spinel matrix.
- the metal particles of the sintered part have an average size typically between 1 and 10 micrometers.
- Test 1 A mixed oxalate dihydrate of iron, nickel, copper was prepared by adding a hydro-alcoholic solution (A) of metal salts (300 ml of water + 10 ml of hydrochloric acid at 37% by mass + 200 ml ethylene glycol + 185.433 g of FeSO 4 , 7H 2 O + 44.214 g of NiCl 2 , 6H 2 O + 22.674 g of CuCl 2 , 2H 2 O) to a solution (B) consisting of 2 liters of 95% ethanol % and 134.884 g of H 2 C 2 O 4 -2H 2 O.
- a hydro-alcoholic solution (A) of metal salts 300 ml of water + 10 ml of hydrochloric acid at 37% by mass + 200 ml ethylene glycol + 185.433 g of FeSO 4 , 7H 2 O + 44.214 g of NiCl 2 , 6H 2 O + 22.674 g of CuCl 2 , 2H 2 O
- the oxalate precipitate thus prepared was treated in air at 700 ° C so as to obtain a mixed spinel oxide of composition close to Ni 2+ o , 6 Cu 2+ o, 4 Fe 3+ 2 ⁇ 4 .
- the latter was mixed with the same mass of organic binder (12% by mass of DURAMAX B-1020 added to 82% by mass of water).
- 1.5 g fractions of the binder + oxide mixture were placed in a cylindrical matrix and then subjected to a uniaxial pressure of 200 MPa at room temperature.
- the cylindrical pieces with a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness close to 2 mm from the previous operation were then unbound in air at 500 ° C for 2 h, treated with a mixture of argon (96% by volume) and hydrogen (4% by volume) at 300 ° C for 4 hours then under nitrogen at 980 ° C for 0:30.
- the cermets obtained at the end of these heat treatments consist of a dispersion of copper particles in a semiconductor spinel ferrite matrix whose composition is close to Ni 2+ o. 7 Fe 2+ o. 3 Fe 3+ 2 ⁇ and whose electrical conductivity is ensured by jumps of electrons between ferrous ions and ferric ions.
- X-ray diffraction also reveals the presence in cermets of a very small amount of CU 2 O cuprite.
- the metal particles have a maximum diameter close to 2 ⁇ m.
- the average density of cermets is 5.26 g / cm.
- Figure 1 shows a typical electrical conductivity curve of the parts obtained in this test. The conductivity was measured as a function of the temperature (a rise in temperature followed by a fall in temperature).
- Test 2 A mixed oxalate was prepared according to a protocol analogous to that presented in test 1, but the solution (A) was formed by: 300 ml of water + 10 ml of hydrochloric acid at 37% by mass -I- 200 ml of ethylene glycol + 185.433 g of FeSO 4 , 7H 2 O +
- composition is close to Ni ⁇ Fe ⁇ Fe 2 + O 4 and whose electrical conductivity is ensured by electron jumps between ferrous ions and ferric ions.
- the metallic particles have a maximum diameter close to 2 ⁇ m.
- the average density of cermets is 5.4 g / cm 3, i.e. a relative density of 98% compared to the theoretical density of a
- the electrical conductivity is close to 31 S / cm, at
- Figure 2 shows a typical electrical conductivity curve for the parts obtained in this test. The conductivity was measured as a function of the temperature (a rise in temperature followed by a fall in temperature).
- Test 3 A mixed oxalate was prepared according to a protocol strictly identical to that presented in test 1. After washing and drying, the oxalate precipitate thus prepared was treated in air at 700 ° C. so as to obtain a spinel oxide. mixed composition close to
- the metallic particles have a maximum diameter close to 5 ⁇ m.
- Test 4 The production protocol followed was the same as that used in Test 3.
- the cylindrical parts were, however, treated at 600 ° C. for 0:30 hours under a mixture of argon (96% by volume) and hydrogen (4% by volume) then sintered at 980 ° C for 0h30 under nitrogen.
- the cermets obtained at the end of these heat treatments consist of a dispersion of particles of metal alloy with a composition close to ⁇ -Cuo, 6-
- Test 5 An initial mixture was obtained by powder mixture comprising 95.2%
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/575,091 US7425284B2 (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Inert anode for the production of aluminium by fused bath electrolysis and method of making this anode |
EP04817152A EP1689900A2 (fr) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Anode inerte destinee a la production d aluminium par electr olyse ignee et procede d obtention de cette anode |
AU2004279963A AU2004279963B2 (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Inert anode for producing aluminium by igneous electrolyse and method for producing said anode |
NZ546066A NZ546066A (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Inert anode produced using metal oxides and a binder that goes though a debinding step and a sintering step |
CA2542117A CA2542117C (fr) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode |
IS8437A IS8437A (is) | 2003-10-07 | 2006-05-03 | Hvarftregt forskaut til álframleiðslu með rafgreiningu í bráðinni raflausn og aðferð til að framleiða forskautið |
NO20061995A NO20061995L (no) | 2003-10-07 | 2006-05-04 | Inert anode for fremstilling av aluminium ved smelteelektrolyse og fremgangsmate for fremstilling av nevnte anode |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0311700 | 2003-10-07 | ||
FR0311700A FR2860520B1 (fr) | 2003-10-07 | 2003-10-07 | Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode |
FR0407538A FR2860521B1 (fr) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-07-07 | Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode |
FR0407538 | 2004-07-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005035813A2 true WO2005035813A2 (fr) | 2005-04-21 |
WO2005035813A3 WO2005035813A3 (fr) | 2005-08-11 |
Family
ID=34315408
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2004/002509 WO2005035813A2 (fr) | 2003-10-07 | 2004-10-05 | Anode inerte destinee a la production d'aluminium par electrolyse ignee et procede d'obtention de cette anode |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7425284B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1689900A2 (fr) |
AR (1) | AR045803A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2004279963B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2542117C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2860521B1 (fr) |
IS (1) | IS8437A (fr) |
NO (1) | NO20061995L (fr) |
NZ (1) | NZ546066A (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2352690C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005035813A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016156973A1 (fr) | 2015-04-03 | 2016-10-06 | Rio Tinto Alcan International Limited | Matériau cermet d'electrode |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2455398C2 (ru) * | 2010-08-09 | 2012-07-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенная Компания РУСАЛ Инженерно-технологический центр" | Способ электролитического производства алюминия |
FR3022917B1 (fr) | 2014-06-26 | 2016-06-24 | Rio Tinto Alcan Int Ltd | Materiau d'electrode et son utilisation pour la fabrication d'anode inerte |
RU2590362C1 (ru) * | 2015-01-22 | 2016-07-10 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего  | Способ получения инертного анода из литого композиционного материала |
CN115044935B (zh) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-03-08 | 东北大学秦皇岛分校 | 一种纳米高熵氧化物的制备方法与应用 |
Citations (7)
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US4089681A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1978-05-16 | Cefilac | Process for the manufacture of steel products |
US4473483A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1984-09-25 | Tdk Electronics Co., Ltd. | Magnetic toner and ink |
US4529494A (en) * | 1984-05-17 | 1985-07-16 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Bipolar electrode for Hall-Heroult electrolysis |
US4713300A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-12-15 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Graded refractory cermet article |
US4871438A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-10-03 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Cermet anode compositions with high content alloy phase |
WO2001031089A1 (fr) * | 1999-10-27 | 2001-05-03 | Alcoa Inc. | Anode inerte contenant des oxydes de nickel, de fer et de zinc, utiles a la production electrolytique de metal |
EP1268105A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-24 | 2003-01-02 | Endrich, Manfred | Procede de production de pieces metalliques |
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DE1696392B1 (de) * | 1963-05-30 | 1969-10-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Dauermagnetwerkstoff mit Magnetoplumbitstruktur sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
US4073647A (en) * | 1976-04-26 | 1978-02-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Preparation of cermets |
US4247500A (en) * | 1979-12-07 | 1981-01-27 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Fabrication of ferrite material |
US4400431A (en) * | 1980-09-04 | 1983-08-23 | The Dow Chemical Company | Magnesium aluminum spinels |
US4439532A (en) * | 1981-08-26 | 1984-03-27 | The Dow Chemical Company | Casting slip made from spinel and spinel refractories |
US4582585A (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1986-04-15 | Aluminum Company Of America | Inert electrode composition having agent for controlling oxide growth on electrode made therefrom |
US4454015A (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1984-06-12 | Aluminum Company Of America | Composition suitable for use as inert electrode having good electrical conductivity and mechanical properties |
US4455211A (en) | 1983-04-11 | 1984-06-19 | Aluminum Company Of America | Composition suitable for inert electrode |
JP3386594B2 (ja) * | 1994-10-05 | 2003-03-17 | 株式会社三徳 | 酸素吸収・放出能を有する複合酸化物の製造法 |
US7014881B2 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2006-03-21 | Alcoa Inc. | Synthesis of multi-element oxides useful for inert anode applications |
US20050087916A1 (en) * | 2003-10-22 | 2005-04-28 | Easley Michael A. | Low temperature sintering of nickel ferrite powders |
-
2004
- 2004-07-07 FR FR0407538A patent/FR2860521B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-09-22 AR ARP040103419A patent/AR045803A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-05 EP EP04817152A patent/EP1689900A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-10-05 WO PCT/FR2004/002509 patent/WO2005035813A2/fr active Search and Examination
- 2004-10-05 CA CA2542117A patent/CA2542117C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-05 RU RU2006115600/02A patent/RU2352690C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-10-05 AU AU2004279963A patent/AU2004279963B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-10-05 US US10/575,091 patent/US7425284B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-05 NZ NZ546066A patent/NZ546066A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2006
- 2006-05-03 IS IS8437A patent/IS8437A/is unknown
- 2006-05-04 NO NO20061995A patent/NO20061995L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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US4089681A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1978-05-16 | Cefilac | Process for the manufacture of steel products |
US4473483A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1984-09-25 | Tdk Electronics Co., Ltd. | Magnetic toner and ink |
US4529494A (en) * | 1984-05-17 | 1985-07-16 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Bipolar electrode for Hall-Heroult electrolysis |
US4713300A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-12-15 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Graded refractory cermet article |
US4871438A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-10-03 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Cermet anode compositions with high content alloy phase |
WO2001031089A1 (fr) * | 1999-10-27 | 2001-05-03 | Alcoa Inc. | Anode inerte contenant des oxydes de nickel, de fer et de zinc, utiles a la production electrolytique de metal |
EP1268105A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-24 | 2003-01-02 | Endrich, Manfred | Procede de production de pieces metalliques |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016156973A1 (fr) | 2015-04-03 | 2016-10-06 | Rio Tinto Alcan International Limited | Matériau cermet d'electrode |
US10415122B2 (en) | 2015-04-03 | 2019-09-17 | Elysis Limited Partnership | Cermet electrode material |
EA036436B1 (ru) * | 2015-04-03 | 2020-11-10 | Рио Тинто Алкан Интернэшнл Лимитед | Металлокерамический электродный материал |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20061995L (no) | 2006-07-07 |
FR2860521B1 (fr) | 2007-12-14 |
US20070056848A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
AU2004279963B2 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
FR2860521A1 (fr) | 2005-04-08 |
CA2542117A1 (fr) | 2005-04-21 |
IS8437A (is) | 2006-05-03 |
AR045803A1 (es) | 2005-11-16 |
CA2542117C (fr) | 2012-03-13 |
WO2005035813A3 (fr) | 2005-08-11 |
EP1689900A2 (fr) | 2006-08-16 |
AU2004279963A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
NZ546066A (en) | 2010-01-29 |
RU2006115600A (ru) | 2007-11-20 |
US7425284B2 (en) | 2008-09-16 |
RU2352690C2 (ru) | 2009-04-20 |
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