WO2005006470A1 - 燃料電池用の電極、該電極を用いた燃料電池、及び該電極の製造方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池用の電極、該電極を用いた燃料電池、及び該電極の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005006470A1 WO2005006470A1 PCT/JP2004/009925 JP2004009925W WO2005006470A1 WO 2005006470 A1 WO2005006470 A1 WO 2005006470A1 JP 2004009925 W JP2004009925 W JP 2004009925W WO 2005006470 A1 WO2005006470 A1 WO 2005006470A1
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- electrode
- electrolyte
- conductor
- ions
- catalyst
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8875—Methods for shaping the electrode into free-standing bodies, like sheets, films or grids, e.g. moulding, hot-pressing, casting without support, extrusion without support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
- H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for a fuel cell, a fuel cell using the electrode, and a method for manufacturing the electrode.
- the present invention relates to an electrode used for a fuel cell, a fuel cell provided with the electrode, and a method for manufacturing the electrode.
- Fuel cells are classified into several types according to the type of electrolyte membrane. Among them, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a solid polymer for the electrolyte membrane is smaller than any other type. It is a high-power, low-temperature operating cell, and is considered the next-generation mainstay as a small-scale on-site, mobile (vehicle), and portable fuel cell. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells have entered the practical development stage, and have been used in prototypes or test stages.
- the electrolyte membrane of this fuel cell has perfluoroalkylene, which is chemically stable and has high proton conductivity even at room temperature, as the main skeleton, and partially has a sulfonic acid group and a carboxylic acid group at the terminal of the perfluorovinyl ether side chain.
- Fluorine-based polymers having an ion exchange group are used.
- Nafion registered trademark
- a main part of a general polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane y, an electrode a bonded to both surfaces thereof, and a carbon bonded outside the electrode a. It is composed of a membrane electrode assembly X formed by integrating a current collector z such as paper.
- An electrode used in a fuel cell includes an electrolyte as a path through which ions move, a conductor as a path through which electrons move, and a catalyst that causes an electrochemical reaction.
- Gas (hydrogen) is contained inside the electrode. Or oxygen) as a supply path.
- the electrochemical reactions (electrode reactions) that occur at each electrode when hydrogen is supplied to the fuel electrode and oxygen is supplied to the oxygen electrode are shown below.
- the fuel electrode H ⁇ 2H + + 2e-
- Oxygen electrode 1/20 + 2H + + 2e " ⁇ HO
- an electrode of a general polymer electrolyte fuel cell uses a solid polymer as an electrolyte and carbon particles as a conductor.
- the catalyst is made of platinum or an alloy containing platinum as a main component, and is supported on carbon particles.
- the electrode is manufactured by mixing the conductor supporting the catalyst with the solution of the solid polymer electrolyte and then forming the mixture into a layer or impregnating the solid polymer electrolyte solution into the laminate of the conductor.
- the solid polymer electrolyte adheres to the surface of the conductor and forms a three-phase interface structure near the catalyst by coating the catalyst supported on the carbon particles.
- platinum or platinum alloy
- platinum is a rare element and expensive, and the material cost of the catalyst increases the production cost of the electrode. Occupy a large percentage. For this reason, the development of an electrode that can generate a sufficient electrode reaction with a small amount of catalyst and has a high catalyst utilization efficiency has been actively developed (for example, Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-7-134996
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a cross section of an electrode a using a solid polymer as an electrolyte.
- the electrode a is composed of the aggregate b of the carbon particles (conductor) e supporting the catalyst and the electrolyte c, and the pore d through which the gas passes is formed inside.
- the agglomerate b shown in the figure is an aggregate of a plurality of carbon particles e that cannot be formed by a single carbon particle e.
- the aggregate b is composed of a plurality of carbon particles e, and the catalyst f present on the outer surface of the aggregate b directly contacts the electrolyte c to generate a three-phase interface.
- the catalyst f present on the outer surface of the aggregate b directly contacts the electrolyte c to generate a three-phase interface.
- a large number of catalysts f are also supported on the carbon particles e inside the aggregate b.
- the solid polymer electrolyte has a large molecular weight, the electrolyte c It hardly penetrates into the gap g formed between the single particles e. Therefore, in the conventional electrode a, only a small three-phase interface exists in the gap g inside the aggregate b, and most of the catalyst f in the gap g is wasteful without contributing to the electrode reaction. Had become.
- the present invention has been made to solve a powerful problem, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an electrode having high utilization efficiency of a catalyst, a method for producing the electrode, and a low-cost and high-output fuel cell using the electrode. It is for the purpose of offering.
- the present invention relates to an electrode used for a fuel cell, comprising: an electrolyte comprising a phosphate molecular chain containing at least one of Ca ions, Mg ions and Zn ions; and a conductor supporting a catalyst.
- An electrode comprising:
- the electrolyte comprising a strong phosphate molecular chain is based on the proton conductive "proton conductive gel" previously reported by the present inventors in Chemistry Letters, 820-821 (2001).
- This proton conductive gel is a viscous gel-like proton conductor obtained by rapidly reacting phosphate glass powder with water at room temperature, and phosphate glass obtained by a melting method is used.
- a dispersed phase composed of a phosphate molecular chain having a linear structure and / or a cyclic structure in which an OH group is bonded to a phosphorus atom by reacting with water, and a ⁇ H group of each phosphate group of the phosphate molecular chain.
- a dispersing medium composed of water existing around.
- the present inventors have paid attention to the possibility of using this proton conducting gel as an electrode material, and as a result of intensive studies, they have reached the present invention.
- the proton conductive gel will be described in detail.
- the proton conductive gel is obtained by powdering a phosphate glass containing at least one of Ca ions, Mg ions and Zn ions, and reacting the powder with water.
- the phosphate glass is obtained by a melting method, that is, by melting the phosphate and then rapidly cooling the glass to a temperature equal to or lower than the glass transition temperature.
- the phosphate molecular chains constituting the proton conducting gel convert phosphoric acid into P ⁇
- phosphoric acid should be converted to PO.
- the total amount of Ca ions, Mg ions, and Zn ions contained in the phosphate molecular chain is preferably in the range of 25 to 70 mol% in terms of oxide, and more preferably in the range of 40 to 60 mol% in terms of oxide. In the range It is more desirable.
- the electrode of the present invention uses this proton conductive gel as an electrolyte material of the electrode.
- the electrolyte constituting the electrode of the present invention may be the proton conductive gel itself, or may be the proton conductive gel which is dried by heat treatment or the like, and has only the phosphate molecular chains serving as the dispersion medium. I do not care.
- the electrolyte of the electrode of the present invention may be a mixture with another solid polymer electrolyte or the like which is formed only by the phosphate molecular chains.
- This proton conductive gel has a high affinity for carbon particles, and the phosphate molecular chains in the proton conductive gel are composed of linear or cyclic phosphate molecular chains of various lengths. However, most of them are lower in molecular weight than the solid polymer electrolyte, and thus easily penetrate into the gaps formed in the aggregate of carbon particles. For this reason, the electrode of the present invention can form more three-phase interfaces than an electrode using a conventional solid polymer electrolyte. That is, in the electrode of the present invention, as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 3, a large amount of the electrolyte c penetrates into the gap g inside the aggregate b, and adheres to the surface of the carbon particles e. Many three-phase interfaces are formed near the catalyst f inside the aggregate b. Therefore, in the present invention, since the catalyst in the aggregate that has not been used in the conventional electrode is used for the electrode reaction, the utilization efficiency of the catalyst is increased.
- the proton-conductive electrolyte comprising the phosphate molecular chain which constitutes the electrode of the present invention, does not contain fluorine, the load on the environment during synthesis and disposal is small.
- a conventional electrode using a fluorine-based solid polymer as an electrolyte as described in JP-A-61-138541, when recovering platinum contained in a catalyst at the time of disposing of a fuel cell, such an electrode is not used. Because of the fluorine-based solid polymer, it was difficult to dissolve the platinum by immersing the electrode directly in aqua regia, and a more complicated recovery method than usual was required. It can be manufactured without containing it, and platinum can be easily recovered by directly treating the electrode with aqua regia.
- the amount of the three-phase interface formed in the electrode of the present invention is adjusted by the amount of the solvent of the proton conductive gel, the type of the solvent, the ratio between the electrolyte and the conductor, the component composition of the proton conductive gel, and the like. .
- the proportion of the electrolyte and the conductor is too large, the number of pores in the electrode is reduced, and it is difficult to secure a sufficient gas supply path.
- the composition ratio of the electrolyte is too small, the number of proton conduction paths in the electrode decreases, and it is difficult to form a three-phase interface.
- the average composition ratio of the electrolyte and the conductor is desirably in the range of 20:80 to 80:20 by mass ratio. More preferably, the average composition ratio of the electrolyte and the conductor is more preferably in the range of 30:70 to 70:30 by mass ratio.
- the mass of the strong electrolyte does not include moisture, and the mass of the conductor includes the mass of the supported catalyst.
- the method for producing an electrode according to the present invention includes: a proton conducting gel having a dispersed phase composed of a phosphate molecular chain containing at least one of Ca ions, Mg ions and Zn ions; and a dispersion medium composed of water; A mixture with a conductor carrying a catalyst is prepared, and an electrode is formed using the mixture.
- the mixture is obtained by sufficiently kneading a conductor supporting a catalyst with the proton conductive gel.
- the conductor and the proton conducting gel are mixed, and the phosphate molecular chain force S of the proton conducting gel and the carbon particles penetrate into the aggregates.
- the proton conductive gel may be diluted with water or an organic solvent if necessary. In this step, it is also possible to add another electrolyte, a water repellent and the like to the mixture.
- the electrodes are formed on a current collector made of carbon paper or woven fabric, or on an electrolyte membrane made of a solid polymer or the like. That is, the mixture is formed into a film by printing or coating the mixture on a current collector or an electrolyte membrane, and then the film is dried, and then the moisture or organic substances contained in the mixture are dried. By removing part or all of the solvent, the electrode of the present invention having pores inside is formed on the electrolyte membrane or the current collector. In the step of drying the molded product, a heat treatment of the molded product can provide a strong electrode in a short time.
- this heat treatment is performed at a temperature in the range of 130 to 400 ° C., a suitable electrode can be obtained without greatly altering the phosphate molecular chain of the electrolyte. More specifically, the heat treatment is more desirably performed at 150 to 300 ° C.
- the electrode of the present invention can be formed into a water-repellent structure by mixing PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) particles with the above-mentioned electrode forming paste or applying PTFE to the above-mentioned current collector. Should be formed.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the electrode manufactured in this manner is formed on the electrolyte membrane with a current collector, and the electrode formed on the current collector is heated and pressure-contacted with the electrolyte membrane, and the electrolyte membrane is integrated with the current collector. -Form an electrode assembly.
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly forms a fuel cell by being sandwiched between separators having gas flow grooves formed therein, and can be incorporated into a fuel cell.
- the electrode of the present invention is desirably used for both of two electrodes bonded to both sides of the electrolyte membrane, but may be used for only one side. Further, in the fuel cell in which the electrode of the present invention is bonded to at least one surface of the electrolyte membrane, the use efficiency of the catalyst is high. In addition, a sufficient output for a fuel cell can be obtained with a small amount of catalyst.
- the electrode of the present invention is not limited to a conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell, but can be generally used for fuel cells operating at low temperatures.
- the present inventors have also developed a fuel cell using the above-mentioned proton conductive gel for the electrolyte membrane, and confirmed that high output can be obtained even when the electrode of the present invention is used in this fuel cell. I have.
- the electrolyte penetrates into the aggregate of carbon particles to form a three-phase interface. Therefore, the catalyst inside the aggregate, which has been wasted with the conventional electrode, can be used for the electrode reaction. In a fuel cell using a force and a calorie electrode, the production cost can be reduced while maintaining the output by reducing the amount of catalyst on the electrode. Thus, a higher output fuel cell can be realized with the same amount of catalyst.
- the phosphate molecular chains constituting the electrolyte of the electrode of the present invention do not contain fluorine, platinum contained in the catalyst, which has a low environmental load during production and disposal, can be easily recovered.
- the average composition ratio of the electrolyte and the conductor is 20:80 80
- the electrolyte and the conductor are mixed at an appropriate ratio, and a sufficient three-phase interface can be formed in the electrode. Furthermore, if the average composition ratio of the electrolyte and the conductor is in the range of 30: 70-70: 30 by mass ratio, a larger amount of three-phase interface is formed in the electrode, and the catalyst utilization of the electrode is ensured. Can be improved. [0025] Then, in the method for producing an electrode in which a mixture of the above-described proton conductive gel and a conductor supporting a catalyst is formed and an electrode is formed using the mixture, the proton conductive gel is used as a raw material. Is mixed with a conductor supporting a catalyst, so that the electrolyte can be appropriately penetrated into the aggregate of the conductor, and many three-phase interfaces can be formed inside the aggregate. it can.
- a strong electrode can be formed in a short time.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged cross section of an electrode of a conventional configuration.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged internal configuration of an aggregate b having a conventional configuration.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged internal configuration of an aggregate b of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a membrane electrode assembly X of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Example electrodes 1 and 2 which are electrodes of the present invention, and Comparative Example electrodes, which are electrodes for comparison. 1 and 2 will be described.
- a dry mixed powder of calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid is prepared so that orthophosphoric acid has a composition of 48 mol% in terms of P ⁇ . Then, the dried mixed powder is subjected to a heat treatment at 1300 ° C. for 0.5 hour in an electric furnace to be melted. Thereafter, the melt was poured out onto a carbon plate and quenched to room temperature to obtain a calcium phosphate glass (melting method). This calcium phosphate glass is ground in a mortar until the particle diameter is less than 10 x m. Then, the obtained glass powder is put into a plastic petri dish, and an equal weight of distilled water is added thereto, followed by stirring. An electrolyte consisting of 48 mol% of S-phosphoric acid in terms of ⁇ ⁇ and 52 mol% of calcium ions in terms of CaO
- a proton conductive gel A comprising 50% by mass and 50% by mass of water as a dispersion medium was obtained.
- Carbon particles (Vulcan XC-72R manufactured by Cabot) are loaded with platinum (Pt) as a catalyst in an amount 2/3 times the weight of the carbon particles as a catalyst.
- Conductor A platinum
- a carbon sheet (TGP-H-060F TO. 2 mm X Wl 1 Omm X L 11 Omm, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., porosity 83%) was subjected to a water-repellent treatment to obtain a current collector used in this example.
- Example electrode 1 of the present invention comprising 30% by mass of a proton-conductive electrolyte composed of a phosphate molecular chain containing Ca ions on the body surface and 70% by mass of a conductor was prepared.
- the current collector comprises 70% by mass of a proton-conductive electrolyte composed of a phosphate molecular chain containing Ca ions, and 30% by mass of a conductor.
- An example Electrode 2 was produced.
- Comparative Example Electrode 2 composed of 30% by mass of a conductor supporting a catalyst was produced.
- the electrodes 1 and 2 and the electrodes 1 and 2 of the above-mentioned examples were each set to a size of 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm to be used as evaluation test samples.
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the Pt content of each electrode.
- Example cells A-D and Comparative example cells A which were produced using the evaluation test samples of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, respectively. , B will be explained.
- the proton conducting gel A is filled in a container made of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) having an inner size of 25 mm x 25 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm, and then dried, and the electrolyte made of the proton conducting gel A is filled. A film was prepared.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Example electrode 1 The electrode surface of Example electrode 1 was pressed against both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane to produce an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly.
- This electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly is sandwiched between separators having gas flow paths to form a fuel cell, and the fuel cell of the present invention, which is a fuel cell of the present invention, in which the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode comprise the electrode 1 of the present invention.
- the fuel cell of the present invention which is a fuel cell of the present invention, in which the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode comprise the electrode 1 of the present invention.
- Battery B was made.
- an example cell C which is a fuel cell of the present invention, in which the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode consist of the example electrode 1, was manufactured using this electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly.
- Example electrode 1 was replaced with Example electrode 2
- Example electrode 2 an example in which the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode were the fuel cell of the present invention including Example electrode 2 was used.
- Battery D was made.
- Comparative Example Battery A which was a comparative fuel cell in which the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode consisted of Comparative Example Electrode 1, was produced.
- Comparative Example Electrode 1 was replaced with Comparative Example Electrode 2
- a fuel cell and a Comparative Example in which the oxygen electrode was a comparative fuel cell including Comparative Example Electrode 2 were used.
- Battery B was prepared.
- Table 2 shows the output voltage obtained at a current density of 0.15 A / cm 2 .
- the measurement conditions are as follows.
- Oxygen 0. IMPa (normal pressure)
- Example cell A Example electrode 1 Proton conductor 0.82
- Example cell B Example electrode 2 Proton conductor 0.80
- Example cell C Example electrode 1 Solid height Molecule 0.8 1
- Example battery D Example electrode 2 Solid polymer 0.7 7 Comparative battery A Comparative electrode 1 Solid polymer 0.7 4 Comparative battery B Comparative electrode 2 Solid polymer 0.6 5
- the output voltage was higher than that in the comparative example batteries A and B.
- the difference between the output voltages is remarkable when the electrode 2 of the embodiment having a low Pt content (amount of catalyst) is used.
- the fuel cell using the electrode of the present invention exhibits a higher output than the fuel cell using the conventional electrode, and a sufficiently high output with a small decrease in the output even when the amount of the catalyst is suppressed.
- Example electrode 3 comprising 50% by mass of a proton conductive electrolyte and 850% by mass of a conductor was produced.
- Comparative Example Electrode 3 comprising 50% by mass of the solid polymer electrolyte and 850% by mass of the conductor.
- the electrode 3 of the example and the electrode 3 of the comparative example each had a size of 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm in the same manner as in Example 1, and were used as evaluation test samples. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the Pt content of each electrode.
- Example electrode 350 50 Proton conductor 0.32 Comparative example electrode 350: 50 Solid polymer 0.37
- Example cell E which was the fuel cell of the present invention, in which the oxygen electrode was composed of example electrode 3 and example electrode 1, respectively, was produced.
- Table 4 shows the current values obtained at 55V.
- the measurement conditions are as follows.
- Fuel electrode 50% by mass ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ + 50% by mass 1 ⁇ O
- Oxygen electrode O
- Example Battery E using the electrode of the present invention shows higher output than Comparative Example Battery D using the electrode of the conventional configuration. Since the amount of the catalyst used in the example battery E and the comparative example battery D are substantially the same, it is understood that the example battery E has a higher catalyst utilization efficiency than the comparative example battery D. Thus, the electrode of the present invention is effective even when methanol is supplied as fuel to the fuel electrode side.
- the battery A of Example, the battery C of Example, and the battery A of Comparative Example manufactured in Example 1 were disassembled, and each of the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly was taken out, and 3 volumes of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 volume of concentrated nitric acid were taken out. After heating for 2 hours at a temperature of 60-70 ° C, Pt was recovered from the aqua regia.
- Example Battery A In Example Battery A and Example Battery C, the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly decomposed.
- the recovery rate ⁇ (the recovered Pt amount) / (the Pt amount used for the electrode) ⁇ 100 ⁇ was 89% and 72%, respectively.
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JP2006244909A (ja) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-14 | Toho Gas Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
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JP2002285933A (ja) * | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-03 | Denso Corp | 燃料噴射ポンプ |
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JP2002285933A (ja) * | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-03 | Denso Corp | 燃料噴射ポンプ |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
KASUGA T.: "Fast proton conductors derived from phosphate hydrogels", JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, vol. 10, 1 May 2003 (2003-05-01), JAPAN, pages 189 - 193, XP002983084 * |
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JP2006244909A (ja) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-14 | Toho Gas Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
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