Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/557—Eicosanoids, e.g. leukotrienes or prostaglandins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D207/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/24—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D207/26—2-Pyrrolidones

Definitions

• the present invention relates 3-oxa-8-azaprostaglandin analogues useful as potent ocular hypotensives that are particularly suited for the management of glaucoma.
• Ocular hypotensive agents are useful in the treatment of a number of various ocular hypertensive conditions, such as post-surgical and post-laser trabeculectomy ocular hypertensive episodes, glaucoma, and as presurgical adjuncts.
• Glaucoma is a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure. On the basis of its etiology, glaucoma has been classified as primary or secondary. For example, primary glaucoma in adults (congenital glaucoma) may be either open-angle or acute or chronic angle-closure. Secondary glaucoma results from pre-existing ocular diseases such as uveitis, intraocular tumor or an enlarged cataract.
• the underlying causes of primary glaucoma are not yet known.
• the increased intraocular tension is due to the obstruction of aqueous humor outflow.
• chronic open-angle glaucoma the anterior chamber and its anatomic structures appear normal, but drainage of the aqueous humor is impeded.
• acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma the anterior chamber is shallow, the filtration angle is narrowed, and the iris may obstruct the trabecular meshwork at the entrance of the canal of Schlemm. Dilation of the pupil may push the root of the iris forward against the angle, and may produce pupilary block and thus precipitate an acute attack. Eyes with narrow anterior chamber angles are predisposed to acute angle-closure glaucoma attacks of various degrees of severity.
• Secondary glaucoma is caused by any interference with the flow of aqueous humor from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber and subsequently, into the canal of Schlemm.
• Inflammatory disease of the anterior segment may prevent aqueous escape by causing complete posterior synechia in iris bombe, and may plug the drainage channel with exudates.
• Other common causes are intraocular tumors, enlarged cataracts, central retinal vein occlusion, trauma to the eye, operative procedures and intraocular hemorrhage.
• glaucoma occurs in about 2% of all persons over the age of 40 and may be asymptotic for years before progressing to rapid loss of vision.
• topical b-adrenoreceptor antagonists have traditionally been the drugs of choice for treating glaucoma.
• Eicosanoids and their derivatives have been reported to possess ocular hypotensive activity, and have been recommended for use in glaucoma management.
• Eicosanoids and derivatives include numerous biologically important compounds such as prostaglandins and their derivatives.
• Prostaglandins can be described as derivatives of prostanoic acid which have the following structural formula:
• prostaglandins are known, depending on the structure and substituents carried on the alicyclic ring of the prostanoic acid skeleton. Further classification is based on the number of unsaturated bonds in the side chain indicated by numerical subscripts after the generic type of prostaglandin [e.g. prostaglandin El (PGEl), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)], and on the configuration of the substituents on the alicyclic ring indicated by or ⁇ [e.g. prostaglandin F2 ⁇ (PGF2 ⁇ )].
• PEP prostaglandin El
• PGE2 prostaglandin E2
• Prostaglandins were earlier regarded as potent ocular hypertensives, however, evidence accumulated in the last decade shows that some prostaglandins are highly effective ocular hypotensive agents, and are ideally suited for the long-term medical management of glaucoma (see, for example, Bito, L.Z. Biological Protection with Prostaglandins, Cohen, M.M., ed., Boca Raton, Fla, CRC Press Inc., 1985, pp. 231- 252; and Bito, L.Z., Applied Pharmacology in the Medical Treatment of Glaucomas Drance, S.M. and Neufeld, A.H. eds., New York, Grune & Stratton, 1984, pp.
• Such prostaglandins include PGF2 ⁇ > PGFl ⁇ * PGE2, and certain lipid-soluble esters, such as Ci to C2 alkyl esters, e.g. 1-isopropyl ester, of such compounds.
• the isopropyl ester of PGF2 0 has been shown to have significantly greater hypotensive potency than the parent compound, presumably as a result of its more effective penetration through the cornea. In 1987, this compound was described as "the most potent ocular hypotensive agent ever reported" [see, for example, Bito,
• prostaglandins appear to be devoid of significant intraocular side effects
• ocular surface (conjunctiva.) hyperemia and foreign-body sensation have been consistently associated with the topical ocular use of such compounds, in particular PGF2 ⁇ and i ts prodrugs, e.g., its 1-isopropyl ester, in humans.
• the clinical potentials of prostaglandins in the management of conditions associated with increased ocular pressure, e.g. glaucoma are greatly limited by these side effects.
• prostaglandin esters with increased ocular hypotensive activity accompanied with no or substantially reduced side-effects are disclosed.
• the co- pending USSN 596,430 (filed 10 October 1990, now U.S. Patent 5,446,041), relates to certain 11-acyl-prostaglandins, such as 11-pivaloyl, 11-acetyl, 11-isobutyryl, 11- valeryl, and 11-isovaleryl PGF2 ⁇ - Intraocular pressure reducing 15-acyl prostaglandins are disclosed in the co-pending application USSN 175,476 (filed 29 December 1993). Similarly, 11,15- 9,15 and 9,11-diesters of prostaglandins, for example 11,15-dipivaloyl PGF2 ⁇ are known to have ocular hypotensive activity. See the co-pending patent applications USSN Nos.
• hatched lines represent the ⁇ configuration, a triangle represents the ⁇ configuration, a wavy line represents either the a configuration or the ⁇ configuration and a dotted line represents the presence or absence of a double bond;
• D represents a covalent bond or CH 2 , O, S or NH;
• X is CO 2 R, CONR2, CH2OR, P(O)(OR) 2 , CONRSO 2 R, SONR or
• Z is CH 2 or a covalent bond
• R is H or R 2 ;
• R 1 is H, R 2 , phenyl, or COR 2 ;
• R 2 is C 1 -C5 lower alkyl or alkenyl and R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical product, comprising a container adapted to dispense its contents in a metered form; and an ophthalmic solution therein, as hereinabove defined.
• the present invention relates to the use of 8-Azaprostaglandin analogs as ocular hypotensives.
• the compounds used in accordance with the present invention are encompassed by the following structural formula I:
• the preferred group of the compounds of the present invention includes compounds that have the following structural formula TJ.
• D represents a covalent bond or is CH 2 ; more preferably D is CH 2 .
• Z represents a covalent bond.
• R is H or C1-C5 lower alkyl.
• R 1 is H.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and monosubstituted derivatives thereof, e.g. chloro and trifluoromethyl phenyl, i.e. m- chlorophenyl.
• X is CO 2 R and more preferably R is selected from the group consisting of H and methyl.
• the above compounds of the present invention may be prepared by methods that are known in the art or according to the working examples below.
• the compounds, below, are especially preferred representative, of the compounds of the present invention.
• compositions may be prepared by combining a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, as an active ingredient, with conventional ophthalmically acceptable pharmaceutical excipients, and by preparation of unit dosage forms suitable for topical ocular use.
• the therapeutically efficient amount typically is between about 0.0001 and about 5% (w/v), preferably about 0.001 to about 1.0% (w/v) in liquid formulations.
• solutions are prepared using a physiological saline solution as a major vehicle.
• the pH of such ophthalmic solutions should preferably be maintained between 6.5 and 7.2 with an appropriate buffer system.
• the formulations may also contain conventional, pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives, stabilizers and surfactants.
• Preferred preservatives that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate.
• a preferred surfactant is, for example, Tween 80.
• various preferred vehicles may be used in the ophthalmic preparations of the present invention. These vehicles include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, poloxamers, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and purified water.
• Tonicity adjustors may be added as needed or convenient. They include, but are not limited to, salts, particularly sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol and glycerin, or any other suitable ophthalmically acceptable tonicity adjuster.
• buffers include acetate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers and borate buffers. Acids or bases may be used to adjust the pH of these formulations as needed.
• an ophthalmically acceptable antioxidant for use in the present invention includes, but is not limited to, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.
• excipient components which may be included in the ophthalmic preparations are chelating agents.
• the preferred chelating agent is edentate disodium, although other chelating agents may also be used in place or in conjunction with it.
• the ingredients are usually used in the following amounts: Ingredient Amount ( % /v)
• active ingredient about 0.001-5 preservative 0-0.10 vehicle 0-40 tonicity adjustor 1-10 buffer 0.01-10 pH adjustor q.s. pH 4.5-7.5 antioxidant as needed surfactant as needed purified water as needed to make 100%
• the actual dose of the active compounds of the present invention depends on the specific compound, and on the condition to be treated; the selection of the appropriate dose is well within the knowledge of the skilled artisan.
• the ophthalmic formulations of the present invention are conveniently packaged in forms suitable for metered application, such as in containers equipped with a dropper, to facilitate the application to the eye.
• Containers suitable for dropwise application are usually made of suitable inert, non-toxic plastic material, and generally contain between about 0.5 and about 15 ml solution.
• Step 1 (4-Hydroxy-butoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester.
• Triphenylphosphine (5.59 g, 21.3 mmol), bromine (1.1 mL, 21.5 mmol) and imidazole (1.41 g, 20.7 mmol) were sequentially added to a solution of (4-hydroxy- butoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (2.88 g, 17.8 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (15 mL) at 0 °C under nitrogen. After 1 h, the mixture was filtered through basic alumina, rinsing with 5% EtOAc/Hexane (40 mL).
• Step 3 ⁇ 4-[(R)-2-(tert-Butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-5-oxo- ⁇ yrrolidin-l- yl]-butoxy ⁇ -acetic acid methyl ester.
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (3.0 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 3.0 mmol) was added to a solution of impure ⁇ 4-[(R)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-5-oxo- pyrrolidin-l-yl]-butoxy ⁇ -acetic acid methyl ester (758 mg, -1.98 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0 °C under nitrogen. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt and was aged for 18 h. THF was removed in vacuo, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CHC1 3 (2 x 30 mL).
• Plasmids encoding the human EP EP 2 , EP 3 , EP 4 , FP, TP, IP and DP receptors were prepared by cloning the respective coding sequences into the eukaryotic expression vector pCEP4 (Invitrogen).
• the pCEP4 vector contains an
• Epstein Barr virus (EBV) origin of replication which permits episomal replication in primate cell lines expressing EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA-1). It also contains a hygromycin resistance gene that is used for eukaryotic selection.
• the cells employed for stable transfection were human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) that were transfected with and express the EBNA-1 protein. These HEK-293 -
• EBNA cells (I vitrogen) were grown in medium containing Geneticin (G418) to maintain expression of the EBNA-1 protein.
• HEK-293 cells were grown in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 250 ⁇ g ml "1 G418 (Life Technologies) and 200 ⁇ g ml "1 gentamicin or penicillin/streptomycin. Selection of stable transfectants was achieved with 200 ⁇ g ml "1 hygromycin, the optimal concentration being determined by previous hygromycin kill curve studies.
• the plasmid pCEP4 incoiporating cDNA inserts for the respective human prostanoid receptor (20 ⁇ g) was added to 500 ⁇ l of 250 M CaCl 2 .
• HEPES buffered saline x 2 (2 x HBS, 280 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES acid, 1.5 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , pH 7.05 - 7.12) was then added dropwise to a total of 500 ⁇ l, with continuous vortexing at room temperature. After 30 min, 9 ml DMEM were added to the mixture.
• the DNA/DMEM/calcium phosphate mixture was then added to the cells, which had been previously rinsed with 10 ml PBS. The cells were then incubated for 5 hr at 37° C in humidified 95% air/5% CO 2 . The calcium phosphate solution was then removed and the cells were treated with 10% glycerol in DMEM for 2 min. The glycerol solution was then replaced by DMEM with 10% FBS. The cells were incubated overnight and the medium was replaced by DMEM/10% FBS containing 250 ⁇ g ml "1 G418 and penicillin/streptomycin. The following day hygromycin B was added to a final concentration of 200 ⁇ g ml "1 .
• hygromycin B resistant clones were individually selected and transferred to a separate well on a 24 well plate. At confluence each clone was transferred to one well of a 6 well plate, and then expanded in a 10 cm dish. Cells were maintained under continuous hygromycin selection until use.
• Radioligand binding studies on plasma membrane fractions prepared for cells stably transfected with the cat or human receptor were performed as follows. Cells washed with TME buffer were scraped from the bottom of the flasks and homogenized for 30 sec using a Brinkman PT 10/35 polytron. TME buffer was added as necessary to achieve a 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes. TME is comprised of 50 mM TRIS base, 10 mM MgCl 2 , ImM EDTA; pH 7.4 is achieved by adding 1 N HC1. The cell homogenate was centrifuged at 19,000 rpm for 20-25 min at 4°C using a Beckman Ti-60 or T ⁇ -70 rotor. The pellet was then resuspended in TME buffer to provide a final protein concentration of 1 mg/ml, as determined by Bio-Rad assay. Radioligand binding assays were performed in a 100 ⁇ l or 200 ⁇ l volume.
• plasma membrane fraction preparation was as follows. COS-7 cells were washed with TME buffer, scraped from the bottom of the flasks, and homogenized for 30 sec using a Brinkman PT 10/35 polytron. TME buffer was added to achieve a final 40 ml volume in the centrifuge tubes. The composition of TME is 100 mM TRIS base, 20 mM MgCl 2 , 2M EDTA; ION HC1 is added to achieve a pH of 7.4.
• the cell homogenate was centrifuged at 19000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C using a Beckman Ti-60 rotor. The resultant pellet was resuspended in TME buffer to give a final 1 mg/ml protein concentration, as determined by Biorad assay. Radioligand binding assays were performed in a 200 ⁇ l volume. .
• the effects of the compounds of this invention on intraocular pressure may be measured as follows.
• the compounds are prepared at the desired concentrations in a vehicle comprising 0.1% polysorbate 80 and 10 mM TRIS base. Dogs are treated by administering 25 ⁇ l to the ocular surface, the contralateral eye receives vehicle as a control. Intraocular pressure is measured by applanation pneumatonometry.
• Certain of the compounds of this invention are useful in lowering elevated intraocular pressure in mammals, e.g. humans, and in treating other diseases and conditions which are responsive to prostaglandin analogues, e.g. glaucoma; cardiovascular; e.g. acute myocardial infarction, vascular thrombosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and angina pectoris; pulmonary-respiratory; gastrointestinal; reproductive and allergic diseases; osteoporosis and shock.
• prostaglandin analogues e.g. glaucoma
• cardiovascular e.g. acute myocardial infarction, vascular thrombosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and angina pectoris
• pulmonary-respiratory gastrointestinal
• reproductive and allergic diseases osteoporosis and shock.

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