WO2004087956A2 - Lignees cellulaires - Google Patents
Lignees cellulaires Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004087956A2 WO2004087956A2 PCT/GB2004/001458 GB2004001458W WO2004087956A2 WO 2004087956 A2 WO2004087956 A2 WO 2004087956A2 GB 2004001458 W GB2004001458 W GB 2004001458W WO 2004087956 A2 WO2004087956 A2 WO 2004087956A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nav
- channel
- cell
- nucleic acid
- utr
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 title description 99
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 111
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 108091023045 Untranslated Region Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 108020005345 3' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 101150050629 1.8 gene Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 108091036066 Three prime untranslated region Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 108020003589 5' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 108091026898 Leader sequence (mRNA) Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000036407 pain Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 206010029260 Neuroblastoma Diseases 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r)-6-amino-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC(N)(CC1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 abstract description 117
- 102000018674 Sodium Channels Human genes 0.000 abstract description 32
- 108010052164 Sodium Channels Proteins 0.000 abstract description 32
- 101000654356 Homo sapiens Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 323
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 67
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 67
- CFMYXEVWODSLAX-QOZOJKKESA-N tetrodotoxin Chemical compound O([C@@]([C@H]1O)(O)O[C@H]2[C@@]3(O)CO)[C@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@]11[C@H]2[C@@H](O)N=C(N)N1 CFMYXEVWODSLAX-QOZOJKKESA-N 0.000 description 49
- 229950010357 tetrodotoxin Drugs 0.000 description 49
- CFMYXEVWODSLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrodotoxin Natural products C12C(O)NC(=N)NC2(C2O)C(O)C3C(CO)(O)C1OC2(O)O3 CFMYXEVWODSLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 41
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 40
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 31
- 239000005892 Deltamethrin Substances 0.000 description 30
- 229960002483 decamethrin Drugs 0.000 description 30
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 29
- OWZREIFADZCYQD-NSHGMRRFSA-N deltamethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](C=C(Br)Br)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 OWZREIFADZCYQD-NSHGMRRFSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- 241000700199 Cavia porcellus Species 0.000 description 26
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 24
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 23
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- BRZYSWJRSDMWLG-CAXSIQPQSA-N geneticin Natural products O1C[C@@](O)(C)[C@H](NC)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C(C)O)O2)N)[C@@H](N)C[C@H]1N BRZYSWJRSDMWLG-CAXSIQPQSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 102000016913 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Human genes 0.000 description 17
- 108010053752 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Proteins 0.000 description 17
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000012384 transportation and delivery Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 12
- -1 form amine hydrochlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 238000003757 reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 10
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 9
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 102000001493 Cyclophilins Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 108010068682 Cyclophilins Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 108010092160 Dactinomycin Proteins 0.000 description 8
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- RJURFGZVJUQBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinomycin D Natural products CC1OC(=O)C(C(C)C)N(C)C(=O)CN(C)C(=O)C2CCCN2C(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C1=C(N)C(=O)C(C)=C2OC(C(C)=CC=C3C(=O)NC4C(=O)NC(C(N5CCCC5C(=O)N(C)CC(=O)N(C)C(C(C)C)C(=O)OC4C)=O)C(C)C)=C3N=C21 RJURFGZVJUQBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 8
- 208000000094 Chronic Pain Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 7
- 208000005298 acute pain Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- VLPIATFUUWWMKC-SNVBAGLBSA-N (2r)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine Chemical compound C[C@@H](N)COC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C VLPIATFUUWWMKC-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005014 ectopic expression Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960003404 mexiletine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-LBPRGKRZSA-N ralfinamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CN[C@@H](C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 208000004454 Hyperalgesia Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 5
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000037317 transdermal delivery Effects 0.000 description 5
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000668 Annexin A2 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000012228 RNA interference-mediated gene silencing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 229930183665 actinomycin Natural products 0.000 description 4
- RJURFGZVJUQBHK-IIXSONLDSA-N actinomycin D Chemical compound C[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N(C)C(=O)CN(C)C(=O)[C@@H]2CCCN2C(=O)[C@@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]1NC(=O)C1=C(N)C(=O)C(C)=C2OC(C(C)=CC=C3C(=O)N[C@@H]4C(=O)N[C@@H](C(N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N(C)CC(=O)N(C)[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)O[C@@H]4C)=O)C(C)C)=C3N=C21 RJURFGZVJUQBHK-IIXSONLDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229960000640 dactinomycin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009368 gene silencing by RNA Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 210000001044 sensory neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- GKCBAIGFKIBETG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracaine Chemical compound CCCCNC1=CC=C(C(=O)OCCN(C)C)C=C1 GKCBAIGFKIBETG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960002372 tetracaine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ISNYUQWBWALXEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Batrachotoxin Natural products C=1CC2(C3=CCC4C5(C)CCC(C4)(O)OC53C(O)C3)OCCN(C)CC32C=1C(C)OC(=O)C=1C(C)=CNC=1C ISNYUQWBWALXEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000006144 Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102100031780 Endonuclease Human genes 0.000 description 3
- NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lidocaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000829100 Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 3
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 210000004978 chinese hamster ovary cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960004194 lidocaine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 208000004296 neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000021722 neuropathic pain Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- GMMAPXRGRVJYJY-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[[7-sulfonato-4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalen-1-yl]diazenyl]naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OC1=C2C(NC(=O)C)=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1N=NC(C1=CC(=CC=C11)S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 GMMAPXRGRVJYJY-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 3
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 3
- ISNYUQWBWALXEY-OMIQOYQYSA-N tsg6xhx09r Chemical compound O([C@@H](C)C=1[C@@]23CN(C)CCO[C@]3(C3=CC[C@H]4[C@]5(C)CC[C@@](C4)(O)O[C@@]53[C@H](O)C2)CC=1)C(=O)C=1C(C)=CNC=1C ISNYUQWBWALXEY-OMIQOYQYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101150084750 1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004149 Annexin A2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100034613 Annexin A2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006145 Eagle's minimal essential medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012594 Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 2
- 101150049917 Pli gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010092799 RNA-directed DNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000036982 action potential Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Cd]Cl YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003271 compound fluorescence assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003828 downregulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002001 electrophysiology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007831 electrophysiology Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001976 enzyme digestion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000002854 epidermolysis bullosa simplex superficialis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000003797 essential amino acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020776 essential amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000763 evoking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000035118 modified proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091005573 modified proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002924 silencing RNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003195 sodium channel blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940032147 starch Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N (+)-propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- UKAUYVFTDYCKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N -2-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCO UKAUYVFTDYCKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-propanediol Substances OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010001497 Agitation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000031873 Animal Disease Models Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010003445 Ascites Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000713842 Avian sarcoma virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000304886 Bacilli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100026189 Beta-galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000701822 Bovine papillomavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100462138 Brassica napus OlnB1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005701 Calcium-Binding Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010045403 Calcium-Binding Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010058019 Cancer Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000701022 Cytomegalovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N D-alanine Chemical compound C[C@@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-alpha-Ala Natural products CC([NH3+])C([O-])=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010015720 Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100033156 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100001669 Emericella variicolor andD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100001675 Emericella variicolor andJ gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010042407 Endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000700662 Fowlpox virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700028146 Genetic Enhancer Elements Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000700721 Hepatitis B virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 101500024558 Homo sapiens Pancreatic icosapeptide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701109 Human adenovirus 2 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701044 Human gammaherpesvirus 4 Species 0.000 description 1
- PMMYEEVYMWASQN-DMTCNVIQSA-N Hydroxyproline Chemical compound O[C@H]1CN[C@H](C(O)=O)C1 PMMYEEVYMWASQN-DMTCNVIQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000035154 Hyperesthesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061598 Immunodeficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010065390 Inflammatory pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- UKAUYVFTDYCKQA-VKHMYHEASA-N L-homoserine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCO UKAUYVFTDYCKQA-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N L-methotrexate Chemical compound C=1N=C2N=C(N)N=C(N)C2=NC=1CN(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108060001084 Luciferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000005089 Luciferase Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000699660 Mus musculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010082695 NADPH Oxidase 5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021871 NADPH oxidase 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229930193140 Neomycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 208000001294 Nociceptive Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010062501 Non-cardiac chest pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000636 Northern blotting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009004 PCR Kit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000007079 Peptide Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010033276 Peptide Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000004983 Phantom Limb Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010056238 Phantom pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000276498 Pollachius virens Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001505332 Polyomavirus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100029796 Protein S100-A10 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710110950 Protein S100-A10 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000010802 RNA extraction kit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010240 RT-PCR analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004879 Racemases and epimerases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001066 Racemases and epimerases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000008156 Ringer's lactate solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251131 Sphyrna Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000529895 Stercorarius Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010006785 Taq Polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710136739 Teichoic acid poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010046865 Vaccinia virus infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GELXFVQAWNTGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].C1=CNC=N1 Chemical compound [N].C1=CNC=N1 GELXFVQAWNTGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001943 adrenal medulla Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000246 agarose gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003862 amino acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036592 analgesia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000202 analgesic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011558 animal model by disease Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000730 antalgic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010913 antigen-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001584 benzyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC1=CC=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000249 biocompatible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004621 biodegradable polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000074 biopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010804 cDNA synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940078456 calcium stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BMLSTPRTEKLIPM-UHFFFAOYSA-I calcium;potassium;disodium;hydrogen carbonate;dichloride;dihydroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+].[Ca+2].OC([O-])=O BMLSTPRTEKLIPM-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- ZEWYCNBZMPELPF-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium;potassium;sodium;2-hydroxypropanoic acid;sodium;tetrachloride Chemical compound [Na].[Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+].[Ca+2].CC(O)C(O)=O ZEWYCNBZMPELPF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003915 cell function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007910 cell fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091092328 cellular RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002668 chloroacetyl group Chemical group ClCC(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 208000037976 chronic inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006020 chronic inflammation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005757 colony formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009137 competitive binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091036078 conserved sequence Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ILVITZMPXQQPBD-OFAXGOBFSA-N crobenetine Chemical compound O([C@H](CN1[C@@H]2CC3=CC=CC=C3[C@@H](C2(C)C)CC1)C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 ILVITZMPXQQPBD-OFAXGOBFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950005056 crobenetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SUYVUBYJARFZHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N dATP Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@H]1C[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 SUYVUBYJARFZHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUYVUBYJARFZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dATP Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1CC(O)C(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1 SUYVUBYJARFZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMMYEEVYMWASQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dl-hydroxyproline Natural products OC1C[NH2+]C(C([O-])=O)C1 PMMYEEVYMWASQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007877 drug screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CYKDLUMZOVATFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl acetate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.CC(=O)OC=C CYKDLUMZOVATFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013613 expression plasmid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007888 film coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009501 film coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012909 foetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000002825 functional assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003692 gamma aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-aminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000609 ganglia Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004754 hybrid cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940042795 hydrazides for tuberculosis treatment Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229960002591 hydroxyproline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002649 immunization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007913 intrathecal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002551 irritable bowel syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028867 ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011813 knockout mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002843 lactate dehydrogenase assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYZRQGJRPPTADH-UHFFFAOYSA-N lamotrigine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NN=C1C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl PYZRQGJRPPTADH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001848 lamotrigine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004393 lidocaine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Cl-].CC[NH+](CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001638 lipofection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005015 local anesthetics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012139 lysis buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Substances [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940057948 magnesium stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017813 membrane repolarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000485 methotrexate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003068 molecular probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002703 mutagenesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000350 mutagenesis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001206 natural gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001982 neural crest cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002241 neurite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002981 neuropathic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000002040 neurosyphilis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008055 nociceptive signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000929 nociceptor Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108091008700 nociceptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940021182 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011580 nude mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000008482 osteoarthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008052 pain pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008050 pain signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012402 patch clamp technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001428 peripheral nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068965 polysorbates Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 210000002243 primary neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000163 radioactive labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000022532 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000003497 sciatic nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920003109 sodium starch glycolate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940079832 sodium starch glycolate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008109 sodium starch glycolate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000020431 spinal cord injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004989 spleen cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004274 stearic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009495 sugar coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002889 sympathetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012385 systemic delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002025 tabes dorsalis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940033134 talc Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001256 tonic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005030 transcription termination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010474 transient expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000035160 transmembrane proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005703 transmembrane proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010044652 trigeminal neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000007089 vaccinia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000009935 visceral pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
- G01N33/5058—Neurological cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6872—Intracellular protein regulatory factors and their receptors, e.g. including ion channels
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to cell lines that express functional 5 Nav 1.8 sodium channels and to uses of such cells.
- VGSCs are transmembrane proteins responsible for bestowing electrical excitability upon almost all excitable membranes.
- the pore is gated by depolarization o of the cell membrane, transiently allowing Na + ions to enter into the cell, and generating the upswing of an action potential.
- VGSCs undergo inactivation, limiting the action potential duration, and allowing rapid membrane repolarization followed by a return to the resting state. All known VGSCs exhibit remarkable functional similarities and this is reflected in a high degree of amino-acid s sequence homology.
- natural toxins are known to discriminate well between Na + channel subtypes.
- tetrodotoxin from the Puffer fish, can selectively block subtypes of neuronal VGSCs at single nanomolar concentrations, whereas other neuronal VGSCs remain unblocked by the toxin at micromolar concentrations.
- TTX-R TTX-insensitive or o resistant
- WO 97/01577 (University College London) relates to a novel 1,957 amino 5 acid TTX-insensitive VGSC from mammalian sensory neurons (which has been designated Nav 1.8).
- the sodium channel Nav 1.8 (also known as SNS or PN3) is expressed exclusively in small diameter sensory neurones that co ⁇ espond to A ⁇ or C-fibre nociceptors, which are the cells that transmit pain signals.
- TTX tetrodotoxin
- Nav 1.8 is normally expressed in sensory neurons, however it has been difficult to provoke ectopic functional expression of this sodium channel alpha subunit in cell lines, even in the presence of accessory beta-sUbunits.
- the present invention derived from the inventors' finding of cell lines capable of functionally expressing a Nav 1.8 channel.
- the present invention provides a method of identifying a modulator of Nav 1.8, which method comprises:
- the invention also provides a method of identifying a modulator of Nav 1.8, comprising the steps of:
- the cell line is a neuroblastoma cell line of the type SH-S Y5 Y or BE(2)-C.
- the heterologous nucleic acid comprises the 3' and/or 5' untranslated region (UTR) of a Nav 1.8 gene or a functional variant of the 3 ' and/or 5 ' UTR of a Nav 1.8 gene, said UTR or variant UTR being operably linked 0 to the region encoding the Nav 1.8 channel.
- UTR untranslated region
- Modulators of Nav 1.8 identified by the methods of the invention may be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions. These formulations may be used for the treatment of pain.
- the invention also provides cells as described herein in relation to the 5 screening methods of the invention.
- the invention provides a cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid molecule having a sequence which encodes a Navl.8 channel, wherein the cell expresses pi 1 from an endogenous gene at a sufficient level to allow a Nav 1.8 channel expressed from said heterologous nucleic acid to mediate a sodium current across a membrane of the cell.
- the o invention provides such cells wherein the heterologous nucleic acid comprises the 3 ' and/or 5' untranslated region (UTR) of a Nav 1.8 gene or a functional variant of the 3' and/or 5' UTR of a Nav 1.8 gene, said UTR or variant UTR being operably linked to the region encoding the Nav 1.8 channel.
- UTR untranslated region
- Cells of the invention that are capable of expressing a functional Nav 1.8 5 channel may be produced by a process comprising the steps of transfecting a cell which endogenously expresses pl i with a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel operably linked to a promoter and optionally culturing said cell.
- the invention also provides cells obtained or obtainable by such a process.
- the invention also provides a nucleic acid comprising:
- the invention provides vectors and cell lines comprising such nucleic acid sequences.
- the invention also provides a nucleic acid comprising:
- (d) a sequence capable of selectively hybridizing to any of the sequences of (a) to (c). ' is The invention provides vectors and cell lines comprising such nucleic acid sequences.
- Neuroblastoma cells lines (A: SH-S Y5 Y; B: BE(2)-C; C: ND8.34; D: Kelly) were transfected with pcDNA3.1 (squares) or pcDNA3.1-rNav 1.8 (circles) and grown under G418 selection. G418 resistant cell populations were harvested. Functional expression of Nav 1.8 in control (squares) or Nav 1.8 expression (circles) cells was determined in an ion flux assay using a membrane potential sensitive dye 5 (right panels) by increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the buffer. To determine TTX resistance, 250 nM TTX was added during the assay (open symbols: no TTX; filled symbols: 250 nM TTX).
- Figure 2 Functional expression of rat Navl.8 in transfected BE(2)-C and SH- o SY5Y cell populations
- Navl.8 cyclophilin expression levels were determined by RT-PCR (inset). Functional expression of Navl.8 was deteimined in a depolarisation assay using a membrane potential sensitive dye by increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the buffer. To determine TTX resistance, 250 nM TTX was added during the assay (open symbols: no TTX; filled symbols: 250 nM TTX). A: BE(2)-C cells. B: SH-SY5Y cells. Data represent averages ⁇ standard error of three observations. Data in were fitted by non-linear regression using GraphPad Prism software (sigmoidal dose response (variable slope option)) with no presetting. 0
- Figure 3 Lack of functional expression of rat Navl.8 in transfected Kelly and ND8.34 cell populations
- G418 resistant pools were derived from neuroblastoma Kelly cells' (A) or neuroblastoma x DRG hybrid ND8.43 cells (B).
- A neuroblastoma Kelly cells'
- B neuroblastoma x DRG hybrid ND8.43 cells
- Figure 5 Analysis of clonal cell lines expressing rat Navl.8
- Clonal cell lines were derived from the G418-resistant pools tested in Figure 2.
- a and C Clones were tested in the depolarisation assay for responses to increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the presence of 250 nM TTX.
- B andD The effect of BUI 890 CL on depolarisation induced by 10 ⁇ M deltamethrin.
- B rat Navl.8 expressing BE(2)-C clone#2.
- D ratNa v 1.8 expressing SH-SY5Y clone#5.
- the data represent averages ⁇ standard errors of 12 (BE(2)-C) or 14 (SH-SY5Y) observations at each data point, obtained in three separate experiments.
- A Functional expression of Nav 1.8 in pIRESneo2#l (squares) or pIRESneo2- hNavl.8#4 (circles) determined in an ion flux assay using a membrane potential sensitive dye in the presence of increasing concenfrations of deltamethrin in the buffer. Assays were performed in the presence ef-250 nM-TTXi
- B As in C except that a pIRESneo2#l control cell was used in the recording.
- Figure 7 Expression of human Navl.8 in SH-SY5Y cells.
- SH-S Y5 Y cells were transfected with human Navl .8, grown under G418 selection and clonal cell lines were derived.
- A response to increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the presence (filled symbols) or absence (open symbols) of 250 nM TTX.
- the data represent averages +/- standard e ⁇ ors of three observations. The example shown is representative of three independent experiments
- B The effect of Bill 890 CL on depolarisation induced by 10 ⁇ M deltamethrin.
- the data represent averages ⁇ standard eirors of 12 observations at each data point, obtained in three separate experiments.
- Figure 8 Current voltage relationship of rat and human Navl.8
- SY-SY5Y cells expressing rat (left) or human (right) Navl .8 were held at a holding potential of -80 mV and currents were evoked by stepwise depolarisation to between -80 and 80 mV (30msec lOmV incrementing voltage steps, P/8 leak 5 subtracted). Recordings were made in the presence of 1 ⁇ M TTX.
- Top panels exemplary records of one cell.
- Figure 9 TTX-resistant current in clonal SH-SY5Y cells expressing hNavl.8 + 3'UTR i o
- Individual clonal populations were established of G418-resistant SH-S Y5 Y cells transfected -with the vector pIRESneo2 -hNavl.8 + 3'UTR. Recordings of l ⁇ M TTX resistant cu ⁇ ent in clone pIRESneo2-hNavl.8#2 are shown. The cells were analysed as described above in relation to Figure 6B.
- SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with pIRESneo2-gpNavl.8 or with o pIRESneo2, grown under G418 selection and clonal cell lines were derived. Cells were then analysed in the fluorescence depolarization assay A: response of pj r RESneo2-transfected cells to increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the presence (triangles) or absence (squares) of TTX. B: response of p_RESneo2- gpNav 1.8 -transfected cells to increasing concentrations of deltamethrin in the presence (triangles) or absence (squares) of TTX.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 is the DNA sequence of the rat Nav 1.8 channel gene and SEQ ID NO: 2 is the amino acid sequence that it encodes. These sequences are publicly available from GenBank under accession number X92184. 0 SEQ ED NO: 3 is the DNA sequence of the human Nav 1.8 channel gene and
- SEQ ID NO: 4 is the amino acid sequence that it encodes. These sequences are publicly available from GenBank under accession number AF117907.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 is a DNA sequence of the human Nav 1.8 channel gene, including the 5' and 3 ⁇ UTR regions. This sequence differs from that of SEQ ID NO: s 3 as follows: T1738C, T2835C, G3114A, C3218T, A3351G, T5205C, C5715T.
- SEQ ID NO: 6 is the amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 5. This differs from SEQ ID NO: 4 at A1073V.
- SEQ ID NO: 7 is the DNA sequence of the rat pli gene and SEQ ID NO: 8 is the amino acid sequence that it encodes. These sequences are publicly available from o GenBank under accession number J03627.
- SEQ ID NO: 9 is the DNA sequence of the human pi 1 gene and SEQ ID NO: 10 is the amino acid sequence that it encodes. These sequences are publicly available from GenBank under accession number NM_002966.
- SEQ ID Nos 11 to 16 show primers used in the Examples below.
- 5 SEQ ID NO: 17 is the DNA sequence of the guinea pig Navl.8 channel gene and SEQ ID NO: 18 is the amino acid sequence that it encodes.
- the present mvention relates generally to cells capable of functionally o expressing the Nav 1.8 sodium channel. As described in more detail below, such cells may be exploited, inter alia, in screening methods for the identification of modulators of the Nav 1.8 channel.
- the present application relates to the regulation or modulation of functional 5 expression of sodium channels, in particular voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs).
- VGSCs voltage gated sodium channels
- the present invention relates to the Nav 1.8 sodium channel (also refe ⁇ ed to as the Na v 1.8 sodium channel).
- the amino acid sequences for the rat and human Nav 1.8 channels and their encoding nucleotide sequences are publicly 0 available.
- the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for rat Nav 1.8 are given in SEQ ED Nos: 1 and 2 respectively and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for human Nav 1.8 are given in SEQ ID Nos: 3/5 and 4/6 respectively.
- a suitable Nav 1.8 channel for use in the methods ot the invention may be any of these Nav 1.8 channels or a species or allelic variant of any thereof.
- the proteins (or nucleic acids) employed in the present invention may therefore also be a variant of any of these o Nav 1.8 channels which retains activity as a sodium chamiel.
- a suitable channel may have greater than 65%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 85%;, greater than 95% or greater than 98% amino acid identity with the rat, human or Guinea pig Nav 1.8 sequences.
- a functional variant may be a modified version of a Nav 1.8 polypeptide 5 which may have, for example, amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions. Such substitutions, deletions or additions may be made, for example, to the sequences of the rat, human or Guinea pig Nav 1.8 polypeptides shown in SEQ ID NOs 2, 4, 6 and 18. Any deletions, additions or substitutions must still allow the Nav 1.8 channel to function. That is, any deletions, additions or substitutions should allow the Nav 1.8 o channel to bind pl i and to function as a sodium channel.
- At least 1 , at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20 or at least 50 amino acid substitutions or deletions may be made up to a maximum of 70 or 50 or 30. For example, from 1 to 70, from 2 to 50, from 3 to 30 or from 5 to 20 amino acid substitutions or deletions may be made. Typically, if substitutions are made, the substitutions will be conservative substitutions, for example accordmg to the following Table. Amino acids in the same block in the second column and preferably in the same line in the third column may be substituted for each other. Deletions are preferably deletions of amino acids from regions not involved in the interaction with pi 1 or regions not necessary for sodium channel function.
- a suitable variant channel is one which retains sodium channel function.
- a suitable variant of a Nav 1.8 sodium channel may have the normal function of a voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC), for example the ability to mediate a sodium current across a membrane.
- VGSC voltage gated sodium channel
- the function of a VGSC may be measured as described below. It may also retain the tetrodotoxin insensitivity of the Nav 1.8 channel.
- a suitable variant preferably also retains the ability to bind pl i.
- a suitable variant channel may retain the intracellular domain of a wild type Nav 1.8 channel.
- a prefe ⁇ ed variant of the rat Nav 1.8 channel may retain the N-terminal intracellular domain found at positions 1 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
- a suitable variant channel may have a sequence comprising amino acids 53 to 127 or amino acids 75 to 102 of SEQ ED NO: 2, which are known to be involved in binding to pi 1 protein, or a species or allelic variant of this region.
- a suitable variant Nav 1.8 channel may be a fragment of a wild type Nav 1.8 channel or of a variant thereof as described above.
- a suitable fragment may be a 5 truncated channel, wherein, for example, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50% or more of the original Nav 1.8 sequence has been removed.
- a suitable fragment may consist of or comprise a fragment of a full length Nav 1.8 channel, for example, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50% or more of a full length sequence.
- a suitable fragment may be any fragment which retains the ability to bind a pi 1 0 peptide.
- a suitable fragment may also retain the ability to function as a sodium ' channel.
- a fragment may be, for example, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 or more amino acids in length.
- a . suitable Nav 1.8 chaimel may comprise a fragment of a wild-type or variant Nav 1.8 sequence as part of its aniino acid sequence. Such a variant will retain the s ability to bind pl i, and the ability to act as a sodium channel.
- a fragment which retains the ability to bind pl i may be derived from the intracellular domain of the full-length channel. Such a fragment may include the entire intracellular domain or a part thereof.
- a prefe ⁇ ed fragment of the Nav 1.8 channel may comprise at least part of the N-terminal intracellular domain, for example amino acids 1 to 127 of SEQ ID o NO: 2.
- fragments represent sequences which are believed to be either unique to the channel, or are at least well conserved between Nav 1.8 channels.
- Prefe ⁇ ed fragments of SEQ ID NO: 2 include amino acid positions 1 to 25, 26 to 50 and 51 to 127.
- a fragment which retains the ability to bind pl i may consist of or comprise the sequence of amino acids 53 to 127 or 75 to 102 of SEQ ID NO: 2. 5 Such a fragment may be, for example, 28 to 50, 28 to 100, 28 to 200, 28 to 500, 28 to 1000 amino acids in length or larger.
- a suitable fragment may comprise a part of the sequence of amino acids 53 to 127 or 75 to 102, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 contiguous ammo acids from this region or from a variant of tins region as defined above, which retain the ability to bind pli.
- a Nav 1.8 channel for use in the invention has an amino acid sequence comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 18;
- Such a VGSC will retain the ability to bmd a pi 1 protein and to mediate a Na + current across a membrane, such as the plasma membrane of the cell.
- the term "derived" includes variants produced by modification of the authentic native sequence e.g. by introducing changes into the 0 full-length or part-length sequence, for example substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions.
- Tins may be achieved by any appropriate technique, including restriction of the sequence with an endonuclease followed by the insertion of a selected base sequence (using linkers if required) and ligation. Also possible is PCR-mediated mutagenesis using mutant primers. It -may, forhrstance, be preferable to add in or s remove restriction sites in order to facilitate further cloning. There may be up to five, for example up to ten or up to twenty or more nucleotide deletions, insertions and/or substitutions made to the full-length or part length sequence provided functionality is not totally lost.
- Parameters are preferably set, using the 5 default matrix, as follows: Gapopen (penalty for the first residue in a gap): - 16 for DNA; Gapext (penalty for additional residues in a gap): -4 for DNA KTUP word length: 6 for DNA.
- homology in this context can be judged by probing under appropriate stringency conditions.
- One common formula for calculating the stringency conditions required to achieve hybridization between (complementary) o nucleic acid molecules of a specified sequence homology is (Sambrook et al., 1989):
- T m 81.5°C + 16.6Log [Na+] + 0.41 (% G+C) - 0.63 (% formamide) - 600/#bp in duplex.
- Preferred conditions will give hybridisation of molecules at least 70% homology as described above.
- Peptides or polypeptides of the invention, or variants thereof, may be chemically modified, for example, post-translationally modified.
- they 5 may be glycosylated or comprise modified amino acid residues.
- They can be in a variety of forms of polypeptide derivatives, including amides and conjugates with polypeptides.
- Chemically modified proteins or functional variants thereof also include those having one or more residues chemically derivatized by reaction of a functional side 0 group.
- Such derivatized side groups include those which have been derivatized to form amine hydrochlorides, p-toluene sulfonyl groups, carbobenzoxy groups, t- butyloxycarbonyl groups, chloroacetyl groups and formyl groups.
- Free carboxyl groups may be derivatized to form salts, methyl and ethyl esters or other types of esters or hydrazides.
- Free hydroxyl groups may be derivatized to form Oracyl-or O- * s alkyl derivatives.
- the imidazole nitrogen of histidine may be derivatized to form N- im-benzylhistidine.
- chemically modified proteins or functional variants thereof are those which contain one or more naturally occurring amino acid derivatives of the twenty standard amino acids.
- 4-hydroxyproline may be substituted for o proline or homoserine may be substituted for serine.
- the present invention also encompasses the use of nucleic acids which encode Nav 1.8 channels of the invention to produce such proteins.
- nucleic acids which encode Nav 1.8 channels of the invention to produce such proteins.
- 5 provided in the sequence listing are nucleic acid sequences encoding the rat Nav 1.8 channel (SEQ ID NO: 1), the human Nav 1.8 channel (SEQ ID NO: 3 / SEQ ID NO: 5) and the Guinea pig Nav 1.8 channel (SEQ ID NO: 17).
- the mvention relates to test compounds and putative modulators, such compounds and modulators may be in the form of peptides of proteins. Such peptides or proteins o may be provided by expression of nucleic acids that encode them.
- the nucleic acids of die mvention may consist essentially of a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel, or may comprise further nucleic acid sequences.
- the nucleic acids may comprise additional sequences normally located 3' or 5' to the coding sequence of the gene of interest. Such sequences may be from the 3' and/or 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the gene.
- 5 a nucleic acid of the invention may comprise a sequence from the 3 ' UTR of the Nav 1.8 gene, a sequence from the 5 ' UTR of the Nav 1.8 gene, or both 3 ' and 5 ' UTR sequences from the Nav 1.8 gene.
- a nucleic acid of the invention comprises the 3' UTR of a Nav 1.8 gene or a functional variant of such a 3' UTR, operably linked to the region encoding the Nav 1.8 channel.
- the nucleic acids of the invention may include the naturally occurring
- a nucleic acid encoding Nav 1.8 may additionally comprise one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 413 and 6285 to 6841 of the human Nav 1.8 sequence given in SFQ ' ⁇ D NOX5 or One or both of the" sequences 1 to 413 and 6287 5 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
- a nucleic acid encoding a Nav 1.8 channel may additionally comprise one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 203 and 6078 to 6524 of the rat Nav.1.8 sequence given in SEQ ID NO. 1 or one or both of the sequences 1 to 203 and 6075 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- a nucleic acid encoding a Nav 1.8 channel may additionally o comprise one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 247 and 6077 to
- nucleic acid encoding Nav 1.8 may include a functional variant of any of these UTR sequences.
- a sequence originating from 5' to a gene of interest will be located 5 5' to the gene in a nucleic acid of the invention and a sequence originating from 3 ' to a gene of interest will be located 3' to the gene in a nucleic acid of the invention. In a prefe ⁇ ed embodiment both 5' and 3' sequences will be present.
- nucleic acids of, or for use in, the present invention may be provided isolated and/or purified from their natural environment, in substantially o pure or homogeneous form, or free or substantially free of other nucleic acids of the species of origin. Where used herein, the term “isolated” encompasses all of these possibilities.
- Nucleic acid accordmg to the present mvention may be in the form of, or derived from, cDNA, RNA, genomic DNA and modified nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogs.
- Nucleic acid sequences which encode a polypeptide in accordance with the 5 present invention can be readily prepared by the skilled person using the hiformation and references contained herein and techniques known in the art (for example, see Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, and Ausubel et al, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, 1992). These techniques include (i) the o use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify samples of the relevant nucleic acid, e.g. from genomic sources, (ii) chemical synthesis, or (iii) preparation of cDNA sequences.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- the present invention provides cells that comprise a heterologous nucleic acid that enco es ' a Nav 1.8 channel and is operably linked to a promoter.
- the s invention relates to use of a heterologous nucleic acid molecule which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 chamiel described above, in the various methods of the invention.
- heterologous is used broadly herein to indicate that the gene/sequence of nucleotides in question have been introduced into cells using o genetic engineering, i.e. by human intervention.
- a heterologous gene may replace an endogenous equivalent gene, i.e. one which normally performs the same or a similar function, or the inserted sequence may be additional to the endogenous gene or other sequence.
- Nucleic acid heterologous to a cell may be non-naturally occurring in cells of that type, variety or species.
- 5 Heterologous expression may be achieved by transfection with a vector as described herein that allows expression of a polypeptide of the invention. Alternatively, heterologous expression may be achieved by activating one or more endogenous genes in the cell that are normally not expressed.
- expression of an endogenous gene may be upregulated o artificially. This may be achieved by methods l ⁇ iown in the art, for example by targeting one or more transcription factors to bhid to the desired gene(s), e.g. the endogenous Nav 1.8 gene, in the genome of the cell.
- Suitable transcription factors may comprise a domain capable of binding specifically to the gene of interest, e.g. a zinc finger domain, and a functional domain that can regulate expression of the gene.
- a transcription factor may be introduced into a cell as a protein or may be expressed from encoding DNA introduced into a cell.
- Suitable transcription factors may be generated using the ZFP technology of Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. (www.sangamo.com).
- UTRs Untranslated Regions
- the present inventors have also identified and cloned the 5' and 3' UTRs of the human and guinea pig Nav 1.8 genes. When either, or both, of these UTRs are operably linked to the sequence encoding Nav 1.8 they result in an increase in the stability of Nav 1.8 expression in the cell lines of the invention. That is in the presence of the 5 - and/or 3' UTR the expression of the Nav 1.8 channel is maintained over a longer period of time than in the absence of the UTR.
- the present invention provides for the use of the 5' and/or 3' UTRs of human Nav 1.8 and functional variants of these sequences to increase the stability of Nav 1.8 expression hi the cell lines of the invention.
- the sequence of the human UTRs is provided in SEQ ED No: 5.
- the sequence of the 5' UTR is given at nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID No: 5.
- the sequence of the 3' UTR is given at nucleotides 6285 to 6841 or 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ID No: 5.
- the invention therefore provides a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 and/or 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ID No: 5 or a nucleic acid compsrising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 and/or 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the invention provides vectors and cell lines comprising such sequences and their use in the methods of the invention.
- the invention also provides functional variants of the human 5' and 3' Nav 1.8 UTRs.
- a functional variant of a human Nav 1.8 UTR sequence is one that, when operably linked to the Nav 1.8 encoding region in a cell line of the invention, results in Nav 1.8 expression being maintained for longer than when the variant UTR is absent.
- Nav 1.8 expression typically starts to decline later and/or at a lower rate than when an equivalent nucleic acid is employed which lacks the UTR.
- a functional variant has the same effect on Nav
- the functional variant may result in a higher or lower increase in stability than the naturally occurring UTR, but as long as it produces increased Nav 1.8 stability in comparison to in the absence of the UTR it may be considered a functional variant.
- the increase in Nav 1.8 stability that occurs when the UTRs are present can be measured at the protein level.
- Nav 1.8 protein will typically be present in the cell for a longer period of time as a result of the inclusion of the UTR than in the absence of the UTR.
- Nav 1.8 expression hiay begin to " decline later or at a lowerrate than in-an s equivalent cell line transformed with a construct lacking the UTR.
- the increase in stability of protein expression may, for example, be measured by Western blotting.
- the levels of Navl.8 may, for example, take twice, five times, or ten times longer to decline than in the control.
- the UTRs may exert their effect at the level of mRNA o stability. Thus in the presence of the UTRs the half-life of the mRNA is increased.
- the stability of the transcript encoding Nav 1.8 may be greater than in the absence of the variant UTR.
- the half-life of transcripts with the UTR may, for example, be twice, three, 5 five or ten times as long than that of the stability of the same RNA lacking the UTR.
- the increases in mRNA stability and/or amounts may be measured by any suitable technique. Northern blotting, RT-PCR or real-time PCR may be used to demonstrate an increase in the total amount of Nav 1.8 encoding mRNA present.
- the increase in the stability of Nav 1.8 expression may also be measured at 0 the functional level.
- the level of sodium current across the membrane may be maintained at a given level for longer in the presence of the UTR because levels of Nav 1.8 are maintained.
- a control construct lacking the UTR may result in a cell line where the sodium flux decreases before the equivalent cell line transformed with a construct including the UTR.
- the rate of decline may also be steeper in the control cell line.
- the variants of the UTRs may be produced by any sequence changes from the naturally occurring UTRs that result in a variant that is still functional.
- the variant may be produced by nucleotide substitations, insertions or deletions.
- the variant may have for example from 1, 2 or 3 to 10, 25, 50 or 100 nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions in comparison to the naturally occurring UTR sequence.
- Various deletions, insertions and duplications may be made to the naturally occurring sequence in order to produce the variant UTRs.
- the variants of the UTRs employed may be fragments of the naturally occurring UTRs or may co ⁇ espond to variant sequences of shorter regions of the whole l ⁇ att ⁇ rally occurring UTR.
- the fragments maf, for example ' !; be from 50 to " 500 ⁇ preferably from 100 to 400 and more preferably from 200 to 300 bases of the naturally occurring UTR or of a variant region of the naturally occurring UTR.
- the variant UTRs may, for example, have a degree of nucleotide sequence homology to the naturally occu ⁇ ing sequence of the UTR of at least 60%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80% homology to the naturally occu ⁇ ing UTR. In some cases the degree of homology may be preferably at least 85, 90%, 95%, 97% or 99% homology, for example over a region of at least 15, 20, 30, 100 more contiguous nucleotides.
- a variant of the human 5' UTR will have at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90% and still more preferably at least 975 homology to the human 5' UTR.
- the variant may, for example, show such levels of homology to nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID No: 5 .
- variants of the human .3' UTR may have similar levels of homology to the naturally occurring human 3 ' UTR and in particular at least 69%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 85% homology and even more preferably at least 95% homology to the human 3' UTR.
- the variant may, for example, show such levels of homology to nucleotides 6287 to 6841 or nucleotides 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ID No: 5.
- the present invention also provides a nucleic acid comprising the complement of the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID No: 5 and/or nucleotides 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ID No: 5 or a nucleic acid comprising the complement of the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID NO: 5 and/or nucleotides 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the invention further provides the complement of any of the variant UTR sequences discussed.
- Sequences which are capable of selectively hybridizing to the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID No: 5 and/or nucleotides 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ID No: 5 and/or nucleotides 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5 are also provided as are sequences capable of selectively hybridizing to the variant UTR sequences discussed.
- Selective hybridisation means that generally the polynucleotide can hybridize to the relevant polynucie ⁇ tide, or portibn thereof, -at a level "significantly above background. '
- the signal level generated by the interaction between the polynucleotides is typically at least 10 fold, preferably at least 100 fold, as intense as interactions between other polynucleotides.
- the intensity of interaction may be measured, for example, by radiolabelling the polynucleotide, e.g. with P.
- Selective hybridisation is typically achieved using conditions of medium to high stringency (for example 0.03M sodium chloride and 0.003M sodium citrate at from about 50°C to about 60°C).
- nucleic acids of the invention may comprise UTRs from the Nav 1.8 genes of other species and their functional variants.
- nucleic acids may be used in the cell lines and methods of the invention.
- the variants may be as defined above in relation to the human Nav 1.8 UTRs.
- the rat UTRs may be employed in the nucleic acids of the invention.
- the nucleic acid may comprise one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 203 and 6075 to 6524 of the rat Nav.1.8 sequence given in SEQ
- ED NO. 1 one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 203 and 6087 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or may comprise a functional variant of either, or both, UTRs.
- the invention also provides vectors and cell lines comprising such sequences.
- the Guinea pig UTRs may be employed in the nucleic acids of the invention.
- the nucleic acid may comprise one or both of the sequences located at nucleotides 1 to 247 and 6077 to 6631 of the Guinea pig Nav 1.8 sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 17 or may comprise a functional variant of either or both UTRs.
- the invention also provides vectors or cell lines comprising such sequences.
- the 5 ' or 3 ' UTR Nav 1.8 sequences employed in the invention may be derived from the same organism as the region encoding the Nav 1.8 gene. Alternatively, a 5' or 3' sequence may be derived from a different organism or may be a variant of a naturally occu ⁇ ing 5' or 3 ' sequence. hi one embodiment the whole of the naturally occuring 5 'UTR and/or 3' UTR of a Nav 1.8 gene will be employed in the nucleic acids of the invention. Techniques such as -RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) may be used to clone the.UTRs. so that they can be used in the invention. In some cases, the full UTR may not be available and a partial length UTR may be employed as long as it results in an increase in the stability of Nav 1.8 expression compared to stability of expression in its absence.
- -RACE Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends
- a heterologous nucleic acid may be introduced into a cell by any method known in the art, for example as described below.
- the heterologous nucleic acid is introduced in the form of a nucleic acid construct which is introduced into a suitable cell.
- the cell may be transfected with such a contract.
- a suitable nucleic acid construct may be any construct that is capable of expressing the Nav 1.8 gene.
- the Nav 1.8 channel is introduced into a cell by causing or allowing the expression in the cell of an expression construct or vector.
- a test peptide or polypeptide may be introduced by causing or allowing the expression in a cell of an expression construct or vector that includes a sequence encoding the test peptide or polypeptide.
- a construct for delivery of a nucleic acid of the invention may include any other regulatory sequences or structural elements as would commonly be included in such a system, and as is described below.
- the vector components will usually include, but are not limited to, one or more of an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence.
- nucleic acid sequences which enable a vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses.
- various viral origins SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells.
- an expression vector e.g. in the form of a plasmid, cosmid, viral particle, phage, or any other suitable vector or construct which can be taken up by a cell' and used to 'express a coding sequence.
- Expression. vectors usually contain a promoter which is operably linked to the protein-encoding nucleic acid sequence of interest, so as to direct mRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known. "Operably linked" means joined as part of the same nucleic acid molecule, suitably positioned and oriented for transcription to be initiated from the promoter. DNA operably linked to a promoter is "under transcriptional control" of the promoter.
- Transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g. the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, and from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems.
- viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous ma
- Expression vectors of the invention may also contain -one or more selection genes. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins e.g. ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available 5 from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.
- reporter genes which may be any suitable reporter gene used in the art.
- reporter genes include chloramphemcol acetyl rransferase (CAT), ⁇ -galactosidase, luciferase or GFP.
- Nucleic acid constructs for example plasmids or other expression vectors of o the invention may remain in the cells of the invention or may integrate into the host genome. Such constructs may make use of one or more components of the expression systems of the host genome in order to allow expression of the Nav 1.8 gene of the construct.
- Suitable ' vectors of the " invention include the following: 5 pIRESneo2-rNavl.8 (incl 5 ' and 3 ' UTR) pcDNAS.l-rNavl.8 (incl 5' and 3' UTR) pIRESneo2-hNavl.8 pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+3 'UTR pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+5 'UTR o pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+5 'UTR+3 'UTR pcDNA3.1-rNavl.8
- High throughput screening of Nav 1.8 channels requires stable, functional 5 expression of cloned Nav 1.8 channels in an appropriate cell line, since primary DRG neurons are not suitable for this purpose.
- Primary, sympathetic neurons provide a context in which ectopically expressed Nav 1.8 channels are fully functional i.e. have properties identical to those of endogenous Nav 1.8 channels. However, these primary neurons are not suitable for high throughput screening.
- Ectopic expression o of Nav 1.8 channels can also be provoked in COS cells or CHO cells, both of which are used extensively as vehicles to generate stable cell lines for high throughput screens, hi these contexts, however, the expressed current is different from that in cells that endogenously express Nav 1.8.
- Suitable cells or cell lines for use in the invention are those which endogenously express pl i.
- pl i is a member of the S-100 family small calcium binding proteins
- pi 1 is also known as annexin-H light chain, lipocortin-II light chain, calpactin I light chain, 42C, or S-100 related protem, and these terms may be used interchangeably herein. It is present in a variety of cells separately or as a o heterotetramer.
- the heterotetramer is composed of two copies of p36, also known as annexin-II or calpactin-I heavy chain, and two copies of pi 1.
- the cells of the invention endogenously express pl i. That is, under the culture conditions, the cells express pli protein from its encoding DNA within the genome of the cell, either constitutively or upon stimulation
- the pl i gene itself is 5 not artificially introduced into the cell.
- a suitable pl i protein may be a full-length pl i protem or a species or allelic variant thereof.
- a suitable pli may have the rat amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or the human amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
- a suitable pl i protein may be a species or allelic variant of one of these pli sequences. o
- the pli protein should be expressed from the endogenous pl i gene in the genome of the cell.
- the endogenous pli gene may be a naturally occu ⁇ ing pl i gene or may have been artificially modified or mutated.
- a cell expressing such a variant is suitable for use in the present invention if the cell expresses pli from its endogenous genomic pl i gene at a sufficient level to allow Nav 1.8 channels expressed from a 5 vector of the invention to mediate a sodium current across a membrane of the cell.
- Modified pli proteins may have a sequence at least 70% identical to the sequence of an endogenous pl i such as rat or human pli sequences of SEQ ID Nos. 8 and 10 respectively. Typically there would be 75% or more, 85% or more, 95% or more or 98% or more identity between the modified sequence and the authentic o sequence.
- a variant may comprise a fragment of a naturally occurring pl i sequence.
- a variant pi 1 peptide may comprise amino acids 33 to 77 of SEQ ID NO: 8 which are believed to be involved in the modification of Nav 1.8 functional expression.
- variant pi 1 peptides comprising variants, for example allelic or species variants of such fragments.
- a functional variant may be a modified version of a pi 1 polypeptide which may have, for example, amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions. Such substitutions, deletions or additions may be made, for example, to the sequences of the rat or human pli polypeptides shown in SEQ ID NOs 8 and 10. Any deletions, additions or substitutions must still allow the pi 1 peptide to function. That is, any deletions, additions or substitutions should allow the pi 1 channel to bind Nav 1.8 and allow it to function as a sodium channel. At least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20 or at least 30 amino acid substitutions or deletions, for example, may be made up to a maximum of 50 or 40 or 30. For example, from 1 to 50, from 2 to 40, from 3 to 30 or from 5 to 20 amino acid substitutions or deletions may be made. Typicallycif substitutions are made, ⁇ the substitutions will be conservative substitutions, for example as explained in the Table above.
- a suitable variant pl i may be a fragment of a wild type p 11 or of a variant thereof as described above.
- a suitable fragment may be a truncated pi 1, wherein, for example, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50% or more of the originalpl l sequence has been removed.
- a suitable fragment may consist of or comprise a fragment of a full length pi 1, for example, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50% or more of a full length sequence.
- a suitable fragment may be any fragment which retains the ability to bind a VGSC.
- a fragment may be, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80, 90 or more amino acids in length.
- a suitable pi 1 may comprise a fragment of a wild-type or variant pi 1 sequence as part of its amino acid sequence. Such a variant will retain the ability to bind a Nav 1.8 channel and allow the channel to mediate a sodium current across a membrane.
- a pi 1 fragment which retains the ability to bind VGSC may consist of or comprise the sequence of amino acids 33 to 77 of SEQ BD NO: 8. Such a pi 1 fragment may be, for example, 44 to 50, 44 to 60, 44 to 70, 44 to 80 amino acids in length or larger.
- a suitable pli fragment may comprise a part of the sequence of aniino acids 33 to 77 of SEQ ID NO: 8, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 20, 40 or more amino acids from this region which retain the ability to bind VGSC.
- a suitable variant pl i sequence may be derived as described above.
- a suitable cell is therefore a cell that endogenously expresses pi 1 at a sufficient level to allow Nav 1.8 channels to be functionally expressed within said cell. That is, the level of pi 1 should be sufficient to allow the Nav 1.8 channels to mediate a sodium current across a membrane of the cell. The ability to mediate such a current may be assessed by the methods described in more detail below.
- the sodium current may be a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current.
- the cell or cell line is from or is derived from a neural source.
- the cell may be from a neuroblastoma cell line.
- Neuroblastic tumours are derived from primordial neural crest cells which ultimately populate the s) ⁇ npathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla and other sites.
- Various neuroblastoma cell lines have been established from such tumours, mainly from metastitic tumour populations. These ⁇ cell lines -are ' capable of unlimited proliferation, in vitro and have in many eases . retained some aspect of neuronal morphology or function. They are also amenable to transfection.
- Prefe ⁇ ed neuroblastoma cell lines include SH-S Y5 Y (Cancer Research, 1978; 38: 3751 andJ Nat. Cancer Institute 1983; 71: 741) and BE(2)-C (Cancer Research 1978; 38: 3751).
- SH-S Y5Y (ECACC No. 94030304) is a thrice-cloned sub-line of bone marrow biopsy derived line SK-N-SH (ECACC No. 86012802).
- SH- S Y5 Y has dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and can convert glutamate to the neurotaransmitter GABA.
- SH-SY5Y will form tumours in nude mice in approximately 3-4 weeks.
- BE(2)-C (ECACC No.
- a cell line of the invention may be a SH-SY5Y cell line that stably expresses human Navl .8. Such a cell line may be utilised in an assay as described herein, for example an assay for compounds capable of modulating, preferably inhibiting, membrane depolarisation mediated via the Navl .8 channel.
- Cells for use in the methods of the invention may be obtained by providing such a suitable pi 1 -expressing cell, and introducing into said cell a nucleic acid construct of the invention that comprises a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel. 5 Further cells of the invention may be produced by culturing such transfected cells and by allowing them to proliferate. The progeny of a cell of the invention will preferably also carry the heterologous nucleic acid of the invention and will retain the ability to express functional Nav 1.8 sodium channels. Cells of the invention may be further modified, for example by cell fusion. For example, a neuroblastoma cell of l o the invention may be fused with another cell to form a hybrid cell using methods known in ffte art. The present invention provides cells obtained or obtainable by such methods.
- tra ⁇ sf rmation may employ any available technique.
- Fo is eukaryotic cells, suitable techniques may mclude calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, lipo some-mediated transfection and transduction using retro virus or other virus, e.g. vaccinia or, for insect cells, baculo virus.
- retro virus or other virus e.g. vaccinia or, for insect cells, baculo virus.
- the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and van der Eb, Virology 52:456-457 (1978) can be employed.
- General aspects of mammalian cell 0 host system fransformations have been described in U.S. Patent No. 4,399,216.
- the cells used hi methods of the present invention may be present in, or extracted from, organisms, or may be cells or cell lines transiently or permanently 5 transfected with the appropriate nucleic acids.
- the term "in vivo" where used herein includes all these possibilities.
- in vivo methods may be performed in a suitably responsive cell line which expresses the Nav 1.8 channel from a vector introduced mto the cell.
- the cell line may be in tissue culture or may be, for example, a cell line xenograft in a non-human animal subject.
- the cell lines used in assays of the invention may be used to achieve transient expression of Nav 1.8 or may be stably transfected with constructs which express a Nav 1.8 protein. Means to generate stably transformed cell lines are well known in the art and such means may be used here.
- the present invention therefore encompasses cells in which Nav 1.8 proteins and pi 1 peptides are expressed such that the two proteins interact to upregulate the 5 functional expression of the Nav 1.8 channel. Such cells are suitable for use in the screening methods of the invention.
- Cells of the invention may be cultured in conventional nutrient media.
- the culture conditions such as media, temperature, pH and the like, can be selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation, hi general, principles, protocols, o and practical techniques for maximizing the productivity of cell cultures can be found in "Mammalian Cell Biotechnology: a Practical Approach", M. Butler, ed. JRL Press, (1991) and Sambrook et al, supra.
- the cells of the invention may comprise any of the nucleic acids of the invention.
- the cell may be one in which the heterologous nucleic acid.
- s comprises the 5' and/or 3' untranslated region (UTR) of a Nav 1.8 gene or a functional variant of the 5' and/or 3' UTR of a Nav 1.8 gene, said UTR or variant UTR being operably linked to the region encoding the Nav 1.8 channel.
- the cell may be one in which the heterologous nucleic acid comprises the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotides 1 o to 203 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 1 to 247 of SEQ ID NO: 17, or a functional variant of any thereof, located 5' to a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel.
- the cell may be one in which the heterologous nucleic acid comprises the sequence of nucleotides 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotides 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ED NO: 5, nucleotides 6075 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1, 5 nucleotides 6078 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 6077 to 6631 of SEQ ID NO: 17, or a functional variant of any thereof, located 3' to a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel.
- the cell may be one where the heterologous nucleic acid comprises the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 413 of SEQ ID o NO: 5, nucleotides 1 to 203 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 1 to 247 of SEQ ED NO: 17, or a functional variant of any thereof, located 5' to a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel and the sequence of nucleotides 6287 to 6841 of SEQ ED NO: 5, nucleotides 6285 to 6841 of SEQ ID NO: 5, nucleotides 6075 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1 nucleotides 6078 to 6524 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 6077 to 6631 of SEQ ID NO: 17, or a functional variant of any thereof, located 3' to a sequence encoding a Nav 1.8 channel.
- the heterologous nucleic acid of the cell may be an expression vector.
- the expression vector may be selected from pIRESneo2-rNavl.8, pcDNA3.1-rNavl.8, pIRESneo2-hNavl.8 and pcDNA3.1- hNavl.8.
- the expression vector may comprise any of the prefe ⁇ ed heterologous nucleic acids listed above.
- the Nav 1.8 channel has an amino acid sequence comprising:
- heterologous nucleic acid in the celll comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 17.
- a cell of the invention may be a cell that does not endogenously express pi 1, but in which expression of pi 1 is stimulated, for example from the endogenous pi 1 gene, by introduction of a pi 1 polypeptide directly into the cell or via the introduction of a nucleic acid or vector capable of expressing pl i into the cell.
- a cell may thus be made to express both pl i and Navl .8.
- the pl i may be introduced into such a cell at the same time as, or separately from, the Navl .8.
- a pi 1 or Navl.8 nucleotide or amino acid sequence may be any such sequence described herein. Suitable vectors for the introduction of the pi 1 and Navl .8 sequences into a cell are described herein.
- such a cell will comprise a vector capable of expressing pli and a second vector, capable of expressing Navl .8, which comprises one or both of the 3' and 5' Navl.8 UTR sequences as described herein.
- a suitable cell may be any cell which does not endogenously express pl i or Navl.8, for example an in vitro cell line such as a CHO cell.
- One aspect of the present invention is based on the functional Nav 1.8 expression which can be achieved using the cells of the invention. This effect can be used to generate assays.
- Such systems e.g. cell lines
- Modulating herein includes any effect on the functional expression of a channel. This includes blocking or inhibiting the activity of the chaimel in the presence of, or in response to, an appropriate stimulator. Alternatively modulators may enhance the activity of the channel. Prefe ⁇ ed modulators are channel blockers or inhibitors.
- the screening methods described herein generally assess whether a test compound or putative modulator is capable of causing a change in an activity of a Nav 1.8 channel. Any activity normally exhibited by a Nav 1.8 channel may be measured. For example, a suitable activity may be the ability to function as a sodium channel. This may be measured using methods known in the art such as those described herein.
- a test compound may affect the ability of the channel to produce a sodium current across a membrane in which the channel is present.
- a test compound may modulate the membrane depolarization normally mediated via the chamiel.
- Such assays may include the application of a specific stimulus, for example a stimulus which would normally result in sodium current flow.
- the present aspect of the invention may take the form of any, preferably in vivo, assay utilising the functional Nav 1.8 expression which can be achieved using the cells of the invention.
- the term "in vivo" includes cell lines and the like as described above.
- This assay is carried out in a cell in which the functional expression of Nav 1.8 has been allowed by exposure to an endogenously expressed pi 1 peptide. 5
- the Nav 1.8 protein may be expressed under the control of an inducible promoter so that the level of Nav 1.8 expressed within the cell may be regulated.
- the precise format of the assays of the invention may be varied by those of skill in the art 0 using routine skill and knowledge.
- the invention therefore provides methods of modulating a Nav 1.8 chamiel that is functionally expressed in a pi 1 expressing cell line which method comprises the step of contacting said channel with a putative modulator thereof.
- the contacting step may be in vivo or in vitro, as described in more detail 5 below.
- Suitable systems for testing modulation (e.g. inhibition or blockage) of Nav 1.8 are disclosed e.g. in WO 97/01577.
- Membrane currents are conveniently measured with the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp method, according to the procedure detailed in the Examples.
- Prefe ⁇ ed voltage clamps are those in which the cell potential is stepped from the holding potential of about -90 mV to test o potentials that range from about -110 mV to +60 to 80 mV.
- TTX- R sodium cu ⁇ ents TTX
- 4-amh ⁇ opyridine (AP) and CdCl 2 were used with tetraethyl ammonium ions (TEA), and Cs.
- AP 4-amh ⁇ opyridine
- CdCl 2 tetraethyl ammonium ions
- Navl.8 can also be conveniently measured by membrane potential 5 readout using a membrane potential sensitive fluorescent dye.
- a method for identifying a modulator of Nav 1.8 which method comprises the steps of:
- the measured activity is the ability of the Nav 1.8 chaimel to mediate a sodium cu ⁇ ent across a membrane.
- a decrease in the activity of the Nav 1.8 channel indicates that the test compound is an inhibitor of the Nav 1.8 channel.
- the activity before and after the contacting with the test compound will be compared, and optionally the relative activity will be correlated with the modulatory activity of the test compound.
- Compounds may therefore be identified that are capable of modulating the activity of a Nav 1.8 channel. Such compounds may have therapeutic use in the treatment or prevention of conditions associated with Nav 1.8 activity as described in more detail below.
- the method may comprise the steps of:
- An inhibition in the cu ⁇ ent indicates that the compound as a potential modulator of Nav 1.8 activity.
- Such a compound may have therapeutic use in the treatment or prevention of conditions associated with Nav 1.8 activity, as described in more detail below.
- the above methods may furtlier comprise the step of formulating said test compound as a pharmaceutical composition.
- the method may further comprise administering said formulation to an individual for the treatment of pain.
- Test substances may be used in an initial screen of, for example, 10 substances per reaction, and the substances of these batches which show inhibition tested individually.
- Test substances may be used at a concentration of from InM to lOOO ⁇ M, preferably from l ⁇ M to lOO ⁇ M, more preferably from l ⁇ M to lO ⁇ M.
- An inhibitor of Nav 1.8 activity is one which produces a measurable reduction in an activity of Nav 1.8, for example in a method described herein.
- An inhibitor of Nav 1.8 is one which causes the activity of Nav 1.8, for example the ability of the Nav 1.8 to mediate a sodium cu ⁇ ent across a membrane, to be reduced or substantially eliminated, as compared to the activity in the absence of that inhibitor.
- Prefe ⁇ ed inhibitors are those which inhibit the activity by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%), at least 95% or at least 99% at a concentration of the inhibitor of 1 ⁇ g l '1 , 10 ⁇ gml "1 , 100 ⁇ gml "1 , 500 ⁇ gml "1 , 1 mgrnl '1 , 10 mgml "1 , lOOm ml "1 .
- the percentage inhibition represents, for example, the percentage decrease in sodium current mediated by the Nav 1.8 channel in a comparison of assays in the presence and absence of the test substance.
- test substances which show activity in methods of the invention can be tested in in vivo systems, such as an animal disease model. Thus, candidate inhibitors could be tested for their ability to treat pain. Thus it can be determined -> whether test substances identified by methods of the invention are effective analgesic agents.
- the invention also provides a compound identified by a method of the invention.
- Methods of the present invention may be employed in high throughput screens analogous to those well known in the art.
- any compounds may be used which may have an effect on Nav 1.8 functional expression.
- Such an effect may, for example, be mediated by a direct effect on the channel, or indirectly by blocking or preventing the interaction between pl i and the Nav 1.8 channel.
- a compound for use in dowmegulating functional expression of Nav 1.8 may be a compound which binds specifically to Nav 1.8 and/or the pi 1 peptide.
- such a compound may bind to the intracellular domain of the Nav 1.8 channel, such as in the region of amino acids 53 to 127 or 75 to 102 of the rat Nav 1.8 sodium channel as given in SEQ ID NO: 2, or an equivalent region of a variant channel, or may bind in the region of amino acids 33 to 77 of a pi 1 peptide as given in SEQ ID NO: 8, or an equivalent region of a variant pli peptide.
- a compound may therefore prevent binding between the Nav 1.8 chaimel and the pi 1 peptide and thereby prevent or inhibit the Nav 1.8 functional expression normally 5 caused by pl i.
- Compounds (putative modulators) which may be used may be natural or synthetic chemical compounds used in drug screening programmes. Exfracts of plants which contain several characterised or uncharacterised components may also be used. In prefe ⁇ ed embodiments the substances may be provided e.g. as the o product of a combinatorial library such as are now well known in the art (see e.g.
- the amount of putative modulator compound which may be added to an assay of the invention will normally be determined by trial and e ⁇ or depending upon the type of compound used. Typically, from about 0.01 to TOO nM " concentrations of putative-modulator s compound may be used, for example from 0.1 to 10 nM. Modulator compounds may be those winch either agonise or antagonise the interaction. Antagonists (hihibitors) of the interaction are particularly desirable.
- Modulators which are putative inhibitor compounds can be derived from the pl i and Nav 1.8 protein sequences themselves.
- Peptide fragments of from 5 to 40 0 amino acids, for example from 6 to 10 amino acids from the region of pi 1 and Nav 1.8 winch are responsible for the interaction between these proteins may be tested for then ability to disrupt this interaction.
- such peptides may be derived from the intracellular domain of the Nav 1.8 chaimel such as the region of amino acids 53 to 127 or 75 to 102 of the rat Navl.8 sodium channel as given in SEQ ID 5 NO: 2, or from amino acids 33 to 77 of the rat pi 1 protein as given in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- jAntibodies directed to the site of interaction in either protein or to regions in Nav 1.8 necessary for sodium channel activity form a further class of putative inhibitor compounds.
- Candidate inhibitor antibodies may be characterised and their binding regions determined to provide single chain antibodies and fragments thereof o which are responsible for disrupting the interaction between p 11 and Nav 1.8 or for otherwise preventing or inhibiting Nav 1.8 channel activity.
- a suitable antibody may bind to either the Nav 1.8 channel or the pi 1 peptide, and thereby prevent or block the interaction between these molecules.
- Antibodies may be raised against specific epitopes of the Nav 1.8 or pi 1 peptide of the invention. For example, antibodies may be raised specifically against those regions, as described above, which are involved in the interaction between the Nav 1.8 channel and the p 11 peptide.
- i Antibodies of the invention can be produced by any suitable method. Means for preparing and characterising antibodies are well known in the art, see for example Harlow and Lane ⁇ (198S) "Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor " Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. For example, an antibody may be produced by raising antibody in a host animal against the whole pol3 eptide or a fragment thereof, for example an antigenic epitope thereof, herein after the "immunogen".
- a method for producing a polyclonal antibody comprises immunising a suitable host animal, for example an experimental animal, with the immunogen and isolating immunoglobulins from the animal's serum.
- the animal may therefore be inoculated with the immunogen, blood subsequently removed from the animal and the IgG fraction purified.
- a method for producing a monoclonal antibody comprises immortalising cells which produce the desired antibody.
- Hybridoma cells may be produced by fusing spleen cells from an inoculated experimental animal with tumour cells (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256, 495-497).
- An immortalized cell producing the desired antibody may be selected by a conventional procedure.
- the hybridomas may be grown in culture or injected intraperitoneally for formation of ascites fluid or into the blood stream of an allogenic host or immunocompromised host.
- Human antibody may be prepared by in vitro immunisation of human lymphocytes, followed by transformation of the lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus.
- the experimental animal is suitably a goat, rabbit, rat or mouse.
- the 5 immunogen may be administered as a conjugate in which the immunogen is coupled, for example via a side chain of one of the ammo acid residues, to a suitable carrier.
- the carrier molecule is typically a physiologically acceptable carrier.
- the antibody obtained may be isolated and, if desired, purified.
- An antibody, or other compound "specifically binds" to a protein when it i o binds with preferential or high affinity to the protein for which it is specific but does substantially bind not bind or binds with only low affinity to other proteins.
- immunoassays typically involve the formation of complexes between the specific protein and its antibody and the measurement of complex fo ⁇ nation.
- decreased functional expression of a Nav 1.8 channel may be achieved by inhibiting the expression from the Nav 1.8 gene.
- down- regulation of expression of a target gene may be achieved using anti-sense o technology or RNA interference.
- a nucleotide sequence is placed under the confrol of a promoter in a "reverse orientation" such that transcription yields RNA which is complementary to normal mRNA transcribed from the "sense" strand of the target gene. See, for 5 example, Smith et ⁇ /,(1988) Nature 334, 724-726. Such methods would use a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the coding sequence. Further options for down regulation of gene expression include the use of ribozymes, e.g.
- RNA interference is based on the use of small double stranded RNA (dsRNA) duplexes known as small interfering or silencing RNAs (siRNAs). Such molecules are capable of inhibiting the expression of a target gene that they share sequence identity or homology to.
- dsRNA small double stranded RNA
- siRNAs small interfering or silencing RNAs
- the dsRNA may be introduced into cells by techniques such as microinjection or transfection.
- Methods of RNA interference are described in, for example, Hannon (2002) RNA Interference, Nature 418: 244-251 and Elbashir et al (2001) Duplexes of 21 -nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interferenec in cultured mammalian cells, Nature 411: 494-498.
- such methods may further include the step of testing the viability of the cells in the assay e.g. by use of a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit (Sigma). Tins step may provide, an indication of any " interference by the test agent of vital cellular functions.
- Nav 1.8 modulator is intended to encompass any and all of the above modulator compounds which may be identified using any of the assays or design methods of the invention.
- Such Nav 1.8 modulators identified by the methods of the present invention may be isolated, purified, formulated in a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, and/or used in therapy as described below.
- Nav 1.8 modulators as described above may be provided isolated and/or purified from their natural environment, in substantially pure or homogeneous form, or free or substantially free of other materials from their source or origin. Where used herein, the term “isolated” encompasses all of these possibilities. They may optionally be labeled or conjugated to other compounds. Nav 1.8 modulators may be provided in substantially purified form. They may be in substantially isolated form, in which case they will generally comprise at least 80%, e.g. at least 90, 95, 97 or
- the product is typically substantially free of other cellular components.
- the product may be used in such a substantially isolated, purified or free fonn in the methods of the invention.
- the Nav 1.8 modulators can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
- These compositions may comprise, in addition to one of the above substances, a 5 pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabiliser or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient.
- the precise nature of the carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration, e.g. oral, intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous, nasal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal routes.
- Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid fonn.
- a tablet may include a solid carrier such as gelatin or an adjuvant.
- solid oral forms may contain, together with the active compound, diluents, e.g. lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch; lubricants; e.g. silica, talc, stearic-acid, magnesium or calcium- stearate, s and/or polyethylene glycols; binding agents; e.g. starches, gum arabic, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinyl py ⁇ olidone; disaggregating agents, e.g.
- diluents e.g. lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch
- lubricants e.g. silica, talc, stearic-acid, magnesium or calcium- stearate, s and/or polyethylene glycols
- binding agents e.g. starches, gum arabic, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose
- Such pharmaceutical preparations may be manufactured in known manner, for example, by means of mixing, granulating, tabletting, sugar-coating, or film-coating processes.
- Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally include a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological 5 salhie solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included. Liquid dispersions for oral administration may be syrups, emulsions or suspensions. The syrups may contain as earners, for example, saccharose or saccharose with glycerine and/or mannitol and/or sorbitol.
- Suspensions and emulsions may contain as carrier, for o example a natural gum, agar, sodium alginate, pectin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or polyvinyl alcohol.
- the suspensions or solutions for intramuscular injections may contain, together with the active compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. sterile water, olive oil, ethyl oleate, glycols, e.g. propylene glycol, and if desired, a suitable amount of lidocaine hydrochloride.
- the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability.
- Solutions for intravenous administration or infusion may contain as carrier, for example, sterile water or preferably they may be in the form of sterile, aqueous, isotonic saline solutions.
- isotonic vehicles such as Sodimn Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection.
- Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required.
- the modulators may be included in a pharmaceutical composition for formulated for slow release, ' such _& in microcapsules formed from biocompatible polymers or in liposomal carrier systems according to methods known in the art.
- the peptide may be covalently conjugated to a water soluble polymer, such as a polylactide or biodegradable hydrogel derived from an amphipathic block copolymer, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,840.
- Collagen-based matrix implants such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,841, are also useful for sustained delivery of peptide therapeutics.
- a composition that includes a biodegradable polymer that is self-curing and that forms an implant in situ, after delivery in liquid form. Such a composition is described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,202.
- transdermal iontophoresis may preferably be administered by transdermal iontophoresis.
- transdermal delivery This form of delivery can be effected according to methods known in the art.
- transdermal delivery involves the use of a transdennal "patch" which allows for slow delivery of compound to a selected skin region.
- patches are generally used to provide systemic delivery of compound, in the context of the present invention, such site-directed delivery can be expected to provide increased concentration of compound in selected regions of neurite proliferation.
- Examples of 5 transdermal patch delivery systems are provided by U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,766 (fluid- imbibing osmotically driven system), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,610 (rate controlled transdermal delivery system).
- transdermal delivery of peptides transdermal delivery may preferably be ' carried out using iontophoretic methods, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,109 0 (electrolytic fransdermal delivery system), and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,502 (electrically powered iontophoretic delivery device).
- permeation enhancing substances such as fat soluble substances (e.g., aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols " ),- or water soluble substances (e.g-., alkane polyols such as ethylene glycol,. s 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and the like).
- fat soluble substances e.g., aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols "
- water soluble substances e.g-., alkane polyols such as ethylene glycol,. s 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and the like.
- a "super water-absorbent resin” may be added to transdermal formulations to further enhance fransdermal delivery.
- Such resins include, but are not limited to, polyacrylates, saponified vinyl acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymers, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol-maleic anhydride copolymers, o saponified polyacrylonitrile graft polymers, starch acrylic acid graft polymers, and the like.
- Such formulations may be provided as occluded dressings to the region of interest, or may be provided in one or more of the transdermal patch configurations described above.
- the compound is administered by epidural 5 injection.
- Membrane permeation enhancing means can include, for example, liposomal encapsulation of the peptide, addition of a surfactant to the composition, or addition of an ion-pairing agent.
- a membrane permeability enhancing means that includes administering to the subject a hypertonic dosing solution effective to disrupt meningeal barriers.
- the modulators can also be administered by slow infusion. This method is particularly useful, when admmisfration is via the intrathecal or epidural routes mentioned above.
- Implantable or body-mountable pumps useful in delivering compound at a regulated rate. One such pump described in U.S.
- Pat. No. 4,619,652 is a body-mountable pump that can be used to deliver compound at a tonic flow rate or at periodic pulses.
- An injection site directly beneath 5 the pump is provided to deliver compound to the area of need, for example, to the perineural region.
- the modulators may be given orally or by nasal insufflation, according to methods known in the art.
- administration is preferably in a "prophylactically effective amount” or a “t ⁇ erapeutically effective amount” (as “the case-may be, although s prophylaxis may be considered therapy), this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual.
- a prophylaxis may be considered therapy
- the actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g.
- these agents could be produced in the 5 target cells by expression from an encoding gene introduced into the cells, e.g. in a viral vector (a variant of the VDEPT technique- see below).
- the vector could be targeted to the specific cells to be treated, or it could contain regulatory elements which are switched on more or less selectively by the target cells.
- the agent could be administered in a precursor form, for o conversion to the active form by an activating agent produced in, or targeted to, the cells to be treated.
- an activating agent produced in, or targeted to, the cells to be treated.
- This type of approach is sometimes known as ADEPT or VDEPT; the former involving targeting the activating agent to the cells by conjugation to a cell-specific antibody, while the latter involves producing the activating agent, e.g. an enzyme, in a vector by expression from encoding DNA in a viral vector (see for example, EP-A-415731 and WO90/07936).
- Nav 1.8 modulators may be useful in the freatment or prophylaxis of a wide range of disorders.
- the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a Nav 1.8 modulator and its use in methods of therapy or diagnosis.
- the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more Nav 1.8 modulators as defined above and its use in methods of therapy or diagnosis.
- the invention includes a method of producing analgesia in a mammalian subject, which method includes administering to the subject a Nav 1.8 " modulator of the present invention.”
- Modulators of the channel may prevenl transmission of impulses along sensory neurons and thereby be useful in the treatment or prevention of acute, chronic or neuropathic pain.
- Acute pain is temporary, generally lasting a few seconds or longer. Acute pain usually starts suddenly and is generally a signal of rapid-onset injury to the body or intense smooth muscle activity. Acute pain can rapidly evolve into chronic pain. Chronic pain generally occurs over a longer time period such as weeks, months or years.
- the Nav 1.8 modulators of the invention may be used in the treatment or prevention of acute or chronic pain, or to prevent acute pain evolving into chronic pain.
- Treatment of pain is intended to include any level of relief from the symptoms of pain, from a decrease in the level of pain to complete loss of the pain.
- Prevention includes the prevention of the onset of pain, and the prevention of the worsening of pain, for example the worsening of pain symptoms or the progression from acute pain to chronic pain.
- Examples of types of chronic pain which may be treated or prevented with the Nav 1.8 modulators of the present invention include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid artliritis, neuropathic pain, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, primary and secondary hyperalgesia, inflaminatory pain, nociceptive pain, tabes dorsalis, phantom limb pain, spinal cord injury pain, central pain, post-herpetic pain and HIV pain, noncardiac chest pain, irritable bowel syndrome and pain associated with bowel disorders.
- a method of preventing progression of pain in a subject at risk for developing such pain comprising administerhig to the subject a Nav 1.8 modulator of the present invention.
- a composition may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments (e.g. treatments having analgesic effect such as NSAIDS), either simultaneously, separately or sequentially, dependent upon the condition to be freated.
- treatments having analgesic effect such as NSAIDS
- Rat Nav 1.8 (rNav 1.8) cDNA was obtained from John Wood, University College London (Akopian et al 1996 Nature 379: 257) and transfe ⁇ ed into pcDNA3.1 (InVifrogen, UK) and ⁇ IRESneo2 (BD Clontech, UK) using standard subcloning procedures.
- Human Nav 1.8 (hNav 1.8) cDNA was obtained using human DRG RNA (Analytical Biological Services) as template for SmartTM cDNA synthesis (BD Clontech UK) followed by specific amplification of hNav 1.8 using Advantage Tag Polymerase (BD Clontech UK), based upon the sequence information in the public database.
- 5' and 3' UTR sequences of hNavl.8 were obtained employing the SMART RACE PCR kit (BD Clontech, UK). 5 ' RACE PCR was carried out using the gene s specific primer Rv27: 5'GCAGCTGGTTGCAGGCTTTCAAGTC3' whilst 3' RACE PCR was carried out using the gene specific primer FW19:
- Deletion fragments of the 3' UTR of human Navl.8 were generated by PCR l o using KOD polymerase with the plasmid pIRESneo2-hNavl .8+5'UTR+3 'UTR (see above) as template. PCR was carried out over 20 cycles (1 min at 92 oC, 1 min at 55 oC and 2 mins at 72 oC each) followed by a 5 min incubation at 72 oC. Fragments were purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and incubated for 10 min at 72 °C in a "final volurriAof 60 ⁇ l ' -witli Taq polymerase in tile presence of 2.5 mM dATP. Four ⁇ !
- PCRJI InVitrogen
- the nucleotide sequence of guinea pig Navl.8 is given in SEQ ID NO: 17.
- the amino acid sequence encoded by that nucleotide sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 18.
- SH-SY5Y cells (ECACC No. 94030304) were maintained in Medium A (Ham's F12.-EMEM (EBSS) (1:1) + 2mM Gutamine + 1% Non Essential Amino Acids + 15% Foetal Bovine Serum).
- Medium A Ham's F12.-EMEM (EBSS) (1:1) + 2mM Gutamine + 1% Non Essential Amino Acids + 15% Foetal Bovine Serum.
- BE(2)-C cells (ECACC No. 95011817) were maintained in EMEM (EBSS) +1% non essential amino acids: Ham's F12 (1:1) +2mM glutamine +15% FBS (heat activated).
- Kelly cells (ECACC No. 92110411) were maintained in DMEM +2mM glutamine +10% FBS.
- ND7/23 cells (ECACC No. 92090903) and ND 8/34 cells (ECACC No. 92090904) were maintained hi DMEM +2mM glutamine +10% FBS.
- CHO-S cells and RT4-B8 cells were maintained in DMEM +5% FBS.
- pIRESneo2-rNavl.8 (incl 5 ' and 3 ' UTR): a Kpnl-Xbal fragment representing rNavl .8, blunt ended on both ends and cloned into the EcoRV site of pIRESneo2.
- the vector pIRESneo2 was obtained from Clontech.
- pcDNA3.1-rNavl.8 (incl 5 ' and 3 ' UTR): a Kpnl-Xbal fragment representing - rNavl .8 cloned into pcDNA3.1 cut with Kpnl and Xbal.
- the vector pcDNA3.1 was obtained form Invitrogen Life Technologies.
- pIRESneo2-hNavl.8 a fragment representing the coding domain of hNavl.8 cut with Clal and Notl, with the Clal site blunt ended, cloned into pIRESneo2 cut with EcoRV and Notl.
- pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+3 'UTR An EcoNi-Notl fragment was taken from pCRII- 3 'UTR and transfe ⁇ ed mto pIRESneo2-hNavl .8 cut with EcoNI and Notl.
- pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+5'UTR A 1973 bp BamHI fragment was taken from hNavl.8 coding domain and cloned into the pCRII-5'UTR. A Notl-Nhe fragment was taken from the resulting clone with the Notl site blunt ended. This fragment was cloned into pIRESneo2-hNavl.8 cut with Clal and Nhel with the Clal site blunt ended.
- pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+5 'UTR+3 'UTR As for pIRESneo2-hNavl.8+5' UTR except that the NotI(blunf)-NheI fragment was cloned into ⁇ ERESneo2-hNavl.8+3'UTR cut with Clal and Nhel with the Clal site blunt ended.
- pcDNA3.l-I.Nav 1.8 aKpnl-Notl fragment representing hNavl.8 coding domain cloned into pcDNA3.1 cut with Kpnl and Notl
- SH-SY5Y cells i o were fransfected, incubated with actinomycin D or left untreated and then harvested for determination of the levels of Navl.8 mRNA. mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. mRNA stability was scored as the relative level of Navl.8 mRNA in Actinomycin D treated samples compared to untreated samples at each time point.
- One ⁇ g of total RNA was reverse transcribed using AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega) in a final reaction o volume of 20 ⁇ l.
- Cyclophilin mRNA levels were determined by PCR using 1 ⁇ l of cDNA as template and 1 mM primers in 30 cycles consisting of three temperature steps (30 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 58°C and 3 min at 72°C) followed by a single 10 min extension at 72°C.
- Nav 1.8 mRNA levels were measured using 2 ⁇ l of cDNA as template under the same conditions.
- 5 Rat Navl.8 PCR was done with primers 5 ⁇ GAATCCGGGGAGTTGGA3' and 5'GTGACACTC/GTCATAGGA3 ⁇ resulting in a 1 kb fragment.
- Human Navl.8 PCR was done using either the internal Navl.8 primers 5'TCCTCAGACTGATCCGAG3' and 5'TGTTGACCACGATGAGGAAGGAGAT3' (398 bp fragment) or using the o internal Na v l .8 primer 5 ' CTGATCC AGATGGACCTG3 ' in combination with a vector primer 5'TGGATCAGTTATCTATGCGG3' (1 kb fragment), pi 1 PCR was done with primers 5'GTCACATATGCCATCTCAAATGGAACAC3' and 5'TGACTGACGGATCCTTCTATGGGGGAAGCTGTGG3' (360bp amplified fragment) and cyclophilin PCR was done with 5 ⁇ CCCCACCGTGTTCTTCGAC3' and 5'CATTTGCCATGGACAAGATG3' primers (300 bp amplified fragment).
- cells were washed and incubated in 100 ⁇ l buffer A (145mM TMA-C1 (Sigma), 2mM CaCl 2 , 0.8 mM MgCl 2 , lOmM Hepes, lOmM glucose, 5mM KCl, (Calbiochem), 14% (v/v) MPD, 0.3M Brilliant black, deltamethrin and sodium channel inhibitors at concentrations indicated in the results section) for 30-min at room temperature.
- buffer A 145mM TMA-C1 (Sigma), 2mM CaCl 2 , 0.8 mM MgCl 2 , lOmM Hepes, lOmM glucose, 5mM KCl, (Calbiochem), 14% (v/v) MPD, 0.3M Brilliant black, deltamethrin and sodium channel inhibitors at concentrations indicated in the results section
- TTX- resistance experiments TTX (Sigma) was present at 250nM final centration.
- the extracellular recording solution contained the following (in mM): NaCl (140), TEA (20), HEPES (10), CaCl 2 (1) MgCl 2 (1), CdCI 2 (1), KCl (3), o tetrodotoxin (0.001).
- the solution was buffered to pH 7.3 by addition of NaOH and the osmolarity was set to 320 mOsm by addition of sucrose.
- the intracellular solution contained the following (in mM): CsF (140),EGTA-Na (1), HEPES (10) NaCl (10).
- the solution was buffered to pH 7.3 by addition of CsOH and the osmolarity set to 320 mOsm by addition of sucrose.
- Chemicals were either AnalaR (BDH Merck Ltd, Lutterworth, Leistershire, UK) or Sigma (Poole, Dorset, UK).
- TTX was obtained from Alomone Labs (TCS Biologicals, Botolph Claydon, Bucks, UK). Any 5 tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium current was eliminated from all recordings by includhig 0.001 mM tetrodotoxin in the extracellular media.
- Electrodes were fabricated from thin- walled glass capillaries (GC150TF-10; Harvard apparatus, Edenbridge, Kent, UK) and had an access resistence of 1.5-2 M ⁇ when filled with recording solution.. Recordings were made using a HEKA 0 patch amplifier (HEKA electronic, Lambrecht, Germany). Pulse protocols were generated and data stored to disk using pulse software (HEKA) running on a G4 Mac computer. Cells were routinely held at -120 mV, or at a holding potential as specified in the text.
- HEKA pulse software
- Endogenous pi 1 in neuroblastoma cells lines and ectopic expression of rNav 1.8 To identify neuroblastoma cells lines with high levels of endogenous pl i expression, RT-PCR experiments were performed. Of four different cell lines, SY- SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells showed high levels of pi 1 expression which was o comparable to the levels observed in RNA from DRG tissue. By contrast, pl i expression in Kelly cells, ND8.34 cells, CHO cells, ND 7.23 cells and RT4-B8 cells was much lower. A cyclophilin RNA/cDNA quality control showed equal signals in all cell lines.
- rNav 1.8 For ectopic expression studies, cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 or with 5 pcDNA3.1 -rNav 1.8 and grown under G418 selection. Cells were harvested and the presence of rNav 1.8 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. The presence of rNav 1.8 mRNA was observed in all cell lines after introduction of the expression construct, but not in cells transfected with vector alone. A cyclophilin RNA/cDNA quality confrol showed equal signals in all transfected populations. o Analysis of the functional expression of rNav 1.8 showed differences in Na + fluxes between the cell types.
- SH-S Y5Y cells Figure 1 A
- BE(2)-C cells Figure IB
- SH-S Y5Y cells Figure 1 A
- BE(2)-C cells Figure IB
- TTX-resistant, deltamethrin induced Na + ion flux in parallel with the expression of rNav 1.8.
- Kelly cells Figure IC
- ND8.34 cells Figure ID
- No changes in ion flux were observed in control cells, fransfected with pcDNA3.1 only ( Figure 1 A-D).
- SH-SY5 Y and BE(2)-C cells are not only able to express Nav 1.8 mRNA but these cells are also able to support the functional expression of rNav 1.8.
- Kelly cells and ND8.34 cells are not.
- SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells would provide a suitable context for functional expression of Navl.8.
- SH-SY5Y 0 or BE(2)-C cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 -rat Navl .8 or with vector alone, subjected to G418 selection and assayed for expression of rat Navl.8 by RT-PCR.
- Cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 -rat Nav 1.8 contained rat Nav 1.8 mRNA whilst pcDNA3.1 -transfected cells did not ( Figure 2A and B, insets).
- a cyclophilin RNA/cDNA quality control showed -equal signals in-all fransfected populations.
- rat Nav 1.8 mRNA was observed in all cell types after introduction of the expression construct, but not in cells transfected with vector alone ( Figure 3 A and 5 B, insets).
- a cyclophilin RNA/cDNA quality control showed equal signals in all transfected populations.
- these cell populations contain significant levels of rat Navl .8 mRNA, no TTX-resistant deltamethrin-dependent depolarisation was obseived in either cell line, above the levels in control populations ( Figure 3 A and B). Identical observations were made in ND7.23 cells (not shown).
- rat Nav 1.8 in SH-SY5Y neuiOblastoma cells 5 hi order to measure the cu ⁇ ent associated with expression of rNav 1.8, clonal lines were isolated of the above populations of G418 resistant SH-SY5Y cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 or with pcDNA3.1 -rNav 1.8. High expression of rNavl .8 was seen in clone 5, transfected with pcDN A3.1 -rNavl .8, but not in clone 1, transfected with pcDNA3.1 alone.
- rNavl .8 is associated with the o presence of a TTX-resistant current ( Figure 4) with a reversal potential of -64 mV.
- Clonal cell of the above cell populations of SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells expressing rNavl .8 were compared.
- the presence of Navl .8 mRNA in the clonal cell lines was confirmed by RT-PCR.
- a deltamethrin-induced, TTX-resistant depolarisation was observed in both cell lines ( Figure 5A and C, Table 1).
- a cell line containing just the vector was analysed in parallel. No deltamethrin-induced signal was observed in this line (not shown).
- the signal observed in Navl.8 expressing cells represented the activity of Navl.8.
- the average EC50 value for deltamethrin activation of rNavl.8 in two clonal SH-SY5Y cells was 95 nM (Table 1).
- the EC50 value obtained in three clonal BE(2)-C cell lines was 510 nM (Table 1).
- the expression of functional rNavl .8 was furtiier validated using
- BUI 890 CL an inhibitor of voltage gated sodium channels (Carter et al. 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 4944 - 4949).
- BUI 890 CL inhibited the depolarisation in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 value of 580 nM in SH-SY5Y and 780 nM in BE(2)-C cells ( Figure 5B and D, Table 2).
- IC50 value 580 nM in SH-SY5Y and 780 nM in BE(2)-C cells
- the SH-S Y5 Y expression system was used to test suitability for the functional expression of human Nav 1.8.
- a cDNA representing human Nav 1.8 was o obtained by reverse transcription of RNA from adult DRG tissue and subsequent
- FIG. 6 A shows that expression of hNav 1.8 is associated with the appearance of a TTX-resistant, deltamethrin activated Na + ion flux component in these cells. Moreover, a TTX-resistant Na + cu ⁇ ent was observed 0 hi pIRESneo2-hNav 1.8#4 ( Figure 6B) which could not be detected in pIRESneo2#l ( Figure 6C). Three further independent cell lines were derived all of which showed a deltamethi-in-activated, TTX-resistant depolarisation.
- the EC50 for deltamethrin was 620 nM ( Figure 7, Table 1). As observed for rat Navl.8, the deltamethrin-induced depolarisation was'i ⁇ ihbited by BUI 890 CL and the IC50 value was 560 nM -( Figure- 5 7, Table 2). Thus SH-SY5Y cells are able to support functional expression of hNav 1.8.
- the SH-SY5 Y expression system was used to test suitability for the functional expression of guinea pig human Navl .8.
- a cDNA representing guinea pig Navl.8 was obtained by reverse transcription of RNA from guinea pig DRG tissue and- subsequent PC-R amplification of cDNA.using degenerate .primers based upon s conserved sequence motifs in the known sequences of Navl .8 of different mammalian species.
- the resulting cDNA was transfe ⁇ ed into the mammalian expression vector pIRESneo2.
- the cDNA was extended to include the 5' and 3' UTRs by RACE PCR using unique guinea pig sequence primers.
- clonal lines were o established of cells transfected with pIRESneo2-gpNav 1.8 with UTR sequences.
- Control cells displayed TTX-sensitive cu ⁇ ents and were devoid of TTX- resistant currents.
- currents were evoked by 30 or 50 ms step depolarisations from the holding potential to between -80 and +80 mV with 10 mV intervals (Figure 8A) and the peak cu ⁇ ent amplitude from 4 independent cells was plotted against the step potential ( Figure 8B).
- the threshold of activation of the rat Navl .8 encoded current was -50 mV with a maximal inward cu ⁇ ent at 10 mV and a reversal potential at 74.8 mV. (Table 3).
- Navl .8 showed a very similar pharmacological profile to human Navl .8 with BUI 890 CL, tetracaine, NW-1029 and mexiletine being inhibitory and the other blockers ineffective.
- BUI 890 CL showed the highest potency and the sensitivity to BUI 890 CL was identical for rat and human Navl .8 irrespective of the cell line (Table 2).
- TTX did not inhibit Navl .8 across the concentration range tested (up to 100 0 ⁇ M).
- BUI 890 CL was consistently most active in the Navl.8 depolarisation. assay followed by tetracaine, NW-1029, mexiletine and lamotrigine/carbamezapine/lidocaine.
- the general pattern of inhibition of Navl.8 co ⁇ elates well with the capacity of the agents to inhibit batrachotoxin binding to ITX-sensitive sodium channels.
- BUI 890 CL inhibits batrachotoxin 5 binding to Navl .2 with an IC50 value of 49 nM
- NW1015 a very close analogue of NW-1029
- NW1015 has an IC50 value of 8 ⁇ M
- lamofrigine a value of 185.9 ⁇ M
- carbamezapine a value of 190 ⁇ M
- B ⁇ i 890 CL and lamofrigine block Nav 1.2 in a state dependent manner, acting on the inactivated but not the resting channel.
- Mexiletine is more effective in reversing the mechanical allodynia associated with nerve ischaemia than either lidocaine or lamofrigine (Erichsen et al. 2003 Eur J Pharmacol 458: 275-282), a pattern similar to the one observed in vitro o for the effects of these drags on Navl .8 function.
- NW-1029 reverses the mechanical allodynia induced by chronic inflammation or by chronic construction of the sciatic nerve (Veneroni et al. 2003 Pahi 102: 17-25) and crobenetine and mexiletine reverse the mechanical joint hyperalgesia (Laird et al. 2001 Br. J. Pharmacol 134: 1742- 1748). Altogether this data is consistent with an involvement of Navl.8 in nociceptive signalling.
- the hNavl.8 coding domain was extended into the 3' UTR up to the poly A tail.
- a SH-S Y5 Y cell line was then established with the vector pIRESneo2-hNavl.8 + 3' UTR.
- a tetrodotoxin-resistant current was measured in this cell line ( Figure 9) when compared with a control cell line ( Figure 6C). Over time, this current remained detectable in this cell line indicating that the presence of the 3' o UTR results in increased stability of Nav 1.8 expression.
- Navl.8 constructs flanked by different portions of the UTR sequence were 5 introduced into SH-SY5 Y cells and Navl .8 mRNA levels were determined.
- Four lirs o of Actinomycin treatment did not change mRNA levels in cells transfected with a
- Navl .8 construct containing the full 3'UTR sequence up to the poly A tail.
- Actinomycin treatment did not change mRNA levels in cells transfected with a Navl.8 construct containing the 3'UTR sequence up to nucleotide 469.
- four hrs of Actinomycin treatment changed mRNA levels in cells fransfected with a Navl.8 construct containing the 3'UTR sequence up to nucleotide 260.
- Further deletion of the 3'UTR up to nucleotide 154 restored the levels of mRNA.
- the data suggest that the 3 'UTR contains elements that affect the stability of Navl .8 mRNA. These elements may be recognition elements for proteins or regions involved in RNA hairpin fonnation. The function of these proteins or hairpins is to destabilise or stabilise the RNA.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0307632A GB0307632D0 (en) | 2003-04-02 | 2003-04-02 | Chemical compounds |
GB0307632.0 | 2003-04-02 | ||
GB0307633.8 | 2003-04-02 | ||
GB0307633A GB0307633D0 (en) | 2003-04-02 | 2003-04-02 | Chemical compounds |
US47557003P | 2003-06-04 | 2003-06-04 | |
US60/475,570 | 2003-06-04 | ||
US48573503P | 2003-07-10 | 2003-07-10 | |
US48573003P | 2003-07-10 | 2003-07-10 | |
US60/485,735 | 2003-07-10 | ||
US60/485,730 | 2003-07-10 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004087956A2 true WO2004087956A2 (fr) | 2004-10-14 |
WO2004087956A3 WO2004087956A3 (fr) | 2005-03-03 |
Family
ID=32303749
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2004/001458 WO2004087956A2 (fr) | 2003-04-02 | 2004-04-02 | Lignees cellulaires |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2400103A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2004087956A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006047687A2 (fr) * | 2004-10-27 | 2006-05-04 | Schering Corporation | Composition et technique d'inhibition d'acides nucleiques courts a interference de nav1.8 |
EP1942948A2 (fr) * | 2005-11-04 | 2008-07-16 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Compositions et methodes pour inhiber l'expression du gene nav1.8 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3007762B1 (fr) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-09-04 | Galderma Res & Dev | Anticorps diriges contre le canal sodique nav1.9 humain et leurs utilisations pour le diagnostic des maladies cutanees inflammatoires |
FR3007656B1 (fr) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-06-26 | Galderma Res & Dev | Modulateurs du canal sodique nav1.9 pour le traitement d'une maladie cutanee inflammatoire et methodes diagnostiques |
FR3007763A1 (fr) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-01-02 | Galderma Res & Dev | Anticorps diriges contre le canal sodique nav1.9 humain et leurs utilisations en diagnostic |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001044293A2 (fr) * | 1999-12-17 | 2001-06-21 | Glaxo Group Limited | Proteines du canal sodium |
WO2001068681A2 (fr) * | 2000-03-14 | 2001-09-20 | Glaxo Group Limited | Proteines de canal ionique modifiees |
DE10054878A1 (de) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-08 | Boehringer Ingelheim Int | Natriumkanäle vom Typus der peripheren Nerven |
WO2003006103A2 (fr) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-01-23 | Merck & Co., Inc. | Stimulation du champ electrique de cellules eucaryotes |
WO2003016917A2 (fr) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | University College London | Regulateurs et modulateurs de canaux sodiques |
WO2003037900A2 (fr) * | 2001-11-01 | 2003-05-08 | Icagen, Inc. | Pyrazolopyrimidines |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9513180D0 (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 1995-08-30 | Univ London | Ion channel |
US6184349B1 (en) * | 1995-10-11 | 2001-02-06 | Syntex (Usa) Inc. | Cloned peripheral nerve, tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel α-subunit |
JPWO2003016907A1 (ja) * | 2001-08-17 | 2004-12-02 | エーザイ株式会社 | 生体試料中のラミニン5抗原の測定試薬及び測定方法 |
-
2004
- 2004-04-02 WO PCT/GB2004/001458 patent/WO2004087956A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2004-04-02 GB GB0407620A patent/GB2400103A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001044293A2 (fr) * | 1999-12-17 | 2001-06-21 | Glaxo Group Limited | Proteines du canal sodium |
WO2001068681A2 (fr) * | 2000-03-14 | 2001-09-20 | Glaxo Group Limited | Proteines de canal ionique modifiees |
DE10054878A1 (de) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-08 | Boehringer Ingelheim Int | Natriumkanäle vom Typus der peripheren Nerven |
WO2003006103A2 (fr) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-01-23 | Merck & Co., Inc. | Stimulation du champ electrique de cellules eucaryotes |
WO2003016917A2 (fr) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | University College London | Regulateurs et modulateurs de canaux sodiques |
WO2003037900A2 (fr) * | 2001-11-01 | 2003-05-08 | Icagen, Inc. | Pyrazolopyrimidines |
Non-Patent Citations (8)
Title |
---|
BIRCH P J ET AL: "Strategies to identify ion channel modulators: Current and novel approaches to target neuropathic pain" DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY 01 MAY 2004 UNITED KINGDOM, vol. 9, no. 9, 1 May 2004 (2004-05-01), pages 410-418, XP002295892 ISSN: 1359-6446 * |
DATABASE BIOSIS [Online] BIOSCIENCES INFORMATION SERVICE, PHILADELPHIA, PA, US; 2002, ZHOU X ET AL: "VINPOCETINE, A POTENT AND USE-DEPENDENT BLOCKER OF TTX-RESISTANT NAV1.8 SODIUM CHANNELS." XP002300610 Database accession no. PREV200300326329 & SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE ABSTRACT VIEWER AND ITINERARY PLANNER, vol. 2002, 2002, pages Abstract No. 743.15 URL-http://sf, 32ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE; ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA; NOVEMBER 02-07, 2002 * |
DATABASE EMBL EBI; 29 December 2002 (2002-12-29), "Homo sapiens 3 BAC RP11-1114A3, complete sequence" XP002295894 Database accession no. AC137625 * |
DATABASE EMBL EBI; SV: AC116038.2 29 June 2002 (2002-06-29), "Homo sapiens chromosome 3 clone RP11-134J21" XP002295893 Database accession no. AC116038 * |
JOHN VICTORIA H ET AL: "Heterologous expression and functional analysis of rat Nav1.8 (SNS) voltage-gated sodium channels in the dorsal root ganglion neuroblastoma cell line ND7-23." NEUROPHARMACOLOGY. MAR 2004, vol. 46, no. 3, March 2004 (2004-03), pages 425-438, XP002295891 ISSN: 0028-3908 * |
OKUSE K ET AL: "ANNEXIN II LIGHT CHAIN REGULATES SENSORY NEURON-SPECIFIC SODIUM CHANNEL EXPRESSION" NATURE, MACMILLAN JOURNALS LTD. LONDON, GB, vol. 417, no. 6889, 6 June 2002 (2002-06-06), pages 653-656, XP001121255 ISSN: 0028-0836 * |
RABERT DOUGLAS K ET AL: "A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel from human dorsal root ganglia, hPN3/SCN10A" PAIN, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 78, no. 2, November 1998 (1998-11), pages 107-114, XP002198530 ISSN: 0304-3959 * |
ZHOU XIAOPING ET AL: "Vinpocetine is a potent blocker of rat NaV1.8 tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels." THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS. AUG 2003, vol. 306, no. 2, August 2003 (2003-08), pages 498-504, XP002295890 ISSN: 0022-3565 * |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006047687A2 (fr) * | 2004-10-27 | 2006-05-04 | Schering Corporation | Composition et technique d'inhibition d'acides nucleiques courts a interference de nav1.8 |
WO2006047687A3 (fr) * | 2004-10-27 | 2006-07-06 | Schering Corp | Composition et technique d'inhibition d'acides nucleiques courts a interference de nav1.8 |
US7786291B2 (en) | 2004-10-27 | 2010-08-31 | Schering Corporation | Compositions and methods for short interfering nucleic acid inhibition of Nav1.8 |
EP2371954A1 (fr) * | 2004-10-27 | 2011-10-05 | Schering Corporation | Compositions et procédés d'inhibition par des petits acides nucléiques interférents dirigés contre NAv1.8 |
CN101103112B (zh) * | 2004-10-27 | 2011-11-16 | 先灵公司 | 抑制Nav1.8的短干扰核酸组合物和方法 |
US8309703B2 (en) | 2004-10-27 | 2012-11-13 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Compositions and methods for short interfering nucleic acid inhibition of Nav1.8 |
EP1942948A2 (fr) * | 2005-11-04 | 2008-07-16 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Compositions et methodes pour inhiber l'expression du gene nav1.8 |
JP2009516505A (ja) * | 2005-11-04 | 2009-04-23 | アルナイラム ファーマシューティカルズ インコーポレイテッド | Nav1.8遺伝子の発現を抑制するための組成物および方法 |
EP1942948A4 (fr) * | 2005-11-04 | 2010-03-03 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Compositions et methodes pour inhiber l'expression du gene nav1.8 |
US7902168B2 (en) | 2005-11-04 | 2011-03-08 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of Nav1.8 gene |
JP4929288B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-04 | 2012-05-09 | アルナイラム ファーマシューティカルズ, インコーポレイテッド | Nav1.8遺伝子の発現を抑制するための組成物および方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2004087956A3 (fr) | 2005-03-03 |
GB0407620D0 (en) | 2004-05-05 |
GB2400103A (en) | 2004-10-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Klugbauer et al. | Calcium channel α 2 δ subunits: Differential expression, function, and drug binding | |
JP3628693B2 (ja) | ヒトカルシウムチャンネル組成物及びその使用方法 | |
JPH08509607A (ja) | ヒトn−メチル−d−アスパラギン酸受容体サブユニット、これをコードする核酸およびその用途 | |
JPH08507441A (ja) | ヒト神経細胞性ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体組成物およびそれらの使用方法 | |
US8252541B2 (en) | Sodium channel protein type III α-subunit splice variant | |
JP2001525161A (ja) | 低電位で活性化されるカルシウムチャネル組成物と方法 | |
US7972813B2 (en) | Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel alpha subunit | |
US7563586B2 (en) | Method of identifying a modulator of a voltage-gated sodium channel using cells expressing Nav1.8 and p11 | |
WO2011022638A1 (fr) | Inhibiteurs de trp et leurs utilisations | |
Grünewald et al. | Importance of the γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor C-termini for G-protein coupling | |
Jones | Ca2+ channels and epilepsy | |
JP2001512673A (ja) | Kcnqカリウムチャンネルおよびそれの活性調節方法 | |
AU2002355997A1 (en) | Sodium channel regulators and modulators | |
PT100423A (pt) | Sistemas de ensaio da actividade da neurotrofina | |
US6589787B2 (en) | T-type calcium channel variants; compositions thereof; and uses | |
WO2004087956A2 (fr) | Lignees cellulaires | |
US20050233957A1 (en) | Sodium channel regulators and modulators | |
JP2002330769A (ja) | ヒトバニロイド受容体様タンパク質 | |
US20080200408A1 (en) | Deletion mutants of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel alpha subunit | |
WO2005094808A1 (fr) | Regulation d'un transporteur de glycine humain 2 | |
Artim | Activation of voltage-gated calcium current by action potentials and modulation by G proteins | |
Dell | cAMP promotes retinal midline crossing at the zebrafish optic chiasm |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |