WO2004086007A1 - ハニカム構造体の検査方法及び検査装置 - Google Patents
ハニカム構造体の検査方法及び検査装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004086007A1 WO2004086007A1 PCT/JP2004/002703 JP2004002703W WO2004086007A1 WO 2004086007 A1 WO2004086007 A1 WO 2004086007A1 JP 2004002703 W JP2004002703 W JP 2004002703W WO 2004086007 A1 WO2004086007 A1 WO 2004086007A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- particle
- water
- water particles
- particles
- honeycomb structure
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 201
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 24
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an inspection method and an inspection apparatus for inspecting an 82-cam structure including a porous partition, and particularly to the presence or absence of a defect in the partition, the size and number of defects, and the size and number of pores.
- the present invention relates to an inspection method and an inspection apparatus capable of easily inspecting and the like and easily performing post-processing. Background art
- Honeycomb structures are widely used for filters, catalyst carriers, etc., for example, exhaust gas purifiers for heat engines such as internal combustion engines or combustion devices such as boilers, liquid fuel or gaseous fuel reformers, and water and sewage systems. It is used in purification treatment equipment and the like. In particular, it is suitable as a diesel particulate filter (hereinafter abbreviated as DPF) for collecting and removing particulate matter contained in dust-containing fluid such as exhaust gas discharged from diesel engines, and as a high-temperature gas dust collector. It is used for example, exhaust gas purifiers for heat engines such as internal combustion engines or combustion devices such as boilers, liquid fuel or gaseous fuel reformers, and water and sewage systems. It is used in purification treatment equipment and the like. In particular, it is suitable as a diesel particulate filter (hereinafter abbreviated as DPF) for collecting and removing particulate matter contained in dust-containing fluid such as exhaust gas discharged from diesel engines, and as a high-temperature gas dust collector. It is used for
- honeycomb structure used for such a purpose collects and removes unnecessary particulate matter when the treatment fluid passes through the pores of the porous partition wall, or removes the surface of the porous partition wall or the like.
- the catalyst is carried in the pores, and serves to bring the catalyst into contact with the fluid to be treated.
- a method of inspecting a defect of a filter having such a structure As a method of inspecting a defect of a filter having such a structure, a method of inspecting a pinhole in a partition wall by using powder having a constant particle diameter and detecting the discharged powder with a particle counter 1 is used. It has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-1903582). However, in this method, the used powder is It must be removed because it remains. In addition, this powder cannot be discharged from the filter without pinholes and cannot be used to inspect the pore size of the filter.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and the feature of the present invention is to easily inspect the size and number of large holes ⁇ penetrating partition walls that become defects of the honeycomb structure, the pores of the partition walls, and the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an inspection method and an inspection apparatus which can perform post-processing easily.
- the present invention relates to a method for inspecting a honeycomb structure provided with a plurality of porous partition walls arranged so as to form a plurality of flow passages penetrating from one end face to another end face, the method comprising: A water particle introducing step of introducing the water particles into a plurality of flow paths; and an exhaust particle measuring step of measuring the particle size distribution and the number of water particles discharged from the plurality of flow paths.
- the method further includes, before the water particle introducing step, an introduced particle measuring step of measuring the particle size distribution and the number of the introduced water particles.
- the average particle diameter of the water particles introduced in the water particle introducing step is preferably 3 to 100 m, and the particle diameter of the water particles introduced in the water particle introducing step is 1 to 300 m.
- the honeycomb structure includes a flow path in which the plurality of flow paths are sealed at one end face and a flow path that is sealed at another end face.
- the present invention also provides an inspection apparatus for a honeycomb structure including a porous partition wall arranged so as to form a plurality of flow passages penetrating from one end surface to another end surface, wherein the honeycomb structure includes water for generating water particles.
- a particle generator, and a water particle guide for introducing the water particles into a plurality of flow passages. It is an object of the present invention to provide an inspection apparatus including an inlet, and a discharge particle measuring unit for measuring the particle size distribution and the number of water particles discharged from a plurality of flow passages.
- the water particle generating section generates water particles having an average particle diameter of 3 to 100 m, and generates water particles having a particle diameter of 1 to 300 m. Preferably, there is.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing one example of the inspection apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a perspective view schematically showing an example of a honeycomb structure according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 (b) is a partially enlarged view showing a portion b in FIG. 2 (a).
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of a result measured according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing another example of the result measured according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the result of measuring the particle size distribution of water particles before introduction in the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing still another example of the result measured according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing still another example of the result measured according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 there is a porous partition wall 2 arranged so as to form a plurality of flow passages 3a and 3b penetrating from one end face 42 to the other end face 44.
- the inspection method of the present invention will be described using an example of inspecting a honeycomb structure 1 in which the combined flow passages 3a and 3b are sealed at end faces opposite to each other as an inspection target.
- water particles 10 having a predetermined average particle size and a particle size distribution are generated, and are generated from an end face 42 of the honeycomb structure 1 to a plurality of flow passages 3 a opened at the end face 42.
- the partition walls 2 have holes that penetrate the partition walls, for example, large holes 22 serving as defect portions 21 and small holes 22, the introduced water particles 10 have a size that can pass through each hole.
- the water particles move from the flow passage 3a to the flow passage 3b through each hole, and are discharged from the end face 44 through the flow passage 3b.
- the pore size is large as in the defective portion 21, the number of discharged water particles increases, and more water particles having a larger particle size are discharged.
- there are many relatively small holes many relatively small water particles are discharged. Only fine water particles are discharged from the fine pores 22 which are fine pores.
- the particle size distribution and the number of discharged water particles vary according to the pore size distribution and the number of holes passing through the partition wall, and by measuring the particle size distribution and the number of water particles discharged from a plurality of flow passages.
- the performance of the entire honeycomb structure can be easily determined at once in a short time by applying this method to all the partition walls of the honeycomb structure, and water particles are used. Therefore, post-processing becomes easy or unnecessary. Therefore, it is very useful for quality inspection for detecting a defective honeycomb structure. Further, by using water, particles having an average particle diameter, a particle diameter distribution, and a concentration in a range appropriate for the inspection of the honeycomb structure can be easily generated at low cost. Furthermore, this method is particularly useful because it is difficult to detect defects in the partition wall of the honeycomb structure by visual observation from the outside.
- the particle size distribution to be measured only needs to be an index of the size of the particles, and for example, a particle size distribution, a volume distribution, a weight distribution, and the like can be mentioned as suitable indexes.
- the number of particles does not need to be measured for the total number of particles to be discharged.
- the necessary information can be obtained by measuring the number of particles per unit volume as a concentration for a predetermined time.
- the water particle generation step is a step of generating water particles with a predetermined average particle diameter, particle diameter distribution and concentration.
- the average particle size, particle size distribution and concentration (number of particles per unit volume) of the water particles to be generated which can be appropriately changed according to the expected pore size, pore size distribution and number of the porous body .
- the average particle size of the water particles is preferably within a range of 3 to 300 m when mainly inspecting defects such as a honeycomb structure for a DPF. When mainly examining the pore size, it should be within the range of 3 to 100 preferable.
- the water particles have a particle diameter in the range of 1 to 300, that is, a minimum particle diameter of 1 m or more and a maximum particle diameter of 300 m or less.
- the concentration of the water particles is in the range of l ⁇ 1 0 0 0 cc / m 3 is preferred.
- the water particles in the present invention mean particles containing 50% by mass or more of water, preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and may contain other components. Considering the easiness of post-treatment, it is preferable that the particles be substantially composed of only water, excluding impurities generally contained.
- the water particle introduction step is a step of introducing a predetermined amount of water particles generated in the water particle generation step into a predetermined plurality of flow passages.
- the method of introduction there is no particular limitation on the method of introduction, but it is preferable to introduce at a constant concentration, a constant pressure and a constant rate.
- a method of pressurizing water particles with a predetermined pressure there are a method of pressurizing water particles with a predetermined pressure, and a method of suctioning the water particles from the opposite end surface with a predetermined negative pressure, and the like.
- the honeycomb structure is arranged so that it is oriented in the same direction, and it is possible to introduce water particles into the flow passage by natural falling from the upper end face or by applying a predetermined pressure, which results in the particle size distribution of water particles, introduction speed, etc. It is preferable in terms of stability, cost, and the like.
- the discharged particle measuring step is a step of measuring the particle size distribution and the number of water particles discharged from the plurality of flow passages through the holes of the partition walls.
- the method of measurement includes laser diffraction / scattering, dynamic light scattering, centrifugal sedimentation, gravity sedimentation, image processing, and X-ray transmission. By these methods, the particle size distribution and the number of particles can be measured.
- the average particle size, particle size distribution, and concentration of water particles to be introduced are almost determined by the generation conditions in the water particle generation process, but there are slight differences in the generation conditions, and the time-dependent changes from generation to introduction. May change due to the Therefore, before the water particle introduction step, it is preferable to include an introduction particle measurement step for measuring the particle size distribution and the number of particles of the water particles to be introduced. Can be compared more accurately.
- the measuring method is preferably the same as the method used in the emitted particle measuring step.
- the honeycomb structure to be inspected has a plurality of flow paths 3 penetrating from one end face 42 to another end face 44. It is provided with a porous partition wall 2 arranged, and preferably, a predetermined flow passage 3 b is sealed with an end surface 42 of the core, and another predetermined flow passage 3 a is formed of another end surface 4 4 Sealed with. More preferably, the flow passages adjacent to each other across one partition are sealed with end faces opposite to each other. With such a structure, there are no particular restrictions on the material, size, shape, and application.
- an unsealed honeycomb structure is used as a catalyst carrier and the like, and the sealed honeycomb structure is used as a filter.
- the present invention can be applied by temporarily sealing a predetermined flow passage.
- the inspection apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- an atomizing device such as an atomizer or a nebulizer, a humidifier, or the like is suitably used.
- Such devices include those using ultrasonic waves and those using pressure.
- the average particle size, particle size distribution, and number of particles of water particles to be generated can be determined by changing the conditions for generating water particles, such as the frequency of ultrasonic waves and the flow rate of water in the case of an ultrasonic atomizer. It can be changed as appropriate, and water particles with a desired average particle size, $ cubic diameter distribution and number of particles can be generated, but a device that generates water particles with an average particle size of 3 to 100 zm is available. It is preferably used. Further, it is preferable that the device generates water particles having a particle diameter in the range of 1 to 300.
- the water particle introduction section 12 introduces water particles into a plurality of predetermined flow paths.
- a predetermined plurality of flow paths, more preferably all the flow paths opened at one end face, and the water particle generation section 11 are communicated so that water particles do not leak.
- the water particle introduction section may include a pressure device. Further, in order to introduce water particles into the flow passage by utilizing natural fall, it is preferable that the water particles are disposed above the honeycomb structure.
- the discharged particle measuring unit 13 measures the particle size distribution and the number of water particles discharged from a plurality of predetermined flow passages, and is not particularly limited as long as the particle size distribution of the water particles can be measured.
- a laser diffraction / scattering type particle counter, a centrifugal sedimentation type, a gravity sedimentation type particle size distribution measuring device, an image processing device, etc. are mentioned. Is preferred.
- the discharged particle measuring section 13 is preferably disposed below the honeycomb structure in order to measure water particles discharged using natural fall.
- a discharge particle collection unit 14 may be provided between the honeycomb structure 1 and the discharge particle measurement unit 13. preferable. It is preferable that the discharged particle collecting section 14 communicates all the flow paths for discharging water particles with the discharged particle measuring section 13 so that the water particles do not leak.
- the measuring device of the present invention preferably further includes an introduced particle measuring unit (not shown) in order to more accurately grasp the particle size distribution and concentration of the introduced water particles.
- the introduced particle measuring section is preferably provided in the water particle introducing section 12, and the same device as the discharged particle measuring section 13 can be suitably used.
- a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 150 mm has a cell density (the number of flow passages per unit sectional area) of 40 cells / cm 2 ,
- a honeycomb structure (hereinafter abbreviated as a filter) used as a DPF was used for evaluation.
- Each filter having 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 defects with a diameter of 0.15 mm in one filter is prepared and set in the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, and a predetermined average particle shown in Fig. 5
- Water particles having a diameter, a particle diameter distribution and a concentration were generated by an ultrasonic atomizer, introduced into the flow passage from the end face 42 side, and the particle diameter distribution and the number of discharged water particles were measured.
- Figure 3 shows the measurement results. As the number of defects increased, the number of emitted particles tended to increase.
- a filter having a defect of 0.15 mm in diameter, a filter having a defect of 0.4 mm, and a filter having a defect of 0.6 mm were prepared in one filter, and the same inspection as in Example 1 was performed. went.
- Fig. 4 shows the results. As the diameter of the defect increases, the number of ejected particles increases, and the proportion of particles with a larger particle size increases. It was even higher than in Example 1.
- a filter having pores having pore diameters indicated by pore diameter distribution A shown in FIG. 6 and a filter having pores having pore diameters indicated by pore diameter distribution B shown in FIG. 7 were prepared, and the same inspection as in Example 1 was performed. .
- the particle size distribution of the water particles before introduction was also measured.
- the particle size distribution of the water particles before introduction is shown in Fig. 5, and the particle size distribution of the discharged water particles is shown in Figs.
- the inspection method and the inspection apparatus of the present invention it is possible to easily inspect the presence / absence of a defect in the honeycomb structure and the size and number of the defects, and further, the size and number of the pores. It can be used for post-treatment, and can be used for quality inspection of honeycomb structures such as DPF.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04717243A EP1607734A1 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-04 | Method and device for inspecting honeycomb structure |
US10/548,879 US20060174695A1 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-04 | Method and device for inspecting honeycomb structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003-082160 | 2003-03-25 | ||
JP2003082160A JP2004286703A (ja) | 2003-03-25 | 2003-03-25 | ハニカム構造体の検査方法及び検査装置 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004086007A1 true WO2004086007A1 (ja) | 2004-10-07 |
Family
ID=33094911
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/002703 WO2004086007A1 (ja) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-04 | ハニカム構造体の検査方法及び検査装置 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060174695A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1607734A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2004286703A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1764831A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004086007A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105021511A (zh) * | 2015-07-28 | 2015-11-04 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种应用于烟草行业的打孔水松纸透气度检测方法 |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7189273B2 (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2007-03-13 | Aerosynthesis Llc | Inducing air |
US7410528B2 (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2008-08-12 | Corning Incorporated | Method and system for testing the integrity of green plugged honeycomb structure |
FR2887984B1 (fr) * | 2005-06-29 | 2007-08-10 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Methode de controle non destructive d'un filtre a particule et dispositif de mise en oeuvre associe |
EP1910802B1 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2013-03-27 | Corning Incorporated | Method and system for detecting defects in a honeycomb body using a particulate fluid |
FR2891363B1 (fr) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-10-26 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Procedes de controle et de fabrication de dispositifs de filtration de particules |
FR2894028B1 (fr) * | 2005-11-30 | 2008-07-11 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz |
KR20080109031A (ko) | 2006-03-28 | 2008-12-16 | 니뽄 가이시 가부시키가이샤 | 다공질체의 결함 검출 방법 |
US20080173071A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Park Timothy A | Honeycomb filter defect detecting method |
JP2009085673A (ja) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 目封止ハニカム構造体の欠陥検査方法及び欠陥検査装置 |
JP4913707B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-07 | 2012-04-11 | 日本碍子株式会社 | フィルタの検査方法及びフィルタ検査装置 |
JP5345422B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-21 | 2013-11-20 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体欠陥検査装置 |
JP4665039B2 (ja) | 2009-03-26 | 2011-04-06 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカム構造体欠陥検査装置、及びハニカム構造体欠陥検査方法 |
US8234909B2 (en) | 2009-08-26 | 2012-08-07 | Corning Incorporated | Method and apparatus for inspecting ceramic wall flow filters |
US8537215B2 (en) * | 2009-11-30 | 2013-09-17 | Corning Incorporated | Multi-camera skin inspection system for extruded ceramic honeycomb structures |
MX2012009546A (es) | 2010-02-17 | 2012-09-12 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Sistema de deteccion de defecto de filtro y membrana. |
WO2012023442A1 (ja) * | 2010-08-18 | 2012-02-23 | 住友化学株式会社 | ハニカムフィルタの欠陥の検査方法、ハニカムフィルタの欠陥の検査装置、及び、ハニカムフィルタの製造方法 |
KR101798268B1 (ko) | 2010-10-01 | 2017-11-15 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | 기판들의 기공 크기들을 분석하기 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
JP5658070B2 (ja) | 2011-03-30 | 2015-01-21 | 日本碍子株式会社 | フィルタの検査方法、およびフィルタの検査装置 |
US9134218B2 (en) * | 2012-11-28 | 2015-09-15 | Corning Incorporated | Methods of testing a honeycomb filter |
CN115365686B (zh) * | 2022-08-25 | 2023-06-16 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心设备设计与测试技术研究所 | 一种含有凹坑缺陷的蜂窝夹芯板的加工方法 |
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JPS5559340U (ja) * | 1978-10-18 | 1980-04-22 | ||
JPH04104038A (ja) * | 1990-08-24 | 1992-04-06 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | バグフィルタ式集塵機における濾布の破損状況検知方法および装置 |
WO2002082035A1 (fr) * | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-17 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Procede et dispositif d'inspection destines a la detection de defauts |
-
2003
- 2003-03-25 JP JP2003082160A patent/JP2004286703A/ja active Pending
-
2004
- 2004-03-04 CN CN200480007929.1A patent/CN1764831A/zh active Pending
- 2004-03-04 EP EP04717243A patent/EP1607734A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-04 US US10/548,879 patent/US20060174695A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-04 WO PCT/JP2004/002703 patent/WO2004086007A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5559340U (ja) * | 1978-10-18 | 1980-04-22 | ||
JPH04104038A (ja) * | 1990-08-24 | 1992-04-06 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | バグフィルタ式集塵機における濾布の破損状況検知方法および装置 |
WO2002082035A1 (fr) * | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-17 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Procede et dispositif d'inspection destines a la detection de defauts |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105021511A (zh) * | 2015-07-28 | 2015-11-04 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种应用于烟草行业的打孔水松纸透气度检测方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1764831A (zh) | 2006-04-26 |
JP2004286703A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
EP1607734A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
US20060174695A1 (en) | 2006-08-10 |
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