WO2004054016A2 - Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device - Google Patents
Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004054016A2 WO2004054016A2 PCT/GB2003/005442 GB0305442W WO2004054016A2 WO 2004054016 A2 WO2004054016 A2 WO 2004054016A2 GB 0305442 W GB0305442 W GB 0305442W WO 2004054016 A2 WO2004054016 A2 WO 2004054016A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- electrochemical cell
- cell according
- hydroxide
- mesoporous structure
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
- H01M4/0452—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from solutions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/34—Gastight accumulators
- H01M10/345—Gastight metal hydride accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
- H01M4/32—Nickel oxide or hydroxide electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel electrochemical cell, which may be a battery or a supercapacitor or both, and which is suitable for use in portable and other electronic devices, and specifically to such a cell having at least the positive electrode formed of a mesoporous material having a periodic arrangement of substantially uniformly sized pores of cross-section of the order of 10 " ° to 10 " " m.
- battery is used herein in its common meaning of a device that converts the chemical energy contained in its active components directly into electrical energy by means of a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction.
- the basic unit of a battery is an electrochemical cell, which will comprise at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, the whole contained within a casing. Other components, such as separators, may be included, as is well known in the art.
- a battery may consist of one or more such cells.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell, which may, for example, be used in a portable electronic device, said cell having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, characterised in that at least the positive electrode comprises a mesoporous structure having a periodic arrangement of substantially uniformly sized pores of cross-section of the order of 10 " ° to 10 " " m.
- the invention also provides a portable electronic device containing such an electrochemical cell.
- the invention still further provides an automotive battery comprising a plurality of the electrochemical cells of the present invention.
- At least the positive electrode, the cathode, of the electrochemical cell of the present invention is formed of a mesoporous material.
- the material is preferably a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal oxy-hydroxide or a combination of any two or more of these.
- metals include: nickel; alloys of nickel, including alloys with a transition metal, nickel/cobalt alloys and iron/nickel alloys; cobalt; platinum; palladium; and ruthenium.
- Such oxides, hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides include: gold oxide; palladium oxide; nickel oxide (NiO); nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH) 2 ); nickel oxy-hydroxide (NiOOH); and ruthenium oxide. Of these, we most prefer nickel and its oxides and hydroxides.
- Nickel/Carbon Nickel/Iron and Nickel/Cadmium, of which Nickel/Carbon is most preferred.
- nickel the oxides and hydroxides thereof are also included.
- NiO, Ni(OH) and NiOOH said nickel oxide or hydroxide forming a surface layer over said nickel and extending over at least the pore surfaces, and the negative electrode comprises nanoparticulate carbon.
- mesoporous structure By “mesoporous structure”, “mesoporous material” and “mesoporous film” as referred to herein are meant structures, materials and films, respectively, that have been fabricated via a liquid crystal templating process, and that consequently are monolithic in nature, and contain a long range, regular arrangement of pores having a defined topology and a substantially uniform pore size (diameter). Accordingly, the mesoporous structures, materials and films may also be described as nanostructured or having nanoarchitecture.
- the pores are preferably cylindrical in cross-section, and preferably are present or extend throughout the mesoporous material.
- the mesoporous structure has a periodic arrangement of pores having a defined, recognisable topology or architecture, for example cubic, lamellar, oblique, centred rectangular, body-centred orthorhombic, body-centred tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal.
- the mesoporous structure has a periodic pore arrangement that is hexagonal, in which the electrode is perforated by a hexagonally oriented array of pores that are of uniform diameter and continuous through the thickness of the electrode.
- the electrode consists of or consists substantially of a structure or structures as defined.
- the mesoporous structure of the positive electrode comprises nickel and an oxide, hydroxide or oxy-hydroxide of nickel selected from NiO, Ni(OH) 2 and NiOOH, said nickel oxide, hydroxide or oxy-hydroxide forming a surface layer over said nickel and extending over at least the pore surfaces, and the negative electrode has a mesoporous structure of carbon or palladium.
- the positive electrode represents a three-phase composite composed of an interconnected Ni current collector base, coated with Ni(OH) active material which is in contact with the electrolyte.
- the hydrous structure of the mesoporous Ni positive electrode is retained such that both surface and bulk processes can contribute to the charge capacity of the electrode.
- the mesoporous material is formed by electrochemical deposition from a lyotropic liquid crystalline phase.
- a template is formed by self-assembly from certain long-chain surfactants and water into a desired liquid crystal phase, such as a hexagonal phase.
- Suitable surfactants include octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (C 16 EO 8 ), which has a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail attached to a hydrophilic oligoether head group.
- Dissolved inorganic salts for example nickel acetate
- Figure 1 represents a schematic drawing showing the flow of protons on charge and discharge to and from a Pd lattice into a NiOOH positive electrode proton sink
- Figure 2 shows a comparison of the cyclic voltammetry of a 1 mm diameter Hi Pd disc ( ) with that of a 200 ⁇ m Hi Ni disc ( ) in 6 M KOH at 20 mV s "1 ;
- Figure 4 shows the flow of charge from the device versus potential during the 20 mV s "1 discharge depicted in Figure 3;
- Figure 5 shows the potential step charging/discharging of a Hi Ni/Hi Pd supercapacitor in 6 M KOH composed of a 200 ⁇ m Hi Ni disc with a 1 cm 2 Hi Pd electrode in 6 M KOH;
- Figure 6 shows a comparison of the first full cycle ( ) of a 1 cm Hi Ni/1 cm Hi Pd supercapacitor incorporating a porous PTFE separator with the 15000 cycle (- -) at 500 mV s "1 ;
- Figure 13 shows a cyclic voltammogram of a liquid crystal templated iron electrode between -0.3 V and -1.2 V vs. Hg/HgO in 6 M KOH at 20 mV s "1 and 25 °C, as prepared in Example 11 ;
- Figure 14 shows the potential-charge relationship of the cyclic voltammogram shown in Figure 13 ;
- Example 1 The process of Example 1 was carried out using the shorter-chain surfactant C 1 EO in place of C 16 EO 8 .
- the pore diameters as determined by TEM were found to be l7.5A ( ⁇ 2A).
- Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated using a quaternary mixture containing Cj 6 EO 8 and n-heptane in the molar ratio 2:1. As determined by TEM, the pore diameters were found to be 35A ( ⁇ 1.5A).
- a mixture having normal topology cubic phase (indexing to the Ia3d space group) was prepared from 27 wt% of an aqueous solution of hexachloroplatinic acid (33 wt% with respect to water) and 73 wt% of octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (C ⁇ 6 EO 8 ). Electrodeposition onto polished gold electrodes was carried out potentiostatically at temperatures between 35°C and 42°C using a platinum gauze counterelectrode. The cell potential difference was stepped from +0.6 V versus the standard calomel electrode to -0.1 V versus the standard calomel electrode until a charge of 0.8 milhcoulombs was passed.
- a mixture having normal topology hexagonal phase was prepared from 50 wt% of an aqueous solution of 0.2 M nickel (II) sulphate, 0.58 M boric acid, and 50 wt% of octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (C ⁇ 6 EO 8 ). Electrodeposition onto polished gold electrodes was carried out potentiostatically at 25°C using a platinum gauze counterelectrode. The cell potential difference was stepped to -1.0 V versus the saturated calomel electrode until a charge of 1 coulomb per centimetre squared was passed. After deposition the films were rinsed with copious amounts of deionised water to remove the surfactant. The washed nanostructured deposits were uniform and shiny in appearance.
- Nanostructured platinum films were deposited from an hexagonal liquid crystalline phase consisting of 2.0g H 2 O, 3.0g C 16 EO 8 and 2.0g hexachloroplatinic acid. Depositions were carried out on 0.2 mm diameter gold disc electrodes at a deposition potential of -0.1 V vs. SCE (stepped from +0.6 V). The charge passed was 6.37 C cm "2 . Data were obtained from cyclic voltammetry in 2M sulphuric acid between potential limits -0.2 V and +1.2 V vs. SCE. The Roughness Factor is defined as the surface area determined from electrochemical experiments divided by the geometric surface area of the electrode. The results are shown in Table 2 below:
- Examples 7 and 8 show how the temperature and applied potential during electrodeposition affect the surface area and the double layer capacitance of the film. As indicated by the Roughness Factor values, increasing the deposition temperature increases both the surface area and the double layer capacitance of the film. At the same time, the deposition potential may be so selected as to control the surface area and capacitance of the deposited film.
- Gold discs 200 ⁇ m or 1 mm diameter encased in an epoxy insulator, and thin film gold electrodes (approximately 1 cm 2 ) made by evaporation of gold onto chromium-coated glass microscope slides, were prepared as follows, for subsequent deposition of mesoporous nickel and palladium electrodes:
- the gold disc electrodes were cleaned by first polishing consecutively on 25 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m and 0.3 ⁇ m alumina (obtained from Buehler) embedded microcloths then cycling the electrodes between -0.6 V and 1.4 V vs. a saturated mercury sulphate reference electrode (SMSE) at 200 mVs "1 for 5 min. in 2 M H 2 SO solution. With each cycle, a monolayer of gold oxide was formed and subsequently removed from the electrode surface.
- SMSE saturated mercury sulphate reference electrode
- a mixture having normal topology hexagonal (Hi) phase was prepared from 35 wt% of an aqueous solution of 0.2 M nickel (II) acetate, 0.5 M sodium acetate and 0.2 M boric acid, and 65 wt% of Brij ® 56 nonionic surfactant (C 16 EO meaning wherein n ⁇ 10, from Aldrich), and electrodeposition onto polished gold substrate was carried out potentiostatically at 25°C using a platinum gauze counterelectrode, according to the method disclosed in Nelson et al., Chem. Mater., 2002, 14, 524-529. After deposition the films were washed in copious amounts of isopropanol for 24 hrs to remove the surfactant. A mesoporous nickel film of approximately 1 micrometer thickness and having an hexagonal arrangement of pores was obtained. (iii) Electrodeposition of palladium from an hexagonal liquid crystalline phase:
- the cell consisted of a Pyrex water-jacketed cell connected to a Grant ZD thermostated water bath, mercury/mercury oxide (6 M KOH) reference electrode (Hg/HgO) and a large area Pt gauze counter electrode. All experiments were carried out at 25 °C and potentials in experiments involving a reference electrode are quoted against the Hg/HgO reference.
- the efficiency of the mesoporous nickel deposition process was quantified by anodic stripping voltammetry. This involved scanning the potential of a mesoporous nickel working electrode between -0.45 V and 0.9 V vs. a saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) in 0.2 M HCI solution at 1 mV s "1 .
- the counter electrode was Pt gauze. The charge associated with the anodic nickel dissolution peak and comparison of this charge with the deposition charge gave a deposition efficiency of 34 %. Cyclic voltammetry and potential step experiments were done using a custom made potentiostat and ramp generator interfaced with a National Instruments data acquisition card and Lab VIEW software.
- a cyclic voltammogram of the iron electrode in 6 M KOH was performed at 20 mV s "1 and the result is shown in Figure 13.
- the total charge passed between -1.0 V and - 0.3 V in the anodic peak was 17 mC.
- the cathodic charge passed between -0.3 V and the interference of hydrogen evolution at -1.15V was 25 mC as shown in Figure 14.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003292419A AU2003292419B2 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device |
JP2004558854A JP5116946B2 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic devices |
US10/538,769 US20060201801A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device |
CA002505282A CA2505282A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic devices |
EP03767997A EP1570535A2 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0229079.9 | 2002-12-12 | ||
GBGB0229079.9A GB0229079D0 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2002-12-12 | Electrochemical cell for use in portable electronic devices |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004054016A2 true WO2004054016A2 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
WO2004054016A3 WO2004054016A3 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
Family
ID=9949619
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2003/005442 WO2004054016A2 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-12-12 | Electrochemical cell suitable for use in electronic device |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060201801A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1570535A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5116946B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003292419B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2505282A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB0229079D0 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200522406A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004054016A2 (en) |
Cited By (8)
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WO2006020167A2 (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2006-02-23 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Nickel hydroxide impregnated carbon foam electrodes for rechargeable nickel batteries |
WO2007091076A1 (en) * | 2006-02-08 | 2007-08-16 | Nanotecture Ltd | An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising mesoporous nickel hydroxide |
WO2008050113A1 (en) * | 2006-10-24 | 2008-05-02 | Nanotecture Ltd | Lithium ion electrochemical cells |
WO2008050120A2 (en) * | 2006-10-25 | 2008-05-02 | Nanotecture Ltd | Mesoporous electrodes for electrochemical cells |
US8142625B2 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2012-03-27 | Life Safety Distribution Ag | Syperhydrophobic nanostructured materials as gas diffusion electrodes for gas detectors |
CN102420330A (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2012-04-18 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Electrode material of nickel-hydrogen battery and preparation method thereof and nickel-hydrogen battery |
US8932545B2 (en) | 2008-10-20 | 2015-01-13 | Qinetiq Limited | Synthesis of metal compounds |
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JP3920310B1 (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-05-30 | 株式会社パワーシステム | Positive electrode for electric double layer capacitor and electric double layer capacitor |
US20080112881A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2008-05-15 | Andrei Lipson | Systems and methods for hydrogen loading and generation of thermal response |
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2002
- 2002-12-12 GB GBGB0229079.9A patent/GB0229079D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-12-12 US US10/538,769 patent/US20060201801A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-12 EP EP03767997A patent/EP1570535A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-12 AU AU2003292419A patent/AU2003292419B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-12-12 CA CA002505282A patent/CA2505282A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-12 WO PCT/GB2003/005442 patent/WO2004054016A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-12-12 JP JP2004558854A patent/JP5116946B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-16 TW TW092135647A patent/TW200522406A/en unknown
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Also Published As
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AU2003292419B2 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
JP5116946B2 (en) | 2013-01-09 |
JP2006515457A (en) | 2006-05-25 |
AU2003292419A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
US20060201801A1 (en) | 2006-09-14 |
CA2505282A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
TW200522406A (en) | 2005-07-01 |
EP1570535A2 (en) | 2005-09-07 |
GB0229079D0 (en) | 2003-01-15 |
WO2004054016A3 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
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