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  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/04—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical
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  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to sugar-derived compounds which selectively bind to the adhesion molecule human P-selectin, to the use of such compounds for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of P-selectin associated disorders, to conjugates, pharmaceutical carriers and drug delivery systems comprising said compounds, and to a method for determining whether a compound is capable of binding to P-selectin.
• cell surface adhesion molecules have become recognized as key mediators in numerous cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, immune cell transmigration and response and cancer metastasis.
• CAMs immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules
• cadherins the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules
• integrins the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules
• the selectins represent a family of presently three transmembraneous, carbohydrate- binding glycoproteins: "endothelial” E-selectin, "leukocyte” L-selectin, and "platelet” P- selectin. All three selectins are divalent cation (e.g. calcium) dependent and possess an extracellular domain with a carbohydrate recognition motif, an epidermal growth factor-like motif and some smaller domains related to complement-regulatory proteins.
• divalent cation e.g. calcium
• Human P-selectin (also referred to as GMP-140, LECAM-3, PADGEM, CD62 and CD62P) is expressed by platelets and endothelial cells. When expressed on the surfaces of these cells, its most notable effect is the slowing of leukocytes as these leave the capillaries and enter the postcapillary venules, the latter representing the major site of leukocyte- endothelium adhesion. The slowing process is observed as leukocyte rolling, signifying an initial adhesion with relatively low affinity. The firm adhesion of rolling leukocytes is primarily mediated by integrins.
• P-selectin In endothelial cells P-selectin is stored on Weibel-Palade bodies; in platelets it is found in the ⁇ -granules. Following activation, P-selectin is mobilized to the cell surfaces within a few minutes in response to a variety of inflammatory or thrombogenic agents.
• the endothelial P- selectin's primary function is to recruit leukocytes into postcapillary venules, while platelet P-selectin also results in the formation of thrombi.
• PSGL-1 P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
• a 120 kDa sialoprotein expressed on the surface of leukocytes where it is concentrated at the uropod More detailed descriptions of the structure and functions of P-selectin are found in numerous publications (e.g. J. Panes, Pathophysiology 5 , 271 (1999); F. Charnoun et al, Frontiers in Bioscience 5j. el03 (Nov. 1, 2000) and S.-I. Hayachi, Circulation 102: 1710 (2000)).
• Conditions of the heart in which selectins are suggested to play a role include acute myocardial infarct, arterial injury, such as produced by angioplasty, and ischemia.
• selectins are involved in conditions of the kidneys, such as renal injury from ischemia and reperfusion, and renal failure.
• selectins appear to play a role in organ transplant rejection, cold ischemia, hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, tumor metastasis, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, restenosis, angiogenesis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory stress syndrome and circulatory shock.
• P-selectin ligands or antagonists may also be used for the prevention of diseases and conditions described above. Furthermore, such ligands may also be useful in the in vivo or in vitro diagnosis of these diseases.
• rPSGL-Ig P-selectin glycoprotein ligand- 1
• WO-A-99/41363 discloses podocalyxin-like proteins that bind to selectins.
• WO-A-00/41711 describes various smaller peptides or peptide sequences that bind to members of the human selectin family; most of the sequences comprise one or more units of leucine or isoleucine.
• WO-A-95/31210 relates to peptides and compounds that bind selectins including endothelium leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1). These peptides are used for blocking adhesion of leukocytes to the selectins, i.e. especially E-selectin, but also P-selectin or L-selectin, for the purpose of inhibiting inflammation.
• selectins including endothelium leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1).
• ELAM-1 endothelium leukocyte adhesion molecule 1
• WO-A-98/06730 describes modified oligosaccharides which are derivatives of sLeX, in which the neuraminic acid residue and the N- acetylglucosamine monomer have been replaced by various substituents.
• US-A-5, 830,871 discloses sugar-based selectin inhibitors and sLeX mimetics which can be prepared by an aldol addition reaction between a glycoside aldehyde precursor and dihydroxyacetone phosphate or a derivative thereof. However, these compounds do not have much selectivity for P-selectin.
• FIGURES Figure 1 depicts the structural formula of reference compound 2 and some preferred compounds in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 2 shows the synthesis route for reference compound 2 and compound 3 according to the invention.
• Figure 3 shows the synthesis route for compounds 6c, 6d and 6f-6i according to the invention.
• glucose-based sLeX mimetics are particularly useful for the selective binding to P-selectin. Unlike E- and L-selectin, P-selectin binding does not require an axially orientated hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of the monosaccharide.
• glucose-based compounds having both affinity to and selectivity for P-selectin and having the potential to be powerful modulators or antagonists of P-selectin, which compounds are represented by the following formula la:
• X is an optional group, which represents -O-, -OCH 2 -, -S-, -SCH 2 -, -NH- or -NHCH 2 -, preferably X is not present or represents -O-;
• R ,3 can be any group, provided that if Q is -O- and R is H, X is present.
• the compounds of the invention are further characterized by a 4-oxo-2,3-dihydroxy-n- pentylene group, optionally coupled through a linker group at the C-l position of the monosaccharide template.
• This group is further modified by a negatively charged substituent R 2 at its C-5 position.
• negatively charged substituent it is meant a substituent that has a negative charge under physiological compositions.
• substituents comprising a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a carboxylate, a sulphonate.
• Particularly preferred is a phosphate group.
• the 4-oxo-2,3-dihydroxy-n-pentyl group is attached to the C-l position of the monosaccharide ringstructure, either directly, which is a preferred option, or through an oxygen atom, an OCH 2 group, a sulphur atom, an SCH group, an NH group or an NHCH 2 group, but preferably through an oxygen atom.
• the two preferred options represent the fact that the compounds can be derivatives of C-glucosides or O-glucosides. See in this respect the following reaction scheme:
• the compounds of the present invention have a strong interaction with P-selection because the 4- oxo-2,3-dihydroxy-n-pentyl group mimicks the two hydroxyl functions of the galactose moiety and the carboxylic acid function of the N-acetylneuraminic acid within the natural ligand sialyl Lewis X (sLeX).
• R 3 may represent any substituent, inclusive of a hydrogen atom.
• R 3 is the substituent required for the functionalisation. It is not particularly critical what kind of group is present.
• the group may be a hydroxyl, an amine, an azide, an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
• R 3 is hydroxyl, which is the group originally present at the C- 6 position in the glucose molecule which serves as a monosaccharide template of the compounds.
• R 3 represents an — YR 5 moiety, wherein Y is preferably -O-, -CH 2 -, or NH and most preferably -O- and wherein R 5 comprises at least one carbon atom.
• Preferred groups R 5 are linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups, linear or branched aralkyl or alkaryl groups, which groups can contain one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulphur atoms; the groups can be substituted with halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, oxygen atoms, alkoxy and aryloxy groups, amino or substituted amino groups, as well as other substituents.
• the group R 5 can also be coupled directly to the saccharide template.
• the C-6 position is one of the preferred reactive positions where the core structure of the compounds can be coupled to other functional moieties, such as spacers or anchoring moieties.
• the C-6 can be coupled to another active compound which is not derived from a compound of the invention to form a drug conjugate, or it can be coupled to an anchoring moiety which is capable of anchoring the compound to a colloidal or microparticulate drug carrier, such as a liposome, a niosome, a nanodroplet, a nanoparticle, a nanocapsule, a nanosphere, a microparticle, a dendrimer, a microcapsule, a microsphere, a colloidal complex, a micelle, a mixed micelle, a cross-linked micelle, a viral vector, or a lipid complex.
• a colloidal or microparticulate drug carrier such as a liposome, a niosome, a nanodroplet, a nanoparticle, a nanocapsule, a nano
• the anchoring capability comprises both covalent and non-covalent interactions between the anchor moiety and the substrate, i.e. the colloidal or microparticulate drug carrier, by which the compound may be linked to the substrate.
• a compound of the invention can also be conjugated to another active compound or moiety (which is not derived from a compound according to the present invention) or to an anchoring moiety via a different type of linkage, e.g. at the C-2 position of the monosaccharide structure.
• the compound of the invention can be used as a targeting means to direct the other active compound or the colloidal or microparticulate drug carrier to cells and tissues expressing P-selectin.
• a compound of the invention is coupled to one or more other compounds or moieties which also bind to P-selectin.
• compounds with peptidic core regions and certain consensus motifs recognising P-selectin are disclosed, which compounds can be used in this embodiment.
• Conjugates or colloidal or microparticulate drug carriers comprising at least one compound of the present and at least one peptidic compound with affinity to P-selectin may be particularly useful to provide a high degree of P-selectin binding.
• R 4 are linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups, linear or branched aralkyl or alkaryl groups, which groups can contain one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulphur atoms, and which groups preferably have up to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably between 1 and 12 carbon atoms; the groups can be substituted with halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, oxygen atoms, alkoxy and aryloxy groups, amino or substituted amino groups, as well as other substituents.
• the electron withdrawing groups are present on the aromatic moieties. Most preferably R 4 is H, an alkyl moiety, an aromatic moiety or an electron withdrawing moiety.
• the aromatic moiety can, for example, be a phenyl, naphthyl, cresyl, tolyl, anthracyl, phenanthryl, pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyridazyl or quinolyl group, which group can optionally be substituted.
• R 4 is a phenyl or naphthyl group.
• R 4 is a group comprising an electron-withdrawing moiety.
• the selection of the group R 4 was found to have a significant influence on the P-selectin binding activity of a compound of the invention. Depending on the substituent R 4 , the affinity to P-selectin can actually be increased to reach a several-fold higher affinity than the endogenous ligand sLeX. Surprisingly, it was found that substituents comprising aromatic groups are particularly useful.
• R 4 the selection of phenyl or naphthalene for R 4 led to compounds with particularly high affimty and selectivity for P-selectin.
• a substituent that is capable of participating in a ⁇ - ⁇ interaction may actually be able to bind to a tyrosine group (Tyr 94 ) which is present in P-selectin, and which was previously found to be in close proximity to the C-4 hydroxyl group of the galactose moiety of sLeX bound to the CRD domain of P-selectin (Somers et al, Cell, 103, 467-479, 2000).
• R 4 hence preferably is a substituent able to participate in a ⁇ - ⁇ interaction with a tyrosine group, and more preferably represents a phenyl of naphthalene group.
• Compounds of the invention can be prepared by various different routes of synthesis. Depending on the particular selection of substituents as discussed above, the most useful reaction schemes may differ from each other.
• glucose is used as a starting material to prepare an O-allyl glucopyranoside by Fischer synthesis, which may be followed by the acetylation and oxidation to form glycosyl aldehydes. These aldehydes are subsequently linked to a dihydroxyacetone derivative through an aldolase-catalyzed reaction.
• aldolase For the condensation of the glycosyl aldehyde to a dihydroxyacetone phosphate, various types of aldolase can be used as enzymatic catalysts, including D-fructose-l,6-diphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle (RAMA) and fructose diphosphate aldolase from St. carnosus (FruA).
• RAMA combines a relatively poor stability in organic solvents with a high substrate specificity, its tolerance to aldehyde acceptors is quite low. In view of its superior solvent stability and substrate specificity, it is therefore recommended to use FruA, which considerably extends the range of conditions and substrates of aldolase catalyzed condensation reactions to be used in organic synthesis.
• condensation proceeded smoothly even when fully acetylated glycosyl aldehydes and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) are used as substrates in a mixture of an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with water.
• an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with water.
• a glucosamine can be used as starting marterial.
• the glucosamine can be converted into the 2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) derivative under Schotten-Baumann conditions and subsequently allylated and acetylated to yield the O-allyl glycoside.
• Troc 2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonyl
• the free amino function can be acylated with the respective acyl chlorides.
• Salts, adducts, solvates and other derivatives of the compounds as defined above are also within the scope of the invention.
• the compound of the invention is in the form of a salt which has been formed by the addition of an acceptable base.
• acid addition salts may also be feasible.
• an acid or a base is pharmaceutically acceptable can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art taking into consideration the specific intended use. For instance, not all acids and bases that are acceptable for in vitro diagnostic compositions can be used for therapeutic compositions.
• pharmaceutically acceptable acids include organic and inorganic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, cinnamic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and thiocyanic acid, which form ammonium salts with free amino groups of peptides and functional equivalents.
• organic and inorganic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, cinnamic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and thiocyanic acid, which form ammonium salts with free amino groups of peptides and functional
• Pharmaceutically acceptable bases which form carboxylate salts with free carboxylic groups of peptides and functional equivalents, include ethylamine, methylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, and other mono-, di- and trialkylamines, as well as arylamines.
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvates are encompassed.
• a further aspect of the invention refers to the uses of the disclosed compounds. Since the compounds bind selectively to P-selectin, they can, depending on their type of interaction with P-selectin after binding, function as antagonists, partial antagonists, or as targeting means to target conjugated substances or drug carrier systems such as liposomes or nanoparticles to cells and tissues expressing P-selectin. Thus, the compounds can be advantageously used in pharmaceutical compositions. According to the invention, such pharmaceutical compositions are provided as well.
• the term "pharmaceutical composition” refers to therapeutic and diagnostic compositions, as well as to medicaments and diagnostics containing such compositions.
• Therapeutic compositions and medicaments are used for the prevention, inhibition, reduction or treatment of diseases and other conditions of mammals of which conditions improvement is desired.
• Diagnostics and diagnostic compositions are used for the diagnosis of such diseases in vivo and in vitro.
• a preferred use of the compounds is for preparing therapeutic compositions or medicaments, especially for diseases or discomforts or other conditions involving the activation or overexpression of P-selectin, such as therapeutic compositions or medimants to prevent or improve diseases and conditions involving the adhesion of leukocytes, such as monocytes and neutrophils, to the vascular endothelium and to platelets.
• the compounds can also be used in compositions for treating diseases in which the inhibition of P-selectin- mediated intracellular signaling is desirable.
• compositions containing one or more compounds of the invention can contribute to controlling leukocyte-mediated inflammatory processes. It is known that activated leukocytes release toxic molecules which can damage normal tissue. These inflammatory responses, some of which also involve P-selectin-mediated platelet activation, are part of several pathological conditions, such as (organ) transplant rejection, cold ischemia, hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, tumor metastasis, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, restenosis, angiogenesis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory stress syndrome, circulatory shock, severe traumatic brain injury, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, cerebral artery occlusion, ischemia, stroke, acute myocardial infarct, arterial injury, such as produced by angioplasty, myocardial ischemia, renal injury from ischemia and reperfusion, and renal failure.
• pathological conditions such as (organ) transplant
• the compounds are used in the preparation of diagnostic compositions or products.
• Such compositions can be used for in vitro tests to quantify P- selectin concentrations in body fluids as markers for the diseases and conditions described above. They may be also used for in vivo diagnostic imaging procedures to monitor P- selectin mediated atherosclerosis, aneurisms, restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (post-PTCA restenosis), and other conditions selected from those in which P-selectin is mobilized.
• a compound according to the invention may be conjugated with a chelator, which is subsequently complexed with an isotropic label that is detectable by the chosen monitoring system.
• the present invention also relates to a method for determining whether a compound is capable of binding to P-selectin or a functional equivalent of P-selectin, comprising contacting and incubating the compound to be tested and a predetermined amount of a compound according to the invention with a predetermined amount of P-selectin or said functional equivalent of P-selectin, and subsequently determining the amount of compound according to the invention. More specifically, the compounds of the invention can be used to test the binding affinity of molecules to P-selectin or functional equivalents of P-selectin.
• P-selectin or a functional equivalent of P-selectin is contacted and incubated with a molecule to be tested for binding affinity and with a compound of the invention.
• a reduced binding of the compound of the invention would indicate an affinity of the molecule to P- selectin.
• the compounds can also be used as targeting molecules or conjugates in pharmaceutical compositions for the targeting of drugs or genetic material to tissues that express P-selectin.
• conjugates the compounds can be directly coupled with active molecules or nucleic acids that are to be delivered to such tissues.
• they can be incorporated into or anchored onto the surface of liposomes or other lipid vesicles, emulsion droplets, polymers, micelles, nano- or microcapsules, nano- or microparticles to obtain targeted vehicles for drugs or genetic material which is delivered to P-selectin expressing tissues.
• compositions preferably contain one or more compounds with P- select n affinity as disclosed herein and at least one carrier or excipient.
• a carrier or excipient is any pharmaceutically acceptable substance or mixture of substances having no substantial pharmacological activity, which can be used as a vehicle or as an auxiliary substance to formulate a compound into dosage form which is stable and easy to administer. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are found in the monographs of all major pharmacopoeias.
• the composition is formulated and processed for parenteral injection, preferably for intravascular injection, such as intravenous or intra-arterial, but also for intramuscular, subcutaneous, intralesional, intraperitoneal or other routes of parenteral administration.
• a parenteral formulation To increase the stability of a parenteral formulation, it may be necessary to provide a dried dosage form which must be reconstituted before it can be administered.
• An example of such a dosage form is a freeze-dried or lyophilized formulation.
• Prolonged release may be provided by solid implants, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, microparticles, microcapsules, emulsions, suspensions, oily solutions, liposomes, or similar structures.
• Excipients that are particularly useful for the preparation of parenteral formulations are solvents, cosolvents and liquid or semisolid carriers, such as sterile water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butanediol, fatty oils, short- and medium chain triglycerides, lecithin, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives; substances to adjust the osmolality and pH, such as sugars, especially glucose, sugar alcohols, especially mannitol, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, citric acid, acetate, phosphate, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide etc.; stabilizers, antioxidants, and preservatives, such as ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite, EDTA, benzyl alcohol etc.; other excipients and lyophilization aids, such as albumin, dextran etc.
• solvents, cosolvents and liquid or semisolid carriers such as
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be designed for oral administration and processed accordingly.
• P-selectin such as antibodies or peptides
• Appropriate oral dosage forms include tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, powders, granules, orally disintegrating dosage forms, syrups, drops, suspensions, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, oral films, lyophilized dosage forms, sustained release dosage forms, controlled release dosage forms.
• the oral dosage form is an enterically coated solid dosage form to provide protection of the compound from the acidic environment of the stomach.
• transmucosal dosage form It may also be advantageous to administer a compound of the invention in a transmucosal dosage form.
• This route of administration is non-invasive and patient-friendly; at the same time it may lead to an improved bioavailability of the compound compared to oral administration, especially if the compound is not stable in the fluids of the digestive system, or if it is too large to be absorbed from the gut effectively.
• Transmucosal adrninistration is possible via, for instance, nasal, buccal, sublingual, gingival, or vaginal dosage forms.
• These dosage forms can be prepared by known techniques; they can be formulated to represent nasal drops or sprays, inserts, films, patches, gels, ointments, or tablets.
• the excipients used for a transmucosal dosage form include one or more substances providing for mucoadhesion, thus prolonging the contact time of the dosage form with the site of absorption and thereby potentially increasing the extent of absorption.
• the compounds are administered via the pulmonary route, using a metered dose inhaler, a nebulizer, an aerosol spray, or a dry powder inhaler.
• a metered dose inhaler a nebulizer, an aerosol spray, or a dry powder inhaler.
• Appropriate formulations can be prepared by known methods and techniques. Transdermal, rectal, or ocular administration may also be feasible in some cases.
• an appropriate dosage form may contain a bioavailability enhancing agent, which may be any substance or mixture of substances which increases the availability of the compound. This may be achieved, for instance, by the protection of the compound from degradation, such as by an enzyme inhibitor or an antioxidant. More preferably, the enhancing agent increases the bioavailability of the compound by increasing the permeability of the abso ⁇ tion barrier, which is typically a mucosa. Permeation enhancers can act via various mechanisms; some increase the fluidity of mucosal membranes, while others open or widen the gap junctions between mucosal cells.
• bioavailability enhancers are amphiphilic substances such as cholic acid derivatives, phosphohpids, ethanol, fatty acids, oleic acid, fatty acid derivatives, EDTA, carbomers, polycarbopbil, and chitosan.
• the desired ⁇ -isomer was obtained after purification by column chromatography.
• Compound 9a was subsequently linked to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by enzymatic catalysis with fructose diphosphate aldolase from St. carnosus (FruA) in a mixture of THF and water (1:3, v/v).
• Glycosyl phosphate 10a was obtained in good yield after incubation for approximately one day. Due to the presence of the protecting acetyl groups, purification of the product was greatly facilitated and involved flash chromatography. After purification, the acetyl groups were quantitatively removed by addition of a diluted NaOMe solution, resulting in the desired end product 3.
• Example 2 Binding of compound 3 and reference compound 2 to P-selectin The activity of compound 3 was evaluated in an inhibition assay of SO -sLe a -PAA-biotin binding to immobilized P-selectin as described in the literature (G. Weitz-Schmedt et al, Anal. Biochem. 238, 184-190, 1996) and compared to that of its mannosyl analogue (reference compound 2).
• a 96 microtiter plate (High binding flat bottom, Costar, Corning, U.S.A.) was coated overnight at 4°C with 10 ⁇ g/ml goat anti-human IgG in coating buffer (50 mJVI NaHCO 3 , pH 9.6). Subsequently, wells were washed with assay buffer (20 M
• HEPES 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , pH 7.4) and incubated for 1 hour at 37°C with blocking buffer (3% BSA in assay buffer). After washing with assay buffer, the wells were incubated for 2 hours at 37°C with human P-selectin IgG-Fc (0.3 ⁇ g/ ml) or CD4/IgG-Fc (as negative control). Subsequently, wells were washed three times with assay buffer and incubated for 2 hours at 37°C in binding buffer (0.1% BSA, 0.05% Tween 20 in assay buffer) with 0.33 ⁇ g/ ml HSO 3 -Le a -PAA-biotin and the compound.
• TMB 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzine
• EC 50 of glucosyl compound 3 for P-selectin was 2.0 mM and thus significantly lower than that of reference compound 2 (8.2 mM).
• Glucosamine was converted into the 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) derivative 14 under Schotten-Baumann conditions (H.U. Bergmeyer, Methods of enzymatic analysis (1984), Verlag Chemie, Mannheim, Vol. IV p. 342-350).
• the crude product was allylated in allyl alcohol in the presence of camphersulfonic acid and subsequently acetylated to afford the ⁇ -oriented O-allyl glycoside 15d as major compound.
• the Troc-group was then removed by incubation with activated zinc in acetic acid, resulting in the intermediate amine 15a.
• free amine 15a was converted into the amides 15c and 15f-15i by addition of the cognate acid chloride under alkaline aqueous conditions.
• a variety of acid chlorides was chosen: octanoyl chloride (for 15c), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylchloride (for 15d), benzoyl chloride (for 15f), nitrobenzyl chloride (for 15g), trifluoromethylbenzyl chloride (for 15h) and naphthoyl chloride (for 15i).
• acylated compounds 15c, 15f-I and Troc- derivative 15d were then subjected to mild oxidation of the O-allyl group with OsO 4 and NMO and subsequently treatment with NaIO 4 .
• the respective aldehydes were attained in good yield and condensed with DHAP under FruA catalysis as described in example 1 to attain the glucosyl phosphates 17c, 17d and 17f-i.
• the acetyl groups were then removed by treatment with 10 mM sodium methoxide solution and compounds 6c, 6d and 6f-i were isolated.

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