WO2004005935A1 - 統合失調症の検査、診断方法 - Google Patents
統合失調症の検査、診断方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004005935A1 WO2004005935A1 PCT/JP2003/008525 JP0308525W WO2004005935A1 WO 2004005935 A1 WO2004005935 A1 WO 2004005935A1 JP 0308525 W JP0308525 W JP 0308525W WO 2004005935 A1 WO2004005935 A1 WO 2004005935A1
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- Prior art keywords
- serine
- schizophrenia
- concentration
- labeled
- biological sample
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
- G01N33/6806—Determination of free amino acids
- G01N33/6812—Assays for specific amino acids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
- G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N2030/022—Column chromatography characterised by the kind of separation mechanism
- G01N2030/027—Liquid chromatography
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/30—Psychoses; Psychiatry
- G01N2800/302—Schizophrenia
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting and diagnosing schizophrenia. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for examining and diagnosing schizophrenia, which comprises measuring the concentration of D-serine, L-serine or D-serine and L-serine in a biological sample.
- Schizophrenia occurs in about 1% of the population and occurs during puberty and younger generations. Symptoms include positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms such as dullness, reduced motivation, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment. Due to the specific nature of the disease, the establishment of a comprehensive treatment system including early diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation activities, and prevention of recurrence is desired. Drug treatment is indispensable for the treatment of schizophrenia. Drugs are being administered.
- NMD A receptor blockers such as fencitaridine and ketamine cause symptoms very similar to schizophrenia, and the so-called hypothesis of gnoretamic acid dysfunction in schizophrenia has been proposed. . At present, there are no biological markers to detect and diagnose schizophrenia. Numerous studies have been performed using patient samples such as blood and urine, but none have been established yet!
- D-type amino acids do not exist in mammals, but recently it has become clear that D-type amino acids including D-serine are also present in low concentrations in mammals including humans.
- D-serine is known to act as an agonist of the glycine site of the glutamate receptor subtype NMD A receptor that controls excitatory neurotransmission. Based on the hypoglutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, serine D may be involved in the pathology of schizophrenia 14.
- Schizophrenia Although schizophrenia was previously called “schizophrenia”, the name was changed to “schizophrenia” at the General Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology held in August 2002. “Schizophrenia” and “schizophrenia” both mean “Schizophrenia”.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies in order to solve the above-mentioned problems. As a result, the levels of D-serine and L-serine in biological samples (eg, serum, etc.) of schizophrenic patients were lower than those of healthy subjects. It was found that it was significantly different from that.
- biological samples eg, serum, etc.
- the present invention relates to the following (1) to (28).
- a method for detecting schizophrenia which comprises measuring the concentration of (a) D-serine, (b) L-serine or (c) D-serine and L-serine in a biological sample.
- the index is defined as that the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the average + standard deviation of the ratio in schizophrenic individuals or populations.
- the column or the cavities are optical separation columns or cavities.
- a method for detecting and diagnosing schizophrenia comprising measuring serum L-type serine concentration and using the increase in the concentration as an index.
- the detection and diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the present invention can be performed, for example, as follows.
- a biological sample for example, human serum
- the concentrations of total serine, D-type serine and Z- or L-type serine in the biological sample are quantified by various methods. Utilizing the fact that the concentration of D-type serine in a biological sample (eg, serum) of a schizophrenic patient and / or the ratio of D-type serine to total serine is significantly lower than that of a healthy subject, schizophrenia Inspect and diagnose.
- the D-type serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the average of the concentration in healthy individuals or populations.
- the concentration of L-serine in a biological sample is higher than the average of the concentration in healthy individuals or populations.
- the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the average of the ratio in healthy individuals or populations.
- preferred indicators of schizophrenia include, for example,
- the concentration of D-serine in the biological sample is lower than the average minus the standard deviation of the concentration in healthy individuals or populations.
- the D-serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the mean + standard deviation of the concentration in schizophrenia individuals or populations.
- the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample shall be lower than the average value of the ratio in a healthy individual or a population. vi) The ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the average + standard deviation of the ratio in schizophrenia individuals or populations.
- the D-type serine concentration is lower than the average value (one standard deviation) of the concentration in a healthy individual or a population” means that “the D-type serine concentration of one individual is "The concentration is lower than the average (one standard deviation) of the values measured multiple times," or "the D-type serine concentration of one individual is higher than the average (one standard deviation) of the concentration of a group of healthy individuals.” Low “. Also, “the D-type serine concentration is lower than the average value of the concentration in a schizophrenic individual or a population + the standard deviation” means that "the D-type serine concentration of one individual is schizophrenia of the individual.
- the concentration of D-type serine in one individual is lower than the average + standard deviation of the concentration of a group of schizophrenic individuals. Means this.
- the meanings of “mean value of the ratio in healthy individuals or populations (one standard deviation)”, “mean value of the ratio in schizophrenia individuals or populations + standard deviation”, etc. I decided to.
- the D-type serine concentration in a biological sample can be measured alone, and schizophrenia can be tested and diagnosed using the fact that the D-type serine concentration is lower than that in a healthy individual or a population as an index.
- the D-type serine concentration is 2.0000 mol / L or less.
- the present invention it is also possible to measure only the L-type serine concentration in a biological sample, and to test and diagnose schizophrenia using the L-type serine concentration higher than the concentration in a healthy individual or a population as an index. it can.
- the L-type serine concentration is 19 O ⁇ mo1 / L.
- the total serine concentration in a biological sample can be measured, and schizophrenia can be tested and diagnosed using the total serine concentration higher than the concentration in a healthy individual or a population as an index.
- the total serine concentration is 190 ⁇ mo1 / L or more.
- Biological samples that can be subjected to the tests and diagnoses of the present invention include, for example, serum, plasma, Biological liquid components such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, tears, and sweat, and solid components derived from living organisms such as hair, blood cells, and a part of tissue removed by biopsy, etc. All components are included.
- Preferred biological samples include serum.
- a product obtained by subjecting a sample directly collected from a living body to various treatments is also a biological sample in the present invention.
- the type and number of processes are not limited, and a combination of a plurality of types of processes may be used. Examples of the type of treatment include, but are not limited to, deproteinization, desalting, dialysis, addition of an acid / base / buffer, heating, separation / purification of an amino acid-containing fraction using a column, and the like.
- the living body from which the sample used for the test and diagnosis of the present invention is derived includes mammals including humans (eg, humans, monkeys, mice, rats, guinea pigs, etc.).
- any method known per se can be used as a method for measuring the concentrations of D-type and L-type serine in a biological sample. It is also possible to use a method, which will be newly developed in the future, for measuring the concentrations of D-type and L-type serine in biological samples.
- amino acids containing serine in a biological sample are labeled with an amino acid labeling reagent to increase the detection sensitivity.
- the amino acid labeling reagent is a reagent for labeling an amino acid for the purpose of increasing the detection sensitivity when separating and quantifying the amino acid, and by reacting the amino acid labeling reagent with serine amino acid Z-serine.
- Amino acid labeling reagents include an amino acid absorption labeling reagent, an amino acid fluorescence labeling reagent, and an amino acid emission labeling reagent.
- amino acid labeling reagents include an amino acid absorption labeling reagent, an amino acid fluorescence labeling reagent, and an amino acid emission labeling reagent.
- the absorption labeling amino acid Z-serine, the fluorescence labeling amino acid Z-serine or the luminescence labeling amino acid are performed.
- the amino acid and serine in the biological sample are separated and quantified using the absorbance, fluorescence intensity or luminescence intensity as an index.
- an amino acid fluorescent labeling reagent is used.
- the amino acid absorption labeling reagent include ninhydrin.
- amino acid fluorescent labeling reagents include orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), fluorescamine (FLA), naphthalene-1,2,3-dicaroxyaldehyde (NDA), dansyl chloride (DNS-C1), Orenyl methinochlore formate (FMO C—Cl), 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-4-monomethyl-3-oxoquinoxaline-12-carbinolechloride (DME Q—COC 1), 7 —Methino Recmarin 1—Power / R Polyfluoride, 4-Fluoro-7-two-row 2,1,3-Benzoxaziazol (NBD-F), 4-Chloro-7-nitro-1,2,1,3-Benzoxazia Zonore (NBD—C 1), DBD reagent, fluorescent Edman reagent, fluorescein isothiosinate, DBD—NCS, DBD—Pro—COC 1, NBD—Pro_COC 1,
- Examples of the method for measuring serine in a biological sample in the method for detecting and diagnosing schizophrenia of the present invention include, for example, a step of contacting a biological sample with an amino acid labeling reagent to label serine and a method of labeling serine D-type And a labeled L-type serine.
- the method further includes a step of separating and quantifying the labeled serine before the step of separating and quantifying the labeled D-type serine and the labeled L-type serine.
- preferred methods for measuring serine in a biological sample in the method for testing and diagnosing schizophrenia of the present invention include, for example, the following steps:
- Step 1 contacting a biological sample with an amino acid labeling reagent to label serine;
- Step 2 separating and quantifying the labeled serine;
- Step 3 separating and quantifying the labeled D-serine and the labeled L-serine;
- the measuring method is generally performed in the order of step 1 ⁇ step 2 ⁇ step 3. Here, this does not prevent other steps from being performed before Step 1, between Step 1 and Step 2, and between Step 2 and Step 3.
- the method for separating and quantifying the labeled serine is not particularly limited, but preferably uses chromatography.
- Chromatography that can be used for the separation and quantification of labeled serine includes, for example, chromatography in which the mobile phase is a liquid (eg, high-performance liquid mouth chromatography (HPLC), medium- and high-pressure liquid mouth chromatography, etc.), Examples include chromatography in which the mobile phase is a gas (eg, gas chromatography) and chromatography in which the mobile phase is a supercritical liquid (eg, supercritical liquid chromatography). Preferably, high performance liquid chromatography is used.
- an electric means for example, electrophoresis
- a moving means of the mobile phase or the sample an electric means can be used in addition to a physical means by a pump or the like.
- the labeled serine is separated via a suitable separation medium installed in the above-mentioned chromatography apparatus.
- Preferred separation media include columns, capillaries, gels, thin layers and the like, and more preferred are columns.
- Columns that can be used to separate labeled serine include, for example, reversed-phase columns, normal-phase columns, ion-exchange columns, ligand-exchange columns, ion-exclusion columns, size-exclusion columns (GPC and GFC), columns for optical resolution,
- An affinity column and the like can be mentioned, and preferably, a reversed phase column and an ion exchange column are used.
- the separated labeled serine is quantified using an appropriate detection means. It is desirable to quantify absorption-labeled serine with an absorptiometer and fluorescent-labeled serine with a fluorometer. By this step, the total serine concentration in the biological sample can be measured.
- step 2 a plurality of types of chromatography may be used in combination, or a plurality of types of separation media may be used in combination.
- the method for separating and quantifying labeled D-serine and labeled L-serine is not particularly limited, but preferably uses chromatography.
- the chromatography include the same chromatography as the chromatography that can be used for the separation and quantification of labeled serine in the above step 2, and high performance liquid chromatography is preferably used.
- an electric means eg, electrophoresis
- the labeled D-serine and the labeled L-serine are separated via a suitable separation medium provided in the above chromatography.
- a suitable separation medium any one that can achieve the object can be used, but preferably a column, a capillary, a gel, a thin layer, and more preferably a column or a capillary is used.
- columns or cavities that can be used to separate labeled D-serine and labeled L-serine include: Reversed-phase column or capillary, normal-phase column or capillary, ion-exchange column or capillary, ligand-exchange column or capillary, ion-exclusion column or capillary, size-exclusion column (0 to 0.
- a column for optical resolution or a capillary, affinity, or a capillary can be used.
- a column or capillary for optical resolution is used.
- the separated labeled D-serine and labeled L-serine are quantified using the appropriate detection means described above.
- the D-type serine concentration and the L-type serine concentration in the biological sample can be measured.
- a plurality of types of chromatography may be used in combination, or a plurality of types of separation media may be used in combination.
- the labeled serine is separated in step 2 and further separated and quantified into labeled D-serine and labeled L-serine in step 3.
- the labeled serine separated in step 2 is fractionated once and used for step 3.
- Steps 2 and 3 may be performed continuously by, for example, continuously attaching a plurality of force rams to one chromatography apparatus via switching pulp.
- More specific methods for measuring D-serine and L-serine in a biological sample include, for example, the following steps:
- an amino acid fluorescent labeling reagent such as 4-fluoro-7-tutro 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole to synthesize a fluorescent-labeled amino acid (for example, NBD-labeled serine);
- the method for detecting and diagnosing schizophrenia of the present invention can be used in combination with conventional subjective testing and diagnosing methods (for example, BPRS score determination according to D-IV) and all future developing and diagnosing methods. You can also.
- data on the quantitative values of D-serine and L-serine that can be used as an index in the detection and diagnosis methods of the present invention are collected from patients who are definitely determined to have schizophrenia by some method. By doing so, it is also possible to make a definitive judgment only by the test and diagnosis method of the present invention.
- the test and diagnosis methods of the present invention can be applied to a psychiatric test performed for the purpose of checking the presence or absence of legal liability or for other purposes. .
- the test and diagnostic method of the present invention it is possible to determine the patient's disease state (eg, negative or positive), determine the severity, follow-up of the disease state, determine whether there is a therapeutic effect, predict the prognosis, It can be easily distinguished from mental illness.
- the D-type serine therapy means, for example, D-type serine itself, a conjugate that increases the expression of serine racemase, a compound that activates serine racemase, a transporter inhibitor of D-type serine, or D-type serine. It refers to a method of treating schizophrenia in which D-serine in the living body is increased by administering a serine degrading enzyme inhibitor or the like.
- the above-mentioned schizophrenia index can be used as an index for selecting schizophrenia patients for which D-type serine therapy is effective.
- the D-type serine concentration in a biological sample is lower than the average value of the concentration in a healthy individual or a population.
- the concentration of L-serine in a biological sample is ft ⁇ from the average of the concentration in healthy individuals or populations.
- the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample should be lower than the average of the ratio in healthy individuals or populations.
- preferred indicators for selecting patients with schizophrenia for which D-type serine therapy is effective include, for example,
- the D-serine concentration in the biological sample should be lower than the average minus the standard deviation of the concentration in healthy individuals or populations.
- the D-serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the mean + standard deviation of the concentration in schizophrenic individuals or populations.
- the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample should be lower than the mean value of the ratio in a healthy individual or a population.
- the ratio of the D-type serine concentration to the total serine concentration in the biological sample is lower than the average + standard deviation of the ratio in the individual or population of schizophrenia.
- amino acid labeling reagents preferably amino acid fluorescent labeling reagents, and more preferably, 4-fluoro-7-nitro-1,2,1,3-benzoxadiazole were tested for schizophrenia. It can be used as a diagnostic reagent.
- the method of the present invention is also useful for determining “candidate substances for anti-schizophrenia drugs”. That is, a compound having an action of increasing D-serine or an action of decreasing L-serine may be useful as an antischizophrenia drug.
- a “candidate substance for an anti-schizophrenia drug” can be any substance desired by a tester.
- the mobile phase was flowed at a constant flow rate of 0.8 mL / min.
- the mobile phases are solution A (water / acetonitrile mixture containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (90/10)), solution B (water / acetonitrile mixture containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (10/90)) and solution C (Acetonitrile) was prepared.
- the elution conditions are as follows.
- the mobile phase was flowed at a constant flow rate of 0.8 mL Zmin.
- a 15 mM methanol solution of citric acid was used as a mobile phase.
- NBD-labeled D-serine and NBD-labeled L-serine For the quantification of NBD-labeled D-serine and NBD-labeled L-serine, a standard product of D-serine and ⁇ L-serine (Sigmane: t) was treated in the same manner as above to prepare a calibration curve. The fluorescence peak area obtained when each sample was processed was plotted on a calibration curve, and the D-serine concentration and L-serine concentration were calculated.
- Serum D-serine and L-serine levels in human serum in healthy and schizophrenic groups was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and the concentration was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- D-serine levels averaged 1.86 ⁇ 1 / L S in healthy volunteers, D-serine levels averaged 2.28 mo 1 ZL.
- statistical analysis of chlorpromazine-converted patients showed that they did not correlate with D-serine levels, and that they did not correlate with disease duration.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003244205A AU2003244205A1 (en) | 2002-07-04 | 2003-07-04 | Method of examining and diagnosing integration dysfunction syndrome |
US10/519,792 US20050164400A1 (en) | 2002-07-04 | 2003-07-04 | Method of examining and diagnosing integration dysfunction syndrome |
JP2004519267A JP4299243B2 (ja) | 2002-07-04 | 2003-07-04 | 統合失調症の検査、診断方法 |
EP03762879A EP1542017A4 (en) | 2002-07-04 | 2003-07-04 | METHOD FOR EXAMINING AND DIAGNOSING THE INTEGRATION ERROR SYNDROME |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002195315 | 2002-07-04 | ||
JP2002-195315 | 2002-07-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004005935A1 true WO2004005935A1 (ja) | 2004-01-15 |
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ID=30112332
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2003/008525 WO2004005935A1 (ja) | 2002-07-04 | 2003-07-04 | 統合失調症の検査、診断方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050164400A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1542017A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4299243B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003244205A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004005935A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008532033A (ja) * | 2005-02-28 | 2008-08-14 | タイポジェン エイエス | 自閉症や脳性麻痺などの精神疾患の予後判定方法 |
WO2009025159A1 (ja) | 2007-08-20 | 2009-02-26 | Tokai University Educational System | 統合失調症の検査および治療 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1320354C (zh) * | 2005-07-14 | 2007-06-06 | 天津药业研究院有限公司 | 氨基酸的分析方法 |
EP1906177B1 (en) * | 2006-09-27 | 2010-01-13 | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Microsensor for detection of d-amino-acids |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6180051A (ja) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-04-23 | Toyo Soda Mfg Co Ltd | アミノ酸分析方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS5776455A (en) * | 1980-10-30 | 1982-05-13 | Kazuhiro Imai | Novel method for detection and determination of amino acid and/or amine |
IL124536A (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 2001-03-19 | Daniel C Javitt | Pharmaceutical compositions containing a glycine uptake antagonist |
EP1844769A3 (en) * | 1998-04-14 | 2010-02-10 | The General Hospital Corporation | Methods for treating neuropsychiatric disorders |
-
2003
- 2003-07-04 JP JP2004519267A patent/JP4299243B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-04 AU AU2003244205A patent/AU2003244205A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-04 EP EP03762879A patent/EP1542017A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-07-04 WO PCT/JP2003/008525 patent/WO2004005935A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2003-07-04 US US10/519,792 patent/US20050164400A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6180051A (ja) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-04-23 | Toyo Soda Mfg Co Ltd | アミノ酸分析方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
HASHIMOTO ET AL.: "Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia", ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, vol. 60, June 2003 (2003-06-01), pages 572 - 576, XP002958838 * |
MAES ET AL.: "Increased plasma serine concentrations in depression", NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, vol. 31, 1995, pages 10 - 15, XP002965094 * |
See also references of EP1542017A4 * |
YAO ET AL.: "CSF serine levels in schizophrenia", JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, vol. 78, no. SUPPL. 1, 2001, pages 158, XP002958837 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008532033A (ja) * | 2005-02-28 | 2008-08-14 | タイポジェン エイエス | 自閉症や脳性麻痺などの精神疾患の予後判定方法 |
WO2009025159A1 (ja) | 2007-08-20 | 2009-02-26 | Tokai University Educational System | 統合失調症の検査および治療 |
EP2662453A2 (en) | 2007-08-20 | 2013-11-13 | Tokai University Educational System | Detection and treatment of schizophrenia |
US8809329B2 (en) | 2007-08-20 | 2014-08-19 | Tokyo Metropolitan Institute Of Medical Science | Detection and treatment of schizophrenia |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4299243B2 (ja) | 2009-07-22 |
JPWO2004005935A1 (ja) | 2005-11-04 |
AU2003244205A1 (en) | 2004-01-23 |
EP1542017A4 (en) | 2007-07-11 |
EP1542017A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
US20050164400A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
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