WO2003064652A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von zymosterol und/oder dessen biosynthetischen zwischen- und/oder folgeprodukten in transgenen organismen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von zymosterol und/oder dessen biosynthetischen zwischen- und/oder folgeprodukten in transgenen organismen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003064652A1 WO2003064652A1 PCT/EP2003/000590 EP0300590W WO03064652A1 WO 2003064652 A1 WO2003064652 A1 WO 2003064652A1 EP 0300590 W EP0300590 W EP 0300590W WO 03064652 A1 WO03064652 A1 WO 03064652A1
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- C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
- C12P5/007—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more isoprene units, i.e. terpenes
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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- C12N15/81—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi for yeasts
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- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
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- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products by cultivating
- Organisms especially yeasts, which have an increased lanosterol-C14-demethylase activity and an increased HMG-CoA reductase activity compared to the wild type, the nucleic acid constructs required for the production of the genetically modified organisms, and the genetically modified organisms, in particular yeasts themselves ,
- Zymosterol its biosynthetic intermediates in sterol metabolism, such as farnesol, geraniol, squalene and lanosterol, and its biosynthetic secondary products of sterol metabolism, such as ergosterol (end product of sterol synthesis in yeast and fungi), lathosterol, cholesta-5, 7-dienol (Provitamin D3) and cholesterol (sterol biosynthesis in mammals) are compounds with high economic value.
- biosynthetic intermediates in sterol metabolism such as farnesol, geraniol, squalene and lanosterol
- biosynthetic secondary products of sterol metabolism such as ergosterol (end product of sterol synthesis in yeast and fungi), lathosterol, cholesta-5, 7-dienol (Provitamin D3) and cholesterol (sterol biosynthesis in mammals) are compounds with high economic value.
- Squalene is used as a building block for the synthesis of terpenes. In hydrated form, it is used as squalane in dermatology and cosmetics, and in various derivatives as an ingredient in skin and hair care products.
- Sterols such as zymosterol and Lx ⁇ os erol, can also be used economically, whereby lanosterol is raw and synthetic pivotal for the chemical synthesis of saponins and steroid hormones. Because of its good skin penetration and spreading properties, Lanosterol serves as an emulsion aid and active ingredient for skin creams.
- Cholesta-5, 7-dienol serves as the starting material for the production of vitamin D3 by UV radiation and, like cholesterol, is the starting material for other steoid hormones.
- An economical process for the production of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products is therefore of great importance.
- WO 99/16886 describes a process for the production of ergosterol in yeasts which overexpress a combination of the genes tHMG, ERG9, SAT1 and ERG1.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a further process for the production of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products with advantageous properties, such as a higher product yield.
- Lanosterol-C14-demethylase activity means the enzyme activity of a lanosterol-Cl4-demethylase.
- a lanosterol-C14-demethylase means a protein which has the enzymatic activity to convert lanosterol into 4, 4-dimethylcholesta-8, 14,24-trienol. Accordingly, lanosterol-C14-demethylase activity means the amount of lanosterol converted or amount of 4, 4-dimethylcholesta-8, 14, 24-trienol converted by the protein lanosterol-Cl4-demethylase in a certain time.
- the converted amount of lanosterol or the amount of 4, 4-dimethylcholesta-8, 14, 24-trienol increased.
- This increase in the lanosterol C14 deethylase activity is preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, even more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600% of wild type lanosterol C14 demethylase activity.
- HMG-CoA reductase activity is understood to mean the enzyme activity of an HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase).
- An HMG-CoA reductase means a protein which has the enzymatic activity to convert 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme-A to mevalonate.
- HMG-CoA reductase activity is understood to mean the amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A converted or amount of mevalonate formed in a certain time by the protein HMG-CoA reductase.
- the HMG-CoA reductase activity is increased compared to the wild type, the amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme-A or the formed amount of mevalonate increased.
- This increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity is preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, even more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600% of the Wild-type HMG-CoA reductase activity.
- a wild type is understood to mean the corresponding non-genetically modified organism.
- the increase in the lanosterol-Cl4-demethylase activity, the HMG-CoA reductase activity and the squalene epoxidase activity described below can be carried out independently of one another in different ways, for example by switching off inhibitory regulatory mechanisms at the expression and protein level or by increasing the gene expression a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase, HMG-CoA reductase or squalene epoxidase compared to the wild type, for example by inducing the lanosterol C14 demethylase gene, HMG-CoA reductase gene or squalene epoxidase gene by activators or by introducing one or more nucleic acids encoding a lanosterol-C14-demethylase, HMG-CoA reductase or squalene
- a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase, an HMG-CoA reductase or a squalene epoxidase By increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase, an HMG-CoA reductase or a squalene epoxidase, the manipulation of the expression of the organism, in particular the yeast endogenous lanosterol C14 demethylases, HMG-CoA reductases or Understand squalene epoxidases. This can be achieved, for example, by changing the promoter DNA sequence for lanosterol C14 demethylases, HMG-CoA reductases or genes coding for squalene epoxidases.
- Such a change which results in a changed or preferably increased expression rate of at least one endogenous lanosterol-C14-demethylase, HMG-CoA reductase or squalene epoxidase gene, can be carried out by deleting or inserting DNA sequences.
- an altered or increased expression of at least one endogenous lanosterol-C14-demethylase, HMG-CoA reductase or squalene epoxidase gene can be achieved in that a regulator protein not occurring in the non-transformed organism with the promoter of these genes in Interaction occurs.
- Such a regulator can represent a chimeric protein, which consists of a DNA binding domain and a transcriptional activator domain, as described for example in WO 96/06166.
- the increase in lanosterol-C14-demethylase activity compared to the wild type is achieved by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol-C4-demethylase.
- the gene expression of a nucleic acid coding for a lanosterol C14 demethylase is increased by introducing one or more nucleic acids coding for a lanosterol C14 demethylase into the organism.
- any lanosterol C14 demethylase gene (ERG11), that is to say any nucleic acids encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase, can be used for this purpose.
- ESG11 any lanosterol C14 demethylase gene
- genomic lanosterol-C14-demethylase nucleic acid sequences from eukaryotic sources which contain introns the corresponding lanosterol-C14-demethylase is in the event that the host organism is unable or cannot be enabled express, preferably to use already processed nucleic acid sequences, such as the corresponding cDNAs.
- lanosterol C14 demethylase genes are nucleic acids encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Kalb VF, Loper JC, Dey CR, Woods CW, Sutter TR (1986) Isolation of a cytochrome P-450 structural gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene 45 (3): 237-45), Candida albicans (Lamb DC, Kelly DE, Baldwin BC, Gozzo F, Boscott P, Richards WG, Kelly SL (1997) Differential inhibition of Candida albicans CYP51 with azole antifungal stereoisomers FEMS Microbiol Lett 149 (1): 25-30), Homo sapiens (Stromstedt M, Rozman D, Waterman MR.
- At least one further lanosterol-Cl4-demethylase gene is thus present in the transgenic organisms according to the invention in comparison with the wild type.
- the number of lanosterol Cl4 demethylase genes in the transgenic organisms according to the invention is at least two, preferably more than two, particularly preferably more than three, very particularly preferably more than five.
- nucleic acids mentioned in the description can be, for example, an RNA, DNA or cDNA sequence.
- nucleic acids encoding proteins containing the amino acid sequence SEQ are preferably used. ID. NO. 2 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids, which has an identity of at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, still more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% at the amino acid level with the SEQ sequence. ID. NO. 2, and which have the enzymatic property of a lanosterol C14 demethylase.
- sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of the Lano-sterol-C14-demethylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- lanosterol-C14-demethylases and lanosterol-C14-demethylase genes can be found, for example, from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known by comparing the homology of the amino acid sequences or the corresponding back-translated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ. ID. NO. 2 easy to find.
- lanosterol-C14-demethylases and lanosterol-C14-demethylase genes can also be started, for example, from the sequence SEQ. ID. No. 1 from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, can be easily found in a manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques.
- substitution is to be understood as meaning the replacement of one or more amino acids by one or more amino acids. So-called conservative exchanges are preferably carried out, in which the replaced amino acid has a similar property to the original amino acid, for example replacement of Glu by Asp, Gin by Asn, Val by Ile, Leu by Ile, Ser by Thr. Deletion is the replacement of an amino acid with a direct link. Preferred positions for deletions are the termini of the polypeptide and the links between the individual protein domains.
- Inserts are insertions of amino acids into the polypeptide chain, whereby a direct bond is formally replaced by one or more amino acids.
- Identity between two proteins is understood to mean the identity of the amino acids over the respective total protein length, in particular the identity obtained by comparison with the aid of the laser genes software from DNASTAR, ine. Madison, Wisconsin (USA) using the Clustal method (Higgins DG, Sharp PM. Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Comput Appl. Biosci. 1989 Apr; 5 (2): 151-1) with the following settings Parameter is calculated:
- a protein that has an identity of at least 30% at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 2 is accordingly understood to be a protein which, when its sequence is compared with the sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 2, in particular according to the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has an identity of at least 30%.
- nucleic acids are introduced into organisms which encode proteins containing the amino acid sequence of the Lanosterol-C14 demethylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ. ID. NO. 2).
- Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained, for example, by back-translating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
- codons are preferably used for this which are frequently used in accordance with the organism-specific codon usage.
- the codon usage can be determined using computer evaluations other known genes of the organisms in question easily.
- the protein is to be expressed, for example, in yeast, it is often advantageous to use the codon usage of the yeast in the back translation.
- a nucleic acid containing the sequence SEQ is brought. ID. NO. 1 in the organism.
- sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 1 represents the genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ORF S0001049), which contains the lano-sterol-C14-demethylase of the sequence SEQ ID NO. 2 coded.
- lanosterol C14 demethylase genes can also be prepared in a manner known per se by chemical synthesis from the nucleotide building blocks, such as, for example, by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid building blocks of the double helix.
- the chemical synthesis from the nucleotide building blocks, such as, for example, by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid building blocks of the double helix.
- Synthesis of oligonucleotides can be carried out, for example, in a known manner using the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition, Wiley Press New York, pages 896-897).
- the attachment of synthetic oligonucleotides and the filling of gaps using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase and ligation reactions as well as general cloning methods are described in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
- the HMG-CoA reductase activity is increased compared to the wild type by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase.
- the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase is increased by introducing a nucleic acid construct containing a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase into the organism, the expression of which in the organism compared with the wild type, is subject to reduced regulation.
- a reduced regulation compared to the wild type means a regulation which is reduced compared to the wild type defined above, preferably no regulation at the expression or protein level.
- the reduced regulation can preferably be achieved by a promoter which is functionally linked in the nucleic acid construct to the coding sequence and which is subject to a reduced regulation in the organism compared to the wild-type promoter.
- the average ADH promoter in yeast is only subject to a reduced regulation and is therefore particularly preferred as a promoter in the nucleic acid construct described above.
- This promoter fragment of the ADHl2s promoter hereinafter also referred to as ⁇ DHl, shows an approximately constitutive expression
- promoters with reduced regulation are constitutive promoters such as the TEF1 promoter from yeast, the GPD promoter from yeast or the PGK promoter from yeast (Mumberg D, Muller R, Funk M. (1995) Yeast vectors for the controlled expression of heterologous proteins in different genetic backgrounds. Gene. 1995 Apr 1; 156 (1): 119-22; Chen CY, Oppermann H, Hitzeman RA. (1984) Homologous versus heterologous gene expression in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res Dec 11; 12 (23): 8951-70.).
- the reduced regulation can be achieved by using an HMG-CoA reductase encoding a nucleic acid as a nucleic acid, the expression of which in the organism is subject to a reduced regulation compared to the organism's own orthologic nucleic acid.
- nucleic acid which encodes only the catalytic region of the HMG-CoA reductase (truncated (t-) HMG-CoA reductase) as the nucleic acid which encodes an HMG-CoA reductase.
- This nucleic acid (t-HMG) described in EP 486 290 and WO 99/16886 only codes the catalytically active part of the HMG-CoA reductase, which lacks the membrane domain responsible for regulation at the protein level. This nucleic acid is therefore subject to a reduced one, especially in yeast Regulation and leads to an increase in gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase.
- nucleic acids are introduced, preferably via the nucleic acid construct described above, which encode proteins containing the amino acid sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 4 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids, which has an identity of at least 30% at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 4, and which have the enzymatic property of an HMG-CoA reductase.
- sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 4 shows the amino acid sequence of the truncated HMG-CoA reductase (t-HMG).
- HMG-CoA reductases and thus also of the t-HMG-CoA reductases reduced to the catalytic range or the coding genes can be found, for example, from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known by comparing the homology of the amino acid sequences or the corresponding back-translated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SeQ ID. NO. 4 easy to find.
- HMG-CoA reductases and thus also for the t-HMG-CoA reductases reduced to the catalytic range or the coding genes can furthermore be started, for example, from the sequence SEQ. ID. No. 3 from different organisms, the genomic sequence of which is not known, can be easily found by hybridization and PCR techniques in a manner known per se.
- a nucleic acid containing the sequence SEQ is particularly preferably used. ID. NO. 3 as nucleic acid, encoding a truncated HMG-CoA reductase.
- the reduced regulation is achieved in that an HMG-CoA reductase encoding a nucleic acid is used as a nucleic acid, the expression of which in the organism is subject to reduced regulation compared to the organism's own orthologic nucleic acid, and a promoter is used which is subject to reduced regulation in the organism compared to the wild-type promoter.
- a method for the production of zymosterol and / or its intermediate and / or secondary products is particularly preferred, in which an organism is used which, in addition to an increased Lanosterol-C14-demethylase and HMG-CoA reductase activity has an increased squalene epoxidase activity compared to the wild type.
- Squalene epoxidase activity means the enzyme activity of a squalene epoxidase.
- a squalene epoxidase is understood to mean a protein which has the enzymatic activity to convert squalene into squalene epoxide.
- squalene epoxidase activity is understood to mean the amount of squalene converted or amount of squalene epoxide formed in a certain time by the protein squalene epoxidase.
- the amount of squalene converted or the amount of squalene epoxide formed is increased in a certain time by the protein squalene epoxidase in comparison to the wild type.
- This increase in squalene epoxidase activity is preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50%, further preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600% of the squalene epoxidase activity of the wild type ,
- a wild type is understood to mean the corresponding non-genetically modified organism.
- the squalene epoxidase activity is increased compared to the wild type by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a squalene epoxidase.
- the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a squalene epoxidase is increased by introducing one or more nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase into the organism.
- any squalene epoxidase gene that is to say any nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase
- ESGl squalene epoxidase gene
- genomic squalene epoxidase nucleic acid sequences from eukaryotic sources which contain introns in the event that the host organism is unable or cannot be enabled, the corresponding squalene To express epoxidase, preferably to use already processed nucleic acid sequences, such as the corresponding cDNAs.
- nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase are nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Jandrositz, A., et al (1991) The gene encoding squalene epoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cloning and characterization. Genes 107: 155-160, from Mus musculus ( Kosuga K, Hata S, Osu i T, Sakakibara J, Ono T.
- At least one further squalene epoxidase is thus present in the transgenic organisms according to the invention compared to the wild type.
- the number of squalene epoxidase genes in the transgenic organisms according to the invention is at least two, preferably more than two, particularly preferably more than three, very particularly preferably more than five.
- nucleic acids encoding proteins containing the amino acid sequence SEQ are preferably used. ID. NO. 6 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids, which has an identity of at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, still more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% at the amino acid level with the SEQ sequence. ID. NO. 6, and which have the enzymatic property of a squalene epoxidase.
- sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 6 shows the amino acid sequence of squalene epoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- squalene epoxidases and squalene epoxidase genes can be found, for example, from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known by comparing the homology of the amino acid sequences or the corresponding back-translated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SeQ ID. NO. 6 easy to find.
- Further examples of squalene epoxidase and squalene epoxidase genes can also be found, for example, starting from the sequence SEQ. ID. No. 5 from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, can easily be found by hybridization and PCR techniques in a manner known per se.
- nucleic acids are introduced into organisms which encode proteins containing the amino acid sequence of the squalene epoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SEQ. ID. NO. 6).
- Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained, for example, by back-translating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
- codons are preferably used for this which are frequently used in accordance with the organism-specific codon usage.
- the codon usage can easily be determined on the basis of computer evaluations of other known genes of the organisms in question.
- the protein is to be expressed, for example, in yeast, it is often advantageous to use the codon usage of the yeast in the back translation.
- a nucleic acid containing the sequence SEQ is brought. ID. NO. 5 in the organism.
- sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 5 displays the genomic DNA
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ORF S0003407), which contains the squalene epoxidase of the sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 coded.
- All of the squalene epoxidase genes mentioned above can also be produced in a manner known per se by chemical synthesis from the nucleotide building blocks, for example by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid building blocks of the double helix.
- the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides can, for example, in a known manner, according to the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition, Wiley Press
- organisms include, for example, bacteria, in particular bacteria of the genus Bacillus, Bscherichia coli, Lactobacillus spec. or Streptomyces spec. .
- yeasts for example yeasts, in particular yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces cerecisiae, Pichia pastoris or Klyveromyces spec.
- mushrooms for example mushrooms, in particular mushrooms of the genus Aspergillus spec, Penicillium spec. or Dictyostelium spec.
- insect cell lines that are capable of producing zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products as a wild type or through previous genetic modification.
- yeasts in particular of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in particular the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22, Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRF, Saccharomyces cerevisiae DBY747 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741.
- a wild type is understood to mean the corresponding non-genetically modified organism.
- preference is given to increasing the lanosterol Cl4 demethylase activity, increasing the HMG-CoA reductase activity, increasing the squalene epoxidase activity or the wild type Content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products understood a reference organism.
- This reference organism is preferably the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22.
- the determination of the lanosterol C14 demethylase activity, the HMG-CoA reductase activity and the squalene epoxidase activity of the genetically modified organism according to the invention and of the reference organism is carried out under the following conditions:
- HMG-CoA reductase The activity of the HMG-CoA reductase is determined as described in Th. Polakowski, Molecular biological influence on the ergo sterol metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Shaker-Verlag, Aachen 1999, ISBN 3-8265-6211-9.
- 10 9 yeast cells from a 48 h old culture are harvested by centrifugation (3500 ⁇ g, 5 min) and washed in 2 ml of buffer I (100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0).
- the cell pellet is placed in 500 ⁇ l buffer 1 (cytosolic proteins) or 2 (100 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0; 1% Triton X-100) (total proteins) and 1 ⁇ l of 500 mM PMSF in isopropanol is added.
- the liquid between the glass beads is transferred to a new Eppi.
- Cell residues or membrane components are separated by centrifugation (14000 xg) for 15 min. The supernatant is transferred to a new Eppi and represents the protein fraction.
- the activity of the HMG-CoA activity is determined by measuring the consumption of NADPH + H + in the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, which is added as a substrate.
- the substrate (10 ⁇ l 30 mM HMG-CoA) is then added, and a further 7.5 min are measured.
- the HMG-CoA reductase activity is calculated by determining the specific NADPH degradation rate.
- a microsome fraction (4-10 mg / ml protein in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer) is diluted 1: 4, so that the protein concentration used for the test is 2 mg / ml.
- the test is carried out directly in a cuvette.
- a spatula tip of dithionite (S ⁇ 4 a) is added to the microsomes.
- the baseline is recorded in the range of 380-500 nm with a spectrophotometer.
- about 20-30 bubbles of CO are bubbled through the sample.
- the absorption is now measured in the same area.
- the level of absorption at 450 nm corresponds to the compartment of P450 enzyme in the test batch. 5
- the activity of squalene epoxidase is determined as in Leber R, Landl K, Zinser E, Ahorn H, Spok A, Kohlwein SD, Turnowsky F, Daum G. (1998) Dual localization of squalene epoxidase, Erglp, in yeast reflects a relationship between the 10 endoplasmic reticulum and lipid particles, Mol. Biol. Cell. 1998, Feb; 9 (2): 375-86.
- This method contains 0.35 to 0.7 mg microsomal protein or 3.5 to 75 ⁇ g lipid particle protein in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 15 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM FAD, 3 mM NADPH, 0 , 1 mM squalene 2, 3-epoxidase cyclase inhibitor U18666A, 32 ⁇ M [ 3 H] squalene dispersed in 0.005% Tween 80 in a total volume of 500 ⁇ l.
- the test is carried out at 30 ° C. After pretreatment for 20-10 min, the reaction is started by adding squalene and after 15, 30 or 45 min by lipid extraction with 3 ml of chloroform / methanol (2: 1 vol / vol) and 750 ⁇ l of 0.035% MgCl.
- the lipids are dried under nitrogen and redissolved in 0.5 ml of 25 chloroform / methanol (2: 1 vol / vol). For one
- biosynthetic intermediates of zymosterol are understood to mean all compounds which occur as intermediates in the organism used in the biosynthesis of zymosterol, preferably the compounds mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, geraniol pyrophosphate, squalene epoxide, 4-dimethylcholesta-8, 14,24-trienol , 4.4 dirn thylzymosterol, squalene, farnesol, geraniol, lanosterol and zymosterone.
- biosynthetic secondary products of zymosterol are understood to mean all compounds that are derived biosynthetically from zymosterol in the organism used, i.e. , where zymosterol occurs as an intermediate. These can be compounds that the organism used naturally from zymo-
- sterol such as 4, 4-dimethylzymosterol, 4-methylzymosterol, fecosterol, ergost-7-enol, episterol, ergosta-5, 7-dienol, in particular sterols with 5,7-diene structure in yeast and mushrooms.
- compounds are also understood which can only be produced from zymosterol in the organism by introducing genes and enzyme activities from other organisms to which the starting organism has no orthological gene.
- the yeast By introducing another human or murine nucleic acid encoding a human or murine delta-7 reductase, the yeast is able to produce cholesterol.
- biosynthetic secondary products of zymosterol are therefore in particular fecosterol, episterol, Ergosta-5, 7-dienol, ergosterol, Cholesta-7, 24-dienol, Cholesta-5, 7.24-trienol, lathosterol, Cholesta-5, 7 -dienol (provitamin D3) and / or cholesterol understood.
- Preferred biosynthetic secondary products are ergosterol, lathosterol and / or cholesta-5, 7-dienol (provitamin D3).
- the compounds produced in the process according to the invention can be used in biotransformations, chemical reactions and for therapeutic purposes, for example for the production of vitamin D from ergosterol by means of UV radiation, and the production of vitamin D 3 from cholesta-5, 7-dienol (provitamin D3) UV radiation, or for the production of steroid hormones via biotransformation based on ergosterol.
- the cultivation step of the genetically modified organisms is preferably referred to as harvesting the organisms and isolating zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates. and / or derived products from the organisms.
- the organisms are harvested in a manner known per se in accordance with the respective organism.
- Microorganisms such as bacteria, mosses, yeasts and fungi or plant cells, which are cultivated by fermentation in liquid nutrient media, can be separated off, for example, by centrifuging, decanting or filtering.
- the isolation of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products from the harvested biomass is carried out jointly or each compound per se in a manner known per se, for example by extraction and optionally further chemical or physical purification processes, such as precipitation methods, crystallography, thermal Separation processes such as rectification processes or physical separation processes such as chromatography.
- the transgenic organisms are preferably produced by transforming the starting organisms, in particular yeasts, either with a nucleic acid construct which contains the above-described nucleic acids, a lano-sterol-C14-demethylase and an HMG-CoA reductase with or several regulatory signals are functionally linked, which ensure transcription and translation in organisms, or by combined transformation of the starting organisms, in particular yeasts, with at least two nucleic acid constructs, a nucleic acid construct encoding the above-described nucleic acids a lanosterol C14 demethylase and a second nucleic acid construct the nucleic acids described above encoding an HMG-CoA reductase and each containing one or more regulatory Signals are functionally linked, which ensure transcription and translation in organisms.
- Nucleic acid constructs in which the coding nucleic acid sequence is functionally linked to one or more regulatory signals which ensure transcription and translation in organisms, in particular in yeasts, are also called expression cassettes below.
- Nucleic acid constructs containing this expression cassette are, for example, vectors or plasmids.
- the invention further relates to nucleic acid constructs, in particular nucleic acid constructs functioning as an expression cassette, containing nucleic acids encoding a lanosterol-C14-demethylase and nucleic acids encoding an HMG-CoA reductase, which are functionally linked to one or more regulation signals that transcription and translation in organisms, ensure especially in yeasts.
- this nucleic acid construct additionally comprises nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase which are functionally linked to one or more regulation signals which ensure transcription and translation in organisms, in particular in yeasts.
- transgenic organisms according to the invention can also be produced by transformation with a combination of nucleic acid constructs, the combination
- the combination comprises
- nucleic acid construct containing nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase, which are functionally linked to one or more regulation signals, which ensure transcription and translation in organisms.
- the regulation signals preferably contain one or more promoters which ensure transcription and translation in organisms, in particular in yeasts.
- the expression cassettes contain regulatory signals, that is to say regulatory nucleic acid sequences which control the expression of the coding sequence in the host cell.
- an expression cassette comprises upstream, i.e. at the 5 'end of the coding sequence, a promoter and downstream, i.e. at the 3 'end a terminator and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements which are operatively linked to the coding sequence in between for at least one of the genes described above.
- An operative link is understood to mean the sequential arrangement of promoter, coding sequence, terminator and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements in such a way that each of the regulatory elements can fulfill its function as intended in the expression of the coding sequence.
- any promoter which can control the expression of foreign genes in organisms, in particular in yeasts, is suitable as promoters of the expression cassette.
- a promoter which is subject to reduced regulation in the yeast such as, for example, the middle ADH promoter, is preferably used in particular.
- This promoter fragment of the ADHl2s promoter also referred to below as ADH1 shows an approximately constitutive expression
- promoters with reduced regulation are constitutive promoters such as the TEF1 promoter from yeast, the GPD promoter from yeast or the PGK promoter from yeast (Mumberg D, Muller R, Funk M. (1995) Yeast vectors for the controlled expression of heterologous proteins in different genetic backgrounds. Gene. 1995 Apr 14; 156 (1): 119-22; Chen CY, Oppermann H, Hitzeman RA. (1984) Homologous versus heterologous gene expression in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res Dec 11; 12 (23): 8951-70.).
- the expression cassette can also contain inducible promoters, in particular chemically inducible promoters, by means of which the expression of the lanosterol C14 demethylase gene, the HMG-CoA reductase gene or the squalene epoxidase gene in the organism can be controlled at a specific point in time.
- Such promoters such as the Cupl promoter from yeast (Etcheverry T. (1990) Induced expression using yeast copper metallothionein promoter. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 185: 319-29.), The Gall-10 promoter from yeast (Ronicke V, Graulich W, Mumberg D, Muller R, Funk M. (1997) Use of conditional promoters for expression of heterologous proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Methods Enzymol. 283: 313-22) or the Pho5 promoter from yeast (Bajwa W, Rudolph H , Hinnen A. (1987) PH05 upstream sequences confer phosphate control on the constitutive PH03 gene. Yeast. 1987 Mar; 3 (1) -.33-42) can be used, for example.
- any terminator which can control the expression of foreign genes in organisms, in particular in yeasts, is suitable as the terminator of the expression cassette.
- the yeast tryptophan terminator (TRPl terminator) is preferred.
- An expression cassette is preferably produced by fusing a suitable promoter with the nucleic acids described above, encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase, an HMG-CoA reductase and / or a squalene epoxidase and a terminator according to common recombination and cloning techniques, as described, for example, in T. Maniatis, EF Fritsch and J.
- nucleic acids according to the invention can be produced synthetically or obtained naturally or contain a mixture of synthetic and natural nucleic acid constituents and consist of different heterologous gene segments from different organisms.
- various DNA fragments can be manipulated in order to obtain a nucleotide sequence which expediently reads in the correct direction and which is equipped with a correct reading frame.
- adapters or linkers can be attached to the fragments.
- the promoter and terminator regions can expediently be provided in the transcription direction with a linker or polylinker which contains one or more restriction parts for the insertion of this sequence.
- the linker has 1 to 10, usually 1 to 8, preferably 2 to 6, restriction sites.
- the linker has a size of less than 100 bp, often less than 60 bp, but at least 5 bp within the regulatory ranges.
- the promoter can be native or homologous as well as foreign or heterologous to the host organism.
- the expression cassette preferably contains the promoter, a coding nucleic acid sequence or a nucleic acid construct and a region for the transcriptional termination in the 5 '-3' transcription direction. Different termination areas are interchangeable.
- the invention further relates to the use of the nucleic acids described above, the nucleic acid constructs described above or the proteins described above for the production of transgenic organisms, in particular yeasts.
- transgenic organisms in particular yeasts, preferably have an increased content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products compared to the wild type.
- the invention therefore further relates to the use of the nucleic acids described above or the nucleic acid constructs according to the invention for increasing the content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products in organisms which are capable of being wild type or by genetic manipulation, zymosterol and / or to produce its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products.
- proteins and nucleic acids described above can be used in the production of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products in transgenic organisms.
- transformation The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of an organism, especially yeast, is called transformation.
- Suitable methods for transforming yeasts are, for example, the LiAC method, as in Schiestl RH, Gietz RD. (1989) High efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells using Single stranded nucleic acids as a carrier, Curr Genet. Dec, -16 (5-6): 339-46, described electroporation as in Manivasakam P, Schiestl RH. (1993) High efficiency transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electroporation. Nucleic Acids Res. Sep 11; 21 (18): 4414-5, or the protoplasm as described in Morgan AJ. (1983) Yeast strain improvement by protoplast fusion and transformation, Experientia Suppl. 46: 155-66.
- the construct to be expressed is preferably cloned into a vector, in particular into plasmids, which are suitable for transforming yeasts, such as, for example, the vector systems Yep24 (Naumovski L, Friedberg EC (1982) Molecular cloning of eucaryotic genes required for excision repair of UV-irradiated DNA: isolation and partial characterization of the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol Oct; 152 (1): 323-31), Yepl3 (Broach JR, Strathern JN, Hicks JB. (1979) Transformation in yeast: development of a hybrid cloning vector and isolation of the CANl gene. Gene.
- plasmids which are suitable for transforming yeasts, such as, for example, the vector systems Yep24 (Naumovski L, Friedberg EC (1982) Molecular cloning of eucaryotic genes required for excision repair of UV-irradiated DNA: isolation and partial characterization of the
- the invention further relates to vectors, in particular plasmids containing the nucleic acids, nucleic acid constructs or expression cassettes described above.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing genetically modified organisms by functionally introducing a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid construct described above into the starting organism.
- the invention further relates to the genetically modified organisms, the genetic modification increasing the activity of a lanosterol C14 demethylase and an HMG-CoA reductase compared to a wild type.
- the increase in lanosterol C14 demethylase activity takes place, as mentioned above, by an increase in the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol Cl4 demethylase compared to the wild type.
- the increase in the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase compared to the wild type is preferably carried out by increasing the number of copies of the nucleic acid encoding a lanosterol C14 demethylase in the organism.
- the invention preferably relates to a genetically modified organism as described above which contains two or more nucleic acids encoding a lanosterol-Cl4-demethylase.
- the HMG-CoA reductase activity is increased compared to the wild type, as mentioned above by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase.
- the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase is increased by introducing a nucleic acid construct containing a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase into the organism, the expression of which in the organism compared with the wild type, is subject to reduced regulation.
- the invention accordingly relates to a genetically modified organism as described above, which contains a nucleic acid construct containing a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase, the expression of which in the organism is subject to reduced regulation compared to the wild type.
- the invention relates in particular to a genetically modified organism described above, characterized in that the nucleic acid construct contains a promoter which is subject to reduced regulation in the organism compared to the wild type and / or that an HMG-CoA reductase is encoded as the nucleic acid uses a nucleic acid that only encodes the catalytic region of HMG-CoA reductase.
- Genetically modified organisms mentioned above are particularly preferred in which the genetic modification additionally increases the squalene epoxidase activity compared to a wild type.
- the squalene epoxidase activity is increased, as mentioned above by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a squalene epoxidase compared to the wild type.
- the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a squalene epoxidase is increased compared to the wild type by increasing the copy number of the nucleic acid encoding a squalene epoxidase in the organism.
- the invention preferably relates to a genetically modified organism as described above which contains two or more nucleic acids encoding a squalene epoxidase.
- the genetically modified organisms described above have an increased content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products compared to the wild type.
- the invention relates to a genetically modified organism described above, characterized in that the genetically modified organism has an increased content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products compared to the wild type.
- genetically modified organisms according to the invention are genetically modified yeasts or fungi, in particular genetically modified yeasts, in particular the genetically modified yeast species according to the invention, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in particular the genetically modified yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22, Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRF, Saccharomyces cerevisiae477 DB47 ,
- increasing the content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products preferably means the artificially acquired ability to increase the biosynthesis of at least one of the aforementioned compounds in the genetically modified organism compared to the non-genetically modified organism.
- wild type is preferably understood to mean the genetically unmodified organism, but in particular the reference organism mentioned at the beginning.
- An increased content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediates and / or secondary products compared to the wild type means in particular an increase in the content of at least one of the above-mentioned compounds in the organism by at least 50%, preferably 100%, more preferably 200%, particularly preferably 400 % understood in comparison to the wild type.
- the content of at least one of the compounds mentioned is preferably determined by known analytical methods and preferably relates to the compartments of the organism in which sterols are produced.
- the present invention has the following advantage over the prior art:
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to increase the content of zymosterol and / or its biosynthetic intermediate and / or secondary products in the production organisms without suppressing the route to other secondary products and thus restricting the compound portfolio. If specific compounds are to be produced, the suppression or interruption of undesirable metabolic pathways provides an additional increase in the content of the desired product.
- the plasmids were restricted (1 to 10 ⁇ g) in 30 ⁇ l batches. For this, the DNA was in 24 ul
- Restriction mixture was incubated at 3 ° C for two hours. The restriction was checked with a mini gel.
- the gel electrophoresis was carried out in mini gel or wide mini gel apparatus.
- the mini gels (approx. 20 ml, 8 pockets) and the wide mini gels (50 ml, 15 or 30 pockets) consisted of 1% agarose in TAE. 1 x TAE was used as the running buffer.
- the samples (10 ⁇ l) were mixed with 3 ⁇ l stopper solution and applied.
- I-DNA cut with HindIII (bands at: 23.1 kb; 9.4 kb; 6.6 kb; 4.4 kb; 2.3 kb; 2.0 kb; 0.6 kb) served as the standard.
- a voltage of 80 V was applied for 45 to 60 min.
- the gel was then stained in ethidium bromide solution and recorded under UV light with the INTAS video documentation system or photographed with an orange filter. 3.
- the desired fragments were isolated by gel elution.
- the restriction mixture was applied to several pockets of a mini gel and separated. Only ⁇ -HindIII and a "sacrificial trace" were stained in ethidium bromide solution, viewed under UV light and the desired fragment was marked. This prevented the DNA of the remaining pockets from being damaged by the ethidium bromide and UV light.
- the desired fragment could be cut out of the unstained gel piece using the marking.
- the piece of agarose with the fragment to be isolated was placed in a dialysis tube, sealed with a little TAE buffer without air bubbles and placed in the BioRad mini-gel apparatus.
- the running buffer consisted of 1 x TAE and the voltage was 100 V for 40 min.
- the current polarity was then changed for 2 min in order to dissolve the DNA sticking to the dialysis tube.
- the buffer of the dialysis tube containing the DNA fragments was transferred into reaction vessels and an ethanol precipitation was thus carried out.
- 1/10 volume of 3 M sodium acetate, tRNA (1 ⁇ l per 50 ⁇ l solution) and 2.5 times the volume of ice-cold 96% ethanol were added to the DNA solution.
- the mixture was incubated at -20 ° C. for 30 min and then centrifuged off at 12,000 rpm, 30 min, 4 ° C.
- the DNA pellet was dried and taken up in 10 to 50 ⁇ l H0 (depending on the amount of DNA).
- the DNA should come from an ethanol precipitation to prevent impurities from inhibiting the Klenow polymerase.
- the incubation was carried out for 30 min at 37 ° C, by a further 5 min at 70 ° C
- the final volume of 13.1 ⁇ l contained approx. 0.5 ⁇ l DNA with a vector insert ratio of 1: 5.
- the sample was incubated at 70 ° C for 45 seconds, cooled to room temperature (approx. 3 min) and then incubated on ice for 10 min.
- the ligation buffer was then added: 2.6 ⁇ l 500 mM TrisHCl pH 7.5 and 1.3 ⁇ l 100 mM MgCl and incubated on ice for a further 10 min.
- 1 ⁇ l ligase (1 unit / pl) was added.
- the entire treatment should be carried out as vibration-free as possible so as not to separate adjacent DNA ends again.
- the ligation was carried out overnight at 14 ° C.
- Competent Escherichia coli (E. coli) NM522 cells were transformed with the DNA of the ligation mixture.
- a batch with 50 ⁇ g of the pScL3 plasmid ran as a positive control and a batch without DNA ran as a zero control.
- a batch without DNA ran as a zero control.
- E. coli colonies were placed overnight in 1.5 ml LB + ampicillin medium in table top centrifuge tubes at 37 ° C and
- Plasmid preparation from E. coli (Maxi remplip) In order to isolate larger amounts of plasmid DNA, the Maxigarp method was carried out. Two flasks with 100 ml LB + ampicillin medium were inoculated with a colony or with 100 ⁇ l of a freezing culture which carries the plasmid to be isolated and incubated overnight at 37 ° C. and 120 rpm. The next day (200 ml) was transferred to a GSA beaker and centrifuged at 4000 rpm (2600 x g) for 10 min. The cell pellet was taken up in 6 ml of TE buffer.
- lysozyme solution 20 mg / ml TE buffer
- lysozyme solution 20 mg / ml TE buffer
- the cells were then lysed with 12 ml of 0.2N NaOH, 1% SDS solution and a further 5 min of incubation at room temperature.
- the proteins were raised by the addition of 9 ml of chilled 3 M sodium acetate solution (pH 4.8) and a 15 minute incubation
- Yeast transformation For the yeast transformation, a preliminary cultivation of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 was set up. A flask with 20 ml of YE medium was inoculated with 100 ⁇ l of the freezing culture and incubated overnight at 28 ° C. and 120 rpm. The main cultivation was carried out under the same conditions in flasks with 100 ml of YE medium, which were inoculated with 10 ⁇ l, 20 ⁇ l or 50 ⁇ l of the preliminary cultivation.
- the cell pellet was then taken up in 330 ⁇ l of lithium acetate buffer per 10 9 cells, transferred to a sterile 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask and shaken at 28 ° C. for one hour. As a result, the cells were competent for the transformation.
- the cells needed time to express the resistance gene.
- the transformation batches were mixed with 4 ml of YE medium and overnight at 28 ° C on the
- Incubator 120 rpm incubated. The next day, the cells were centrifuged off (6000 rpm, 3 min) in 1 ml of YE medium and 100 ⁇ l or 200 ⁇ l thereof were plated out on YE + G418 plates. The plates were incubated at 28 ° C for several days.
- the reaction conditions for the polymerase chain reaction have to be optimized for the individual case and are not unreservedly valid for every approach.
- the amount of DNA used, the salt concentrations and the melting temperature can be varied.
- it turned out to be beneficial to combine the following substances in an Eppendorf cone, which was suitable for use in a thermal cycler: 5 ⁇ l Super Buffer, 8 ⁇ l dNTP's (2 ⁇ l ( 0.1 U) Super Taq Polymerase ( 0.625 ⁇ M each), 5 ′ primer, 3 ′ primer and 0.2 ⁇ g template DNA, dissolved in so much water that a total volume of 50 ⁇ l results for the PCR mixture. The mixture was centrifuged briefly and covered with a drop of oil. Between 37 and 40 cycles were chosen for amplification.
- the coding nucleic acid sequence for the expression cassette from the ADJ ⁇ promoter-ti ⁇ MC? Trypophan terminator was derived from the vector YepH2 (Polakowski et al. (1998) Overexpression of a cytosolic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase leads to squalene accumulation in yeast. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol ; 49 (1): 66-71) by PCR using standard methods as indicated above under the general reaction conditions.
- the primers used here are the DNA oligomers AtHT-5 '(forward: tHMGNotF: 5'- CTGCGGCCGCATCATGGACCAATTG-GTGAAAACTG-3'; SEQ. ID. NO. 7) and AtHT-3 '(reverse: tHMGXhoR: 5 '- AACTCGAGAGACACATGGTGCTGTTGTGCTTC-3'; SEQ. ID. No. 8th) .
- oligonucleotide sequences were selected which each contain the 5 'or 3' sequence of the ÜRA3 gene on the 5 'and 3' overhangs and the sequences of the loxP regions 5 'and 3' of the vector pUG-tHMG in the annealing region. This ensures that on the one hand the entire fragment including KariR and tHMG are amplified and on the other hand this fragment can subsequently be transformed into yeast and by homologous recombination this entire fragment is integrated into the 7A3 gene locus of yeast.
- the resulting strain S. cerevisiae GRF-tHlura3 is uracil auxotroph and contains a copy of the tHMG gene under the control of the ADfiT promoter and the tryptophan terminator.
- the yeast strain formed is treated with the cre recombinase vector pSH47 (Guldener U, Heck S, Fielder T, Beinhauer J, Hegemann JH. (1996) A new efficient gene disruption cassette for repeated use in budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. Jul 1; 24 (13): 2519-24.).
- the cre recombinase is expressed in the yeast by this vector, with the result that the sequence region recombines out within the two loxP sequences. As a result, only one of the two loxP sequences and the ⁇ DH-tHMG-TRP cassette remains in the URA3 gene locus.
- the result is that the yeast strain loses G418 resistance again and is therefore suitable for integrating or removing further genes into the yeast strain using this cre-lox system.
- the vector pSH47 can then be removed by counter-selection on YNB agar plates supplemented with uracil (20 mg / L) and FOA (5-fluoroorotic acid) (Ig / L).
- uracil (20 mg / L)
- FOA 5-fluoroorotic acid
- the cells carrying this plasmid must first be cultivated under non-selective conditions and then grown on selective plates containing FOA. Under these conditions, only cells can grow that are unable to synthesize uracil itself. In this case, these are cells that no longer contain a plasmid (pSH47).
- the yeast strain GRF-tHlura3 and the starting strain GRF were cultivated for 48 hours in WMXIII medium at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm in a 20 ml culture volume. Then 500 ⁇ l of this preculture were transferred to a 50 ml main culture of the same medium and cultured in a baffle flask for 4 days at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm.
- Yeast sterols yeast mutants as tools for the study of sterol metabolism. Methods Enzymol. 1985; 111: 333-46, extracted after 4 days and analyzed by gas chromatography. The values listed in Table 1 result. The percentages relate to the dry yeast weight.
- the sequence of squalene epoxidase was obtained by PCR from genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C.
- the primers used here are the DNA oligomers ERG1-5 '(forward: ErglNotF: 5' - CTGCGGCCGCATCATGTCTGCTGTTAACGT TGC- 3 '; SEQ. ID. No. 9) and ERG1-3' (revers.- ErglXhoR: 5 '- TTCTCGAGTTAACCAATCAACTCAC -3 '; SEQ. ID. No. 10).
- the DNA fragment obtained was treated with the restriction enzymes Notl and Xhol and then into the vector pFlatl ( Figure 4), which had also previously been treated with the enzymes Notl and Xhol were treated by means of a ligase reaction integrated.
- the resulting vector pFlatl-ERGl ( Figure 5) contains the ERG gene under the control of the ADff promoter and the tryptophan terminator.
- the expression vector pFlatl-ERGl was then transformed into the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF tHlura3.
- the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF tHlura3 / pFlatl-ERG2 obtained in this way was then cultivated for 48 hours in WMXIII medium at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm in a 20 ml culture volume. Then 500 ⁇ l of this preculture were transferred to a 50 ml main culture of the same medium and cultured in a baffle flask for 4 days at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm.
- Example 2 After 4 days, the sterols were extracted analogously to Example 1 and analyzed by gas chromatography. The values listed in Table 2 result. The percentages relate to the dry yeast weight.
- Figures la and lb show the absolute (la) and percentage (lb) increase in the content of individual sterols in S. cerevisae GRF tHlura3 / pFlatl-ERGl compared to the parent strain S. cerevisae GRF tHlura3.
- Example 3
- lanosterol C14 demethylase (ERG11) was obtained by PCR from genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C.
- the primers used here are the DNA oligomers ERG11-5 '(forward: ErgllNotF: 5'- CTGCGGCCGCAGGATGTCTGCTAC- CAAGTCAATCG -3'; SEQ. ID. No. 11) and ERGl1-3 '(revers: ErgllXhoR: 5'- ATCTCGTGTGTTATAT -3 '; SEQ ID No. 12).
- the DNA fragment obtained was treated with the restriction enzymes NotJ and Xhol and then integrated into the vector pFlat3 ( Figure 6), which had also previously been treated with the enzymes Notl and Xhol, by means of a ligase reaction.
- the resulting vector pFlat3-BRGll ( Figure 7) contains the ERG I gene under the control of the ADH promoter and the tryptophan terminator.
- the expression vector pFlat3-ERGll was then transformed into the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF-tHlura3.
- the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF tHlura3 / pFlat3 -ERG11 obtained in this way was then cultivated for 48 hours in WMXIII medium at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm in a 20 ml culture volume. Then 500 ⁇ l of this preculture were transferred to a 50 ml main culture of the same medium and cultivated in a baffle flask for 4 days at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm.
- Example 3 After 4 days, the sterols were extracted analogously to Example 1 and analyzed by means of gas chromatography. The values listed in Table 3 result. The percentages relate to the dry yeast weight.
- Figures 2a and 2b show the absolute (2a) and percentage (2b) increase in the content of individual sterols in S. cerevisae GRF-tHlura3 / pFlat3-ERGll compared to the original strain S. cerevisae GRF tHlura3.
- Example 2 and pFlat3-E Gll (see Example 3) were transformed together and simultaneously into the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF tHlura3 and the two genes ERGl and ERGll were expressed simultaneously under the control of the ADH promoter and the tryptophan terminator.
- the yeast strain S. cerevisiae GRF-tHlura3 / pFlatl-ERGl / pFlat3 -ERGll obtained in this way was then cultivated for 48 hours in WMXIII medium at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm in a 20 ml culture volume. Then 500 ⁇ l of this preculture were transferred to a 50 ml main culture of the same medium and cultured in a baffle flask for 4 days at 28 ° C. and 160 rpm.
- Example 4 After 4 days, the sterols were extracted analogously to Example 1 and analyzed by gas chromatography. The values listed in Table 4 result. The percentages relate to the dry yeast weight.
- Figures 3a and 3b show the absolute (3a) and the percentage (3b) increase in the content of individual sterols in S. cerevisiae GRF tHlura3 / pFlatl-ERGl / pFlat3 -ERGll compared to the parent strain S. cerevisae GRF-tHlura3. Since it is known from the prior art (Tainaka et al., J, Ferment. Bioeng.
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US20050037946A1 (en) * | 2003-01-13 | 2005-02-17 | Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods and compositions for treating cardiovascular disease using 1722, 10280, 59917, 85553, 10653, 9235, 21668, 17794, 2210, 6169, 10102, 21061, 17662, 1468, 12282, 6350, 9035, 1820, 23652, 7301, 8925, 8701, 3533, 9462, 9123, 12788, 17729, 65552, 1261, 21476, 33770, 9380, 2569654, 33556, 53656, 44143, 32612, 10671, 261, 44570, 41922, 2552, 2417, 19319, 43969, 8921, 8993, 955, 32345, 966, 1920, 17318, 1510, 14180, 26005, 554, 16408, 42028, 112091, 13886, 13942, 1673, 54946 or 2419 |
WO2008130372A2 (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2008-10-30 | Microbia, Inc. | Production of sterols in oleaginous yeast and fungi |
CN103052713A (zh) | 2010-07-07 | 2013-04-17 | 陶氏益农公司 | 官能化线性dna盒的生成及植物中量子点/纳米颗粒介导的投递 |
BR112013000434A2 (pt) | 2010-07-07 | 2016-05-17 | Dow Agrosciences Llc | entrega de molécula de dna linear usando pontos quânticos pegilados para transformação estável em plantas. |
WO2020176547A1 (en) | 2019-02-25 | 2020-09-03 | Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. | Biosynthesis of cannabinoids and cannabinoid precursors |
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- 2002-01-29 DE DE10203346A patent/DE10203346A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-01-22 EP EP03734683A patent/EP1472355A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-01-22 US US10/503,253 patent/US20060088903A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-22 WO PCT/EP2003/000590 patent/WO2003064652A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011023298A1 (en) | 2009-08-26 | 2011-03-03 | Organobalance Gmbh | Genetically modified organisms for the production of lipids |
EP2292741A1 (de) | 2009-08-26 | 2011-03-09 | OrganoBalance GmbH | Genetisch modifizierte Organismen zur Herstellung von Lipiden |
EP2586859A1 (de) | 2009-08-26 | 2013-05-01 | OrganoBalance GmbH | Genetisch modifizierte Organismen zur Herstellung von Lipiden |
WO2011067144A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 | 2011-06-09 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Production of non-yeast sterols by yeast |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10203346A1 (de) | 2003-07-31 |
US20060088903A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
EP1472355A1 (de) | 2004-11-03 |
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