WO2003063328A1 - Method and apparatus for maintaining a constant load current in a switch mode power supply - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for maintaining a constant load current in a switch mode power supply Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003063328A1
WO2003063328A1 PCT/US2003/001556 US0301556W WO03063328A1 WO 2003063328 A1 WO2003063328 A1 WO 2003063328A1 US 0301556 W US0301556 W US 0301556W WO 03063328 A1 WO03063328 A1 WO 03063328A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
current
regulator
control terminal
terminal
power supply
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2003/001556
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Balu Balakrishnan
Alex B. Djenguerian
Kent Wong
David Michael Hugh Matthews
Erdem Bircan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Power Integrations Inc
Original Assignee
Power Integrations Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Power Integrations Inc filed Critical Power Integrations Inc
Priority to DE60312477T priority Critical patent/DE60312477T2/de
Priority to EP03710687A priority patent/EP1468485B1/en
Priority to JP2003563074A priority patent/JP4416510B2/ja
Publication of WO2003063328A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003063328A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0006—Arrangements for supplying an adequate voltage to the control circuit of converters

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to power supplies, and more specifically, to a switched mode power supply.
  • the feedback signal is typically communicated to a regulator circuit on the primary side of the power supply through an opto coupler component. This feedback signal is then used to control the switching of a primary switch to provide the required power supply output characteristic.
  • the specific function of maintaining constant output current is normally achieved with secondary current sense resistors in series with the
  • Another technique to provide an approximately constant output current is to derive information about the output voltage of the power supply
  • a regulator circuit maintaining an approximate constant current output characteristic is disclosed.
  • a disclosed regulator circuit controls a switch that has a current limit threshold.
  • a supply terminal and feedback terminal of the regulator are connected together as a control terminal such that
  • a shunt regulator current is the control terminal current in excess of the internal consumption of the internal supply current of the regulator.
  • the current limit threshold of the switch is changed as a function of the shunt regulator current.
  • the connection of the supply terminal and feedback terminal is external to the regulator. In another embodiment, the connection of the supply terminal and feedback terminal is internal to the regulator. In one
  • the current limit threshold of the switch is increased with increasing shunt regulator current. In another embodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch is decreased with increasing shunt regulator current. In
  • the switch and regulator are integrated on a monolithic chip.
  • the switch is a metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET).
  • MOSFET metal oxide field effect transistor
  • the switch is a bipolar transistor.
  • the regulator is used in a switching power supply. In one embodiment, the regulator is used in a switching power supply with an approximately constant output voltage and output current characteristic.
  • a disclosed regulator circuit controls a switch that has a current limit threshold.
  • a control input of the regulator circuit receives a current that is the sum of the internal supply current consumed by the regulator circuit and a feedback current.
  • the current limit threshold of the switch is changed as a function of the feedback current. In one embodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch is increased with increasing feedback current. In another embodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch is decreased with increasing feedback current. In one embodiment, the switch
  • the switch is a MOSFET. In another embodiment, the switch is a bipolar transistor. In one embodiment, the regulator is used in a switching power supply. In another embodiment, the regulator is used in a switching power
  • Figure 1 shows one embodiment of a power supply that has an approximately constant voltage and constant current output characteristic in accordance with the teachings of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a power supply in accordance with the teachings of the present invention where the energy transfer element
  • Figure 3 shows yet another embodiment of a power supply that has an
  • FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the transfer function of a regulator circuit in a switched-mode power supply in accordance with the teachings of
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the regulator circuit
  • Figure 6 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supply
  • Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating the typical relationships between the output current and output voltage of one embodiment of a power supply in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of methods and apparatuses maintaining an approximate constant current output characteristic with a regulator circuit are disclosed.
  • embodiments according to the teachings of the present invention are directed to power supply regulators that provide approximately constant voltage/constant current output characteristics without the need for secondary feedback from a source such as an opto-coupler.
  • embodiments include methods of adjusting the duty cycle and current limit of the power switch as a function of control current in order to maintain this approximately constant voltage/constant current output characteristic.
  • embodiments according to the teachings of the present invention include a regulator circuit that derives feedback information on the power supply output voltage from a control current that combines both the feedback current and internal supply current for the regulator circuit.
  • invention of generating an approximately constant voltage/constant current output characteristic involves adjusting the current limit threshold and duty cycle of a power switch as a function of the control current the regulator receives.
  • the level of the control current determines the mode of operation of the regulator. At lower control current levels, the regulator maintains an approximately constant output current. In one embodiment, this is done by
  • the regulator maintains an approximately constant output voltage by reducing the duty cycle.
  • the feedback information is derived from a reflected voltage, which to the first order, is equal to the output voltage
  • the reflected voltage is the voltage reflected across an energy transfer element from the secondary side to the primary side.
  • the reflected voltage information is converted to a control current and delivered to a control terminal of the
  • the regulator includes a supply terminal and a feedback terminal that are connected either internal to the regulator or external to the regulator to form the control terminal.
  • the feedback terminal includes a shunt regulator responsive to the control current at the control terminal in excess of the
  • a current limit circuit including a comparator is used to set the current limit of the power switch in the regulator. The current limit is
  • the current limit threshold is increased to provide an approximately constant power supply output current characteristic.
  • reflected voltage in a switch mode power supply does not vary linearly with the output voltage of the switch mode power supply, so in one embodiment there may be different slopes of current limit at different levels of shunt
  • the current limit includes one or more different ratios of the shunt regulator current at one or more shunt regulator current points.
  • the adjustment of the current limit threshold to maintain an approximately constant output current characteristic only occurs at lower control current levels.
  • the regulator maintains an approximately constant output voltage by modulating the duty
  • the shunt regulator current is the control current in excess of the internal supply current consumed by the chip.
  • the shunt regulator current is converted to a voltage level across a reference resistor and is used to modulate the duty cycle.
  • the voltage level across the reference resistor is substantially zero until the shunt regulator current threshold is reached, at which point the voltage level across the reference resistor starts to increase in proportion to the shunt regulator
  • Figure 1 shows one embodiment of a switching power supply that has an approximately constant voltage and constant current output characteristic in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • the power supply regulator 150 also includes a power switch connected between the terminals Drain and Source.
  • the current at the control terminal is proportional to the voltage across resistor 135, which in turn is responsive to the voltage at DC-output 100. In operation, current is enabled and disabled to flow through the power switch according to a duty cycle of the
  • power supply regulator 150 reduces the duty cycle of the power switch when the voltage across resistor 135 increases above a threshold, and the DC-output 100 is in voltage regulation mode.
  • the current limit threshold is reduced as a function of the voltage across resistor 135 to keep the output load current approximately constant.
  • the load current is controlled by the current limit threshold of the power switch in power supply regulator 150.
  • capacitor 175 is the regulator's bypass capacitor
  • capacitor 140 is the storage element for the reflected voltage reflected across energy transfer element 120 from secondary side 115 to
  • the rectifier 110 rectifies the switched energy and storage element 105 stores the energy to be available at the DC output 100.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a switching power supply where the energy transfer element 220 has a separate feedback/bias winding for generating the control current to the power supply regulator 150 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • the power supply has an
  • the feedback information is provided to the power supply regulator 150 at its
  • the regulator also includes a power switch connected between the terminals Drain and Source.
  • the current at the control terminal is proportional to the voltage across resistor 235, which in turn is responsive to
  • power supply regulator 150 reduces the duty cycle of the power switch when the voltage across resistor 235 increases above a threshold, and the DC-output 200 is in voltage
  • the power supply regulator 150 reduces the current limit
  • Capacitor 275 is the regulator's bypass storage element, and capacitor 270 is the storage element for the reflected voltage reflected across energy transfer element 220 from secondary side 215 to the feedback/bias winding. The reflected voltage is fed
  • Diode 260, capacitor 240, and resistor 245 acts as the voltage clamp to protect the power switch in power supply regulator 150.
  • the rectifier 210 rectifies the switched energy and storage element 205 stores the energy to be available at the DC output 200.
  • FIG. 3 shows yet another embodiment of a switching power supply
  • the power supply regulator 150 also includes a power switch connected between the terminals Drain and Source. In one
  • the current at the control terminal of power supply regulator 150 is the current at the control terminal of power supply regulator 150
  • the power supply is proportional to the voltage across resistor 335, which in turn is proportional to the voltage at DC-output 300.
  • the power supply is proportional to the voltage across resistor 335, which in turn is proportional to the voltage at DC-output 300.
  • the power supply is proportional to the voltage across resistor 335, which in turn is proportional to the voltage at DC-output 300.
  • the power supply is proportional to the voltage across resistor 335, which in turn is proportional to the voltage at DC-output 300.
  • regulator 150 reduces the duty cycle of the power switch when the voltage across resistor 335 increases above a threshold, and the DC-output 300 is in voltage regulation mode.
  • the power supply regulator 150 reduces the current
  • Capacitor 375 is the regulator's bypass storage element
  • capacitor 370 is the storage element for the voltage on the DC output 300, which is fed back via diode 330.
  • the energy transferred is stored in storage element 305 to be available at the DC output 300.
  • the inductive energy transfer element 380 stores energy during the active part of the cycle when the power supply regulator 150 is conducting current between drain and source. The stored energy will be delivered to node 310 during the inactive part of the cycle through diode 360.
  • Figure 4 shows one embodiment of the transfer function of the power
  • Curve 400 shows one embodiment of the current limit characteristic of the power switch as a function of the control terminal current 410.
  • the left-hand portion 420 of this diagram relates to the constant output current portion of the characteristic.
  • the current limit threshold is gradually ramped as a function of control terminal current.
  • the slope of current limit threshold versus control current is not necessarily constant. Different slopes can occur at different points of
  • Curve 430 is a plot of the duty cycle as a function of
  • the control terminal current 410 The right-hand portion relates to the constant output voltage section 440 of the characteristic.
  • the duty cycle reduction only occurs after the control current exceeds a control current threshold.
  • the region of frequency reduction 450 is entered, and the switching frequency is
  • FIG 5 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the power supply regulator 150, as seen for example in Figures 1, 2 and 3 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • power supply regulator 150 is implemented in a monolithic chip. In another embodiments, it is appreciated that some functions of power supply regulator 150 may be
  • power supply regulator 150 may be included externally, such as for example power switch 547.
  • power supply regulator 150 may be included in a switching power supply. As shown in the depicted embodiment, power supply regulator 150 includes three terminals, control terminal 545, drain terminal 541, and source terminal 543. Power supply regulator 150 also includes charging circuit 503, control terminal regulator circuit 509, current limit adjust block 511, power switch 547, and power switch control circuit 549. Control terminal regulator circuit 509 and charging circuit 503 maintain the control terminal 545 at a predetermined constant voltage level. Control terminal
  • regulator circuit 509 also accepts the feedback based on the control current from the control terminal 545 and converts it to signals that are sent to adjust the duty cycle in control circuit 549 and the current limit threshold in current
  • control current from the control terminal 545 is used to adjust both the current limit threshold and it's slope.
  • control circuit 549 determines when power switch 547 is to begin switching. Termination of switching is controlled by the magnitude of the control current from the control terminal 545 and will be either duty cycle limited or current limit threshold terminated by control circuit 549, depending on the region of operation. The information about the current level in power switch 547 is fed back to the current limit circuitry in control circuit 549 from the drain terminal 541.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supply regulator 150 in accordance with teachings of the present invention.
  • Power switch 547 is coupled between drain terminal 541 and source terminal 543.
  • the source terminal 543 is coupled to ground.
  • a control terminal regulator circuit 509 is coupled to control circuit 549 through signal
  • control terminal 545 is the combined electrical terminal providing internal supply current and feedback current to all blocks of the power supply regulator 150. Indeed, in the illustrated embodiment, control terminal 545 serves as both a supply terminal to receive the internal
  • the feedback terminal and supply terminal are connected internal to power supply regulator 150 to form the combined electrical terminal of control terminal 545. In another embodiment, it is appreciated that connecting the feedback terminal and the supply terminal
  • control terminal regulator circuit 509 includes a shunt regulator block, which includes comparator 639, resistors 633, 635 and 637, and transistors 641 and 643.
  • the current limit threshold is increased with an increase in the shunt regulator current or feedback current.
  • the shunt regulator current or feedback current is increased with an increase in the shunt regulator current or feedback current.
  • This increase of the current limit threshold is designed such that the output current is maintained at an approximately constant level in this region of operation. Different slopes are required at different values of control current due to the fact that non-linearities exist in the relationship between the
  • This cancellation circuitry consists of transistors 692, 690, 688, and current source 684.
  • the current through transistor 692 also increases linearly with respect to the control current. This will result in the current in transistor 690 and consequently transistor 688 increasing once the current through 692
  • This threshold is set to occur when the control current exceeds the control current level for adjusting the slope of the current limit threshold as a function of the control current (I CL 460 in Figure 4). Once this threshold is exceeded, transistor 688 is designed
  • the shunt regulator block is used to maintain a control terminal regulation voltage at control terminal 545. In one embodiment,
  • control terminal regulation voltage is approximately 5.7 volts.
  • width modulator implements voltage mode control by driving the power switch with a duty cycle inversely proportional to the current into the control terminal that is in excess of a shunt regulator current threshold.
  • the shunt regulator current is the control terminal current that exceeds the internal supply current of the chip.
  • the shunt regulator current passes through transistors 641 and 643.
  • Transistors 643 and 647 form a current mirror. When the shunt regulator current exceeds the threshold set by current source 645, the feedback signal starts modulating the duty cycle of the power switch 547.
  • the current in the resistor 610 is substantially zero until the shunt
  • comparator 657 When the output of comparator 657 goes high, the output of OR gate 659 will
  • the intermediate region of operation is the constant power region, which should be minimized as much as possible.
  • transistor 629 turns on and pulls the input of inverter 609 high.
  • the output of inverter 609 then goes low to set a latch including NAND gates 611 and 613.
  • the output of NAND gate 613 goes low and the output of inverter
  • the high voltage current source of charging circuit 503 includes transistor 601.
  • the output of NAND gate 613 is also coupled to auto-restart counter 625.
  • the output of auto-restart counter 625 goes high to enable NAND gate 665, thus
  • power switch 547 includes power MOSFET 673 coupled in series with junction field effect transistor (JFET) 675 between drain
  • power switch 547 my be implemented using other types of transistor technologies such as for example a bipolar junction transistor or other suitable type of power switch.
  • control terminal regulation voltage of control terminal regulator circuit 509 is set at 5.7V. In one embodiment, there is a capacitor connected externally to control terminal 545. When the switching of power switch 547 begins, the voltage at control terminal 545 would slowly drop without the charging circuit 503. This voltage drop will continue until the output of the power supply reaches it's regulation value.
  • the auto-restart counter 625 will also go low disabling the power switch 547 from being switched.
  • the auto-restart counter 625 can be designed to
  • Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating the typical relationships between the
  • one embodiment of a power supply in accordance with the teachings of the present invention exhibits an approximately constant output current and an approximately constant output voltage characteristic. That is,
  • the output current may reduce or foldback below a certain output voltage. It is appreciated that the approximately constant output voltage and approximately constant output current
  • characteristics of various embodiments of the present invention are suitable for battery charger applications or the like.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
PCT/US2003/001556 2002-01-17 2003-01-17 Method and apparatus for maintaining a constant load current in a switch mode power supply Ceased WO2003063328A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE60312477T DE60312477T2 (de) 2002-01-17 2003-01-17 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum aufrechterhalten eines konstanten laststroms in einem schaltnetzteil
EP03710687A EP1468485B1 (en) 2002-01-17 2003-01-17 Method and apparatus for maintaining a constant load current in a switch mode power supply
JP2003563074A JP4416510B2 (ja) 2002-01-17 2003-01-17 スイッチ・モード電源における定負荷電流を維持するための方法および装置

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US35015802P 2002-01-17 2002-01-17
US60/350,158 2002-01-17
US10/346,808 2003-01-16
US10/346,808 US6833692B2 (en) 2002-01-17 2003-01-16 Method and apparatus for maintaining an approximate constant current output characteristic in a switched mode power supply

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003063328A1 true WO2003063328A1 (en) 2003-07-31

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PCT/US2003/001556 Ceased WO2003063328A1 (en) 2002-01-17 2003-01-17 Method and apparatus for maintaining a constant load current in a switch mode power supply

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US (4) US6833692B2 (enExample)
EP (1) EP1468485B1 (enExample)
JP (2) JP4416510B2 (enExample)
DE (1) DE60312477T2 (enExample)
WO (1) WO2003063328A1 (enExample)

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US20060028190A1 (en) 2006-02-09
US7301319B2 (en) 2007-11-27
US20070035285A1 (en) 2007-02-15
DE60312477T2 (de) 2007-11-29
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US6967472B2 (en) 2005-11-22
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US6833692B2 (en) 2004-12-21
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US7148671B2 (en) 2006-12-12
EP1468485B1 (en) 2007-03-14
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US20050088161A1 (en) 2005-04-28
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