Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/16—Inorganic salts, minerals or trace elements
  • A23L33/165—Complexes or chelates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/194—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having two or more carboxyl groups, e.g. succinic, maleic or phthalic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/555—Heterocyclic compounds containing heavy metals, e.g. hemin, hematin, melarsoprol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
  • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
  • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/27—Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family), e.g. hoya
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/38—Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae or Guttiferae (Hypericum or Mangosteen family), e.g. common St. Johnswort
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to compositions and related methods for promoting healthy body weight, including reducing excess body weight or maintaining healthy body weight, and improving related health factors, such as cholesterol levels and body mass index, in persons and other mammals.
• Increase in body weight results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure in a person, manifested by excessive expansion of adipose tissue mass in the person.
• Obesity leads to a number of poor health factors. In particular, obesity increases the risk of high blood pressure, hypertension, type II diabetes, arthritis, elevated cholesterol, and cancer. Although 30-40% of obese people claim they are trying to lose or maintain body weight, their success rate is low. Dietary approaches for the management of excess body weight have been unsuccessful due to improper caloric restriction and/or lack of physical exercise. Low calorie diets can provide for temporary weight loss, but they have not proven themselves as long-term solutions for people trying to lose or maintain weight.
• the methods described above to treat obesity in humans may be applicable to treating other mammals as well, including animals commonly kept as pets, such as dogs and cats.
• Excess body weight has reached epidemic proportions in, and is the most common nutritional disorder among, pets. It is estimated that 50% of pets (or roughly 60 million animals) in the United States are overweight or obese (a weight ten percent over ideal body weight is considered overweight, and a weight twenty percent over ideal body weight is clinically defined as obese).
• An extra five pounds on a dog that should weigh 17 pounds or an extra three pounds on a cat that should weight 10 pounds is comparable to an extra 50 pounds on a person who should weigh 170 pounds.
• Overweight pets are at higher risk of developing health problems such as heart disease, skeletal problems, breathing problems, diabetes and arthritis.
• weight management in veterinary medicine relies on one or more recommendations.
• a veterinarian may prescribe high fiber/reduced calorie diets, or advocate other dietary changes focusing on a decrease in overall caloric intake.
• Another method to manage pet weight is to increase exercise. Untreated obesity can be a devastating condition for a pet, and instituting an obesity-management program will add quality years to a pet's life.
• HCA is an organic acid similar to citric acid that is found in citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons, but that has remarkably different properties from citric acid. HCA has been shown to reduce appetite, inhibit fat synthesis, and decrease body weight in persons consuming it, without stimulating the central nervous system of those persons. Therefore, ingestion of HCA will not cause nervousness, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, or insomnia associated with dietary stimulants such as ephedra (Ma-Huang), caffeine or phenylpropanolamine. Furthermore, in acute toxicity tests, HCA has been show to be even safer than citric acid.
• HCA predominantly is present in the fruit rind of plants in the genus Garcinia, such as Garcinia cambogia (of the family Guttiferae), a tree native to South and Southeast Asia.
• Garcinia cambogia of the family Guttiferae
• the dried fruit rind also known as Malabar Tamarind, is extensively used in Southern India for culinary purposes.
• the fruit exhibits a distinctive sour taste and has been used for centuries to make meals more "filling.”
• HCA has been sold as a dietary supplement since 1 94, but research on HCA and its effects stretches back over 30 years.
• ATP-citrate lyase is important in maintaining the acetyl-CoA pool for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, particularly during the hyperlipogenic nutritional state produced by high carbohydrate feeding.
• HCA has been shown to be a highly effective inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis by rat liver in vivo.
• HCA is theorized to reduce food consumption in humans by diverting carbohydrates away from fat synthesis and towards the synthesis of stored energy in the form of glycogen. Increased glycogen levels in the liver and muscles are believed to send a satiety signal to the brain that the body is "full,” resulting in reduced appetite and food intake. Another possible mechanism of action may be HCA's ability to stimulate serotonin release and inhibit its reuptake in the body. Serotonin (5-HT), a vital neurotransmitter, is involved in a wide range of behavioral functions in the body, including mood, sleep and appetite control. Studies have shown that serotonin affects eating behavior and body weight. Increased plasma levels of serotonin are associated with decreased food intake, reduced weight gain and increased energy expenditure.
• Leptin is a 167 amino acid protein hormone encoded by the gene that regulates body weight. Synthesized and secreted by adipocytes (fat cells), leptin binds to receptors in the brain, where it activates signals that inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. When receptor-binding activity is diminished, a condition called "leptin resistance,” plasma leptin levels increase and the leptin loses its ability to inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. As stated previously, studies show that plasma leptin levels are higher in overweight than in non-overweight individuals, and higher in women than in men.
• Leptin is synthesized and secreted by adipocytes, is present in the bloodstream in amounts related to the amount of fat in the body, and acts primarily on the brain to regulate food intake. Leptin has been shown to be able to modulate insulin secretion and action through these receptors.
• HCA Another possible mechanism of action may be HCA's ability to increase fat oxidation.
• Fat metabolites are products of fat degradation. Following exercise or other fat "burning" processes, fat tissue breaks down into small molecular components, including malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. Increased urinary levels of fat metabolites indicates increased fat degradation or "burning.” While the majority of studies on HCA have focused on its mechanism of action at the metabolic level, until recently, no studies have investigated its effect on neurotransmitters associated with the control of appetite, hormones associated with the regulation of body weight, nor fat oxidation. Recent studies on the effect of HCA on serum serotonin levels, serum leptin levels, and fat oxidation, are discussed below.
• HCA as an inhibitor of lipogenesis
• Oral administration of HCA has been shown to significantly depress in vivo lipogenic rates in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, adipose tissue and small intestine. This hepatic inhibition has been shown to be significant for the 8-hour period when control animals demonstrated elevated rates of lipid synthesis.
• the kinetics of in vivo hepatic lipogenesis reduction were identical after acute or chronic administration of HCA.
• HCA lipogenesis
• rats were given various amounts of HCA over a thirty day period (in amounts of 2.63, 1.32, 0.66 or 0.17 mmoles/kg/day) once daily, or 0.33 moles/kg twice daily, to demonstrate the effect on body weight gain in growing rats.
• a dose-related reduction in weight gain was observed in the rats treated with HCA.
• the decreases were significant at concentrations of 2.63 mmoles/kg once daily or 0.33 mmoles/kg twice daily.
• one-fourth the amount of HCA was required to reduce weight gain when administered in two divided doses as compared to a single dose.
• no significant reductions were observed with the single daily administration of 0.17, 0.66 and 1.32 nmoles/kg.
• HCA is rapidly metabolized in the body and that divided doses are more effective than a single dose at inhibiting lipogenesis.
• Recent studies also have shown that HCA-induced increases in energy expenditure may account, at least in part, for the observed inhibitory effect of HCA on body weight gain in rats.
• HCA-SX A particularly preferred HCA composition, marketed under the name Super CitriMax® (and also designated HCA-SX) by InterHealth Nutraceuticals of Benicia, California, incorporates a unique form of HCA bound to the minerals calcium and potassium.
• HCA-SX is described and claimed in published Patent Cooperation Treaty Application WO 99/03464, herein incorporated by reference.
• This HCA-SX composition contains approximately 60% by weight of HCA, 11% by weight of calcium and 16% by weight of potassium, with the remaining 13% consisting of water and other naturally occurring constituents of the natural Garcinia fruit rind. This is in contrast to other, more common forms of HCA, which are not bound to potassium, but instead are bound only to calcium.
• HCA-SX is virtually completely water-soluble, and it is more bioavailable than regular HCA compositions incorporating only calcium.
• HCA-SX is also significantly less hygroscopic than HCA compositions bound only to potassium, contains 60% HCA — twenty percent more HCA than that typically found in HCA compositions geared toward weight loss — and contains less than one percent sodium, which is of particular benefit to people who have high blood pressure or are on a sodium-restricted diet.
• HCA-SX also is virtually tasteless, odorless and, in solution, colorless, and does not have the aftertaste associated with other HCA compositions, making it ideal for use in functional foods and beverages.
• HCA-SX is highly bioavailable and easily retained by obese subjects.
• Using a new rapid and accurate gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method for measuring blood levels of HCA scientists recently found that blood levels of HCA-SX increased for at least 2 hours and remained in the blood for more than 4 hours after ingestion. Absorption rates varied among subjects.
• absorption of HCA-SX peaked two hours after administration, and that the compound remained in the blood for more than nine hours after ingestion. Eating a full meal shortly after taking HCA-SX reduced its absorption by about 60%. HCA-SX was detectable in urine, and therefore its concentration could be used to determine relative HCA absorption.
• HCA-SX increases the release and availability of serotonin from rat brain cortical slices ex vivo, with optimal concentrations at 300 micromolar, as compared to concentrations of 10, 30, 100 and 1,000 micromolar, indicating an optimal effective dose of HCA-SX.
• human clinical studies have, for the first time, shown that effective doses of HCA-SX significantly increase serum serotonin levels. Because serotonin has been implicated in the regulation of eating behavior and body weight regulation, appetite suppression induced by administration of HCA could be mediated by this serotonin.
• leptin is a biomarker for the gene that regulates body weight.
• Leptin is present in the bloodstream in amounts related to the amount of fat in the body, and acts primarly on the brain to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin levels are higher in overweight than in non-overweight individuals.
• human clinical studies have, for the first time, shown that effective doses of HCA-SX significantly reduce serum leptin levels and, thus, may down-regulate the genetic propensity of a person toward obesity.
• HCA a possible mechanism of action may be HCA's ability to increase fat oxidation.
• Enhanced oxidation of fat including adipose tissue and triglycerides, is the primary source of the fat metabolites malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone.
• human clinical studies have shown that effective doses of HCA-SX significantly increase fat oxidation as determined by increases in urinary metabolites malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, and thus may increase fat degradation or "burning."
• Chromium is an essential trace element required for normal protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Chromium levels are known to decrease with age, and marginal chromium deficiencies appear to be widespread. Chromium is important for energy production and plays a role in regulating appetite, reducing sugar cravings and increasing lean body mass. Chromium helps insulin metabolize fat, turn protein into muscle and convert sugar into energy. Chromium has been shown to reduce levels of harmful LDL cholesterol, a form of cholesterol linked to heart disease, and increase levels of beneficial HDL cholesterol. Dietary trends that show increased consumption of more highly processed foods may lead to deficiencies of chromium in persons.
• GTF Glucose Tolerance Factor
• GTF is transported across the placental barrier, has different tissue distribution from that of inorganic chromium, and has access to the body pool of chromium that responds to increases in blood insulin.
• the biologically active form of chromium (GTF) is an essential dietary agent that potentiates the action of insulin and thereby functions in regulating protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
• GTF chromium marketed under the name ChromeMate® by InterHealth Nutraceuticals, is a unique form of niacin-bound chromium (called chromium nicotinate or polynicotinate) that dramatically increases the effectiveness of chromium in the effects discussed above. Normally, chromium is poorly absorbed and utilized by the body. However, researchers have found that the most potent form of chromium in nature (i.e., the form that best activates insulin) is bound to the B vitamin niacin.
• oxygen-coordinated chromium-niacin complex is the most potent form of all, being over 18-times more potent than the next closest form of niacin-bound chromium tested.
• This oxygen-coordinated complex is characterized by chromium bound to an oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid group attached to niacin' s pyridine ring structure.
• chromium has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
• administration of this oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium complex (also designated O-NBC) in sufficient amounts has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol in humans by an average of 14%.
• O-NBC oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium complex
• Supplementation with O-NBC therefore has been shown to ameliorate type II diabetes, reduce hypertension, decrease fat mass, and increase lean body mass, as well as help reduce body weight in persons consuming O-NBC.
• high doses of O-NBC have been shown to be completely safe and non-toxic.
• chromium picolinate has been shown to damage DNA and be mutagenic.
• Gymnema sylvestre plants in the genus Gymnema, such as Gymnema sylvestre, a traditional Ayurvedic herb known to balance elevated blood sugar levels.
• the active ingredients in Gymnema sylvestre, gymnemic acid and gurmarin have molecular structures similar to that to glucose and possess a number of health benefits.
• Gurmarin has the ability to fill taste bud receptors and reduce the sweet taste of sugary foods, thus greatly reducing the craving for sweets.
• Gymnemic acid helps increase the production of insulin by stimulating the production of new insulin-producing cells, called beta-cells, in the pancreas. Gymnemic acid also facilitates insulin release from the beta-cells into the blood stream by increasing beta-cell membrane permeability. Gymnemic acid also inhibits the absorption of sugar molecules in the intestines during digestion, thus reducing increases in blood sugar levels. Finally, consumption of Gymnema sylvestre also has been shown to significantly lower cholesterol in animal models.
• the present invention resides in a composition comprising hydroxycitric acid, chromium, and gymnemic acid.
• the hydroxycitric acid is bound to calcium and potassium.
• the hydroxycitric acid in the composition preferably is derived from a plant of the genus Garcinia, most preferably Garcinia Cambogia.
• the chromium in the composition preferably is niacin-bound chromium, and more preferably oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium.
• the gymnemic acid in the composition preferably is derived from a plant of the genus Gymnema, most preferably Gymnema sylvestre.
• the composition may be in the form of a pill, tablet, capsule, lozenge, gum, liquid, powder, food, beverage or other orally administered form.
• the present invention also resides in related methods for increasing serotonin level, decreasing leptin level, or increasing fat oxidation in a person or other mammal, incorporating identifying a person or other mammal that can benefit from increased serotonin level, decreased leptin level and/or increased fat oxidation, and administering to the person or other mammal a composition comprising hydroxycitric acid in an amount sufficient to provide the required effect.
• Preferred aspects of the method incorporate administration of hydroxycitric acid in forms as described above.
• the method preferably incorporates administering approximately 100 milligrams to approximately 5,000 milligrams of hydroxycitric acid daily, and more preferably approximately 2,700 milligrams to approximately 2,800 milligrams.
• the composition preferably is administered daily in three substantially equally divided doses, approximately 30 to 60 minutes before meals, preferably orally.
• the composition also incorporates chromium and gymnemic acid in forms as described above.
• the method incorporates administering approximately 10 micrograms to approximately 1,000 micrograms of chromium and approximately 10 milligrams to approximately 1,000 milligrams of gymnemic acid daily, and more preferably approximately 400 micrograms of chromium and approximately 100 milligrams of gymnemic acid daily.
• the present invention also resides in related methods for providing the following effects in a person or other mammal: reducing excess, or maintaining healthy, body weight or body mass index; decreasing appetite and reducing food intake; and/or decreasing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels, and/or increasing HDL cholesterol levels.
• the methods incorporate identifying a person or other mammal suffering, or at risk for suffering, from excess body weight, excess body mass index, elevated total cholesterol level, elevated LDL cholesterol level, elevated triglyceride level and/or reduced HDL cholesterol level; and administering to the person or other mammal a composition incorporating hydroxycitric acid, chromium and gymnemic acid in an amount .. sufficient to provide the required effect.
• the hydroxycitric acid, chromium and gymnemic acid preferably are in the forms described above.
• the composition administered incorporates approximately 100 milligrams to approximately 5,000 milligrams of hydroxycitric acid, approximately 10 micrograms to approximately 1,000 micrograms of chromium, and approximately 10 milligrams to approximately 1,000 milligrams of gymnemic acid daily, and more preferably approximately 2,700 milligrams to approximately 2,800 milligrams of hydroxycitric acid, approximately 400 micrograms of chromium, and approximately 100 milligrams of gymnemic acid daily.
• the method incorporates administering the composition daily in three substantially equally divided doses, approximately 30 to 60 minutes before meals, preferably orally.
• the present invention resides compositions incorporating (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), chromium and gymnemic acid.
• HCA chromium
• the present invention also resides in methods for controlling body weight and improving the above-discussed health factors of persons or other mammals, including increasing serum serotonin levels, reducing serum leptin levels, increasing fat oxidation, reducing food intake, lowering body mass index (BMI), and improving cardiovascular risk factors by decreasing elevated total and LDL cholesterol, increasing HDL cholesterol and reducing elevated triglyceride levels.
• the methods include identifying a person or other mammal who is, or is at risk for being, overweight, or who would benefit from the above-described physiological changes, and administering to the person or other mammal a composition comprising sufficient amounts to effect the changes.
• the present invention also resides in a composition which, when administered to a person or other mammal, provides for the above-described psychological changes, the composition comprising a salt of HCA and other selected components.
• the HCA used in the compositions preferably is in a form incorporating both calcium and potassium, to provide for superior solubility, bioavailability, and commercial utility.
• the composition administered also incorporates: chromium, preferably from oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium, and Gymnema sylvestre extract, providing gymnemic acid and gurmarin.
• the method involves administering a composition incorporating approximately 100 to 5,000 milligrams, and more preferably 2,700 to 2,800 milligrams, of HCA daily to a person or other mammal who would benefit from the physiological changes discussed above.
• the preferred composition to be administered also can incorporate approximately 10 to 1,000 micrograms, and most preferably 400 micrograms, of elemental chromium daily, preferably from oxygen- coordinated niacin-bound chromium, and approximately 10 to 1,000 milligrams, and most preferably 400 milligrams, Gymnema sylvestre extract providing approximately 5 to 500 milligrams, and most preferably 100 milligrams, of gymnemic acid daily.
• the methods of the present invention provide for the safe, effective and convenient reduction of excess body weight and resulting reduction in body mass index (BMI), or maintenance of healthy body weight and healthy BMI, in persons or other mammals. Besides these effects, administration of the compositions also provides for reducing serum leptin levels, increasing serum serotonin levels, reducing food intake, increasing fat oxidation, decreasing elevated total and LDL cholesterol, increasing HDL cholesterol, and reducing elevated triglyceride levels in persons or other mammals that would benefit from such effects.
• BMI body mass index
• compositions incorporating the components discussed above increase serum serotonin levels, reduce serum leptin levels and increase fat oxidation. It has also been surprisingly found that optimal concentrations of HCA exist for maximizing serum serotonin levels, a possible mechanism for decreasing appetite and reducing food intake. Another surprising finding is that compositions incorporating the components described above provide for superior improvement in reducing excess body weight and improving the related health factors described herein than was expected based on the previously know properties of the components.
• HCA chromium and gymnemic acid
• chromium and gymnemic acid was shown to reduce body weight, lower body mass index, increase serum serotonin levels, reduce food intake, reduce serum leptin levels, increase fat oxidation, decrease harmful total and LDL cholesterol, increase beneficial HDL cholesterol and lower triglycerides significantly greater than HCA alone.
• compositions are orally, in three equally-divided doses roughly 30 to 60 minutes before meals administered daily.
• the composition also can include inert ingredients or diluents, such as sugar, maltodextrin, cellulose, or other inert ingredients commonly used in food and beverage products.
• the composition may be in various forms commonly used for dietary supplements, including pill, tablet, capsule, lozenge, gum, food, liquid, or powder.
• the composition also can be incorporated into food or beverage products, including bars, shakes, gums, beverages, or other processed or prepared food or beverage products, or any other orally administerable form.
• compositions within the scope of the methods of the present invention were tested.
• a double-blind, placebo-controlled human clinical trial was conducted using a composition incorporating: the HCA-SX extract described above
• the subjects in the third group were given a daily dose of 4,667 mg of a combination of Garcinia cambogia (2,800 mg HCA), 4 mg of niacin-bound chromium (providing 400 meg of elemental chromium), and 400 mg of Gymnema sylvestre extract (providing 100 mg gymnemic acid).
• the subjects received their respective compositions in three equally- divided doses 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast, lunch and dinner for eight weeks.
• These dosage levels of HCA were determined by extrapolation of successful earlier animal trials, as well as review of optimal micromolar concentrations of HCA in ex vivo brain tissue resulting in maximum serotonin release.
• HCA-SX chromium and gymnemic acid
• HCA-SX exhibited its predominant effect on the biochemical regulation of leptin, which is an integral key component of obesity regulatory genes. Serotonin level also was modulated by HCA-SX alone, but it was more effectively modulated by the combination of HCA-SX, chromium, and gymnemic acid. The effect of serotonin level modulation was reflected in the reduced appetite in the study subjects.
• Glycerol kinase can activate the breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol, leading to enhanced formation of formaldehyde via microsomal metabolism. This indicates that the compositions of the present invention can provide for enhanced biochemical induction of glycerol kinase , which can serve to enhance two important biochemical functions: biochemical reduction of triglyceride levels, and fat oxidation.

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