WO2003045501A1 - Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003045501A1 WO2003045501A1 PCT/FR2002/003769 FR0203769W WO03045501A1 WO 2003045501 A1 WO2003045501 A1 WO 2003045501A1 FR 0203769 W FR0203769 W FR 0203769W WO 03045501 A1 WO03045501 A1 WO 03045501A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bag
- inhalation
- mask
- fraction
- oxygen
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
- A62B7/00—Respiratory apparatus
- A62B7/14—Respiratory apparatus for high-altitude aircraft
Definitions
- the invention relates to systems intended to protect the passengers of an aircraft against the effects of depressurization of the cabin at high altitude by providing them with the oxygen necessary for survival.
- FIG. 1 The principle used in most current systems is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the aircraft carries a source of oxygen (oxygen cylinder or chemical generator, known as a "candle"), or on-board generator of pressurized air very enriched in oxygen. ) which supplies one or more general pipes.
- a source of oxygen oxygen cylinder or chemical generator, known as a "candle”
- on-board generator of pressurized air very enriched in oxygen. which supplies one or more general pipes.
- a source of oxygen oxygen cylinder or chemical generator, known as a "candle”
- general pipes for each location intended to be occupied by a passenger, at least one oro-nasal mask 10 is provided, connected to the general line 12 by a supply path comprising a non-return inspiration valve 14, a flexible economiser bag. 16, a connection tube 18 provided with a constriction 20 for limiting the flow and a valve, not shown, which opens when the passenger
- the mask further comprises an exhalation valve 22 and an additional inspiratory valve 24 calibrated to be slightly resistant. This valve 24 allows, if the oxygen flow admitted from the bag is less than the instant inspiratory demand of the wearer of the mask, to inhale an additional amount of outside air.
- the flexible economiser bag makes it possible to adapt the continuous flow coming from the source to the respiratory cycle of the wearer: this economiser bag 16 stores the oxygen supplied during the expiratory phase of the cycle. It generally has a volume of between 500 ml and 1000 ml when inflated. The volume of oxygen thus stored is available during the next inhalation and completes the quantity of oxygen which continues to be supplied through the constriction 20.
- the continuous flow rate supplied by the oxygen source is usually expressed in volume reduced to normal conditions of temperature and pressure, called NTPD, per minute.
- the current FAR 25 1443 c regulation leads to give, to the control center which fixes the flow rate supplied to the mask by adjusting the pressure upstream of the throttle supplying the masks, an operation such as the total oxygen flow rate NTPD supplied to each passenger varies: - from 3.8 to 0.75 liters per minute from 40,000 to 18,500 feet (from approximately 12,200 to 5,600 meters),
- the present invention aims in particular to provide a method and a device making it possible to considerably increase the part of the oxygen admitted to the mask which is actually used and therefore to correlatively reduce the flow of oxygen to be supplied by the source.
- the invention aims to make it possible to reduce the mass and the volume of the oxygen sources. If it is an oxygen reserve, the mass of on-board oxygen can be reduced, to a given value of the maximum time the aircraft is held after depressurization at altitudes requiring the supply of oxygen to passengers. If it is an on-board generator of air very enriched in oxygen (usually more than 90%), the oxygen flow capacity and therefore the weight can be reduced. Or, alternatively, we can tolerate longer durations of the airplane in flight at the altitudes for which fuel consumption is reduced, but where oxygen supply is required.
- each mask of which is provided, in addition to the economizer bag, with a re-inhalation bag (patent FR 83 20941) and the control unit of which reduces the oxygen flow beyond an altitude. determined, typically 12,000 meters.
- the aim sought by the addition of this flexible re-inhalation or rebreathing bag was to induce the wearer to inhale a mixture having an increased carbon dioxide content which increases pulmonary ventilation, in order to allow the use of the passenger mask at increased cabin altitudes, exceeding 12,700 m, without oxygen pressurization.
- the additional bag stores exhaled gas rich in carbon dioxide and returns it to the mask during the next inspiration.
- the economizer bag remains classic in its characteristics and the oxygen flow is unchanged up to 12,000 meters. It has also been found that the levels of CO2 necessary for a sufficient excitation of the respiratory risk cause physiological disorders.
- the invention provides a method and a device making it possible to recover part of the oxygen rejected during expiration with a view to re-inhaling it on the next inspiration, avoiding increasing by excessively the carbon dioxide content of the inhaled gases, that is to say by limiting hypercapnia to a level which does not cause physiological disturbance even after a significant period. It has been found that, to protect passengers against a major malfunction of the cabin atmosphere conditioning system, leading to rapid depressurization, inspiratory hypercapnia must not exceed 2 kPa on average over all of the volume of gas which participates in the alveolar gas exchanges (alveolar volume).
- alveolar volume the part of the inspired gas volume which actually arrives at the alveolar gas exchange zones, as opposed to the dead volume which remains in the upper airways and in the gas conduits external to the subject and which, by definition , does not participate in gas exchanges.
- the invention therefore proposes a method for protecting the passengers of an aircraft against the effects of depressurization of the cabin at high altitude, according to which, for cabin altitudes above a determined level (for example 3000 meters or 10,000 feet), the respiratory masks are supplied with oxygen with a flow rate which is an increasing function of cabin altitude, through a flow restriction throttle and an economiser bag and a re-inhalation of only a first fraction of the gas exhaled by collecting this first fraction in a flexible re-inhalation bag, the volume of which in the inflated state is at least equal to the dead volume of the whole respiratory tract - mask, in communication with the mask.
- the re-inhaled gas has an oxygen content which remains much higher than that of the atmosphere.
- the flow of oxygen supplied by the source is reduced compared to the usual values currently mentioned above, for example by acting on the supply pressure supplied by the source and / or on the straight section of the throttle which constitutes a sonic neck giving the flow rate which passes through it a value which depends only on the passage section and / or on the upstream pressure.
- the value of 3000 meters is based on the FAR rules on the date of filing of this request but may vary to comply with the regulations.
- the invention When the invention is implemented in a system supplying highly enriched air and not pure oxygen, the capacity of the saving bag and the optimal volume of the re-inhalation bag are to be reduced and the flow rate which feeds the mask should be increased accordingly.
- the invention can also be implemented on an aircraft where the oxygen necessary for one or more passengers is supplied by a chemical generator known as a "candle", the law of variation of supply of oxygen flow as a function of time, at from the trigger, is fixed and cannot be modified.
- the respiratory masks are still supplied with oxygen from the chemical generator through an economizer bag and a first fraction of the exhaled gases is re-inhaled by collecting this first fraction in a flexible re-inhalation bag, the volume in the inflated state is at least equal to the dead volume of the entire respiratory tract - mask, in communication with the mask, the said chemical generator being intended to, from the moment it is put into service, supply a flow which decreases as a function of time according to a law determined as a function of the nominal descent profile of the aircraft from its nominal cruising altitude and which is only a fraction of the flow which would be necessary in the absence of the re-inhalation bag .
- the flow variation law is for example determined in advance by the choice of the shape of the candle.
- the invention also provides a device for protecting the passengers of an aircraft against the effects of depressurization of the cabin at high altitude, comprising: - a central supply unit supplying, in operation, a continuous flow rate adjustable to general driving , from a source of pure oxygen or highly enriched air under pressure,
- the said central unit comprising means for regulating the flow rate (typically by adjusting the pressure) in the pipe as a function of the ambient pressure to which the mask wearers are subjected, in order to limit the flow of additional oxygen supplied masks at only a fraction of the flow that would be required in the absence of re-inhalation; the flow can be increased to allow the inhalation of practically pure oxygen above a determined altitude.
- FIG. 2 is a curve representing the additional oxygen flow rate to provide to passengers as a function of altitude, in accordance with standards
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the variation as a function of time, of the volume inspired or expired during a typical respiratory cycle.
- the expiration successively comprises the expulsion of the "dead volume” devoid of CO 2 , of a transient phase, then of a expiration phase of the alveolar volume.
- the CO 2 concentration can be represented as a function of the evolution of the volume returned during expiration as having a final part, called “pseudo-plato-alveolar", which can be represented by a line with a slightly positive slope.
- the expired volume per minute is between 6 and 8 liters
- the ventilatory frequency is approximately 12 per minute
- the total ventilated volume V ⁇ is 0.5 to 0.7 dm 3
- the " dead volume "DV is approximately 0.15 to 0.18 dm 3 when the subject wears an oro-nasal mask.
- the beginning of the alveolar pseudoplate corresponds to a partial CO 2 pressure of 5 kPa and the end to around 6 kPa.
- the invention uses the existence of the volume VD to allow the reinspiration of a fraction of the expired volume which is not enriched or is only slightly enriched in CO 2 .
- VD volume of the expired volume which is not enriched or is only slightly enriched in CO 2 .
- the invention makes use of the fact that hypercapnia corresponding to an average partial pressure of 2 kPa during inspiration is acceptable. It generally has to take into account that the wearer of the mask can be a child, for whom the above values are no longer valid, or an anxious wearer. But a basic principle of the invention remains constituted by the recovery of the first part of the expiration, free of CO 2 or low in CO 2 content.
- the volume of CO 2 re-inhaled is approximately 14 cm 3 .
- This volume can be further reduced if measures are taken to readmit gases from the previous expiration only during the last fraction of inspiration, which is precisely the one that will remain in the dead volume.
- the supply of oxygen necessary for the wearer of the mask can be reduced substantially to 3/8 th of the quantity required in the absence of re-inhalation.
- the gas with a high oxygen content and a low carbon dioxide content is stored in the re-inhalation bag for a period t3.
- the duration t3 can be adjusted by various means, such as the choice of the volume of the re-inhalation bag and also by adjusting the resistance to the opening of the exhalation valve towards the atmosphere. Often the setting of these parameters will lead to interrupt the transfer of gas to the re-inhalation bag as soon as the pressure is around 3 hPa. After filling the mask, and for a period t4, the expiration is made towards the atmosphere.
- the economizer bag 16 and the flexible re-inhalation bag 28 are separated.
- the economizer bag 16 opens into the mask by means of a non-return valve 14 practically offering no resistance to inspiration.
- the exhalation valve 22 to the atmosphere is provided with elastic return means intended to delay evacuation to the atmosphere, in order to allow filling of the re-inhalation bag 28, that is to say to delay , until the end of duration t3, the exhaust to the atmosphere.
- the re-inhalation bag 28 opens into the mask 10. In a simple embodiment, it opens directly. It is however preferable to have, between the re-inhalation bag 28 and the mask, means allowing: - to store the first fraction of the expired gas (period t3), which implies not to offer resistance to filling,
- the means of communication between the bag 28 and the mask can be constituted by a double valve 30 of the kind shown in FIG. 5.
- the valve comprises an exhalation valve 32 provided with a return spring 34 exerting only '' a very weak force, just sufficient to keep the exhalation valve closed at rest.
- a valve 36 for inspiration from the bag is urged towards closure by a spring 38 delaying inspiration until the appearance of a depression in the mask.
- Such a constitution alleviates the problem of the use of the mask by children; due to their low total volume VT, they will essentially inspire oxygen arriving through the economizer bag.
- the two bags are connected to each other, which, among other advantages, has that of facilitating storage.
- the two bags are defined in the same inextensible external envelope 40 and by a flexible membrane 42 for separation.
- the enclosure 40 can be rigid but, for storage needs, it will generally be flexible.
- the re-inhalation bag can only be filled if the saving bag has been emptied during the previous part of the inhalation.
- a functionally equivalent arrangement to that of FIG. 7 consists in placing the economiser bag in the re-inhalation bag, the external wall of which then constitutes the equivalent of the enclosure or envelope 40.
- a yet another arrangement is to place the re-inhalation bag in the economizer bag.
- the table below shows the oxygen consumption required for different volumes of the re-inhalation bag (the value 0 corresponds to the absence of bag).
- a 500 cm 3 re-inhalation bag makes it possible to reduce the oxygen flow required to half its current value at most elevations. By increasing the volume of the bag, the required oxygen flow can be further reduced. A volume of 600 cm 3 is still acceptable. Beyond this, there is a risk of instability for poor ventilation, and in particular for children. In addition, a value of 750 cm 3 would also be out of the norm for altitudes below approximately 5 600 m.
- a passenger transport aircraft is fitted with one installation, or several installations each assigned to a portion of the cabin, having an oxygen source 48 (oxygen cylinder or on-board generators).
- a distribution center 46 supplies the pipes 50 intended to supply the masks (FIG. 4).
- the central unit 46 is generally designed to supply the pipes 50 under a variable pressure as a function of the altitude, either in stages, or gradually.
- the flow rate is adjusted indirectly by controlling the oxygen pressure admitted into the pipes 50.
- the flow rate is advantageously adjusted so as to provide an additional oxygen flow rate at least equal to that required, as defined in the table above.
- the central unit 46 is controlled, automatically in response to the detection of depressurization by sensors or, if necessary, manually, so as to supply the pipes. If the aircraft is at an altitude such that it would not be possible to supply the passengers with a sufficient flow of additional oxygen for the entire time necessary to arrive at a diversion airport, the crew gradually reduces the altitude up to a value that is compatible with both the security of passengers and with fuel consumption. The aircraft will often be brought to an altitude less than or equal to 35,000 feet or 11,500 meters, which corresponds to an additional oxygen consumption reduced by 15% compared to around 40,000 feet, according to a descent profile over time. which is assigned to the aircraft.
- the source of oxygen can be constituted by one or chemical generators each supplying one or a few masks. In this case, the flow of oxygen supplied cannot be controlled at will.
- the generator Once the generator has been triggered, it provides a flow whose evolution over time has been fixed during manufacture. This evolution is determined to decrease according to a law determined according to the descent profile of the aircraft from its nominal cruising altitude to the altitude at which it is maintained during the diversion.
- the chemical generators are provided so that the law of variation of the flow rate as a function of time takes account of the savings on the volume of additional oxygen required that allows re-inhalation. It follows that the on-board chemical generators will have a much lower oxygen supply capacity than that required in the absence of re-inhalation.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE60204346T DE60204346T2 (de) | 2001-11-28 | 2002-11-04 | Insassenschutzverfahren und -gerät eines luftfahrzeuges gegen hypoxie |
EP02785581A EP1448270B1 (fr) | 2001-11-28 | 2002-11-04 | Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie |
AU2002350871A AU2002350871A1 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2002-11-04 | Method and device for protecting passengers of an aircraft against hypoxia |
CA002468813A CA2468813C (fr) | 2001-11-28 | 2002-11-04 | Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0115371A FR2832639B1 (fr) | 2001-11-28 | 2001-11-28 | Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie |
FR01/15371 | 2001-11-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003045501A1 true WO2003045501A1 (fr) | 2003-06-05 |
Family
ID=8869869
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2002/003769 WO2003045501A1 (fr) | 2001-11-28 | 2002-11-04 | Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7082946B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1448270B1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2002350871A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2468813C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60204346T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2832639B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003045501A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7588032B2 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2009-09-15 | Be Intellectual Proeprty, Inc. | Oxygen conservation system for commercial aircraft |
JP2009533105A (ja) | 2006-04-13 | 2009-09-17 | アンテルテクニク | 乗客を輸送する航空機用の呼吸ガス供給回路 |
WO2008097569A1 (fr) * | 2007-02-06 | 2008-08-14 | Avox Systems, Inc. | Masque à oxygène pourvu d'une poche de réinhalation destiné à être utilisé avec une administration pulsée d'oxygène |
US8474456B2 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2013-07-02 | Intertechnique, S.A. | Oxygen breathing mask |
US9345913B2 (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2016-05-24 | Zodiac Aerotechnics | Oxygen breathing device with elongated supply time |
US10967205B2 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2021-04-06 | B/E Aerospace, Inc. | Oxygen flow indicator using flow-powered illumination |
GB201411199D0 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2014-08-06 | Avia Tech Ltd | Emergency oxygen supply system |
US10595758B2 (en) | 2016-05-12 | 2020-03-24 | Southern Aeromedical Institute, Inc. | Method and apparatus for determining onset of hypoxia |
US11617847B2 (en) | 2017-01-11 | 2023-04-04 | Model Software Corporation | Methods for minimizing delayed effects of exposure to reduced oxygen partial pressure via administration of supplemental oxygen |
US10532175B1 (en) | 2019-05-23 | 2020-01-14 | Model Software Corporation | Methods for minimizing delayed effects of exposure to reduced oxygen partial pressure via administration of supplemental oxygen |
EP3539620B1 (fr) * | 2018-03-15 | 2021-06-09 | Safran Aerotechnics | Système et procédé de fourniture de gaz respiratoire à des passagers à bord d'un aéronef |
EP3653265A1 (fr) | 2018-11-13 | 2020-05-20 | Airbus Operations GmbH | Dispositif d'alimentation en gaz respiratoire à un utilisateur |
EP3791933B1 (fr) * | 2019-09-13 | 2023-01-11 | Safran Aerotechnics | Système d'apport de gaz respiratoire à des passagers |
EP3964267A1 (fr) * | 2020-09-07 | 2022-03-09 | B/E Aerospace Systems GmbH | Système de régulation de la demande d'oxygène par dilution en phase (pddor) pour la respiration individuelle |
US20220296938A1 (en) * | 2021-03-19 | 2022-09-22 | B/E Aerospace, Inc. | Oxygen mask infant adapter |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE435916C (de) * | 1926-10-19 | Alexander Bernhard Draeger Dr | Atmungsgeraet | |
US2248349A (en) * | 1939-12-14 | 1941-07-08 | Air Reduction | Inhalation device for use in aviation at high altitudes |
FR1190440A (fr) * | 1957-01-25 | 1959-10-12 | British Oxygen Co Ltd | Dispositif pour administrer de l'oxygène |
GB934973A (en) * | 1961-06-13 | 1963-08-21 | John James Mclean | Inhalator and resuscitator |
FR2557463A1 (fr) | 1983-12-28 | 1985-07-05 | Intertechnique Sa | Masque respiratoire de protection en atmosphere rarefiee, notamment pour passer d'avion volant a haute altitude |
US4821712A (en) * | 1988-03-29 | 1989-04-18 | Gossett Allen D | Breathing apparatus |
FR2696350A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-05 | 1994-04-08 | Lemasson Yves | Dispositif respiratoire de secours. |
US5357949A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-10-25 | Eros G.I.E. | Breathing protection installation for aircraft passengers |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2558975A (en) | 1948-06-02 | 1951-07-03 | Edo Corp | Combined door and ladder in the side of a craft |
US4098271A (en) * | 1975-09-29 | 1978-07-04 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Oxygen supply system and flow indicator |
FR2614207B2 (fr) * | 1983-12-28 | 1992-01-10 | Intertechnique Sa | Masque respiratoire de protection, notamment pour les passagers d'aeronefs. |
DE3613814A1 (de) * | 1986-04-24 | 1987-10-29 | Draegerwerk Ag | Notversorgungseinheit mit einem atmungsgeraet |
DD285749A5 (de) | 1989-07-10 | 1991-01-03 | Veb Komb. Technische Textilien,Dd | Einstiegsrampe fuer schwimmfaehige rettungsmittel |
US4989691A (en) | 1990-05-07 | 1991-02-05 | Wilkerson C William | Inflatable boarding ladder and rescue device |
US5265597A (en) * | 1992-07-01 | 1993-11-30 | Puritan-Bennett Corporation | Passenger oxygen mask having a plurality of fingers and recesses for mounting the mask to an oxygen bag |
US5408995A (en) * | 1993-04-16 | 1995-04-25 | Figgie International Inc. | Continuous flow passenger oxygen dispensing unit |
US5343859A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1994-09-06 | Puritan-Bennett Corporation | Passenger oxygen mask having internal flow confirmation balloon |
US5832864A (en) | 1997-06-17 | 1998-11-10 | Zodiac Hurricane Technologies, Inc. | Diver's door for inflatable boat |
US5878685A (en) | 1997-09-30 | 1999-03-09 | Zodiac Hurricane Technologies, Inc. | Foam collar and boat incorporating same |
-
2001
- 2001-11-28 FR FR0115371A patent/FR2832639B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-10-31 US US10/284,714 patent/US7082946B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-04 AU AU2002350871A patent/AU2002350871A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-11-04 EP EP02785581A patent/EP1448270B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-11-04 WO PCT/FR2002/003769 patent/WO2003045501A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-11-04 DE DE60204346T patent/DE60204346T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-04 CA CA002468813A patent/CA2468813C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE435916C (de) * | 1926-10-19 | Alexander Bernhard Draeger Dr | Atmungsgeraet | |
US2248349A (en) * | 1939-12-14 | 1941-07-08 | Air Reduction | Inhalation device for use in aviation at high altitudes |
FR1190440A (fr) * | 1957-01-25 | 1959-10-12 | British Oxygen Co Ltd | Dispositif pour administrer de l'oxygène |
GB934973A (en) * | 1961-06-13 | 1963-08-21 | John James Mclean | Inhalator and resuscitator |
FR2557463A1 (fr) | 1983-12-28 | 1985-07-05 | Intertechnique Sa | Masque respiratoire de protection en atmosphere rarefiee, notamment pour passer d'avion volant a haute altitude |
US4821712A (en) * | 1988-03-29 | 1989-04-18 | Gossett Allen D | Breathing apparatus |
US5357949A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-10-25 | Eros G.I.E. | Breathing protection installation for aircraft passengers |
FR2696350A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-05 | 1994-04-08 | Lemasson Yves | Dispositif respiratoire de secours. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60204346T2 (de) | 2006-01-26 |
US20030101997A1 (en) | 2003-06-05 |
AU2002350871A1 (en) | 2003-06-10 |
CA2468813A1 (fr) | 2003-06-05 |
EP1448270A1 (fr) | 2004-08-25 |
FR2832639B1 (fr) | 2004-07-02 |
FR2832639A1 (fr) | 2003-05-30 |
US7082946B2 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
DE60204346D1 (de) | 2005-06-30 |
EP1448270B1 (fr) | 2005-05-25 |
CA2468813C (fr) | 2010-03-02 |
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