WO2003043283A1 - Procede de modulation d'amplitude en quadrature utilise dans un systeme de communication mobile numerique - Google Patents

Procede de modulation d'amplitude en quadrature utilise dans un systeme de communication mobile numerique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003043283A1
WO2003043283A1 PCT/CN2001/001556 CN0101556W WO03043283A1 WO 2003043283 A1 WO2003043283 A1 WO 2003043283A1 CN 0101556 W CN0101556 W CN 0101556W WO 03043283 A1 WO03043283 A1 WO 03043283A1
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Prior art keywords
constellation
decision
bit
signal
bits
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PCT/CN2001/001556
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yongzhong Zou
Jiangbo Dong
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Linkair Communications, Inc.
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Priority to CNA018228593A priority Critical patent/CN1493137A/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2001/001556 priority patent/WO2003043283A1/zh
Publication of WO2003043283A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003043283A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/06Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection
    • H04L25/067Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection providing soft decisions, i.e. decisions together with an estimate of reliability
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H04L27/3405Modifications of the signal space to increase the efficiency of transmission, e.g. reduction of the bit error rate, bandwidth, or average power

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a digital communication technology, in particular to a quadrature amplitude modulation method for a digital mobile communication system, in particular to a selection and optimization of two 8-phase 16QAM constellation diagrams in a quadrature amplitude modulation method and its soft decision .
  • spectrum efficiency refers to the maximum number of users that a system can accommodate in a cell (cel l) or sector ( Sector) given a user's transmission rate and system bandwidth.
  • the unit of measurement is per cell (or sector).
  • the amplitude phase joint keying method (APK, Ampl i tude Phase Keying) is proposed to overcome the above problems.
  • APK Ampl i tude Phase Keying
  • This modulation mode when the radix M is large, better power utilization can be obtained.
  • its equipment composition is also relatively simple. Therefore, it is a modulation method that is currently researched and applied more.
  • e 0 (t) ⁇ A n g(t - nT s ) cos(w c t + ⁇ ⁇ ) ( 1 )
  • 4 is the amplitude of the nth signal and nrj is a width of 7
  • w c is the carrier frequency, which is the phase of the nth signal.
  • the APK signal can be regarded as the sum of two orthogonal modulated signals.
  • an APK signal in digital communication which is a hexadecimal quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) signal.
  • Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is an amplitude-amplitude joint modulation, which is a mature and efficient narrow-band modulation method.
  • QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
  • Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is a double-band modulation that suppresses two mutually orthogonal co-frequency carriers with two independent baseband waveforms. This is the nature of the frequency-orthogonality of the modulated signal in the same bandwidth. Realize the transmission of two parallel digital information.
  • the block diagram of the composition of the quadrature amplitude modulation system is shown in Figure 1. In the figure (0 and " 1 ⁇ 2 (0 are two independent bandwidth-limited baseband signals, cos w c (t) and sin w c (t) are mutually orthogonal carriers. As can be seen from the figure, the sender forms a positive
  • the amplitude modulation signal is:
  • the cos ⁇ W term is often referred to as an in-phase signal, or as an I-signal; the term S i nw t) is commonly referred to as a quadrature signal, or as a Q signal.
  • the bandwidth of the QAM modulated signal is equal to the bandwidth of the multi-ary amplitude modulation, and the QAM modulation has twice the symbol of the multi-ary amplitude modulation when occupying the same bandwidth.
  • Transmission rate, visible, QAM is a kind of high spectral efficiency Narrowband modulation.
  • Quadrature amplitude modulation is exactly the same as the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK).
  • Measuring the performance of a modulation method can be done through its constellation.
  • f relevant if: the greater the distance between the end points of each signal vector in a signal constellation, the better performance of anti-noise, bit error. ': The better the characteristics; the smaller the distance between the signal vectors, the worse the anti-noise performance, and the worse the error characteristics: The upper limit of the error performance is determined by the minimum distance between the end points of the signal vectors in the constellation. A good signal constellation distribution should ensure that there is a maximum distance between the constellation points of each signal.
  • wireless mobile communication especially wireless high-speed mobile communication
  • wired communication so that it has higher requirements for anti-fading performance and adaptive speed for moving signals, as follows:
  • the mobile communication channel is a typical random time-varying channel in which there is a random frequency spread caused by the Doppler effect and a random time spread caused by the multipath propagation effect.
  • Random frequency diffusion will cause time-selective fading of the received signal, that is, the received signal level will have different random fluctuations with time; random time diffusion will cause the frequency selective fading of the received signal, that is, the different spectral components of the received signal There will be different random fluctuations.
  • fading will also significantly reduce the capacity of the system.
  • the transmitted signal is not only affected by noise, but also subjected to multiplicative interference such as flat fading or frequency selective fading, attenuating the amplitude of the received signal, and the phase produces an additional phase shift.
  • Frequency selective fading can also cause crosstalk between codes.
  • the Doppler spread caused by motion also produces an irreducible bit error rate (ir reduc ible BER ).
  • constructing the signal constellation not only considers the minimum distance between the signal vectors, but also takes into account the signal vector with as few amplitudes and phase numbers as possible to ensure better anti-fading performance of the constellation.
  • a constellation map refers to a distribution map of signal points on a vector plane of a modulation signal.
  • the 16QAM constellation diagram is a distribution map of 16 signal points on the QAM modulated signal in its vector plane.
  • the rectangular 16QAM constellation map refers to its 16QAM constellation shaped like a rectangle.
  • the names of the corresponding other constellations are also named according to their distribution shape on the vector plane. ..;
  • the GRAY encoding requires that the Hamming distance between all two adjacent codewords in the code group is 1, that is, the phase: the number of bits between the two codewords is one bit. For example: There are 4 numbers in the code group 0, 1, 2, :. 3 , then: 00, 01, 11, 10 is an arrangement that satisfies the GRAY code.
  • Soft judgments are relative to hard judgments. It means that when processing the received signal, it is not directly :::: it is judged as a certain symbol, but the likelihood value of each bit in each symbol is also given, also called soft information value, which indicates Each bit takes 1 or takes the reliability of 0. In this way, the information of the channel is utilized during decoding, thereby improving the bit error performance of the system. Especially in the iterative decoding of the TURBO code, the soft decision will bring about 3 dB of gain.
  • I(sym k ) is the coordinate of each symbol in the original two-dimensional constellation, /(ro), e(rcv) is the received value.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a quadrature amplitude modulation method for use in a digital mobile communication system, that is, to optimize two 8-phase 16QAM stars.
  • the constellation diagram is given, and its corresponding soft decision method is given, which reduces the implementation complexity of the system and simplifies the system hardware design.
  • the present invention proposes a quadrature amplitude modulation method for use in a digital mobile communication system, the method comprising at least the following steps:
  • the transmitting end uses the selected and optimized two 8-phase 16QAM constellation diagrams to perform Q AM modulation on the signal to be transmitted;
  • the receiving end adopts two 8-phase 16QAM constellation diagrams selected and optimized and consistent with the transmitting end, performs QAM soft decision on the received signal, and gives the soft information value of each bit in the received signal.
  • Each of the two 8-phase 16QAM modulation constellations is arranged in a GARY manner, and the arrangement of the signal points on the eight phases on one of the frames is performed as follows:
  • Each of the signal points has 4 bits
  • the decision area of any one of the other three bits of the above eight signal points is such that the arrangement of any one of the two bits is satisfied such that the eight points on the bit are adjacent to each other.
  • the corresponding bits on the points are arranged in the same order, but at the same time, it is ensured that the two bits are not arranged differently from each other;
  • the remaining one bit is arranged such that the corresponding bits at the two adjacent points are the same and satisfy The number of bits that differ between adjacent symbols is one.
  • the same steps are used for the arrangement of the signal points on the other eight phases on the other frame.
  • the arrangement of the 2 bits whose decision area is ⁇ is any two groups arranged in the table.
  • the selected constellation optimization is performed by increasing the minimum decision area of the signal points on the constellation.
  • the maximum and minimum decision area in the optimized constellation diagram is , and it can have multiple
  • the QA soft decision of the received signal includes the following steps:
  • the real and imaginary parts of the received signal are brought into the algebraic form of the given decision region. According to the simulation test, and then the empirical value of the corresponding correction coefficient is multiplied, the soft information value of the corresponding bit is obtained.
  • the two 8-phase 16QAM star constellation selected and optimized by the present invention requires only one type of amplitude information, and only requires the same minimum Euclidean distance as the rectangular constellation in FIG. : 21. 3 (that is, the difference of 5. OdB) two power values, so it requires a relatively small linearity of the power amplifier.
  • the optimal two-band 8-phase 16QAM star constellation designed according to the method of the present invention uses the soft decision method proposed by the present invention, and its performance will also be performed under a certain BER. Better than the rectangular constellation using "Method 2".
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram showing the composition of a prior art quadrature amplitude modulation system.
  • Figure 2 is a rectangular constellation diagram of 16QAM used in the 3GPP2 system.
  • Figure 3a is a non-optimal 2-band 8-phase 16QAM constellation.
  • Figure 3b is another non-optimal two 8-phase 16QAM constellation diagram.
  • Figure 3c is a diagram of two 8-phase 16QAM constellations employed in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3d is a diagram of two 8-phase 16QAM constellations employed in another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 ⁇ 2 - 4d are the four optimal 8-phase 16QAM constellations proposed by the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is the four constellations in Figures 3a-3d obtained by "Method 2" under the same simulation conditions. Comparison of BER performance results in the AWGN channel (ie, BER performance comparison of non-optimal and optimal astrological constellations).
  • Figure 6 is a graph 3a-3d and graph obtained by using "Method 2" under the same simulation conditions.
  • Figure 7 is a comparison of BER performance results of 10 constellations in Figure 2, Figure 3a-3d, and Figures 4a-4d using the "Method 2" under the same simulation conditions (ie, rectangular and star constellations) BER performance comparison).
  • Figure 8 is a comparison of the BER performance of the constellation diagram 3d obtained by applying the soft decision method proposed by the present invention and the BER performance of the constellation diagram 3d obtained by using the "method 2" under the same simulation conditions (i.e., two kinds of softness) The BER performance of the decision method in the same constellation is compared).
  • FIG. 9 is a comparison of the BER performance of the constellation diagram 3d obtained by applying the soft decision method proposed by the present invention and the BER performance of the rectangular constellation diagram of FIG. 2 obtained by applying the "method 2" under the same simulation conditions.
  • FIG. 10 is a performance comparison diagram of the constellation diagram 3d and the constellation diagram 4d obtained by applying the soft decision method proposed by the present invention under the same simulation conditions.
  • Figure 3 shows four two 8-phase 16QAM star constellations. See Figure 3a, Figure 3b, Figure 3c, Figure 3d. Among them, Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b are non-optimal two 8-phase 16QAM constellations, and Fig. 3b is obtained by rotating counterclockwise ⁇ in Fig. 3a. Figures 3c and 3d are the optimal 2 proposed by the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 The four 2-phase 16-phase 16QAM constellations shown in Figure 3 are all star maps with GRAY arrangements. Among them, Fig. 3b and Fig. 3d are obtained by rotating counterclockwise of Figs. 3a and 3c. These four
  • the constellation map has the same average power and the same minimum Euclidean distance.
  • the first bit It can be determined based on the distance R of the signal point from the origin. Specifically, if R1 and R2 are the radii of the outer and inner rings of the constellation, respectively. Then, when R is larger than (Rl+R2) /2, it will be judged as 1; when R is less than (R1+R2) /2, it will be judged as 0. Then its decision area Can be considered as 2 .
  • the second bit is judged based on what area the signal point falls in. It will be judged as 0 if it falls within the area A, B C, D; otherwise it will be judged as 1 if it falls within the rest of the area. Then at this time its minimum decision area is . If the signal point in area A has been transmitted
  • the third bit is judged according to the straight line d. In the upper half of the line d, it is judged as 0, otherwise it is judged as 1. Then its decision area will be; r.
  • the fourth bit is judged according to the straight line a. In the left half of the line a, it is judged as 1 or it is judged as 0. Then its decision area is also
  • the 8 method is similar to 3a. Considering the above two constellations, their minimum decision areas are (actually they
  • an arrangement of eight signal points of the inner circle in the constellation diagram is taken as an example: the value of the first bit is 1; the second bit of the four points of the left half of the line a is 1 , a straight line a Right half The second bit of the four points is 0; the third bit of the four points of the areas A and B is 0, and the third bit of the four points of the remaining area is 1; the upper part of the line b The fourth bit of the four points is 0, and the fourth bit of the four points of the lower half of the line b is 1.
  • the second bit ⁇ can be judged according to the straight line a. If the received signal point falls on the left half of line a, it is judged as 1, otherwise it is judged as 0. Then its decision area can be considered as r.
  • the third bit can be decided based on the landing area of the received signal point. If the received signal point falls within areas A and B, it will be judged as 0; if the received signal point falls within the remaining areas, it will be judged as 1. Therefore its decision area is .
  • the fourth bit can be judged according to the straight line b. If the received signal falls in the upper half of line b, it is judged as 0; otherwise it is judged as 1. Then its decision area is r.
  • Figure 3d is similar to 3c, it only rotates 3c counterclockwise, so its decision method is similar
  • the constellation diagram of 2 which satisfies other identical conditions and has the smallest decision area, is not limited to the above two forms, and the present invention also exemplifies several, as shown in Fig. 4a, Fig. 4b, Fig. 4c and Fig. 4d. And in Figure 6, we present a comparison of the BER performance of various optimal star constellations, and the simulation results show that they have the same excellent performance.
  • Minimum decision area is only possible Increase by the amount of ⁇ . Therefore, if the minimum decision area can be increased, it will be 3 ⁇ , ⁇ , - ⁇ , 4 4 4
  • the decision area of three bits at each point is 2; r, ⁇ , and 7 ⁇ , and the decision area of the fourth bit is examined.
  • the decision area of Figure 3a and Figure 3b is , that is, the fourth of the two symbols adjacent to the inner and outer rings in the corresponding constellation
  • the 16 signal points it can be divided into four groups of four each.
  • the characteristics of these four groups are: The four points in each group are four adjacent points, and the fourth bit of each group is different, and the four points in the group have the same value.
  • the minimum decision area is 3 ⁇ 4r, the inner and outer rings in the constellation are required.
  • the six symbols are grouped into one group, and the fourth bit of the six symbols in the group is the same. This is obviously impossible to establish. Because for 16QAM modulation, there are 8 points on the inner and outer rings respectively, then there must be one group with only four symbols after every six symbols are grouped, even if they can satisfy GRAY.
  • the code also because the last group has only four symbols, causes the minimum decision area to become so that the minimum decision area is ⁇ . At this time, among the four bits of each symbol, except that the decision area of one bit is 2 r, the decision areas of the other three bits are all; r. To illustrate that this is not possible, we give the following table:
  • the smallest decision region cannot be greater than r.
  • the constellation proposed by the present invention will be two 8-phase 16QAM star constellations with the largest decision area.
  • Figure 5 shows the bit error rate BER performance of the different constellations in Figure 3 using the same "Method 2" with the same simulation conditions. From Figure 5, it is easy to see that when the BER is less than 1E-3, the constellation diagram (Fig. 3c and Fig. 3d) indicated by the present invention will have a gain greater than 0.5 dB than those of Figs. 3a and 3b; At 5 o'clock, the constellation (Fig. 3c and Fig. 3d) indicated by the present invention will have a gain greater than ldB than Figs. 3a and 3b.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the BER performance curves of two 8-phase 16QAM star constellation diagrams satisfying the GRAY code of the largest class of minimum decision regions proposed by the present invention.
  • the simulation conditions used are the same as indicated above. It can be seen that a class of optimized star constellation diagrams proposed by the present invention have excellent performance.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing the performance comparison of the rectangular constellation diagram (Fig. 2) after applying "Method 2" and the star constellation diagram proposed by the present invention. It can be seen that when the BER is less than 1E - 3 , the rectangular constellation is only about 0.2 dB from the star constellation.
  • the soft decision method proposed by the present invention is related to the characteristics of the constellation diagram itself, so its algorithm is combined with a specific constellation diagram, but the basic idea is the same. That is, the decision area of each bit is first determined, and then the soft information value to be output is expressed according to the characteristics of the decision area. In order to better fit the optimal curve, some empirical values of the correction factor are added. :
  • the soft information value of bits in each symbol be LL (s0), LLR (sl), LLR (s2), LLR (s3).
  • the real part of the received signal is real, the imaginary part of the signal is image; the distance of the received signal point from the origin of the constellation is R; the radius of the inner circle and the outer ridge in the constellation diagram are R1 and R2, respectively; , factorl, factor2 are the positive values of ⁇ positive coefficients.
  • factor and factor ⁇ factor2 are 3.0, 2.0, and 2.0, respectively.
  • the BER performance of the system obtained using the soft decision method indicated by the present invention is significantly better than "Method 2".
  • Method 2 the BER performance of the system obtained using the soft decision method indicated by the present invention is significantly better than "Method 2".
  • the BER is less than 1E-3, there is a gain of about 0.8 dB; when the BER is less than 1E-5, their performance is almost the same.
  • Figure 9 compares the BER performance of two 8-phase 16QAM constellation constellations obtained by the soft decision method proposed by the present invention and the BER performance of the rectangular constellation obtained by "Method 2". The result is also very obvious.
  • the star constellation When the BER is less than 1E-3, the star constellation will have a gain of approximately .0.5 dB; when the BER is less than 1E-5, the astro constellation will have a difference of 0.2 dB for the rectangular constellation.
  • the star constellation when the BER is less than 1E-3, the star constellation will have a gain of about 0.48 dB; when the BER is less than 1E-5, the star constellation will have a difference of 0.4 dB. It can be seen that after using the simplified soft decision algorithm, the constellation diagram proposed by the present invention also has excellent performance under a certain BER.
  • Each Euclidean distance is three additions, two square operations, followed by each bit, 2*16 comparisons, and one subtraction.

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Description

一种用于数字移动通信系统的正交振幅调制方法
技术领域
本发明涉及数字通信技术, 具体是一种用于数字移动通信系统的正交 振幅调制方法, 特别涉及是一种正交振幅调制方法中 2幅 8相 16QAM星座 图的选取并优化及其软判决。
背景技术
随着信息化社会及个人通信时代的到来, 人们对提高无线通信系统频 谱效率的要求变得越来越迫切了, 因为频率资源是十分有限的。 所谓频谱 效率是指在给定用户传信率与系统带宽时, 在一个小区 (cel l ) 或扇区 ( Sector ) 内系统可容纳的最大用户数, 其度量单位是每小区 (或扇区) 每单位带宽系统所支撑的总传信率。 显然, 频语效率越高的系统容量越大。
根据现有通信技术中对多进制振幅键控( ASK, Ampl i tude Shift Keying ) 和移相键控 ( PSK, Phase Shift Keying ) 系统的分析可以看出: 在系统带 宽一定的条件下, 多进制调制的信息传输速率比二进制高。 也就是说, 多 进制调制系统的频带利用率高。 但是, 多进制调制系统频带利用率的提高 是通过牺牲功率利用率来换取的。 因为随着进制数 M的增加, 在信号空间 中各信号点间的最小距离减小 ·, 相应的信号判决区域也随之减小。 因此, 当信号受到噪声和干扰的损害时, 接收信号错误概率也将随之增大。 而振 幅相位联合键控方式(APK, Ampl i tude Phase Keying )就是为了克服上述 问题而提出来的。 在这种调制方式中, 当进制数 M较大时, 可以获得较好 的功率利用率。 同时其设备组成也比较筒单。 因此, 它是目前研究和应用 较多的一种调制方式。 振幅相位联合键控信号的一般表示式为: e0 (t) =∑ Ang(t - nTs ) cos(wct + φη ) ( 1 ) 式中, 4是第 n个信号的幅度, nrj是宽度为 7;的单个基带脉冲, wc 为载波频率, 是第 n个信号的相位。
将式( 1 )作变换有下式:
^( = [∑J^ng(i ~nTs)]coswct+[ jYng(i - nTs )]s wct ( 2 ) 式中, Χη = Αη οοΒ φπ , Υη = -Απ sin^?,,。
由上式可以看出, APK信号可看作两个正交调制信号之和。 当前研究较 多, 并被建议用于数字通信中的一种 APK信号, 是 16进制的正交振幅调制 ( 16QAM )信号。
正交振幅调制 ( QAM, Quadrature Ampl i tude Modulat ion )是一种 振幅相位联合调制, 是技术成熟的高效窄带调制方式。 随着移动通信的 发展, 要求高速率、 高频谱效率的数字传输, QAM 因其具有高频谱效率 的特点引起人们的重视, 特别是其中的 16QAM和 64QAM调制方法。
正交振幅调制 (QAM )是用两个独立的基带波形对两个相互正交的同频 载波进行抑制载波的双边带调制, 利用这种巳调信号在同一带宽内频语正 交的性质来实现两路并行的数字信息的传输。 正交振幅调制系统的组成方 框图如图 1 所示。 图中 (0和"½(0是两个独立的带宽受限的基带信号, cos wc (t)和 sin wc (t)是相互正交的载波。 由图可见, 发送端形成的正交振幅调 制信号为:
e0 (t) = mj if) cos wc (t) + mQ (t) sin wc (t)
式中, cos^W项通常称为同相信号, 或者称为 I信号; Sin w t)项通常称为 正交信号, 或者称为 Q信号。
由 QAM调制表达式可以看出, QAM调制信号的带宽与多进制振幅调 制的带宽相等, 而在占用相同带宽的情况下, QAM 调制与多进制振幅调 制相比具有高一倍的码元传输速率, 可见, QAM是一种具有高频谱效率 的窄带调制。
当 (0和 (0的取值为 ±1时, 正交振幅调制与四相移相键控 (QPSK, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)完全相同。
当 ,(t)和 (0的取值为多电平时, 那么便可以构成多电平正交振幅调 制。
衡量一种调制方式性能的好与坏可以通过其星座图来进行。
设星座图中信号矢量 (m=0, 1,2, ...M)被发送, 经信道传输后接 收信号矢量为 γ, 定义判决域 及!:如下:
若¥ , 则判定发送信号为 Xm, 即为正确判决。
若 Ye , 则判定发送信号为 Xffl,(W≠ ), 即为错误判决。
且 ", u Tm=a, xm η ^φ。
根据理论证明和工程实际可知, 误码性能与 ||Y- x,„|f有关。 因此, 若: 信号星座图中各信号矢量端点间的距离越大, 抗噪声性能则越好, 误码': 特性越好; 各信号矢量间的距离越小, 抗噪声性能则越差, 误码特性越: 差。 误码性能的上限由星座图中信号矢量端点之间的最小距离决定。 一 种好的信号星座分布应能保证各信号星座点之间有最大的距离。
众所周知, 无线移动通信尤其是无线高速移动通信的随机性变化比 有线通信更强, 从而其对信号传输时的抗衰落性能和对移动速度的自适 应性要求更高, 具体如下所述:
移动通信信道是典型的随机时变信道, 其中存在着由多普勒效应产 生的随机性频率扩散, 以及由多径传播效应产生的随机性时间扩散。 随 机性频率扩散将使接收信号产生时间选择性衰落, 即接收信号电平会随 时间有不同的随机起伏变化; 随机性时间扩散将使接收信号产生频率选 择性衰落, 即接 ^信号不同频谱分量会有不同的随机起伏变化。 衰落除 严重恶化系统的性能以外, 还将大幅度减小系统的容量。 在衰落信道中 传输的信号不仅受到噪声的影响, 还会受到平坦衰落或频率选择性衰落 等乘性干扰, 使接收信号的幅值发生衰减, 相位产生附加相移。 频率选 择性衰落还会引起码间串扰。 因运动而引起的多普勒扩展也产生不可减 少的误码率 ( i r reduc i b l e BER ) 。 这时, 构造信号星座图不仅要考虑信 号矢量间的最小距离, 同时还要兼顾信号矢量有尽可能少的幅值及相位 种数, 以保证星座图有较好的抗衰落性能。
由输入信息数据决定矢量端点坐标的过程叫做星座映射, 由这些矢 量坐标映射所形成的坐标图可称之为星座图。 筒言之, 星座图就是指调 制信号在其矢量平面上各信号点的分布图。
16QAM星座图是指 QAM调制信号在其矢量平面上有 16个信号点的分布 图。 矩形 16QAM 星座图便指它的形状象矩形的 16QAM星座图。 相应的其它 星座图的命名也会才艮据其在矢量平面上的分布形状来命名。 ..;
GRAY 编码要求码組中所有相临两个码字间的汉明距离均为 1 , 也即相: 临两个码字间不同的比特位数均为 1位。 例如: 码组中有 4个数 0、 1、 2、 :. 3 , 那么: 00、 01、 11、 10就是满足 GRAY编码的一种排列。
软判决是相对于硬判决'而.言的。 它是指在处理接收信号时, 不是直接::: 将其判为某一确定的符号, 而是给出每一符号中各个比特的似然值, 也称 之为软信息值, 它表明了每一比特取 1或者取 0的可靠性。 这样在译码时, 会利用到信道的信息, 从而提高系统的误比特性能, 尤其在 TURBO码的迭 •代译码中, 软判决将会带来接近 3dB 的增益。
当仅考虑系统的误符号率时, 那么在相同平均功率的前提下, 星座图 中最小欧氏距离越大, 相应信号的判决区域也就越大, 那么在接收端接收 信号的错误概率将会越小。 但是, 当考虑系统的误比特率时, 那么在相同 的平均功率以及相同的最小欧氏距离的前提下, 各信号点在星座图中的位 置排列也将影响到系统的性能。 如果在相同的误符号率条件下, 满足 GRAY 编码的排列将使误比特率成为最小。 在 3GPP2中采用了满足 GRAY编码的矩 形 16QAM星座图, 如图 2所示。 输入信息比特流 0100被映射为星座图中的 矢量(3L, L), 输入信息比特流 1011被映射为星座图中的矢量(-L, -3L) 等。
确定星座图之后, 软判决方法的性能以及硬件实现复杂度也是一个值 得慎重考虑的问题。 我们当然可以选取最优的 LLR (LogLikelyhood Ratio) 算法:
Figure imgf000007_0001
(3) 其中, I(symk)、 为原二维星座中各符号的坐标, /(ro)、 e(rcv)为 接收值, 。为衰落乘积因子, 而高斯白噪声功率:
, ,,
σ (4)
2ES/N0 其中, ^是平均功率, 对 M点星座调制: ,
Figure imgf000007_0002
从式(3)可以看出, 要算出某一比特的软信息值就必须有大量的平方 运算, 然而这对硬件实现的要求就高。 已经有人通过简化算法而又不会带 来性能的极大恶化来增强算法的可实现性。 如在文章 "Link Evaluation Methods for High Speed Downlink Packet Access, TSGR1#14 (00) 910"中所 介绍的就是一种 LLR最优算法的近似, 以下我们简称为 "方法 2"。
在如图 2所示的矩形星座图中包含三种幅值信息, 它要求发送 2: 10: 18 三种功率值 (即差 6.9dB和 9.5 dB ) , 这对前端功率放大器的线性度要求 比较高。 如杲能减小星座图中幅值之间的差别而不影响其系统的性能, 那 么这对功放的线性度而言将是一项改进。 另外 "方法 2" 虽然已经将复杂度 降低到了一定程度, 但每比特软信息值的计算仍然要涉及到大量的平方运 算。 在硬件实现上过多的平方运算会影响到处理速度而增大处理时延。 如 果在不恶化系统性能的前提下, 而能将软判算法中的大量的平方运算减少, 那么就会使得运算速度大大提高。 发明内容
为解决现有技术中存在的上述缺陷和不足, 并结合上述分析, 本发明 的目的在于提出一种用于数字移动通信系统中的正交振幅调制方法, 即给 出优化 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图, 并给出其相应的软判决方法, 进而降 低系统的实现复杂度, 简化系统硬件设计。
为实现上述目的,本发明提出了一种用于数字移动通信系统中的正交振 幅调制方法, 该方法至少包括以下步骤:
发送端采用所选取并优化后的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图,对要传送的信号 进行 Q AM调制;
接收端采用所选取并优化后的、且与发送端相一致的 2幅 8相 16QAM星 座图, 对所接收的信号进行 QAM软判决, 并给出接收信号中每一比特的软 信息值。
所述的 2幅 8相 16QAM调制星座图上的每个信号按 GARY方式排列, 并 且对其中一幅上的 8个相位上的信号点的排列方式按如下步骤进行:
其中每个信号点有 4个比特;
确定 8个相位信号点中的第一比特均为 Q或者 1 ;
使上述 8个信号点中的其它 3个比特中的任意 1个比特的判决区域为 ,为此使 2个比特中的任一比特的排列满足使该比特位上的 8个点中相临 4个点上的对应比特的排列相同,但同时又要保证使该 2个比特彼此之间的 排列不相同;
剩余一个比特的排列是使该相临两个点上的对应比特相同, 同时满足 使相临两个符号之间不同的比特数是 1。
所述另一幅上的另 8个相位上的信号点排列方式采用相同的步骤。 所述其具有判决区域为 Γ的 2 个比特的排列是表中任意两种排列的组
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1- 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
所述选取的星座图优化是通过增大星座图上信号点的最小判决区域来 进行的。
所述的优化后的星座图中最大最小判决区域是 , 并且它可以有多种
2
等效形式。
所述接收的信号进行 QA 软判决包括如下步骤:
根据所选星座图确定每一比特的判决区域;
将每一比特的判决区域用代数形式描述出来;
将所收到的信号的实部和虚部带入给出的判决区域的代数形式, 根据仿真测试, 再乘以相应的修正系数的经验值, 就得到相应比特的软信 息值。
本发明所选取并经优化的 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图, 由于只有 1种 幅度信息, 在与图 1 中的矩形星座图同样的最小欧氏距离的前提下, 它只 要求 6. 83: 21. 3 (即相差 5. OdB)两种功率值, 因此它对功放的线性度要求相 对来说要小。 另外, 对依本发明方法设计的这种最优 2幅 8相 16QAM星形 星座图, 使用本发明提出的软判决方法, 在一定的 BER 下, 它的性能也将 优于运用 "方法 2" 的矩形星座图。 附图说明
图 1是现有技术的正交振幅调制系统的组成方框图。
图 2是 3GPP2系统中所采用 16QAM的矩形星座图。
图 3a是一种非最优 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图。
图 3b是另一种非最优 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图。
图 3c是本发明一种较佳实施例中采用的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图。
图 3d是本发明另一种较佳实施例中采用的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图。 图 ½一 4d分别是依本发明方法所提出 4种最优的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座 图 5是在相同的仿真条件下, 运用 "方法 2" 所得到的图 3a— 3d中 4 种星座图在 AWGN信道下的 BER性能比较结果图 (即非最优和最优星形星座 图的 BER性能比较)。
图 6是在相同的仿真条件下, 运用 "方法 2" 所得到的图 3a— 3d和图
4a-4d中共 8种星座图的 BER性能比较结果图 (即各种最优星形星座图的 BER性能比较)。
图 7是在相同的仿真条件下,运用 "方法 2"所得到的图 2、 图 3a— 3d、 图 4a—4d中共 10种星座图的 BER性能比较结果图 (即矩形和星形星座图 的 BER性能比较)。
图 8是在相同的仿真条件下, 运用本发明所提出的软判决方法所得到 的星座图 3d的 BER性能与运用 "方法 2"所得到的星座图 3d的 BER性能比 较图 (即两种软判决方法在同一星座图下的 BER性能比较)。
图 9是在相同的仿真条件下, 运用本发明所提出的软判决方法所得到 的星座图 3d的 BER性能与运用 "方法 2"所得到的图 2的矩形星座图的 BER 性能比较图。 图 10是在相同的仿真条件下,运用本发明所提出的软判决方法所得到 的星座图 3d和星座图 4d的性能比较图。 具体实施方式
下面结合附图, 对本发明及最佳实施方式进行详细描述, 本发明的特 征和优点将会更加明显。
如附图所示:其中图 4b和图 4d是图 4a和图 4c逆时针旋转 所得到的,
8
当然才艮据本发明, 还可有很多种, 因而没有一一列出。
附图 3给出了四种 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图。如图 3a、图 3b、图 3c、 图 3d所示。 其中, 图 3a和图 3b是非最优的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图 , 图 3b 是图 3a逆时针旋转 ^所得到的。 图 3c和图 3d是本发明所提出的最优的 2
8 幅 8相 16QAM星座图, 图 3c和图 3d具有最大的最小判决区域 , 图 3d是
2 图 3 c 逆时针旋转 所得到的。
8
附图 3中示出的四种 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图,都是具有 GRAY排列的星 座图。 其中, 图 3b和图 3d是图 3a和图 3c逆时针旋转 而得到的。 这四个
8
星座图具有相同的平均功率和相同的最小欧氏距离。
观察图 3a所示的星座图, 仅以内圈 8个点的排列情况为例: 第一比特 的值均为 0; 相临两个点的第二比特都不相同; 直线 d上半部分的四个点第 三比特均为 0, 直线 d下半部分的四个点的第三比特均为 1 ; 直线 a左半部 分的四个点第四比特均为 1 , 线 a右半部分的第四比特均为 0。 下面对它 们的特点进一步说明。
1. 第一比特。可以根据信号点距离原点的距离 R来判别。 具体地说 假如 R1和 R2分别为星座图外圈和内圈的半径。 那么, R大于(Rl+R2 ) /2 时, 将被判为 1; R小于(R1+R2 ) /2时, 将被判为 0。 那么它的判决区域 可以认为是 2 。
2. 第二比特 要根据信号点落在什么区域内来判别。 如落在区域 A、 B C、 D 内那么它将被判为 0; 否则如果它落在剩下的其它区域内, 它将被判 为 1。 那么此时它的最小判决区域是 。 如果区域 A内的信号点由于传输过
4 程中噪声和干扰的影响相位偏离 , 那么它将被判错。
4
3. 第三比特 要根据直线 d来判决。 在直线 d的上半部分则被判为 0 否则被判为 1。 那么它的判决区域将是; r。
4. 第四比特 要根据直线 a来判决。 在直线 a的左半部分则被判为 1 否则被判为 0。 那么它的判决区域也是
再来观察 3b所示的星座图,它仅是 3a所示星座图逆时针旋转了 ,判
8 决方法类似于 3a。 综合考虑上述两种星座图, 它们的最小判决区域均为 (实际上它们
4 属于一类星座图, 那就是它们的最小判决区域均为 , 满足最小判决区域
4 是 , 而且 GRAY编码排列的星座图还有好多种形式这里不再——列举)。但 4
是如果在不改变其它条件的前提下, 将最小判决区域增大, 那么它的性能 必然要好于图 3a和 3b所示的星座图的性能。 这也正是本发明的目的所在。 如图 3c和 3d, 就是本发明所要介绍的优化星座图。
另外, 结合本发明所给出的星座图, 同时给出了相应的筒化软判决方 法。 它在实现复杂度上要远远低于 "方法 2"; 但同时可保证在一定的 BER 下, 它具有比 "方法 2"性能更好的特点; 而且它的性能也同样优于或者接 近使用 "方法 2" 而得到的矩形星座图的性能。
参考附图 3c, 以星座图中内圈的 8个信号点的排列为例: 第一比特的 值均为 1 ; 直线 a的左半部分的四个点的第二比特均为 1 , 直线 a右半部分 的四个点的第二比特均为 0; 区域 A和 B的四个点的第三比特均为 0, 剩下 的区域的四个点的第三比特均为 1;直线 b的上半部分的四个点的第四比特 均为 0,直线 b的下半部分的四个点的第四比特均为 1。更详细的分析如下:
1.第一比特 s。可以根据信号点距离原点的距离 R来判别。 与图 3a的判 决方法类似。 4艮如 R1和 R2分别为星座图外圈和内圈的半径。 那么, R大于
( R1+R2 ) 12时, 将被判为 0; R小于 ( R1+R2 ) /2时, 将被判为 1。 那么它 的判决区域可以认为是 2;z:。 '
2.第二比特 ^可根据直线 a来判决。如果收到的信号点落在直线 a的左 半部分, 则被判为 1 , 否则就被判为 0。 那么它的判决区域可以认为是 r。
3.第三比特 可根据接收信号点的落点区域来判决。如果收到的信号点 落在区域 A和 B内, 那么它将被判为 0; 如果收到的信号点落在剩下的其它 区域内, 那么它将被判为 1。 因此它的判决区域为 。
2
4.第四比特 可根据直线 b来判决。如果收到的信号落在直线 b的上半 部分, 则被判为 0; 否则就被判为 1。 那么它的判决区域就是 r。
图 3d类似于 3c, 它仅是 3c逆时针旋转了 因此它的判决方法类似
8 于图 3c中的方法。 可以看到图 3c和 3d的最小判决区域将增大到 。 同样
2 的, 满足其它相同的条件而具有最小判决区域 的星座图不只有上述两种 形式, 本发明还列举了几种, 如图 4a, 图 4b, 图 4c和图 4d所示。 并且在 图 6 中, 我们给出了各种最优星形星座图的 BER性能比较图, 仿真结果表 明它们具有同样优秀的性能。
下面将要证明所有的满足 GRAY编码的 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图中, 最大最小判决区域将为 。
2
首先, 由于星形星座图中信号点分布的特殊性。 最小判决区域只可能 以^的量增加。 因此如果最小判决区域还可以增加的话,将是 3^、 π、 -π , 4 4 4
6 7
4 4
那么在确定 16QAM星座图中各点有三个比特的判决区域分别为 2;r、 ττ和 7Γ的前提下, 考察第四个比特的判决区域。 如前面介绍的图 3中, 图 3a和 图 3b的判决区域是 , 即对应星座图中内圈和外圈相临两个符号的第四个
4 比特都不同; 而图 3c和图 3d的判决区域是 , 即对应星座图的内圈和外圈
2
16个信号点中, 可以分为每四个点一组的四组。 这四組的特点是: 每组内 的四个点均是相临的四个点, 每相临两个组的第四个比特取值不同, 而组 内四个点的取值相同。
依此类推, 如果最小判决区域为 ¾r时, 就要求星座图中内圈和外圈上
4
以每相临六个符号分为一组, 而组内六个符号的第四个比特相同。 这显然 是不可能成立的。 因为对于 16QAM调制, 内圈和外圈上分别有 8个点,, 那 么每六个符号分組后必然有一个组只有四个符号, 即使它们能满足 GRAY编 π
码, 也因为最后一组只有四个符号而使最小判决区域变为 那么再来看最小判决区域为 π的情形。 此时要求每一符号的四个比特 中, 除了一比特的判决区域为 2 r外, 其它三比特的判决区域均为; r。 为了 说明这种情况是不可能出现的, 我们给出下表:
Figure imgf000014_0001
如果上表所示为星座图内圈或者外圈的 8个点, 那么 s O全零, 它的判决区 域为 2 ; sl的前四个均为 0, 后四个均为 1, 它的判决区域是; Γ; s3的中间 四个为 1, 其它相临 (循环看) 的四个为 0, 它的判决区域为 , 现在我们 来针对 s2列举可能的相临四个点取值一样的情形, 它们共有 =8种(这表 示只要第一个零的位置确定后 , 根据四个连续的规则其它所有位置的数将 被确定。 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure imgf000015_0001
那么我们将上述 8种情形插入 s2。 可见 1和 7的插入会分别与 sl和, s3重 合, 不可用; 再看 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 8插入后会使 8个点内的几个点发生重 复现象。 这显然是不合理的。 因此也不可能有最小判决区域为; r的情形。
最后说明最小判决区域为大于 的情形也是不可能出现的。
如果已经固定了其它比特的判决区域分别为 2τ、 π^πϊή-, 最小的判决 区域就不可能大于 r。
如果已经艮设其它比特的判决区域均大于 r, 那么 8 个信号点中就必 定至少有两个点重合, 这显然是不合理的。
综上所述, 本发明所提出的星座图将是具有最小判决区域最大的 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图。
上述的理论证明再结合下面的仿真结果, 将更突出的显示本发明所指 出的 2幅 8 目 16QAM星形星座图的最优性。
本发明所测的仿真结果均在如表一所列仿真条件下进行: 码片速率(Chip rate) 1.28Mchip/s
编码方式(.Coding ) TURBO (PCCC)
码率(Code Rate) =l/2
内 交 织 ( Inner 伪. 随 机 交 织
Interleave ) ( Pseudo-Random
Interleave )
交织长度 ( Interleave 250
Size)
扩频码( Spread ) LS 扩频码 (LS Code
Spread) ,括频因子为 16
(SF=16)
信道类型 ( Channel 加性白高斯信道(AWGN)
environment )
译码器输入 ( Input to 软 判 决 ( Soft
the Decoder ) Decision )
解码算法 ( Decoding Log-MAP
Algorithm )
译码器 ( Decoder ) 迭代译码器(Iterative
Decoder)
最大迭代次数 ( Max. 8
Iterations ) 图 5所示为在运用相同的 "方法 2", 在仿真条件相同的前提下, 所得 的图 3中不同星座图的误比特率 BER性能。 从图 5 中, 不难看出: 在 BER 小于 1E-3时, 本发明所指出的星座图 (图 3c和图 3d), 将比图 3a和图 3b 有大于 0.5 dB的增益; 在 BER小于 1E - 5时, 本发明所指出的星座图 (图 3c和图 3d), 将比图 3a和图 3b有大于 ldB的增益。
图 6所示为本发明所提出的一类最小判决区域最大的其它满足 GRAY编 码的 2幅 8相 16QAM星形星座图的 BER性能曲线。 所使用的仿真条件同上 面所指出的相同。'可以看到本发明提出的一类最优化星形星座图均具有优 秀的性能。 图 7所示为在运用 "方法 2"后矩形星座图 (如图 2 )与本发明所提出 的星形星座图的性能比较图。 由此可以看出, 当 BER小于 1E - 3时, 矩形星 座图仅好星形星座图约 0.2 dB。
从仿真曲线的结果显示中, 可以清楚地看到本发明所指出的星座图具 有所有星形星座图中性能最优的特点。
上述仿真中, 均使用了 "方法 2"。 "方法 2" 的实现中, 由于要计算许 多欧氏距离, 因此这增加了梗件实现的复杂度。 下面将介绍本发明所指出 的另外一种性能优越然而实现复杂度远远低于 "方法 2" 中软判决方法。
本发明提出的此软判决方法, 由于与星座图本身的特点有关, 因此它 的算法要与具体的星座图结合, 但基本思想却是相同的。 就是首先确定每 一比特的判决区域, 然后根据判决区域的特点来表示出要输出的软信息值。 为了更好的拟合最优曲线, 要加入一些修正系数的经验值。 :
下面结合附图中给出的星座图, 举两个例子来说明本发明所提出的软 判决方法的特点。
1.以图 3d为例。 根据上面对图 3c星座图的详细阐述, 可得到图 3d 的软判决方法具体实现如下:
' 首先令每符号中, 比特的软信息值为 LL (s0)、 LLR (sl)、 LLR (s2)、 LLR(s3)。 所收到的信号的实部为 real, 信号的虛部为 image;所收 到的信号点距离星座图原点的距离为 R;星座图中内圈和外圏的半径分别为 R1和 R2; factor, factorl, factor2分别为^^正系数经驺值。 那么各比特 的软信息值为:
LLR(sO) = - (R1+R2) /2;
LLR(sl)=factorl*real;
LLR (s2) =f actor* (image-real) * (image+real); LLR (s3) =factor2*image。
其中, factor 、 factorl、 factor2的值分别为 3.0 、 2.0、 2.0。 2.以图 4d为列。 与 1类似的假设, 可以得到各比特的软信息值为: LLR(sO) -R - (Rl+R2)/2;
LLR (si-) =factorl*image;
LLR(s2) =factor2*real
LLR (s3)= factor* (real-image) * (image+real)。
其中, factor 、 factor^ factor2的值分别为 3.0 、 2.0、 2.0。 如图 8, 可以看到使用本发明所指出的软判决方法所得到的系统的 BER 性能明显优于 "方法 2"。 在 BER小于 1E- 3时, 有大约 0.8 dB的增益; 在 BER小于 1E- 5时, 它们的性能几乎相同。
如图 9, 比较了运用本发明所提出的软判决方法所得到的两幅 8 相 16QAM星形星座图的 BER性能和运用 "方法 2" 所得到的矩形星座图的 BER 性能。 结果也十分明显。 在 BER小于 1E- 3时, 星形星座图将有大约 .0.5 dB 的增益; 在 BER小于 1E- 5时, 星形星座图要差矩形星座图约 0.2 dB。 ' 如图 10, 在 BER小于 1E- 3时, 星形星座图将有大约 0.48 dB的增益; 在 BER小于 1E-5时, 星形星座图要差矩形星座图约 0.4 dB。 可见使用简化 软判决算法后, 在一定的 BER 下, 本发明所提出的一类星座图同样均具有 优秀的性能。
下面再来比较一下算法的实现复杂度。 以获得所接收到的符号各比特 的软信息所需要的各种运算量作为衡量算法复杂度的标准。
本发明所指出的算法(实施例 1 ):
第一比特: 两次加法运算, 一次乘法运算;
第二比特: 一次乘法运算;
第三比特: 两次加法运算, 两次乘法运算;
第四比特: 一次乘法运算。
总共的实现复杂度可写为: 四次乘法运算和四次加法运算。 实施例 2 的运算复杂度与之相同。 "方法 2" (以图 2为例):
首先算 16次欧氏距离,每次欧氏距离为三次加法运算,两次平方运算, 其次对每一比特, 2*16次比较, 一次减法运算。
总共的实现复杂度可写'为: 16*3+4*2*16+4=180次加法运算,
16*2=32次乘法运算。
可见 "方法 2" 的计算复杂度将远远大于本发明所提出的方法的计算 复杂度。

Claims

权利要求
1.一种用于数字移动通信系统的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 该 方法至少包括以下步骤:
发送端采用所选取并优化后的 2幅 8相 16QAM星座图,对要传送的信 号进行 QAM调制;
接收端采用所选取并优化后的、 且与发送端相一致的 2幅 8相 16QAM 星座图, 对所接收的信号进杵 QAM软判决, 并给出接收信号中每一比特的 软信息值。
2.如权利要求 1所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 所述的 1幅 8 相 16QAM星座图上的每个信号按 GARY方式排列, 并且对其中一幅上的 8个 相位上的信号点的排列方式按如下步骤进行:
其中每个信号点有 4个比特;
确定 8个相位信号点中的第一比特均为 0或者 1;
使上述 8个信号点中的其它 3个比特中的任意 2个比特的判决区域 为 ,为此使 1个比特中的任一比特的排列满足使该比特位上的 8个点中相 临 4个点上的对应比特的排列相同, 但同时又要保证使该 2个比特彼此之 间的排列不相同;
剩余一个比特的排列是使该相临两个点上的对应比特相同, 同时满 足使相临两个符号之间不同的比特数是 1。
3.如权利要求 1 所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 所述另一幅 上的另 8个相位上的信号点排列方式采用相同的步骤。
4.如权利要求 1 所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 所述具有判 决区域为 r的 2个比特的排列是表中任意两种排列的组合: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
o o o l i l l o
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
5.如权利要求 1所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于:所述选取的星 座图优化是通过增大星座图上信号点的最小判决区域来进行的。
6.如权利要求 5 所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 所述的优化 后的星座图中最大最小判决区域是 。
7.如权利要求 1 所述的正交振幅调制方法, 其特征在于: 所述接收的 信号进行 QAM软判决包括如卞步骤:
根据所选星座图确定每一比特的判决区域;
将每一比特的判决区域用代数形式描述出来;
将所收到的信号的实部和虛部带入给出的判决区域的代数形式, 根 据仿真测试, 再乘以相应的修正系数的经-险值, 就得到相应比特的软信息 值。
PCT/CN2001/001556 2001-11-14 2001-11-14 Procede de modulation d'amplitude en quadrature utilise dans un systeme de communication mobile numerique WO2003043283A1 (fr)

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