WO2003031690A2 - Elektrolysezelle, insbesondere zur elektrochemischen herstellung von chlor - Google Patents
Elektrolysezelle, insbesondere zur elektrochemischen herstellung von chlor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003031690A2 WO2003031690A2 PCT/EP2002/010516 EP0210516W WO03031690A2 WO 2003031690 A2 WO2003031690 A2 WO 2003031690A2 EP 0210516 W EP0210516 W EP 0210516W WO 03031690 A2 WO03031690 A2 WO 03031690A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- current collector
- anode
- gde
- gas diffusion
- diffusion electrode
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
- C25B9/63—Holders for electrodes; Positioning of the electrodes
Definitions
- Electrolysis cell in particular for the electrochemical production of chlorine
- the invention relates to an electrolysis cell, in particular for the electrochemical production of chlorine from aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride.
- JP-A-9 078 279 describes that the GDE is glued to the cation exchange membrane.
- the disadvantage here is that the GDE must be cut out exactly and then glued onto the cation exchange membrane. This process is cumbersome and time-consuming.
- both the GDE and the membrane must be replaced.
- the object of the invention is to provide an electrolysis cell that works reliably and is easy to handle.
- the electrolytic cell according to the invention has an anode carried by an anode frame, a current collector carried by a cathode frame and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) arranged between the anode and the current collector. such as an oxygen consumption electrode. Furthermore, the electrolytic cell has a cation exchange membrane likewise arranged between the anode and the current collector.
- the anode compartment is formed from the anode, the anode frame and the rear wall and has an inlet and an outlet for the electrolyte.
- the cathode compartment is formed from the current collector, the cathode frame and the rear wall and has an inlet and an outlet for gas, in the case of an oxygen consumable cathode for oxygen or oxygen-containing gas.
- the GDE is fixed on the current collector. Compared to gluing the GDE to the cation exchange membrane, this has the advantage that with one
- the GDE can be connected to the current collector by gluing. Since the gluing should primarily prevent the GDE from slipping during installation and, when assembled, no large forces act on the GDE, since it is clamped between the anode of the cation exchange membrane and the current collector, it is sufficient to only apply the GDE in some places with the current collector. For example, in the case of a vertically arranged electrolysis cell, it may be sufficient to glue the GDE only in the upper area. By providing little adhesive surface or only adhesive points is an impairment of the behavior of the GDE due to the adhesive, which can have a sealing effect, for example.
- the GDE is preferably releasably attached to the current collector.
- Detachable attachment can be done, for example, by sewing on the current collector, which is designed, for example, as a perforated plate or the like.
- a suitable plastic thread or the like is used, which is not attacked by the chemicals present in the electrolytic cell.
- an adhesive connection such as a Velcro fastener, between the GDE and the current collector.
- the current collector is exposed in the area of the cracks in the GDE, so that there is an undesirable formation of hydrogen.
- cracks occur in the cation exchange membrane, chlorine gets into the oxygen present in the cathode compartment. If, as usual, the oxygen is used in excess, the chlorine comes out of the cell together with the oxygen and then has to be separated or removed in a complex manner. Due to the strong elongation, the recycling of the cation exchange membrane is not possible or the risk of cracking increases when used again. Since the GDE is not firmly connected to the cation exchange membrane according to the invention, there are no corresponding expansion loads in an outer region of the GDE. The appearance of cracks and the. associated disadvantages are thus avoided. Rather, greater flexibility of the GDE is guaranteed.
- Another advantage of the arrangement of the GDE according to the invention is that the entire area of the GDE is largely used, since not a part of the area is covered by being clamped between the two frames.
- the GDE is preferably slightly larger than the current collector. During assembly, this edge of the GDE projecting beyond the current collector is then lightly pressed, for example, into the gap between the current collector and the cathode frame. The outer edge of the GDE is thus on the cathode frame.
- a sealing element which preferably has essentially the dimensions of the cathode frame, and the GDE are preferably arranged such that a sealing surface of the sealing element pointing in the direction of the anode and the surface of the GDE also pointing in the direction of the anode are arranged in one plane. This ensures that the GDE is applied to both the current collector and the cation exchange membrane. This is e.g. prevents the GDE from kinking or slipping.
- the thickness of the sealing element in the assembled state, the thickness of the sealing element preferably corresponds essentially to the thickness of the GDE.
- the current collector essentially closes with the cathode frame, so that the current collector and the top of the frame form a plane on which the sealing element can then be placed in the region of the cathode frame and the GDE itself can be placed on the current collector and, in turn, a common one in the direction of the anode have a pointing plane.
- the current collector is angled at two, for example opposite one another, or on all four side edges, the
- Edge areas protrude into the cathode space and between the edge areas of the Current collector and the cathode frame, a gap is formed.
- the current collector and the surface of the cathode frame pointing in the direction of the anode space essentially form a plane.
- the GDE is also angled in the edge area. The edges of the GDE are pushed into the gap between the current collector and the cathode frame.
- the current collector is connected to the cathode frame in such a way that the surface of the current collector does not end with the surface of the cathode frame pointing in the direction of the anode, but protrudes therefrom.
- a thicker seal is then provided, the thickness of which is greater than the distance that the current collector protrudes from the cathode frame.
- a sealing element which at least partially surrounds the gas diffusion electrode, is provided, which has an extension projecting between the cathode frame and the current collector.
- the gas diffusion electrode is held between the attachment and the current collector.
- the hold is done in particular by pinching.
- the elastic wedge is arranged between the current collector and the seal.
- This can be a single, preferably frame-shaped, elastic wedge that surrounds the GDE.
- several wedges arranged at a distance from one another can be provided for fixing the GDE.
- the GDE is fixed in that the GDE partially encompasses or grips behind the current collector.
- the gripping takes place on two opposite sides of the Stro collector or, for example, in a rectangular current collector along all four sides.
- an edge of the GDE can be connected to a rail in order to make it easy to fix it to the current collector.
- the rail which can be a plastic strip, for example, is designed in such a way that it can be pushed through a gap between the current collector and the cathode frame.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic longitudinal section of a first preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic longitudinal section of a second preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic longitudinal section of a third preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell
- Figure 4 is a schematic longitudinal section of a fourth preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic longitudinal section of a fifth preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell and FIG. 6 shows a schematic longitudinal section of a sixth preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell.
- the electrolytic cell (FIG. 1) has an anode frame 10 which carries an anode 12.
- the anode frame 10 is further connected to a rear wall 14, so that the anode frame 10 forms the rear wall 14 and the anode 12 an anode space 16. Furthermore, the anode frame 10 has an inlet 18 and an outlet 20.
- a cathode frame 22 carries a current collector 24. Furthermore, the cathode frame 22 has a rear wall 26, so that the cathode frame 22, the current collector 24 and the rear wall 26 form a cathode space 28. The cathode frame 22 is also connected to an inlet 30 and an outlet 32.
- the two frames 10, 22 are braced against one another in the assembled state of the electrolysis cell.
- a cation exchange membrane 34 is provided to separate the anode compartment 16 from the cathode compartment 28.
- the cation exchange membrane 34 is larger than the anode 12 or the current collector 24, so that it is also arranged between the two frames 10, 22.
- the frames preferably have rectangular outer dimensions.
- the cation exchange membrane is also rectangular, so that the cation exchange membrane is arranged over the entire circumference between the two frames 10, 22.
- a sealing element 36 or 38 is provided on both sides of the cation exchange membrane 34 for sealing.
- a gas diffusion electrode 40 is arranged between the cation exchange membrane 34 and the current collector 24. When assembled, the GDE 40 bears on the current collector 24 and the cation exchange membrane 34 on the GDE 40.
- the GDE 40 is connected to the current collector 24 by clamping, gluing, Velcro fastenings, sewing or the like. Both the current collector 24 and the anode 12 are connected to electrical connections.
- the current collector 24 projects beyond the cathode frame 22.
- the seal 38 has a thickness that is greater than the distance between the two surfaces 42, 44 of the cation exchange membrane 34 or of the cathode frame 22. The protrusion created in this way forms a frame into which the GDE 40 can be inserted , This considerably simplifies assembly.
- the outer dimension of the GDE 40 is slightly larger than that of the current collector 24.
- the outer dimension of the GDE 40 is slightly smaller than the dimension of the seal 38, so that it is directly on the inside of the Seal 36 is present.
- hydrochloric acid for example, is supplied to the anode compartment 16 through the inlet 18 in the direction of the arrow 46.
- the hydrochloric acid is removed again through the outlet 32 in the direction of the arrow 48.
- Oxygen is supplied to the cathode chamber 28 through the inlet 30 in the direction of the arrow 50 and escapes again through the outlet 32 in the direction of the arrow 52.
- chlorine is generated in the anode space 16 and escapes through the outlet 20 of the anode space 16.
- Other flow variants for flowing through the anode space 16 and the cathode space 28 are also possible.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 are in principle an electrolysis cell similar to the electrolysis cell shown in FIG. 1, so that the same or poor components are identified by the same reference numerals.
- the essential difference in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is that the current collector 54 does not protrude beyond the frame 22, but forms a plane with it.
- the current collector 54 is arranged in the same plane as the surface 44 of the cathode frame 22. Another resulting from it
- a seal 56 is provided, which seals 38 ( Figure 1) replaced.
- the seal 56 is thinner than the seal 38 and can, for example, have the same thickness as the GDE 40.
- the surface of the GDE 40 pointing in the direction of the anode 12 is thus arranged in a plane like the surface of the seal 56 which is likewise pointing in the direction of the anode 12. This is the case in particular in the assembled state, in which the seal 56 can be compressed. Otherwise, the components of the two illustrated embodiments and the function of the electrolytic cells shown are identical.
- a seal 60 is provided between the anode frame 10 and the cathode frame 22, which has an extension 62 which projects into the cathode frame 22.
- the extension 62 is thus arranged between the cathode frame 22 and the current collector 24.
- this is angled at the area 64 and fixed between the attachment 62 of the seal 60 and the current collector 24, in particular by clamping. This fixation can be circumferential or on two opposite sides of the
- the seal provided corresponds to the seal 38 (FIG. 1).
- the difference in this embodiment is that the current collector 24 is only smaller and one
- Edge region 64 of the gas diffusion electrode 40 is in turn angled.
- an elastic wedge 66 is provided between the seal 38 and the GDE 40 or the edge area 64 of the GDE 40.
- the edge region 64 of the GDE 40 is pressed against the current collector 24 by the wedge 66 and thus also fixed in place.
- Wedge 66 is preferably frame-shaped. More finely, it is possible to use several individual wedges 66.
- the current collector 54 is configured essentially as in the exemplary embodiment illustrated with reference to FIG.
- the current collector 54 has a gap 68 at least partially with respect to the cathode frame 22. It is possible to insert a plastic strip 70 through the gap 68, which consists in particular of PVC, to be pushed through.
- the strip 70 is connected to the GDE 40.
- the GDE 40 is fixed to the current collector 54 in that the GDE 40 engages behind the current collector 54.
- This embodiment particularly preferably has. between the seal 56 and the GDE 40 additionally an elastic wedge (not shown here), which is essentially as in the embodiment shown with reference to Figure 4.
- the wedge preferably runs frame-like around the GDE. However, it is also possible to use several individual wedges at regular or irregular intervals.
- the current collector 54 does not protrude beyond the frame 22, but forms a plane with it.
- the difference from the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is that the current collector is angled around its edges.
- the GDE 40 is angled at its edges, the edge region 64 being inserted into the gap between the cathode frame 22 and the current collector 54.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/491,621 US7329331B2 (en) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Electrolysis cell, especially for electrochemical production of chlorine |
HU0401498A HUP0401498A2 (en) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Electrolysis cell, especially for electrochemical production of chlorine |
KR1020047004765A KR100931754B1 (ko) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | 특히 전기화학적인 염소의 생산을 위한 전해셀 |
AU2002337113A AU2002337113A1 (en) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Electrolysis cell, especially for electrochemical production of chlorine |
EP02772323.8A EP1442157B1 (de) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Elektrolysezelle, insbesondere zur elektrochemischen herstellung von chlor |
JP2003534656A JP4689958B2 (ja) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | 塩素の電気化学的製造のための電解槽 |
BR0213081-5A BR0213081A (pt) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Célula de eletrólise particulrmente para preparação eletroquìmica de cloro |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10148600A DE10148600A1 (de) | 2001-10-02 | 2001-10-02 | Einbau einer Gasdiffusionselektrode in einen Elektrolyseur |
DE10148600.6 | 2001-10-02 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003031690A2 true WO2003031690A2 (de) | 2003-04-17 |
WO2003031690A3 WO2003031690A3 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
Family
ID=7701123
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2002/010516 WO2003031690A2 (de) | 2001-10-02 | 2002-09-19 | Elektrolysezelle, insbesondere zur elektrochemischen herstellung von chlor |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7329331B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1442157B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4689958B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100931754B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN100582308C (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002337113A1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR0213081A (de) |
DE (1) | DE10148600A1 (de) |
HU (1) | HUP0401498A2 (de) |
PL (1) | PL368302A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003031690A2 (de) |
Cited By (9)
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WO2003036284A2 (de) * | 2001-10-25 | 2003-05-01 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Gasdiffusionselektroden-trägerstruktur |
WO2012139741A3 (de) * | 2011-04-15 | 2013-04-25 | Thyssenkrupp Uhde Gmbh | Alternativer einbau einer gas-diffusions-elektrode in eine elektrochemische zelle mit percolatortechnologie |
EP3819259A1 (de) | 2019-11-06 | 2021-05-12 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur isocyanat- und polyurethan-herstellung mit verbesserter nachhaltigkeit |
DE102020206449A1 (de) | 2020-05-25 | 2021-11-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Befestigen einer Elektrode |
DE102020206448A1 (de) | 2020-05-25 | 2021-11-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung zum Befestigen einer Elektrode |
EP4039638A1 (de) | 2021-02-03 | 2022-08-10 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenmonoxid als rohstoff zur isocyanatherstellung mit verringertem co2 fussabdruck |
EP4234491A1 (de) | 2022-02-24 | 2023-08-30 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur gasifikation polymerer wertstoffmaterialien für die emissionsarme bereitstellung von für die herstellung von phosgen nutzbarem kohlenmonoxid |
EP4310224A1 (de) | 2022-07-19 | 2024-01-24 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Nachhaltige herstellung organischer aminoverbindungen für die produktion organischer isocyanate |
EP4345094A1 (de) | 2022-09-30 | 2024-04-03 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur phosgen-herstellung mit rückführung von kohlendioxid aus wertstoffrecycling |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3924545B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-31 | 2007-06-06 | 三井化学株式会社 | ガス拡散電極の排電方法 |
US7341184B2 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2008-03-11 | Fujitsu Transaction Solutions, Inc. | Method and system for performing security on multiple unresolved objects in a self checkout |
DE102006023261A1 (de) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-11-22 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor aus Chlorwasserstoff und Sauerstoff |
EP2371806B1 (de) | 2010-03-30 | 2017-07-12 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Diarylcarbonaten und Polycarbonaten |
US9175135B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 | 2015-11-03 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Process for preparing diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates |
DE102010054159A1 (de) | 2010-12-10 | 2012-06-14 | Bayer Materialscience Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Einbau von Sauerstoffverzehrelektroden in elektrochemischen Zellen und elektrochemische Ze lle |
JP5831913B2 (ja) * | 2010-12-28 | 2015-12-09 | Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | 有機化合物の水素化装置及び水素化方法 |
JP5819790B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-17 | 2015-11-24 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | 電解セル及び電解槽 |
ITMI20130563A1 (it) * | 2013-04-10 | 2014-10-11 | Uhdenora Spa | Metodo di adeguamento di celle elettrolitiche aventi distanze interelettrodiche finite |
DE102015214592A1 (de) * | 2015-07-31 | 2017-02-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Herstellungsverfahren für ein Brenngas und Anlage zur Herstellung eines Brenngases mit einem Elektrolysesystem zur elektrochemischen Kohlenstoffdioxid-Verwertung |
KR102518704B1 (ko) | 2018-07-06 | 2023-04-05 | 아사히 가세이 가부시키가이샤 | 전극 구조체, 전극 구조체의 제조 방법, 전해셀 및 전해조 |
JP7122181B2 (ja) * | 2018-07-06 | 2022-08-19 | 旭化成株式会社 | 電極構造体、電解セル及び電解槽 |
CN115323417A (zh) * | 2022-05-17 | 2022-11-11 | 广东卡沃罗氢科技有限公司 | 一种工业电解槽 |
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-
2001
- 2001-10-02 DE DE10148600A patent/DE10148600A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-09-19 EP EP02772323.8A patent/EP1442157B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-19 JP JP2003534656A patent/JP4689958B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-19 BR BR0213081-5A patent/BR0213081A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-19 US US10/491,621 patent/US7329331B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-19 KR KR1020047004765A patent/KR100931754B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2002-09-19 PL PL02368302A patent/PL368302A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-19 HU HU0401498A patent/HUP0401498A2/hu unknown
- 2002-09-19 AU AU2002337113A patent/AU2002337113A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-19 CN CN02819583A patent/CN100582308C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-19 WO PCT/EP2002/010516 patent/WO2003031690A2/de active Application Filing
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DE4444114A1 (de) * | 1994-12-12 | 1996-09-19 | Bayer Ag | Druckkompensierte elektrochemische Zelle |
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EP1092789A1 (de) * | 1999-03-31 | 2001-04-18 | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | Elektrolytische zelle mit gasdiffusionselektrode und stromverteilungsverfahren für elektrolytische zelle |
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Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003036284A2 (de) * | 2001-10-25 | 2003-05-01 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Gasdiffusionselektroden-trägerstruktur |
WO2003036284A3 (de) * | 2001-10-25 | 2004-06-24 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Gasdiffusionselektroden-trägerstruktur |
WO2012139741A3 (de) * | 2011-04-15 | 2013-04-25 | Thyssenkrupp Uhde Gmbh | Alternativer einbau einer gas-diffusions-elektrode in eine elektrochemische zelle mit percolatortechnologie |
EA023647B1 (ru) * | 2011-04-15 | 2016-06-30 | Уденора С.П.А. | Альтернативная установка газодиффузионного электрода в электрохимической ячейке с перколяторной технологией |
US9562294B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2017-02-07 | Uhdenora S.P.A. | Alternative installation of a gas diffusion electrode in an electrochemical cell having percolator technology |
EP3819259A1 (de) | 2019-11-06 | 2021-05-12 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Verfahren zur isocyanat- und polyurethan-herstellung mit verbesserter nachhaltigkeit |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN100582308C (zh) | 2010-01-20 |
KR20040049312A (ko) | 2004-06-11 |
WO2003031690A3 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
CN1564879A (zh) | 2005-01-12 |
JP2005504893A (ja) | 2005-02-17 |
JP4689958B2 (ja) | 2011-06-01 |
US20050173257A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
HUP0401498A2 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
EP1442157B1 (de) | 2018-10-17 |
AU2002337113A1 (en) | 2003-04-22 |
PL368302A1 (en) | 2005-03-21 |
BR0213081A (pt) | 2004-10-13 |
EP1442157A2 (de) | 2004-08-04 |
US7329331B2 (en) | 2008-02-12 |
KR100931754B1 (ko) | 2009-12-14 |
DE10148600A1 (de) | 2003-04-10 |
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