WO2002090743A1 - Procede et systeme pour la double alimentation en combustible d'un moteur a combustion interne - Google Patents

Procede et systeme pour la double alimentation en combustible d'un moteur a combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002090743A1
WO2002090743A1 PCT/CA2002/000529 CA0200529W WO02090743A1 WO 2002090743 A1 WO2002090743 A1 WO 2002090743A1 CA 0200529 W CA0200529 W CA 0200529W WO 02090743 A1 WO02090743 A1 WO 02090743A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
internal combustion
combustion engine
mean effective
hydrogen
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2002/000529
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Paul Newman
Dale Ulan
Original Assignee
Paul Newman
Dale Ulan
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Paul Newman, Dale Ulan filed Critical Paul Newman
Publication of WO2002090743A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002090743A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/08—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed simultaneously using pluralities of fuels
    • F02D19/081—Adjusting the fuel composition or mixing ratio; Transitioning from one fuel to the other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/02—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with gaseous fuels
    • F02D19/021—Control of components of the fuel supply system
    • F02D19/023—Control of components of the fuel supply system to adjust the fuel mass or volume flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
    • F02D19/0642—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions
    • F02D19/0644—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions the gaseous fuel being hydrogen, ammonia or carbon monoxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
    • F02D19/0642—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions
    • F02D19/0647—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions the gaseous fuel being liquefied petroleum gas [LPG], liquefied natural gas [LNG], compressed natural gas [CNG] or dimethyl ether [DME]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/0218—Details on the gaseous fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02M21/0221—Fuel storage reservoirs, e.g. cryogenic tanks
    • F02M21/0224—Secondary gaseous fuel storages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B2201/00—Fuels
    • F02B2201/06—Dual fuel applications
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of and system for fuel supply for an internal combustion engine.
  • Natural gas is a clean burning fuel that lowers overall tailpipe emissions. It may also be used as a fuel without the addition of the additives in gasoline, which often includes chemicals harmful to human health. It is well known that lean engine operation produces relative improvements in the level of exhaust emissions and engine efficiency but problems arise when the lean burn approach is taken with natural gas. These problems include excessive cyclic variations and increased emissions, associated mainly with the narrow operational mixture limits and low flame propagation rates.
  • Hydrogen is sometimes viewed as being the most attractive of all alternative fuels for the future and is well known to be cleaner burning than natural gas. Its uses as an engine fuel source has a number of attractive features and may moderate the impact of some of the problems associated with using many other gaseous fuels, such as natural gas. The wider operational mixture limits and faster flame propagation rates of hydrogen-air mixtures permit very fuel-lean operation. However, hydrogen engines of current design have their operational problems as well, such as engine knock, backfiring and NO x emissions.
  • hydrogen and natural gas behave very differently when used by themselves in an engine.
  • the use of hydrogen as an additive can enable a natural gas engine to operate at leaner conditions. Consequently, such lean operation can result in higher thermal efficiencies and lower emissions.
  • the presence of natural gas can temper the rapid rates of pressure and temperature rise associated with hydrogen operation thus reducing the possibility of backfire, engine knock and NO x emissions.
  • a method of fuel supply for an internal combustion engine which includes the steps of providing a first source of a first fluid fuel and a second source of a second fluid fuel which are separate from one another; monitoring at least one operational parameter of an internal combustion engine; supplying the first fluid fuel from the first fluid fuel source and hydrogen from the compressed hydrogen source in quantities which are determined in correspondence with the sensed operational parameter of the internal combustion engine; and mixing the first fluid fuel and the second fluid fuel in quantities determined in correspondence with the operational parameter so as to produce a fuel mixture to be supplied to the internal combustion engine.
  • a system for a fuel supply for a internal combustion engine which includes a first source of a first fluid fuel and a second source of a second fluid fuel which are separate from one another; means for monitoring at least one operational parameter of an internal combustion engine; means for supplying the first fluid fuel from the first source and the second fluid fuel from the second fluid fuel source in quantities which are determined in correspondence with the sensed operational parameter of the internal combustion engine; and means for mixing the first fluid fuel and the second fluid fuel quantities determined in correspondence with the operational parameter so as to produce a fuel gas-hydrogen mixture to be supplied to the internal combustion engine.
  • Figure 1 is a view schematically showing a specific system for fuel supply of an internal combustion engine in accordance with the present invention, which operates with the use of an inventive method;
  • Figure 2 is a view schematically showing a basic system for fuel supply of an internal combustion engine in accordance with the present invention which operates with the use of an inventive method.
  • a fuel supply system in accordance with the present invention which operates in accordance with the inventive method is used for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine, for example a spark ignition engine 9.
  • the system includes two high pressure fuel tanks 1 and 2 for storing two fluid fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen.
  • Two control valves or similar metering devices 5 and 6 control supply of the fuels from the gas tanks 1 and 2 to the internal combustion engine.
  • the engine is provided with a spark control module 8 which controls a spark generation by spark plug in each engine cylinder, and an exhaust system 10.
  • the exhaust system 10 includes an exhaust gas oxygen sensor which outputs an information about oxygen content in the exhaust gases on a signal line.
  • the electronic control unit 13 in accordance with the present invention can be used to operate with engines which are opened-looped and do not have an exhaust gas oxygen sensor.
  • the engine 9 can be equipped with an intake manifold 7 if the injection of the two fuel gases is to take place within such a device.
  • the electronic control unit 13 is equally suited to operate with carbureted engines, or with engines designed to inject the fuel gases near an intake port or directly into the cylinder.
  • the method of fuel delivery into an intake manifold typically employs a traditional fueling strategy called "central injection".
  • the central injection strategy is a continuous feed approach used to ensure complete mixing of the gaseous fuels and air by delivering a continuous flow of fuel gases into the air stream, which in Otto-cycle engines is not a continuous flow but rather a series of pulses corresponding to the intake stroke of each engine cylinder. It is also possible to deliver fuel to each cylinder with a continuous feed approach. This is called “continuous multipoint injection”.
  • the electronic control unit 13 accepts inputs from several sensors, and it outputs control signals to valves 5 and 6, which can be formed as normally closed fuel-gas control solenoid valves. It also outputs control signals to the spark control module 8.
  • the electronic control unit receives signals from an engine coolant temperature sensor, an intake air temperature sensor, an engine speed sensor, a throttle position sensor, a manifold absolute pressure sensor, fuel pressure sensors, an accelerator pedal position sensor and a battery voltage sensor.
  • the electronic control unit also receives input signals from one or several other sensors such as exhaust gas O 2 sensors, one or several knock sensors, a mass air flow sensor, a barometric sensor, and an exhaust gas recirculation sensor if the engine has exhaust recirculation capabilities.
  • other sensors can be used for sensing other operational parameters.
  • the electronic control unit receives a number of input 6 from sensors which monitor selected operating conditions of the engine 9, and in turn sends a signal to the control valves 5 and 6 which supply compressed natural gas and hydrogen with the optional use of pressure regulators 3 and 4.
  • the pressure regulators 3 and 4 provide the fuel supply to the valves 5 and 6 at a constant pressure.
  • the output signal from the electronic control unit 13 to the valves 5 and 6 may be a pulse-width modulation signal over a fuel injection signal line to control the injection of the gaseous fuel.
  • other types of control methods and other forms of fuel delivery may be utilized.
  • the duration of opening and the time of opening for the control valves 5 and 6 are determined by a series of computations performed by the electronic control unit 13, using as inputs the signals delivered by the various sensors described above.
  • adaptive learning may continuously monitor these sensor signals and utilize them to control and correct the equivalence ratio of the gaseous fuel-air mixture delivered to the engine 9. This technique can also be made to learn how to accurately control the flow of the fuel and air in order to permit the engine system to function as efficiently as possible, while at the same time to compensate for fuel composition shifts, engine wear, fuel system wear, calibrating shifts or changes in atmospheric conditions.
  • the electronic control unit 13 of the system in accordance with the present invention is equally suited to work with or without adaptive learning techniques.
  • driver often specify a large engine, or a numerically higher drive axle reduction ratio, or a supercharger, or all of the above, on vehicles scheduled for conversion to hydrogen. While a larger engine offers greater power it is less efficient during idling and low-load conditions and the greater weight of the larger engine will further compromise the benefits of hydrogen operation.
  • a numerically higher driver axle ratio will increase the engine speed for a given road speed, and thus results in lower fuel economy and greater exhaust emissions.
  • a supercharger will compress the intake air which will reduce the amount of air displaced by hydrogen and increase the volumetric efficiency.
  • the supercharger is designed specifically for the engine platform to be converted to hydrogen, problems of compatibility and reliability of the supercharger may arise.
  • the present invention provides an operating strategy within the electronic control unit 13, which will automatically switch over to predominantly natural gas operation when full engine torque is required. If a driver depresses the accelerator 11 fully, a computer controlled automatic switchover to natural gas occurs which is timed to ensure that there is no period of too much or too little fuel. As soon as the operator begins to release the foot pressure on the accelerator 11 , the system automatically switches back to a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen, again with a timer to ensure a seamless transition. This feature is inconspicuous and only noticable to the driver by the extra torque and optionally by an indicator lamp on the instrument panel.
  • the operating strategy also establishes that during cold starts, idling and low load conditions only hydrogen and no natural gas is consumed.
  • the engine 9 will operate in low-range mode under very fuel-lean conditions with at least twice as much air than required for stoichiometric operation.
  • the electronic control unit 13 will remain in low-range mode by monitoring the manifold absolute pressure sensor or the mass air flow sensor or throttle position sensor or any other load indicating sensor signals. However, as more power is required, the electronic control unit 13, using the signals from the throttle position sensor and knock sensor can be made to adaptively learn precisely when to switch to mid-range mode and prompt the start of natural gas addition to hydrogen. At the same time, the overall equivalence ratio begins to increase to a predetermined higher value that is still significantly below stoichiometric, so as to meet the power demand.
  • the switch over from low-range mode to mid-range- mode to high-range mode will be seamless and transparent to the driver.
  • the switch from low-range mode to mid-range mode can be prompted by the request for increased torque from the driver depressing the acceleration pedal 11.
  • the electronic control unit 13 can again be made, either through the throttle position sensor and knock sensor feedback or by electronic throttle control, to smoothly and automatically switch over to high-range mode, which is predominantly natural gas operation at stoichiometric levels so that full torque is instantly available.
  • the electronic control unit 13 again based on signals indicating the engine load such as the intake mass airflow (manifold absolute pressure sensor or mass air flow sensor) or the oxygen level in the exhaust manifold 10 (exhaust gas 0 2 sensor), maintains the overall fuel-air ratio at stoichiometric conditions, which permit a three-way catalytic convertor to simultaneously reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen.
  • the specific algorithms employed for these control operations may differ from that described above since it will depend on the complexity of the fuel delivery and engine system, and the type of engine sensing devices installed.
  • control valves 5 and 6 It is the timing and duration for which the control valves 5 and 6 are opened, that will determine the respective quantities of each gaseous fuel injected into the intake manifold 7 or engine cylinders of the engine 9 in each of the operating modes.
  • the quantity of each fuel to be injected is determined by the needs of the driver, the operating conditions of the engine 9, and the operating strategy described above, and programmed into the electronic control unit.
  • the depression of the accelerated 11 and the various sensors will send signals to the electronic control unit 13, which will in turn translate these signals in order to influence the timing of opening and the duration of opening of the valves 5 and 6.
  • a load indicating sensor signal will indicate to the electronic control unit that the throttle valve 15 is at or nearly at a wide-open position which in turn will activate the high range, stoichiometric, predominantly natural gas mode.
  • the throttle position sensor In manual throttle systems the throttle position sensor by itself will not be a precise measurement of load, so the signals of the manifold absolute pressure sensor or of the mass air flow sensor may also be used to estimate the load.
  • the knock sensor is another option in manual throttle systems that can be used to adaptively learn to control when to switch from one mode to the next.
  • the electronic control unit 13 then monitors the accelerator pedal 11 , again through the throttle position sensor or through the manifold absolute pressure sensor or mass air flow sensor estimates to determine whether the required load falls below a predetermined threshold level so that it may return to dual fuel-gas operation in the mid-range mode at a predetermined fuel-lean equivalence ratio.
  • the electronic control unit 13 will switch to low-range mode which is outright hydrogen operation at a predetermined low equivalence ratio.
  • the knock sensor may be monitored continuously to help control engine knock.
  • the fuel pressure sensor will also continuously monitor the fuel pressure in the hydrogen and natural gas supply lines in case one of the fuel source supplies have been exhausted or rendered inaccessible. In such a case, the fuel pressure sensor will prompt the electronic control unit 13 to switch into "limp home" mode. In the case that the natural gas supply 1 is exhausted or inaccessible, the electronic control unit 13 will switch to low-range mode and outright hydrogen operation under very fuel-lean condition with at least twice as much air than required for stoichiometric operation. Under "limp home” conditions with hydrogen operation, the electronic control unit 13 will not allow the engine 9 to switch out of the low-range mode to higher equivalence ratios irrespective of driver demands for increased torque. Similarly, in the case that the hydrogen-supply is exhausted or inaccessible, the fuel pressure sensor will prompt the electronic control unit 13 to switch to outright natural gas operation in both the mid-range and high-range mode.
  • the electronic control unit 13 may also monitor variables such as the control mode of the engine, or in other words the relative proportion of the hydrogen and natural gas components in the overall fuel mixture, as well as various operating conditions of the engine 9 and send a corresponding signal to the spark control module to determine the optimal spark ignition timing and spark- energy level.
  • the methods of operating the engine can be selected for a corresponding brake mean effective pressure operation of the engine.
  • brake denotes the actual torque/power available at the engine flywheel as measured on a dynamometer.
  • the brake mean effective pressure is a measure of the useful power output of the engine.
  • the way of viewing the brake mean effective pressure is that it is the quantity of constant pressure that would have to exist in a cylinder during the power stroke in order to produce the same actual, or net power output at the flywheel.
  • the inventive method and system can also be applied to 5 other fossil fuels and not limited only to natural gas and hydrogen.
  • the other fossil fuels include gaseous fuels, such as methane, ethane, propane, as well as liquid fuels such as methanol, ethanol, and gasoline. It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système d'alimentation en combustible pour un moteur à combustion interne (9), qui consiste à fournir une source d'un premier combustible fluide (1) et une source d'un second combustible fluide (2), lesquels sont séparés l'un de l'autre, à détecter au moins un paramètre opérationnel d'un moteur à combustion interne, et amener le premier combustible (3, 5) de la première source et le second combustible de l'autre source dans des quantités déterminées en fonction du paramètre opérationnel détecté du moteur à combustion interne, et à mélanger (7) le premier combustible et le second combustible dans des quantités déterminées en fonction du paramètre opérationnel détecté de manière à produire un mélange de combustibles destiné à alimenter le moteur à combustion interne.
PCT/CA2002/000529 2001-05-04 2002-04-17 Procede et systeme pour la double alimentation en combustible d'un moteur a combustion interne WO2002090743A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/848,306 2001-05-04
US09/848,306 US20020185086A1 (en) 2001-05-04 2001-05-04 Method of and system for fuel supply for an internal combustion engine

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002090743A1 true WO2002090743A1 (fr) 2002-11-14

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US (1) US20020185086A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002090743A1 (fr)

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WO2006126341A3 (fr) * 2005-05-24 2007-02-15 Toyota Motor Co Ltd Moteur a combustion interne a hydrogene
EP2108801A1 (fr) * 2008-04-10 2009-10-14 Robert Bosch GmbH Unité de commande électronique capable de commuter automatiquement entre deux systèmes de carburant basé sur les conditions du moteur
US8118012B2 (en) 2005-09-15 2012-02-21 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Internal combustion engine using hydrogen
EP2553243B1 (fr) * 2010-03-29 2015-08-05 FaktorPlus Green Technology GmbH Procédé pour réduire les émissions de moteurs à combustion interne et moteur à combustion interne
RU2611542C1 (ru) * 2015-11-09 2017-02-28 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Тольяттинский государственный университет" Способ испытаний по оценке совершенства процессов подготовки и сгорания топливной смеси в тепловых двс

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