Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/14—Dynamic membranes
  • B01D69/141—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
  • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
  • B01D53/229—Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
  • B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
  • B01D67/00411—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state by sintering
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/04—Tubular membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
  • B01D71/022—Metals
  • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
  • B01D71/02231—Palladium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
  • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
  • C01B3/342—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
  • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
  • B01D2313/22—Cooling or heating elements
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
  • B01D2313/42—Catalysts within the flow path
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2319/00—Membrane assemblies within one housing
  • B01D2319/04—Elements in parallel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/04—Characteristic thickness
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/22—Thermal or heat-resistance properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/24—Mechanical properties, e.g. strength
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
  • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
  • B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
  • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
  • B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
  • B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
  • B01J2219/083—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear cylindrical
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
  • B01J2219/0875—Gas
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
  • B01J2219/0896—Cold plasma
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
  • C01B2203/041—In-situ membrane purification during hydrogen production
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
  • C01B2203/047—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon monoxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
  • C01B2203/0475—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon dioxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
  • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/0861—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by plasma

Definitions

• the invention relates to improvements to composite structures of membranes selectively permeable to hydrogen, capable of being used in gaseous fuel processors to produce pure hydrogen. It also relates to improvements made to these same processors, due to the use of composite structures thus produced.
• the material of the membrane must be very selective and very permeable to the gas to be extracted; - the membrane must be as thin as possible, the flow of filtered gas being an inverse function of its thickness;
• the difference in the partial pressures of the gas to be sampled must be as high as possible between the upstream and downstream of the membrane, the efficiency of the filtration depending directly on this difference in pressures; - the surface of the membrane must be as large as possible.
• the temperature in the reaction chamber is high (generally 300 to 600 ° C) and that, therefore, the only material really effective for the realization of a membrane, intended to operate in this temperature range, is palladium or a palladium-based alloy, the total amount of which it is necessary for obvious economic reasons.
• composite structures consisting of a thin layer of palladium or palladium alloy, deposited on a rigid permeable substrate, resistant to the pressure of the medium.
• the first is the risk of allowing micro-holes to form in the thin filtering layer, due to the relatively large roughness of the wall of the substrate. Such roughness results from the relatively large size of the metal grains used which is imposed by the minimum permeability sought for the porous substrate.
• the second has its origin in the fact that the document does not provide, to constitute the substrate, to choose a metal having a coefficient of thermal expansion compatible with that, relatively low (namely 11.8 10 " ° / ° C for the palladium), of the filtration layer .. This, in order not to decrease the selectivity of the permeability of this layer, by causing microcracks, due to damaging differential expansions.
• the gas mixture comprising the hydrogen to be filtered
• the six necessary conditions referred to above are not sufficient for a structure comprising a filtration layer deposited on a substrate.
• temperatures and high pressures in question generally 300 to 600 ° C and 5 to 15. bar
• the metal of the filter layer does not diffuse into the metal of the substrate, which would have for co nsequence of significantly reducing the selective permeability of the membrane towards hydrogen. This also means that it is imperative that the two metals in contact are chemically stable with respect to each other, at the temperatures and pressures concerned.
• the composite structure described comprises three elements: (1) a flexible porous intermediate layer, unsintered, textured, stable from the chemical and thermal point of view, placed between (2) a thin metallic layer, selectively permeable to the hydrogen, for example, palladium or an alloy of palladium, silver and / or nickel, and (3) a rigid permeable substrate.
• the intermediate layer in question is a woven or nonwoven film made, for example, of alumina, silica, glass or carbon fibers. It completely separates the layer filtering surface of the rigid permeable interior substrate and makes them completely independent of each other.
• the substrate may therefore be more or less arbitrary and, for example, be made of solid metal or dense ceramic, made permeable by cutouts or perforations.
• the filtering layer and the flexible intermediate layer have, according to the document, maximum efficiency when they comprise micro-corrugations in two orthogonal directions which allow them to operate as micro-bellows, adapted to absorb any differential displacement with respect to the substrate.
• such arrangements have a major defect which is a direct consequence of the non-metallic nature of the intermediate layer.
• the first object of the invention is to provide a composite membrane structure selectively permeable to hydrogen, comprising a thin coating of filtration deposited on a rigid porous substrate, which retains its constitutive qualities, at high pressures and temperatures, in the presence of '' a gas mixture including hydrogen.
• the second object of the invention is to produce such membranes and such substrates which, in the presence of hydrogen, are compatible with one another, from the chemical as well as thermal point of view.
• the third object of the invention is to produce such composite structures of members which have both large surfaces, small individual volumes and shapes capable of being easily adapted to their particular conditions of use.
• the fourth object of the invention relates to different types of gaseous fuel processors, adapted to optimize their operation through the use of such membrane structures.
• an improved composite structure of a membrane which is selectively permeable to hydrogen constituted by an ultra-thin continuous layer of filtration, measuring a few microns thick, made of palladium or of a palladium-based alloy, deposited on a rigid refractory porous substrate, connected to a collecting pipe for the extracted hydrogen, is characterized in that:
• - Said substrate comprises a sintered metal body, provided with relatively good mechanical strength and open pores measuring from a few microns to about ten microns;
• the body of the substrate and the intermediate layer are made of one or of alloys with coefficients of thermal expansion and expansion in the presence of hydrogen, which are both compatible with those of palladium;
• the material constituting the intermediate layer has, within the range of temperatures of use of the structure, satisfactory chemical stability with respect to the filtration layer and the body of the substrate.
• the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials constituting the body of the substrate and the intermediate layer are lower or, at most, little higher than that of the material constituting the filtration layer.
• the ultra-thin filtration layer is made of an alloy based on palladium, including silver and / or nickel;
• the body of the substrate is produced from a relatively fine powder, with an appropriate particle size, formed from a superalloy with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, preferably based on nickel, chromium and iron;
• the intermediate layer is produced from an ultra-fine powder, with an appropriate particle size, of nickel or of a super-alloy similar to that used for the body of the substrate;
• the filtration layer is fixed by micro-welds to the surface grains of said intermediate layer.
• the filtration layer is deposited on an intermediate thin layer with very low roughness, which constitutes an appropriate support.
• This support is in fact a particularly smooth surface which, in fact, consists of rounded micro-grains, of different shapes and sizes, juxtaposed in an irregular manner and welded together, during a sintering operation (agglomeration powders, especially of metal, subjected to pressure and appropriate temperature).
• the powder grains used In order for this intermediate layer to contain open pores, that is to say communicating with each other, measuring at most one micron, the powder grains used must have an appropriate particle size, that is to say that they have about three to five times the maximum size of these pores.
• the sintering of grains, situated outside this range can indeed lead to producing pores of the desired size, but more or less closed and therefore relatively impermeable.
• a particularly smooth intermediate layer is obtained which has the direct effect of making it possible to produce a continuous ultrathin filtration layer, substantially without any micro-hole, having a thickness of two to five microns. Locally, this thickness will be both (1) close to the dimension of the interval which exists between the vertices of two superficial micro-grains juxtaposed with the intermediate layer and (2) greater than the average depth of the micro-hollow which separates these peaks.
• This possibility of producing a thin filtration layer entails an acceptable cost for the palladium necessary for the manufacture of a composite structure according to the invention, namely a weight of a quarter of a gram and a price, in January 2001, about three US dollars, for a square decimeter two microns thick.
• the thermal expansions of the cost of the substrate and of the intermediate layer are or less or, at more, very little higher than that of the filtering layer. This, so that the micro-elements of the filtering layer, delimited by the tops of the micro-grains to which they are welded, cannot be subjected to any tensile stress, capable of causing micro-cracks in this layer.
• said substrate is a cylindrical rod provided at one end with a collar for discharging the extracted hydrogen and, if necessary, equipped with a collar 'carrier gas supply at the other end, said collars and their weld beads are made of metals compatible with the substrate material and stable with respect to hydrogen.
• said substrate is a sealed plate sealed in a metal border, compatible with the material of the substrate, provided with an orifice connected to said evacuation duct and, where appropriate, provided another orifice opposite the previous one, connected to a vector gas supply duct.
• a fuel gas processor in which a cold plasma reaction chamber, supplied under conditions suitable by a primary mixture of said gas, water vapor and air, produces a secondary mixture formed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, is characterized in that:
• - Said chamber comprises several of said membrane structures selectively permeable to hydrogen, which have a given shape and dimensions and are connected to a common hydrogen collection conduit;
• electrodes provided with a refractory insulating sheath, with a high dielectric coefficient, which have an appropriate shape and dimensions allowing them to cooperate effectively with said structures, to constitute an assembly suitable for producing, in response to an appropriate electrical supply, electrical discharge barriers generating said cold plasma in the spaces separating electrodes and structures.
• FIG. 1 a-b-c show the cross-sectional views of two stick-net structures, respectively short and long, and plate-shaped structures, of a filter membrane according to the invention
• FIG. 4 shows the front views of two plate-shaped structures, respectively circular and square, of two filter membranes according to the invention
• - Figure 5 shows the diagram of a cross-sectional view of the reaction chamber of a gaseous fuel processor producing hydrogen, equipped with filter membrane structures in short sticks, according to the invention, associated with a insulated electrode of the same shape;
• FIG. 6 shows the diagram of a longitudinal sectional view of the reaction chamber of a fuel gas processor producing hydrogen, with improved efficiency, equipped with filtering structures in long sticks according to the invention, associated insulated electrodes of the same shape and baskets containing an appropriate catalyst;
• FIG. 7 shows a set of filter structures or isolated electrodes, used several times in the reaction chamber of Figure 6;
• - Figure 8 shows the diagram of a longitudinal sectional view of a reaction chamber, similar to that of Figure 6, equipped with filtering structures, in the form of rectangular plates, associated with insulated electrodes and baskets containing a suitable catalyst, also in the form of rectangular plates.
• FIG. 9 a-b show the diagram and a partial sectional view of an apparatus for purifying hydrogen and in particular hydrogen generally available on the market.
• various structures of membranes selectively permeable to hydrogen are shown and in particular 10 ab structures, in the form of short sticks (diameter 20 mm and length 120 mm), 24 ab structures in the form of long rods (diameter 8 mm and length 400 mm) and 40 ab structures, in the form of plates circular or elliptical 40a (diameter from 100 to 200 mm) or rectangular or square 40b (side from 100 to 400 mm), having a thickness of 3 to 8 mm.
• these various structures all include, from the outside, (1) an ultra-thin metallic layer of filtration 12, 26 or 42, (2) an intermediate thin layer 14, 28 or 44 and (3) a rigid sintered substrate, 16, 30 or 46 (fig. 1 abc).
• the ultra-thin filtration layer is made of an alloy of palladium (70 to 80%) and silver (20 to 30%) and its thickness is 3 to 4 microns.
• the intermediate thin layer is produced from an ultra-fine powder, with an appropriate particle size (range of 3 to 5 microns, for example), made of nickel or a nickel-based superalloy. It is up to fifty microns thick and encloses relatively small open pores, less than one micron, which gives it a particularly smooth surface but reduced porosity and permeability.
• the rigid and sintered body of the substrate is made from a relatively fine powder, with an appropriate particle size (range from 30 to 50 microns for example), in Inconel 600. It encloses relatively large open pores measuring from a few microns to about ten microns, which give it porosity and relative permeability- ment large but also, as said above, a relatively large roughness. It will be noted that the composition given above for the filtration layer 12-26-42, was given by way of example and that a palladium-based alloy including silver and / or nickel can also suit.
• the Inconel 600 is a stainless superalloy comprising 75% nickel, 15.5% chromium and
• a structure 24 in the form of a long rod has an axial frame 32, in Inconel 600.
• a plate structure 40 has a metal edge 48 also in Inconel 600.
• the short 10 ab or long 24 abc rod structures all have at one end a 20 ab or 34 abc collar, preferably in Inconel 600, welded to the intermediate thin layer 14 ab or 28 abc, by a Compatible weld bead.
• the short 10b or long 24b rod structures include a collar 22 or 36, fixed at the other end, in place of the ultra-thin layer 13 or 27.
• These collars 22-36 are provided for injecting a neutral carrier gas ( nitrogen, for example) in substrate 16 or 30, in order to entrain the hydrogen produced, as it is extracted.
• a neutral carrier gas nitrogen, for example
• the long rod structures 24 abc all have a rigid metallic axial frame 32 abc, in Inconel 600, which gives them the shape of pencils.
• the frames 32 ab are solid rods 2 mm in diameter and the frame 32c, a hollow rod 3 and 1.5 mm in outside and inside diameters.
• the two structures 24a and 24c of thimble membranes differ from one another, - in that the hollow axial reinforcement 32c opens into a cavity 38 formed in a cup 40, welded to the other end of the long stick 24c, in place of the ultra-thin layer 27 of the pencil 24a. This is to allow the use of a carrier gas for the hydrogen extracted by a thermowell membrane.
• the 32 abc reinforcements are also made of Inconel 600, a material with interesting mechanical characteristics, adapted to give the porous permeable bodies structures in long 24 abc pencils which incorporate them, sufficient strength and stiffness to allow handling. easy and good resistance to shocks inevitably undergone, during their use in fuel gas processors mounted on vehicles.
• the axial reinforcements 32 a-b-c of the rods 24 a-b-c extend beyond the fixing collars 34 a-b and 34c-36 so that they can be welded to the hydrogen collecting duct for the first two and to the carrier gas injector duct for the last two.
• the purpose of this provision is to improve the efficiency of the fastening of the structures.
• the plate structures, circular 40a and rectangular 40b respectively have metal edges 48 a-b, in which are sealed seals substrates 46 a-b according to the invention.
• the cross-sectional view of these structures, produced along lines A- A 'or B-B' is shown in FIG. the.
• edges 48 a-b each have two opposite orifices, connected to conduits 50a-52a and 50b-52b, respectively assigned to an injection of carrier gas and to the evacuation of the extracted hydrogen. In the absence of carrier gas, the conduits 50 a-b can be eliminated.
• the substrates 16, 30 or 46 are produced by appropriate sintering (see above), adapted to the porosity and permeability desired, in molds of suitable shapes, of relatively fine Inconel 600 grains, with graded particle size, suitable , following this operation, to generate rigid bodies, with high porosity and permeability, enclosing open pores measuring up to ten microns.
• suitable shapes of relatively fine Inconel 600 grains, with graded particle size, suitable , following this operation, to generate rigid bodies, with high porosity and permeability, enclosing open pores measuring up to ten microns.
• Such molds with suitable shapes will be two half-cylinders for the rod substrates and two trays for the plates, one of these trays having a hollow having a shape identical to the external shape of the edge 48 and a depth identical to its thickness.
• fine wires made of heat-destructible material are previously arranged in several layers in the mass of metal powder poured into the mold before sintering.
• the wires in question are destroyed and a network of micro-channels or veinlets, such as 17, 31 or 47, is formed, which appears in points in Figures 1 abc.
• the veins 17 ab and 47b shown in dotted lines in FIGS. 2a and 4b, are longitudinal (those of the rods in FIGS. 2b and 3 abc have been omitted) and the veinlets 47a in FIG. 4a follow curved lines connecting the orifices 50a-52a of the border 48a.
• the intermediate thin layer 14 is produced by depositing on the body 16, a suitable gel, containing an ultra-fine metallic powder, with calibrated particle size, in nickel or in a nickel-based superalloy (which may be Inconel 600), formed of small grains, adapted to generate, following an adequate sintering operation, open pores, communicating with each other, less than one micron.
• the porosity and permeability of the intermediate thin layer 14 (which measures 30 to 50 microns thick) are relatively low, but its small roughness gives its external surface a particularly smooth state which is perfectly suitable as a support for the deposition of '' an ultra-thin metallic filtration layer, 2 to 4 microns thick.
• This ultrathin filtering layer 12 can, with reference to the published documents referred to above, be produced by depositing the alloy of palladium and silver, carried out by any technique suitable for this purpose, known for its effectiveness, in particular a of those referred to above.
• the ultra-thin filtering layer 12 is almost perfectly continuous, that is to say practically without micro-holes or micro-cracks, which makes it almost completely impermeable to all gas other than hydrogen, the level of impurities in the pure hydrogen thus filtered can drop to around 5 ppm, when the thickness of the filtration layer is 4 to 5 microns.
• the coefficients of thermal expansion of these two components and of the filtration layer 12, made of palladium or palladium alloy and silver, structures 10 ab, 24 abc and 40 ab, are substantially identical. This best minimizes the problems of differential expansion between the components of the filter structures according to the invention, in the reaction chambers of the fuel gas processors, operating at temperatures which can vary from 300 to 600 ° C. It will also be noted that this temperature range is that in which the selective permeability towards hydrogen of an ultra-thin layer of palladium and silver alloy is maximum and that this selective permeability rapidly decreases with the temperatures below the low threshold of this range.
• the total pressure can reach 12 to 15 bars with a partial hydrogen pressure of approximately 3 to 6 bars.
• the hydrogen pressure is nearly 2 bars lower than the partial pressure of hydrogen existing upstream. Therefore, the ultra-thin membrane 12 can be subjected to a total differential pressure significantly greater than 10 bars.
• the structures of ultra-thin filter membranes according to the invention can have both large surfaces and reduced individual dimensions, while being adapted to withstand high temperatures and pressures.
• FIG. 5 represents the cross section of a cold plasma reaction chamber 54 of a combustible gas processor, hydrogen generator, of the type described in the international patent application WO 98/28223 referred to above.
• this chamber 58 is installed an axial cylindrical electrode 60 of 200 mm long, provided with an insulating sheath 62, with high dielectric coefficient, made of ceramic 3 mm thick, giving this insulated electrode has an outside diameter of 20 mm. All around and at a short distance (3 mm for example) from this insulated electrode 60-62, are symmetrically arranged in a circle, six structures in short cylindrical rods 64 ⁇ . .. 6 , conforming to one of the models described in Figures 2 ab. These rods have the same dimensions as the electrode.
• Figures 6-8 show the diagrams of longitudinal views of two combustible gas processors, the hydrogen productivity of which is notably improved by the use of membrane structures selectively permeable to hydrogen according to the invention, associated with isolated electrodes. and baskets containing an appropriate catalyst.
• the dimensions of the various elements which constitute the reaction chambers of these processors are obviously given below, only by way of nonlimiting examples.
• the reaction chamber 65 of a processor intended to be installed on an automobile, has a cylindrical casing 66, 50 cm in diameter and length, conforming to the specifications of the casing 56 of FIG. 5
• these sets of structures 68 have the form of square grids with a side of 300 mm and a thickness of 8 mm. They consist of membranes in long rods, of the type with two collars described in FIG. 3b, the two ends of which are welded to two hollow beams 70 abcd and 72 abcd, assigned to the injection of carrier gas for the first and collecting hydrogen for seconds.
• the hollow beams 70 and 72 project beyond the grid and are respectively connected to two pipes 74 and 76 which supply the carrier gas (nitrogen, for example) for the first and the evacuation of the hydrogen produced in the chamber for the second.
• the distance between the pencils of the structures 68 is small ( ⁇ 1 mm), so that the hydrogen filtering surface of each grid is a little less than three times the surface of the square it forms.
• These grids 68 abcd are rigidly fixed to a frame, not shown, installed in the chamber 65, and they are separated from one another by intervals of 12 mm.
• electro- 78 a-b are installed and fixed to the same frame, also in the form of grids externally identical to grids 68 a-c.
• These electrode grids consist of long rods, similar to those of the 68 ac grids, which comprise an axial electrode and an insulating sheath respectively conforming to the components 60-62 of the insulated electrode shown in FIG. 5.
• the rods of the grids 68 ab and 78 ab are staggered and the free spaces between them are at least 2 mm.
• FIG. 7 represents the external appearance of the grids of structures filtering the hydrogen and of the grids of electrodes referred to above.
• the square grids of the processor of Figure 6 are 30 cm side and each include thirty four pencils having 28 cm long and 8 mm in diameter, spaced from each other by 0.8 mm. The ends of these pencils are fixed to two overhanging beams 71 and 73 36 cm long and 1 cm in diameter.
• these beams 71-73 are conduits respectively assigned to the injection of carrier gas and to the evacuation of the extracted hydrogen.
• the beams 71-73 are insulated electrical conductors ensuring the supply of these electrodes, one end of one of these conductors being adapted to establish a connection with a generator.
• Such an electrode grid could first of all constitute a bare assembly, to which an overmolding of ceramic is then applied during a sintering operation.
• these beams 71-73 also ensure the attachment to the frame referred to above of the two types of grids concerned.
• two square metal baskets 80 ab with rigid border having 300 mm side like the filter grids 68 abcd but a thickness of 10 mm, so that the gaps between these baskets and these grids are about 1 mm.
• These 80 ab baskets contain a catalyst of known type, formed of ceramic granules coated with a mixture of iron and chromium oxides, specific for the so-called “water-gas shift” reaction, in the temperature range 300 to 550 ° C (which corresponds to the maximum efficiency range of the filter structures according to the invention). This reaction will be presented below.
• the baskets they are, given their constitution, perfectly permeable to gases.
• the electrodes 78 ab are connected, by conductors with high electrical insulation 82, to a generator 84 delivering a very high alternating voltage (10 to 20 kV) at high frequency ( 1 MHz, for example), pulsed with a period of 1 ms, for example.
• a generator 84 delivering a very high alternating voltage (10 to 20 kV) at high frequency ( 1 MHz, for example), pulsed with a period of 1 ms, for example.
• Conduits ' 86 1 ... 6 installed at the outlet of a gas conditioning cell 88, supply the gas to be treated to the reaction chamber 65 and, to this end, open out onto orifices regularly distributed at bottom of the envelope 66 of this room. Thanks to the form of grids of the two electrodes 78 ab and the four filtering structures 68 abcd as well as the high permeability of the baskets of granules 82 ab, the different gas mixtures, which circulate in the reaction chamber 65, do so in the best conditions.
• the gases supplied by the conduits 86 constitute an appropriate primary mixture of combustible gas (hydrocarbon or alcohol in particular), water vapor and air.
• This appropriate mixture is produced in the conditioning cell 88 which receives each of the three gases concerned, to be stirred there, heated and compressed, then finally, delivered with relative flow rates and adequate partial pressures, at a total pressure of 10 to 15. bars and a temperature of 300 to 550 ° C., in accordance with what the reaction chamber 65 requires to operate under conditions which best provide the desired results.
• a pipe 90 ensures the evacuation of the carbon dioxide produced in the chamber 65.
• the reaction chamber 92 of a processor 91 is shown.
• this chamber 92 will relate only to what distinguishes it from the chamber 66 of the processor 65 of FIG. 6.
• this chamber 92 are arranged with intervals of 12 mm, two groups each comprising twenty filter structures according to the invention (of which only four structures, 94 abcd, are shown) in the form of large rectangular plates (for example 30 x 20 cm) and 8 mm thick, as described in Figure 4b.
• two insulated electrodes such as 96 ab
• two rectangular baskets with a perforated rigid edge, such as 98 ab also measuring 15 x 20 cm but 11 mm thick, filled with catalyst granules identical to precedents.
• the direction of circulation of the carrier gas in the filtering structures 94 abcd and that of the reactive mixture injected into the chamber will be opposite to each other.
• All of these forty groups of plates have a square cross section of 40 cm side and a length of 60 cm.
• a cylindrical envelope 93 60 cm in diameter and 80 cm long will suit them.
• the total surface of these membrane structures thus collected is 960 dm 2 .
• the supplies and the outlets of this chamber 92 in FIG. 8, like those of the chamber 58 in FIG. 5, are identical to those of the chamber 65 in FIG. 6. It will be noted that the plates described arranged in the direction of gas circulation, can on the contrary be placed perpendicular to this direction, with passages alternately arranged at one and the other of their ends.
• FIG. 9a represents the diagram in longitudinal section of a hydrogen purification apparatus and FIG. 9b, a view in transverse section of its heating chamber.
• the hydrogen to be purified is in particular usual industrial hydrogen (containing approximately 10 -4 of impurities), with the objective of reducing this proportion of impurities by up to 5 ppm.
• This apparatus 100 mainly comprises a filtration chamber 102 and a heating chamber 104.
• the filtration chamber 102 comprises a cylindrical casing 106, of stainless steel, enclosing a relatively large number of membranes 108 ⁇ ... n selectively permeable to hydrogen, in the form of square grids of 30 cm in side, according to Fig. 7.
• the number of grid membranes is, with the pressure, one of the parameters determined by the flow rate of pure hydrogen to be obtained
• Each of the grid membranes 108 is connected to two conduits 110 and 112, respectively assigned to the supply of carrier gas and to the collection of the pure hydrogen extracted, which cross the downstream bottom 114 of the filtration chamber 102.
• the heating chamber 104 comprises a boiler 116 and a burner 118, disposed upstream of several conduits 120, with high thermal conduction, which pass through the boiler 116 (see FIG. 9b) and open into a cavity 122 communicating with a chimney 124 by a perforated partition 126.
• the chimney 124 constitutes a duct, with a ring cross section, which surrounds the wall of the filtration chamber 102.
• the boiler 116 is separated from the filtration chamber 102 by a dividing partition 128, provided with perforations, adapted to uniformly distribute the flow of hydrogen to be purified entering the chamber 102.
• the boiler 116 is supplied with hydrogen to be purified by a compressor 130 which generates an overpressure of 4 to 10 bars and opens into a distribution box 132, communicating with the boiler 116 by a perforated partition 134.
• a duct 136 for recovering the hy residual drogen is connected, which leads to the inlet of the fireplace 118, which is also supplied with compressed air by a compressor 138.
• a thermocouple 140 connected (by means not shown) to a regulating device 142, adapted to produce a signal for controlling the flow rate of the air compressor 138.
• the assembly formed by the filtration chamber 102, the heating chamber 104 and the crown chimney 124, is heat-insulated by means of an insulating sheath 144, of rock wool.
• Optimally carrying out the above conversions means in particular ensuring that the amount of heat consumed by the strongly endothermic reaction (2) is substantially equal to or a little less than the amount of heat given off by the partial oxidation reaction (1) strongly exothermic. A good combination of theory and experimentation achieves this goal. The same is true for the two moderately exothermic (4) and endothermic (3) reactions.
• a set of reactions defined by equations (1) - (2) - (3) above then occurs, the duration of persistence of which is notably greater than the duration of the electrical barrier discharge which caused it to start.
• a secondary mixture of hydrogen and residual gases mainly comprising carbon monoxide (a poison for PEM fuel cells) and carbon dioxide, is produced on this occasion.
• the structures 64 of hydrogen-permeable membranes of the reaction chamber 58 extract the hydrogen produced as it is produced. This allows the three reactions (1), (2) and (3) concerned to be carried out at best, in a particularly small footprint. But this chamber 58, the architecture of which reproduces exactly the teaching of the patent application cited in reference, also produces the mixture of residual gases referred to above, which mixture, despite the ability to produce hydrogen which it possesses still, according to this teaching, is only recycled as heat, in the boiler of the conditioning cell associated with the reaction chamber.
• the Reaction chambers 65 and 92 of relatively small footprint, of processors, perfected by the use of high pressure and high temperature membrane structures according to the invention, alternately associated with insulated electrodes and baskets of suitable catalyst, produce , in separate drainage pipes, such as 76 and 90, with high efficiency and therefore a high yield, essentially of almost pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide (a residue of the three components of the initial primary mixture is however generally added to the latter).
• reaction chambers 58-65-92 The hydrogen produced in reaction chambers 58-65-92 is generally intended to be used for the supply of fuel cells of the PEM type referred to above.
• PEM the PEM type
• the hydrogen produced in reaction chambers 58-65-92 is generally intended to be used for the supply of fuel cells of the PEM type referred to above.
• the reaction chamber 58 which measures at most 12 cm inside diameter and 30 cm long, can supply a sufficient quantity of hydrogen. to power a PEM battery producing 750 W. This opens up interesting applications in many fields, especially in the leisure industry.
• reaction chamber 92 of FIG. 8 which, with a reduced overall size, includes filtering structures in plates, capable of supplying a PEM battery delivering 96 kW.
• the hydrogen to be purified which enters cold and at low pressure in the compressor 130, is injected compressed into the distribution box 132 and into the boiler 116.
• this boiler 116 is itself cold, so that all of the hydrogen thus injected by the compressor 130, passes through the filtration chamber 102 then the recovery conduit 136 to arrive at the 'entry of the burner 118.
• the membrane membranes 108 ⁇ ... n selectively permeable to hydrogen, which occupy most of the filtration chamber 102, are cold and therefore cannot operate, their operating temperatures being between 300 and 550 ° C.
• the injected hydrogen is mixed with the compressed air supplied by the compressor 138 and the mixture is immediately ignited.
• the flames pass through the heating conduits 120 and the combustion gases are evacuated by the ring chimney 124.
• the hydrogen to be purified circulates in the boiler 116 by licking the hot walls of the heating conduits 120. During this course, it heats up quickly then enters the filtration chamber 102, passing through the perforations of the dividing partition 128. It is then at a temperature situated in a range allowing the membranes 108 to function properly.
• the filtration chamber 102 is also heated by the ring chimney 124, insulated by the insulating sheath 144, which surrounds it.
• thermocouple 140 which sends a signal to the device 142 for controlling the flow rate of the air compressor 138, makes it possible to regulate the temperature of the filtration chamber 102 to an optimal value.
• the pure hydrogen is extracted by membranes 108, operating under the best conditions, then it is discharged through the collecting duct 112, entrained by the carrier gas introduced into the duct 110.
• the resulting residual hydrogen has a coefficient d 'impurities much higher than that of the hydrogen to be purified initially injected but a pressure at least one or two bars lower than that of the latter.
• This residual hydrogen is evacuated through the recovery line 136 and injected into the burner 118 where it is used as indicated above. In this way, a conventional industrial hydrogen purification device is produced, which makes it possible to have pure hydrogen (impurity level generally less than 10 ppm), which authorizes its use for supplying batteries in the best conditions. fuel type PEM.
• the hydrogen purification apparatus described in FIGS. 9 a-b can be greatly simplified.
• the filtration chamber will contain a single membrane, of the short rod type described in FIG. 2b, and the heating chamber will contain an electrical heating resistor, supplied by a current regulated as a function of the temperature of the filtration chamber, measured by a thermocouple.
• the heat-insulating sheath will be preserved, but the chimney will of course be removed, as will the duct for recovering the effluents from the filtration chamber.
• the hydrogen with a relatively high level of impurities which will then be in the filtration chamber, will be removed by action on an appropriate tap.
• structures in short or long sticks, with a thimble or not can, in the same reaction chamber, be associated with insulated electrodes and with catalyst baskets, in the form of plates.
• the dimensions of these various structures they will be mainly determined by considerations of resistance of the materials, taking into account the maximum amplitude of the shocks that they could be brought to undergo during their use.
• Inconel 600 presented above on a preferential basis may be replaced by other Inconel grades or even by certain types of Hastelloy.
• the latter are also nickel-based superalloys incorporating chromium and iron, whose mechanical and chemical stability characteristics at high temperature are close to those of stainless steel and the coefficient of thermal expansion of at least l 'one of them, lower than that of palladium, namely 11.3 10 "6 / ° C.
• the hydrogen filter membrane structures according to the invention are not exclusively intended for fuel gas processors producing pure hydrogen. In fact, such structures will advantageously be used in fuel gas processors carrying out the following reactions:

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• 2001
  • 2001-02-19 FR FR0102219A patent/FR2820988B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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