ATE383904T1 - Selektive, wasserstoffdurchlässige membranverbundstrukturen und brenngasprozessor unter verwendung derselben - Google Patents

Selektive, wasserstoffdurchlässige membranverbundstrukturen und brenngasprozessor unter verwendung derselben

Info

Publication number
ATE383904T1
ATE383904T1 AT02704838T AT02704838T ATE383904T1 AT E383904 T1 ATE383904 T1 AT E383904T1 AT 02704838 T AT02704838 T AT 02704838T AT 02704838 T AT02704838 T AT 02704838T AT E383904 T1 ATE383904 T1 AT E383904T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
same
fuel gas
composite membrane
layer
hydrogen permeable
Prior art date
Application number
AT02704838T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Claude Etievant
Fanny Gaillard
Lapparent Dominique De
Cren Roger Le
Karine Pointet
Original Assignee
Cie Europ Des Technologies De
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cie Europ Des Technologies De filed Critical Cie Europ Des Technologies De
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE383904T1 publication Critical patent/ATE383904T1/de

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/14—Dynamic membranes
    • B01D69/141—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/229—Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0041—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
    • B01D67/00411—Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state by sintering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/04—Tubular membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
    • B01D71/02231—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/342—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/22—Cooling or heating elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/42—Catalysts within the flow path
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2319/00—Membrane assemblies within one housing
    • B01D2319/04—Elements in parallel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/04—Characteristic thickness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/22—Thermal or heat-resistance properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/24—Mechanical properties, e.g. strength
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
    • B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
    • B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
    • B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
    • B01J2219/083—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear cylindrical
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0875—Gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
    • B01J2219/0896—Cold plasma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • C01B2203/041—In-situ membrane purification during hydrogen production
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/047—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon monoxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/0475—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0861—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by plasma

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
AT02704838T 2001-02-19 2002-02-14 Selektive, wasserstoffdurchlässige membranverbundstrukturen und brenngasprozessor unter verwendung derselben ATE383904T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0102219A FR2820988B1 (fr) 2001-02-19 2001-02-19 Structures composites de membranes selectivement permeables a l'hydrogene et processeurs de gaz combustibles en faisant usage

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE383904T1 true ATE383904T1 (de) 2008-02-15

Family

ID=8860180

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT02704838T ATE383904T1 (de) 2001-02-19 2002-02-14 Selektive, wasserstoffdurchlässige membranverbundstrukturen und brenngasprozessor unter verwendung derselben

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US7449052B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1361916B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2004526559A (de)
AT (1) ATE383904T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2438533C (de)
DE (1) DE60224647D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2820988B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2002066144A2 (de)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2519769A1 (en) * 2003-03-21 2004-10-07 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Composite gas separation modules having intermediate porous metal layers
DE602004016470D1 (de) * 2003-03-21 2008-10-23 Worcester Polytech Inst Verfahren zum beheben von defekten bei der herstellung eines verbundmembran-gastrennungsmoduls
EP1608459A1 (de) * 2003-03-21 2005-12-28 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Verfahren zur herstellung von verbundgastrennungsmodulen
EP1622698B1 (de) * 2003-05-02 2010-01-06 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Verbundgastrennmodule mit zwischenschichten auf höher tammanntemperatur
US7125440B2 (en) * 2003-06-04 2006-10-24 Bossard Peter R Composite structure for high efficiency hydrogen separation and its associated methods of manufacture and use
US7727596B2 (en) * 2004-07-21 2010-06-01 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Method for fabricating a composite gas separation module
JP2008513337A (ja) * 2004-09-21 2008-05-01 ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート 膜増強反応器
WO2006034103A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-30 Worcester Polytechic Institute Reactor and process for steam reforming
CA2580585A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-30 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Membrane steam reformer
US7559979B2 (en) * 2005-02-04 2009-07-14 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Hydrogen separator and method for production thereof
US20070044663A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2007-03-01 The University Of Chicago Method for fabricating a hydrogen separation membrane on a porous substrate
JP4908821B2 (ja) * 2005-10-28 2012-04-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 支持体付水素分離膜、それを備える燃料電池および水素分離装置ならびにそれらの製造方法
JP4970556B2 (ja) * 2007-02-20 2012-07-11 シエル・インターナシヨナル・リサーチ・マートスハツペイ・ベー・ヴエー ガス分離膜システムおよびその調製または再生方法および使用
JP2010523315A (ja) 2007-04-05 2010-07-15 ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート 多孔質アノード酸化層を有する複合構造および製造方法
US8479487B2 (en) * 2009-08-10 2013-07-09 General Electric Company Hybrid multichannel porous structure for hydrogen separation
US8652239B2 (en) 2010-05-03 2014-02-18 Worcester Polytechnic Institute High permeance sulfur tolerant Pd/Cu alloy membranes
TWI473912B (zh) * 2013-03-28 2015-02-21 國立成功大學 New energy vehicle plasma hydrogen production unit
CN117250130B (zh) * 2023-11-20 2024-02-06 华电重工机械有限公司 一种质子交换膜氢渗测试的方法

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5645626A (en) * 1990-08-10 1997-07-08 Bend Research, Inc. Composite hydrogen separation element and module
US5498278A (en) * 1990-08-10 1996-03-12 Bend Research, Inc. Composite hydrogen separation element and module
US5217506A (en) * 1990-08-10 1993-06-08 Bend Research, Inc. Hydrogen-permeable composite metal membrane and uses thereof
US5393325A (en) * 1990-08-10 1995-02-28 Bend Research, Inc. Composite hydrogen separation metal membrane
US6461408B2 (en) * 1995-11-06 2002-10-08 Robert E. Buxbaum Hydrogen generator
WO1997017125A1 (en) * 1995-11-06 1997-05-15 Buxbaum Robert E Apparatus and methods for gas extraction
FR2757499B1 (fr) * 1996-12-24 2001-09-14 Etievant Claude Generateur d'hydrogene
US6152987A (en) * 1997-12-15 2000-11-28 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Hydrogen gas-extraction module and method of fabrication
US6207132B1 (en) * 1998-12-04 2001-03-27 Chinese Petroleum Corporation Process for producing high purity hydrogen
US6653005B1 (en) * 2000-05-10 2003-11-25 University Of Central Florida Portable hydrogen generator-fuel cell apparatus
US6923944B2 (en) * 2000-07-07 2005-08-02 Robert E. Buxbaum Membrane reactor for gas extraction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2438533C (fr) 2010-05-11
FR2820988B1 (fr) 2003-04-25
US7449052B2 (en) 2008-11-11
EP1361916A2 (de) 2003-11-19
WO2002066144A3 (fr) 2002-11-28
EP1361916B1 (de) 2008-01-16
US20050072304A1 (en) 2005-04-07
WO2002066144A2 (fr) 2002-08-29
JP2004526559A (ja) 2004-09-02
DE60224647D1 (de) 2008-03-06
FR2820988A1 (fr) 2002-08-23
CA2438533A1 (fr) 2002-08-29

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