WO2002058088A1 - Thyristor-stufenschalter - Google Patents
Thyristor-stufenschalterInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002058088A1 WO2002058088A1 PCT/EP2001/014859 EP0114859W WO02058088A1 WO 2002058088 A1 WO2002058088 A1 WO 2002058088A1 EP 0114859 W EP0114859 W EP 0114859W WO 02058088 A1 WO02058088 A1 WO 02058088A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thyristor
- tap changer
- tap
- thyristors
- switch
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
- H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
- H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
- H01F29/025—Constructional details of transformers or reactors with tapping on coil or windings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
- H01H9/0044—Casings; Mountings; Disposition in transformer housing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
- H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
Definitions
- the invention relates to a thyristor tap changer for uninterrupted switching between different winding taps of a step transformer under load, consisting of a mechanical tap selector for the powerless preselection of the respective winding tap to be switched to, and a load switch with thyristors as switching means for the actual uninterrupted switching from the previous one to the pre-selected new winding tapping under load.
- Thyristor tap changers of the type mentioned are usually also referred to as hybrid tap changers because, in addition to the thyristors in the diverter switch, they also have mechanical contacts, in particular mechanical selector contacts, as power electronic switching means. It should only be mentioned in passing that there are also so-called full thyristor switches, such as. B. known from WO 95/27931, which completely dispense with movable mechanical switching elements, but are relatively large and complex in construction, have not become established in practice and are also not the subject of the present invention.
- the present invention is concerned with thyristor tap changers of the type mentioned at the outset, that is to say with the hybrid tap changers.
- This type of thyristor tap changer can in turn be divided into two different types of devices with different functional principles.
- Such a thyristor tap changer is known from DE 32 23 892 C2, which operates on the commutation principle.
- the load is switched by controlled commutation of the load current - hence the name - from an antiparallel pair of thyristors in one branch of the load switch to the other pair of thyristors in the other branch.
- Step switches of this type were occasionally manufactured and used as so-called feedthrough types in the 1980s.
- the active part of the diverter switch is arranged on a bushing support above the transformer tank in an air-filled housing, while the other part of the switch is sunk into the oil-filled transformer tank.
- the bushing is partly filled with insulating oil and connected to the outside air via a silica gel template.
- a thyristor tap changer with a transition resistor is known.
- a single pair of thyristors connected in anti-parallel is provided, to which a series resistor is connected in parallel.
- both the thyristor pair and the switching resistor can be actuated in a certain switching sequence and switched into the circuit.
- the load current flows briefly via the switching resistor and then a circuit current which is driven by the step voltage of the control winding.
- the object of the invention is to provide a thyristor tap changer of the type mentioned at the outset, ie a hybrid switch, which avoids the disadvantages described, in particular bypasses complex bushings and support arrangements, while being compact and is easy to maintain and, provided the thyristors are appropriately dimensioned, enables any number of circuits that can be implemented in series.
- a particular advantage of the invention is that the thyristors are thermally decoupled in a simple manner both from the hot transformer oil and from the transition resistors, without requiring a complex structure or particularly large bushing arrangements.
- the energy converted into heat can be dissipated in a simple manner by a natural or forced cooling circuit, in particular by air cooling, by means of a separate arrangement of the switching resistors. At the same time, it is ensured that this heat does not radiate to other parts of the device and heat them excessively or can affect the thyristors.
- the thyristor tap changer according to the invention thus allows any number of load switches to be carried out in succession without the thermal load limits of the thyristors being a problem in the short-term operation of the thyristors.
- the invention will be explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment.
- the figure shows a thyristor tap changer according to the invention, here in an embodiment with a transition resistor.
- the area highlighted in gray on the left in the figure shows the oil-filled transformer tank 1.
- the windings 2, 3, of which the stepped control winding 3 with individual winding taps 1... N are indicated schematically on the right.
- Each of these winding taps 1 ... n is electrically connected to a fixed contact K1 ... Kn of a tap selector 4 of the thyristor tap changer.
- the fixed contacts K1 ... Kn are connected in a known manner by two movable selector contacts 5, 6. Outside the transformer tank 1, laterally attached to it and connected to it via a feed-through plate 7, the actual load switch 9, which works in air, is arranged in a separate housing 8.
- the electrical connecting lines 10, 11 from the tap selector 4 to the diverter switch 9 and the load conductor 12 are routed through separate oil-tight bushings 13, 14, 15 in the bushing plate 7.
- the diverter switch 9 can, depending on the underlying circuit, consist of different components. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the circuit known from WO 98/48432 is shown.
- D1 and D2 denote the permanent main contacts which carry the continuous current in stationary operation, ie establish the respective connection from one of the movable selector contacts 5 or 6 to a load conductor L.
- SR denotes one Bridging switch for load transfer L.
- Reference numeral 16 shows a single pair of thyristors connected in anti-parallel, and CT and CR denote two changeover switches.
- the root contact of the changeover switch CT is electrically connected to the pair of thyristors 16, the root contact of the changeover switch CR is connected to a switching resistor 17.
- a further separate housing part 19 is provided on the side of the separate housing 8, divided by a partition 18, in which, also in air, the transition resistor 17 is arranged. Openings 20, 21 are provided at the top and bottom of this housing part 19, so that a separate air flow can be passed through the housing part 19 for cooling the switching resistor 17.
- the figure shows the particularly simple structure according to the invention.
- the complete tap selector 4 of the thyristor tap changer is arranged in the oil-filled transformer tank 1 and is surrounded by the transformer oil. This ensures both lubrication of the mechanical contacts and sufficient electrical strength of the entire arrangement.
- the actual load switching, however, by means of the pair of thyristors 16 takes place outside the transformer tank 1 in air. A disruptive influence of the hot transformer oil on the thyristor pair 16 is thus definitely excluded.
- the electrical connection between these two assemblies is also particularly simple, since only three electrical connecting lines 10, 11, 12 have to be led through the feed-through plate 7. It has already been explained that it is particularly advantageous to provide the switching resistor 17 in a further separate housing part 19, also in air. This ensures both its simple cooling and also prevents any thermal influence on the thyristor pair 16.
- the invention is not limited to the known circuit explained in the exemplary embodiment with a pair of thyristors, only one switching resistor and the special arrangement of additional mechanical switches.
- any other diverter switch with any kind of arrangement of one or more pairs of thyristors can be used as switching means and, regardless of the number, switching and actuation sequence, any further mechanical switches or changeover switches that may still be present.
- the manner in which the ignition voltage is generated for the individual thyristors can also be solved in a variety of ways within the scope of the invention.
Landscapes
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Housings And Mounting Of Transformers (AREA)
- Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Generation Of Surge Voltage And Current (AREA)
- Protection Of Transformers (AREA)
- Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
- Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)
- Transformer Cooling (AREA)
- Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50109570T DE50109570D1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor-stufenschalter |
HU0302740A HU228107B1 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor tap changer |
CA2428475A CA2428475C (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor tap changer |
UA2003076743A UA73629C2 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor tap changer |
PL362428A PL199330B1 (pl) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Tyrystorowy przełącznik odczepów |
BR0116768-5A BR0116768A (pt) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Computador de tap de tiristor |
US10/416,177 US6856122B2 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor tap changer |
KR10-2003-7007879A KR100508330B1 (ko) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | 사이리스터 탭체인저 |
EP01273279A EP1352404B1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor-stufenschalter |
JP2002558289A JP2004520708A (ja) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | サイリスタータップ切換器 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10102310A DE10102310C1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-01-18 | Thyristor-Stufenschalter |
DE10102310.3 | 2001-01-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002058088A1 true WO2002058088A1 (de) | 2002-07-25 |
Family
ID=7671089
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2001/014859 WO2002058088A1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2001-12-15 | Thyristor-stufenschalter |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6856122B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1352404B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2004520708A (de) |
KR (1) | KR100508330B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1206673C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE323940T1 (de) |
BG (1) | BG65001B1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR0116768A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2428475C (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ303887B6 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10102310C1 (de) |
HU (1) | HU228107B1 (de) |
PL (1) | PL199330B1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2263990C2 (de) |
UA (1) | UA73629C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002058088A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2014116402A (ja) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-26 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | 自動電圧調整装置 |
Families Citing this family (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10102310C1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2002-06-20 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Thyristor-Stufenschalter |
US7417411B2 (en) * | 2005-09-14 | 2008-08-26 | Advanced Power Technologies, Llc | Apparatus and method for monitoring tap positions of load tap changer |
CN101506921B (zh) * | 2006-08-23 | 2013-06-05 | Abb技术有限公司 | 用于分接开关的基于真空的切换开关 |
DE102007048847A1 (de) * | 2007-10-11 | 2009-04-23 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Schaltmodul für das Leistungsteil einer Schweißsteuerung |
DE102008064487A1 (de) * | 2008-12-22 | 2010-06-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Mittel-Niederspannungstransformator mit Stufenschaltung |
DE102009017197A1 (de) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-14 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Stufenschalter mit Halbleiter-Schaltelementen |
DE102009017196A1 (de) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-14 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Stufenschalter mit Halbleiter-Schaltelementen |
DE102009035699A1 (de) | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-10 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Anordnung eines Stufenschalters an einem Regeltransformator |
DE102009060132B3 (de) * | 2009-12-23 | 2011-05-12 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Stufenschalter mit Polungsschalter an einem Regeltransformator |
DE102010008974A1 (de) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH, 93059 | Stufenschalter |
DE102010008973B4 (de) * | 2010-02-24 | 2015-11-05 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Stufenschalter des Hybridtyps mit Halbleiterschaltelementen |
DE102010019949A1 (de) * | 2010-05-08 | 2011-11-10 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Laststufenschalter |
EP2388471A1 (de) * | 2010-05-21 | 2011-11-23 | AEG Power Solutions B.V. | Schaltungsanordnung zur Folgesteuerung von Leistungsstellern mit einem Verteilen von Zündimpulsen |
DE202010011521U1 (de) * | 2010-08-18 | 2011-11-23 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Laststufenschalter |
CN101958195A (zh) * | 2010-09-19 | 2011-01-26 | 中国农业大学 | 一种变压器无弧有载分接开关 |
UA112302C2 (uk) * | 2010-12-17 | 2016-08-25 | Машіненфабрік Райнхаузен Гмбх | Ступеневий перемикач |
DE102011012080A1 (de) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-08-23 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Stufenschalter |
US8947188B2 (en) * | 2011-04-02 | 2015-02-03 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Tap changer and vacuum interrupter for such a tap changer |
DE102012202105B4 (de) * | 2012-02-13 | 2014-08-07 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Transformator mit Stufenschalteinrichtung |
DE102012103490B4 (de) * | 2012-04-20 | 2015-11-12 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Verteiltransformator zur Spannungsregelung von Ortsnetzen |
US9087635B2 (en) | 2012-08-24 | 2015-07-21 | General Electric Company | Load tap changer |
RU2650183C2 (ru) * | 2013-08-07 | 2018-04-11 | АББ С.п.А. | Охлаждающее устройство для электрического устройства и электрическое устройство, в частности автоматический выключатель, содержащий такое охлаждающее устройство |
BR112016012694B1 (pt) * | 2013-12-05 | 2022-01-18 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Dispositivo de comutação |
JP6285167B2 (ja) * | 2013-12-12 | 2018-02-28 | 愛知電機株式会社 | サイリスタ式高圧自動電圧調整器 |
DE102014102263B3 (de) * | 2014-02-21 | 2015-04-23 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Laststufenschalter mit einem Gehäuse und einem austauschbaren Schaltmodul |
ES1212088Y (es) * | 2018-04-27 | 2018-08-03 | Ormazabal Corporate Tech A I E | Equipo electrico de alta tension con dispositivo de limitacion de la corriente de magnetizacion |
EP3761328A1 (de) * | 2019-07-01 | 2021-01-06 | ABB Power Grids Switzerland AG | Elektromagnetische induktionsvorrichtung mit laststufenschalter |
CN111312502A (zh) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-06-19 | 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 | 有载分接开关及其控制方法、变压器 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4419619A (en) * | 1981-09-18 | 1983-12-06 | Mcgraw-Edison Company | Microprocessor controlled voltage regulating transformer |
WO1988005208A1 (en) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-07-14 | Elin-Union Aktiengesellschaft Für Elektrische Indu | Thyristor drive for an on-load change-over switch |
WO1993024943A1 (de) * | 1992-05-22 | 1993-12-09 | Elin Oltc Gmbh Stufenschalter Für Transformatoren | Anordnung zur erzeugung der zündspannung für thyristoren |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3223892A1 (de) * | 1982-06-26 | 1983-12-29 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gebrüder Scheubeck GmbH & Co KG, 8400 Regensburg | Anordnung zur lastumschaltung von stufentransformatoren mit antiparallel geschalteten thyristoren |
DE3304851A1 (de) * | 1983-02-12 | 1984-08-16 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Schaltanordnung fuer lastumschalter von stufenschaltern fuer stufentransformatoren |
AT400496B (de) * | 1987-06-25 | 1996-01-25 | Elin Oltc Gmbh Stufenschalter | Thyristor-lastumschalter |
JP2561729B2 (ja) * | 1989-04-21 | 1996-12-11 | 日本電子株式会社 | タップ切り換え交流電源安定化装置 |
US5408171A (en) * | 1991-10-21 | 1995-04-18 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Combined solid-state and mechanically-switched transformer tap-changer |
CA2193477C (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 2000-07-18 | Robert C. Degeneff | Load tap changer |
US5645627A (en) * | 1995-02-28 | 1997-07-08 | Hollingsworth & Vose Company | Charge stabilized electret filter media |
JPH10504440A (ja) | 1995-03-08 | 1998-04-28 | インゲンホーフェン・オヴェルディーク・ウント・パートナー | 建物を制御するための制御システム |
US5873069A (en) * | 1995-10-13 | 1999-02-16 | American Tv & Appliance Of Madison, Inc. | System and method for automatic updating and display of retail prices |
AT406988B (de) * | 1997-04-22 | 2000-11-27 | Elin Oltc Gmbh Stufenschalter | Schaltungsanordnung bei einem lastumschalter |
DE10102310C1 (de) | 2001-01-18 | 2002-06-20 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Thyristor-Stufenschalter |
-
2001
- 2001-01-18 DE DE10102310A patent/DE10102310C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-15 CA CA2428475A patent/CA2428475C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-15 HU HU0302740A patent/HU228107B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-15 BR BR0116768-5A patent/BR0116768A/pt active Search and Examination
- 2001-12-15 UA UA2003076743A patent/UA73629C2/uk unknown
- 2001-12-15 CN CNB018195903A patent/CN1206673C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-15 RU RU2003125277/09A patent/RU2263990C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-15 PL PL362428A patent/PL199330B1/pl unknown
- 2001-12-15 CZ CZ20032166A patent/CZ303887B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-15 US US10/416,177 patent/US6856122B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-15 KR KR10-2003-7007879A patent/KR100508330B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-15 AT AT01273279T patent/ATE323940T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-15 JP JP2002558289A patent/JP2004520708A/ja active Pending
- 2001-12-15 DE DE50109570T patent/DE50109570D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-15 WO PCT/EP2001/014859 patent/WO2002058088A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2001-12-15 EP EP01273279A patent/EP1352404B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-06-24 BG BG107939A patent/BG65001B1/bg unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4419619A (en) * | 1981-09-18 | 1983-12-06 | Mcgraw-Edison Company | Microprocessor controlled voltage regulating transformer |
WO1988005208A1 (en) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-07-14 | Elin-Union Aktiengesellschaft Für Elektrische Indu | Thyristor drive for an on-load change-over switch |
WO1993024943A1 (de) * | 1992-05-22 | 1993-12-09 | Elin Oltc Gmbh Stufenschalter Für Transformatoren | Anordnung zur erzeugung der zündspannung für thyristoren |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2014116402A (ja) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-26 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | 自動電圧調整装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10102310C1 (de) | 2002-06-20 |
US20040032699A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
BR0116768A (pt) | 2004-06-15 |
BG65001B1 (bg) | 2006-11-30 |
CZ303887B6 (cs) | 2013-06-12 |
US6856122B2 (en) | 2005-02-15 |
DE50109570D1 (de) | 2006-05-24 |
HUP0302740A3 (en) | 2006-01-30 |
EP1352404A1 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
PL362428A1 (en) | 2004-11-02 |
CN1478286A (zh) | 2004-02-25 |
CN1206673C (zh) | 2005-06-15 |
KR20030063419A (ko) | 2003-07-28 |
CZ20032166A3 (cs) | 2003-11-12 |
HU228107B1 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
PL199330B1 (pl) | 2008-09-30 |
JP2004520708A (ja) | 2004-07-08 |
ATE323940T1 (de) | 2006-05-15 |
HUP0302740A2 (hu) | 2003-11-28 |
CA2428475C (en) | 2010-03-16 |
CA2428475A1 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
UA73629C2 (en) | 2005-08-15 |
EP1352404B1 (de) | 2006-04-19 |
KR100508330B1 (ko) | 2005-08-17 |
RU2003125277A (ru) | 2005-02-27 |
BG107939A (en) | 2004-01-30 |
RU2263990C2 (ru) | 2005-11-10 |
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