WO2002045192A2 - Verfahren zur wassermineralisierung mittels eines brennstoffzellensystems - Google Patents
Verfahren zur wassermineralisierung mittels eines brennstoffzellensystems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002045192A2 WO2002045192A2 PCT/EP2001/013838 EP0113838W WO0245192A2 WO 2002045192 A2 WO2002045192 A2 WO 2002045192A2 EP 0113838 W EP0113838 W EP 0113838W WO 0245192 A2 WO0245192 A2 WO 0245192A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- micro
- monosilane
- hollow
- fuel cell
- water
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for water mineralization by means of a fuel cell system based on micro hollow fibers.
- fuel cells are used to generate electricity, more precisely, to convert chemical to electrical thermal energy. Electrons are released at the anode, releasing hydrogen ions, which negatively charge the anode. The electron current is conducted from the anode to the cathode via a current consumer. Simultaneously with the generation of the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode, the reaction product, for example water or steam (aquadistillate or condensate emission), is emitted from the fuel cell. A supply of fuel is required to operate a para-electrolysis or fuel cell. Fuel is, for example, hydrogen or another hydrogen carrier, such as natural gas, coal gas, biogas and methanol.
- the fuel must go to the anode, the oxygen or oxygen carrier, i.e. the oxidant flows or is carried to the surface of the cathode, which is separated from the anode by the solid electrolyte.
- the oxidizing agent also mentioned above is of crucial importance in a fuel cell, the majority of which is pure oxygen, the electrolyte, the choice of which is highly temperature-dependent, the electrodes, and in the case of gases, in particular gas diffusion electrodes for the three phase boundary gas / electrolyte / electrode, and the catalyst that catalyzes the actual fuel cell reaction.
- the present invention is based on the object of specifying a method for water mineralization with the aid of a fuel cell system, an easily available, inexpensive and easy-to-transport fuel to be used which also activates or of the catalysts and is also suitable for mineralizing the aquadistillata obtained.
- the fuel cell system used for water mineralization should have a large reactive surface in the smallest possible space, be easy to manufacture and have a high degree of flexibility with regard to use.
- This object is achieved according to the invention by a method for water mineralization by means of a fuel cell system based on micro hollow fibers, which is characterized in that monosilane is used as fuel and as catalyst activator and the water with or by the oxidation and / or nitration of monosilane
- the reaction product (s) obtained is mineralized with the generation of electrical energy and heat from chemical energy.
- the fuel cell system used in the method according to the invention must have the following properties:
- the fuel cell system that can be used to generate direct current by converting chemical energy with a high or low temperature electrolyte, preferably a solid electrolyte, which carries the anode and cathode separately from one another, contains a micro hollow fiber matrix electrolyte, the micro hollow fibers having a wall thickness of approximately 0 , 01 to 50 ⁇ m and an equivalent outer diameter of approximately 0.05 to 280 ⁇ m, the hollow micro fibers either which are arranged in the form of filament or filament yarn layers, the micro-hollow fiber ends being bound in a dimensionally stable manner and being at least partially exposed for access to the hollow fiber lumen, or in the form of staple fiber or staple fiber threads, the micro-hollow fiber ends being dimensionally stable.
- This fuel cell unit allows a high active area, for example approximately 11,000 cm 2 per cm 3 of fuel cell volume, to be achieved with a small space requirement.
- An equivalent diameter as is generally known, is understood to mean, in the case of geometric structures with only an approximately circular cross section, the diameter of that fictitious circle whose area is equal to the cross-sectional area of the geometric structure.
- layers of fibers in which at least some of the fibers have one or more turns are referred to as filament-laid layers, whereas the fibers in laid-up fiber layers extend without turns.
- Yarn scrims are characterized in that several fibers or filaments are twisted together.
- the solid electrolyte as a hollow fiber, i.e. is designed as a capillary or hollow profile, small wall thicknesses of the electrolyte can be realized without mechanical stability problems.
- Another advantage is that hollow micro fibers with the dimensions mentioned have textile properties and can therefore be easily deformed without breaking.
- the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow micro fibers are activated for their function as an anode or cathode. The type of activation depends on the particular materials selected for the hollow micro fibers. For example, activation by a suitable coating is conceivable.
- the wall thickness of the hollow micro fibers is preferably between approximately 0.05 and 10 ⁇ m, in particular between approximately 0.05 and 5 ⁇ m.
- the equivalent outer diameter of the hollow micro fibers is preferably between approximately 1 and 100 ⁇ m, in particular between approximately 2 and 25 ⁇ m.
- the specific choice of suitable diameters and wall thicknesses depends on the materials used hold true. The specified lower values for wall thickness and diameter are due in particular to the possibilities of manufacture.
- the scrims can be arranged in the form of a disc disc, the micro-hollow fiber ends being integrated in such a way that a stable, self-supporting disc disc ring is formed, on the outer annular peripheral surface of which the open micro-hollow fiber ends are exposed.
- the disc disc viewed in cross section, can represent a flat disc or can be in the form of a corrugated cardboard layer.
- the hollow micro fibers forming the scrim preferably have an equivalent outer diameter of approximately 0.5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m and a length of preferably approximately 5 mm to 1000 mm. In this way, an electrolyte surface of approximately Im 2 can be achieved in a volume which corresponds to approximately 3 to 5 pieces of DIN A4 sheets.
- the hollow micro fibers are open at both ends, their length corresponds to the length of the lumen or channel, on the inner surface of which either the anode or cathode is applied. A length of approximately 30 to approximately 300 mm is particularly preferred.
- the selected length of the hollow micro fibers preferably corresponds to the diameter of the disc disc ring.
- the micro hollow fiber length can also be a multiple of the disc diameter by folding or bending the micro hollow fiber.
- values between approximately 1 mm and 35 mm have proven to be particularly suitable so that the function of the disc disc ring as a form stabilizer is fulfilled.
- the height of the disc disc ring is preferably about 0.5 mm to 15 mm. This height is sufficient to accommodate several hollow micro-fiber layers one above the other. Such a ring is suitable for a stack of several fuel cell units.
- the fabrics can also be arranged in the form of a polygon, in particular a rectangle, the hollow fiber ends being integrated in such a way that a stable, self-supporting, polygonal, in particular rectangular, frame is formed, on the outer peripheral surface of which the open micro-hollow fiber ends are exposed.
- the individual hollow micro fibers can either be parallel to one another or be arranged crosswise, the length of the hollow micro fibers preferably corresponding approximately to the length or width of the frame.
- the hollow micro fibers are made from polymer materials, metal, ceramics and / or textile materials. However, any other suitable materials can be used. The materials can be both oxidic and non-oxidic. If non-fluorinated polymer materials are selected for the production of the hollow micro fibers, the surface can be activated, for example, by sulfonation. Fluorinated polymer materials are also preferably sulfonated.
- hollow micro fibers have proven to be particularly advantageous in the context of the present invention, which emerge from the international application WO 97/00225, the disclosure of which is to be expressly incorporated here in full.
- These are hollow micro fibers made of ceramic material or the corresponding green parts. If one speaks of a "ceramic material” in connection with this, then this is to be understood in the broadest sense. It is a collective name for materials made up of inorganic and predominantly non-metallic compounds or elements, which in particular represent more than 30% by volume of crystallized materials. In this context, reference is made to Römpp Chemie Lexikon, 9th edition, Volume 3, 1990, pp. 2193 to 2195.
- the ceramic micro-hollow fibers preferably consist of an oxidic, silicatic, nitridic and / or carbidic ceramic material.
- Such ceramic hollow fibers based on aluminum oxide, calcium phosphate (apatite) or related phosphates, porcelain or cordierite-like compositions, mullite, titanium oxide, titanates, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate, zirconates, spinels, emerald, sapphire, corundum, nitrides are particularly preferred or carbides of silicon, strontium lanthanum manganate and perovskites or other chemical elements or mixtures thereof.
- the substances known in ceramics such as MgO, CaO, ZrO 2 , ZrSiO 4 , Y 2 O 3 and others, or their precursors, are optionally added to the main inorganic constituents.
- an emulsion, dispersion and / or suspension which contains the precursor of a ceramic material and a binder which can be removed under the action of heat, is preferably formed into green hollow micro fibers in a manner known per se and the binder is removed under the action of heat.
- the dispersion can be applied to a core made of an organic compact fiber, in which case both the core and the binders are removed under the action of heat.
- the dispersion can contain varying amounts, for example up to 95% by weight, preferably about 40 to 70% by weight, of the dispersion medium.
- a dispersion medium can also be omitted if the binder is, for example, thermoplastic and can be melted to a low-viscosity mass without significant decomposition.
- Ceramic precursors or precursors referred to above are particularly suitable:
- Clay minerals in particular kaolin, illite, montmorillite, metal hydroxides, such as aluminum hydroxide, mixed metal hydroxides / oxides, such as A1OOH, mixed metal oxides / halides, metal oxides, such as BeO, MgO, AbO 3 , ZrO 2 and TI1O2, metal nitrates, such as Al (NO 3 ) 3 , metal alcoholates, in particular aluminum alcoholates, such as Al (iPrO) 3 , Al (, seoBuO) 3 , magnesium aluminosilicates, feldspar, zeolites, Böhmrite or mixtures of two or more of the materials mentioned, and organic metal and metal oxide compounds which are ceramized, pyrolyzed or carbonized in the fire, also to perovskites.
- metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, mixed metal hydroxides / oxides, such as A1OOH, mixed metal oxides / halides, metal oxides, such as BeO, M
- the binder which can be removed under the influence of heat there is no critical limitation in the selection of the binder which can be removed under the influence of heat.
- the binder be film-forming. These can be, for example, urea, polyvinyl alcohol, wax, gelatin, agar, protein, saccharides. If necessary, organic aids such as binders, adjusting agents, defoamers and preservatives can also be used.
- the mixture of the precursor of the ceramic material and the binder which can be removed under the action of heat is in the form of a dispersion, this term being to be seen broadly. It can be especially emulsions and suspensions that are regularly in the form of a paste. There is extensive freedom in the choice of the dispersion medium. Generally it will be water.
- an organic solvent such as an alcohol or acetone
- sol-gel processes for example based on polyvinyl alcohol or diamide melts or solutions, are particularly advantageous here.
- the green body of the hollow hollow fiber mentioned above can in principle also be used in the context of the present invention.
- the desirable proton conductivity is improved.
- the procedure is in particular as part of a spinning process in such a way that the dispersion is introduced into a feed container or pressure vessel of a spinning device, the dispersion is conveyed through the spinning device at a temperature of about 20 to 400 ° C. is pressed through nozzle ring openings or nozzle profile openings.
- the partial streams generated in the area of the nozzle openings are divided in the middle by cores or by means for blowing in a gas, and the partial streams are solidified by heating, by irradiation or by the access of a reaction partner to form green hollow micro fibers and then, if necessary, burned to form tight hollow micro fibers. Further details can be found in the already mentioned international application WO 97/00225.
- the fuel cell system can exist as a PEM, DM and SO fuel cell unit.
- PEM Proton Exchange Membrane
- DM Direct Membrane
- SO Solid Oxide
- the polymeric green compacts of the hollow micro fibers are particularly suitable for PEM fuel cell units, whereas the hollow micro fibers in the fired state are particularly suitable for the production of SO Fuel cell units are suitable.
- Zirconium dioxide, and in particular zirconium can be recommended as the starting material for high-temperature fuel cells, since this metal has a high absorption capacity for water.
- PEEK polyether ether ketone
- Victrex ® have proven themselves in the context of the use according to the present invention. Any type of fuel cell can thus be produced by a suitable choice of material.
- the anode can be attached both to the inner lumen surfaces of the hollow micro fibers and to the outer peripheral surfaces of the hollow micro fibers. However, for reasons of application technology, which will be discussed in more detail later, it is preferred for the anode to be on the outer circumference of the electrolyte and for the cathode to be on the inner lumen surface of the respective hollow micro-fiber.
- microtubular structure of the fuel cells also enables advantageous cross-current operation, which leads to higher power densities, improved operating behavior and a reduction in production costs.
- the fuel cell unit is provided with a microwave shielding cage. This serves to shield the rays from a microwave heating system, which is often used to heat the fuel cell to its light-off temperature, i.e. to heat the temperature at which the electrochemical reaction takes place.
- a short circuit can be provided in the form of spiral fibers with a non-activated surface, which loop around the hollow hollow fibers and are firmly connected to their ends.
- the hollow micro fibers can consist exclusively of catalyst material, that is to say represent the catalyst itself, or there can be a coating with the catalyst material on a support material.
- the micro hollow fibers can be partially or preferably completely covered with catalyst material.
- materials such as coal, ceramic materials, textile material, polymer material and also sulfonated or fluorinated polymers can be coated with catalyst material.
- the thickness of the applied layer is approximately a few atomic layers, ie ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m, to 14 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m, and in particular approximately 1 to approximately 3 ⁇ m.
- Metals such as copper, zinc, aluminum, platinum, palladium and ruthenium, CuO, ZnO, AhO 3 , TiOz (in particular in its anatase form), WO 3 , V2O5, Fe 3 O 4 , Fe2Ü 3 , molybdenum oxides, can be used as catalysts.
- Elements of the 8th subgroups, in particular light and heavy platinum, which are preferably applied from the salt, diamide or carbonate phase, are very particularly preferred as the catalyst.
- Textile micro-hollow fibers are preferably used which have been produced from an oxide of the titanium group, which is stabilized with a rare earth metal. Textile micro-hollow fibers which have been produced from yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide are particularly preferred. These textile micro hollow fibers can also be enlarged laterally, e.g. a bellows or sawtooth, as is known for example from drinking straws. These can also contain scandium oxide.
- any cancellous catalyst that can be used in a fuel cell can be activated with monosilane.
- the activation or reactivation of non-selective heterogeneous reduction catalysts (NSCR catalysts), in particular of gas diffusion electrode catalysts (GDE), is particularly preferred.
- the use of monosilane also has the advantage that at high temperature levels, e.g. With SOFQ fuel cell catalysts, nitrous exhaust gas generation is prevented.
- monosilane is converted to silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) in hydrate form, ie to hydrated Si 3 N4, to soluble silicic acid Si (OH) 4, which is extinguished with water with the liberation of heat, and to those which are still suitable for ion exchange , SiO 2 in mineralogical form as diatoms, which is not water-resistant, converted.
- the substances obtained from monosilane are hygroscopic, therefore water-soluble and act as drying agents. They deplete the air so that the electrodes are not covered with insoluble silicon dioxide. Rather, the functionality remains the same. Only the use of a fuel cell system based on micro hollow fibers provides operational reliability.
- Bipolar fuel cells on the other hand, would clog because condensation occurs on the bipolar plates.
- the electrodes are preferably operated at higher temperatures than the reaction product. For this reason too, permanent precipitation is not possible, which results directly from the heat theory on surfaces with higher temperatures.
- the silicon dioxide formed therefore does not undergo surface condensation, ie the electrodes are not covered with silicon dioxide, since this is obtained in hygroscopic form and is water-soluble.
- the formation of silicon dioxide is therefore controlled so that it is at the so-called eutectic point. In the fuel cell, this depends on the operating temperature, which in turn depends on the heat content of the air.
- the heat content of the air is the result of its water content. The higher the water the higher the heat content.
- the average person skilled in the art can control the water content without further details.
- the aquadestillata (ultrapure water without any minerals) obtained in the fuel cell reaction can be mineralized without and with drinking water production.
- Water production with the method according to the invention i.e. using a micro hollow fiber based fuel cell system and using monosilane has the advantage that the silica condenses in the form of small droplets, i.e. as fine sand. As already mentioned above, this does not result in sticking, but the silicon dioxide formed can be blown off. If, for example, a conventional bipolar fuel cell were used in the method according to the invention, this would result in sticking and the entire system would become unusable, because these bipolar fuel cells would become blocked by sedimentation of the solids formed.
- monosilane not only pure oxygen but preferably air can be used as the oxidizing agent.
- the nitrogen in the air is ideal for burning monosilane, with additional heat gain.
- the cheapest way to activate the catalyst is with a mixture of monosilane and hot, dry air.
- this is also a very inexpensive synthesis process for silicon nitride.
- Silicon nitride is a non-toxic material for superhard, today very expensive ceramics. Silicon nitride can also be easily converted into ammonia, the basic material for nitrogen fertilizers.
- any monosilane obtained can be used, but it has proven to be advantageous to use monosilane, which were obtained in the following way:
- Earth's crust is understood to mean sodium-containing sand, such as that found in the desert.
- the in situ extraction of monosilane from sea sand and earth has the significant advantage that these starting products are available almost indefinitely.
- the ceramic precursors or precursors mentioned above can also be used for the production of monosilane, monosilane being obtained in the dropping process.
- the solgel production of precursors of micro hollow fiber spin masses is particularly noteworthy.
- monosilane is obtained from a spinel that has not been burned. This has the advantage of creating your own monosilane with materials already used in the fuel cell.
- Magnesium hydride is obtained from magnesium or magnesium chloride in the presence of preferably tetrahydrofuran and preferably CrC / TiCU as catalyst, which, as already mentioned above, can be converted into monosilane.
- Orthosilicic acid can also be used as the silicate salt as a monosilane supplier.
- the very easily storable magnesium hydride (MgH2) can also be used as a fuel. This releases hydrogen from MgH2 and consumes it in the fuel cell.
- the pure magnesium obtained can be recharged with THF.
- monosilane In addition to the monosilane, it has proven to be particularly advantageous to additionally use foreign substance additives, such as CO, methanol, NHx compounds, such as, for example, ammonium salts, ammonia and hydrazine, and / or hydrogen, specifically as a fuel, as a catalyst activator and / or to mineralize.
- foreign substance additives such as CO, methanol, NHx compounds, such as, for example, ammonium salts, ammonia and hydrazine, and / or hydrogen, specifically as a fuel, as a catalyst activator and / or to mineralize.
- NHx compounds such as, for example, ammonium salts, ammonia and hydrazine, and / or hydrogen, specifically as a fuel, as a catalyst activator and / or to mineralize.
- the combined use of monosilane and carbon monoxide has the advantage that the catalyst no longer has to be protected. It is even possible to use catalysts that are not CO-resistant. This
- Monosilane can be used alone, but also together with other hydrogen carriers, such as alkaline earth, biomass, biogas, ethanol, methanol, gasoline, diesel, heating oil, fats, such as aloe vera, as well as rapeseed and linseed oil, but also hydrazine and magnesium hydride. are burned in the fuel cell, the following reaction taking place:
- monosilane reacts with oxygen to form Si (OH) 4.
- Oxygen can react with monosilane at both high and low process temperatures.
- Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form aquadistillata, and methanol, if present, is converted with oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.
- the oxygen travels through the tubular fuel cell system, i.e. passes through, for example, proton-conducting yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide walls, the reactions mentioned above taking place.
- monosilane is not only used according to the invention as a fuel, but also for activating the catalysts on the anode and cathode, in particular on gas diffusion electrodes. It is of course also possible to reactivate inhibited catalysts, which occurs in particular as a result of intermediate products such as carbon monoxide.
- the mineralization of water takes place with the reaction products obtained from monosilane, further compounds suitable for mineralization, such as calcium and magnesium compounds, but also nutritional supplements, such as, for example, the diatomaceous substances, such as corals, being used as needed. can be added.
- the mineralization takes place in a hygienic way. If no additives are added, mineralization means de facto the introduction of silicon and magnesium compounds in water.
- the mineralized water can then be converted into drinking water in a manner known per se.
- the core of the invention is the use of monosilane for generating electricity and heat with simultaneous generation of drinking water from the resulting reaction products of the monosilane and the simultaneous activation of the catalyst, in particular poisoned with carbon monoxide.
- the use of monosilane leads to better utilization of the efficiency, which is known to include both thermal and electrical gain.
- the utilization of the overall balance is not as high for any of the fuels known to date as for monosilane, which is also the case when CnHm compounds, NHx compounds, sulfur compounds and mixtures thereof are used at the same time. This applies in particular to the case where air is used as an oxidizing agent.
- Silicon (used here in the form of monosilane) is not only available indefinitely as an energy source, but is also more productive than, for example, oil or coal, because, unlike carbon, silicon also burns with nitrogen, the largest component of the air. Burning monosilane has the advantage that there are no exhaust gases, i.e. that there is zero emission. Monosilane reacts with oxygen to form silicon dioxide, i.e. to the sand.
- Figure 1 shows a Cross section through a ceramic SOFQ micro hollow fiber
- Figure 2 shows a cross section through a polymeric PEM micro hollow fiber.
- the anode made of graphite (5) is on the inside, while the cathode (7) is on the outside.
- a sulfonated fluoropolymer (6) is used as the solid electrolyte.
- hydrogen flows through the solid electrolyte.
- the electrodes are the electrically conductive, cancellous carriers for the catalysts.
- the electrodes are gas or liquid permeable to open cells. The reactions also take place vectorially and gravimetrically in the lumen of the hollow micro fibers, which helps to reduce sedimentation. Lumen congestion does not occur.
- the spongy design of the carrier is necessary so that the required substances can get into the electrodes.
- the resulting reaction products, silicon nitride and SiO 2 are not thermodynamically stable and are dissolved and / or dissolved by water vapor, in particular at high temperatures, and bound with carbon oxides in the condensate or water, which leads to a drop in temperature.
- Aspiration on the outer circumference (8) takes place on the outside both in the SOFQ and in the PEM hollow microfiber, which means in FIG. 1 on the anode and in FIG. 2 on the cathode.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002233205A AU2002233205A1 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2001-11-27 | Method for mineralizing water using a fuel cell system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10059078.0 | 2000-11-28 | ||
DE10059078 | 2000-11-28 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002045192A2 true WO2002045192A2 (de) | 2002-06-06 |
WO2002045192A3 WO2002045192A3 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
Family
ID=7664989
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2001/013838 WO2002045192A2 (de) | 2000-11-28 | 2001-11-27 | Verfahren zur wassermineralisierung mittels eines brennstoffzellensystems |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU2002233205A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002045192A2 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004062449A1 (de) * | 2004-12-17 | 2006-07-06 | Klaus Dr. Rennebeck | Brennstoffzellensystem auf Mikrohohlfaser-Basis zur Wassermineralisierung |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3812413A1 (de) * | 1988-04-14 | 1989-10-26 | Aquachem Ind Wasserbehandlung | Verfahren zur gewinnung von wasser mit karbonathaerte aus kondensat- oder permeatwasser |
EP1033769A1 (de) * | 1999-03-02 | 2000-09-06 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Brennstoffzellensystem mit zugeordneter Wasserstofferzeugungsanlage |
-
2001
- 2001-11-27 WO PCT/EP2001/013838 patent/WO2002045192A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-27 AU AU2002233205A patent/AU2002233205A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3812413A1 (de) * | 1988-04-14 | 1989-10-26 | Aquachem Ind Wasserbehandlung | Verfahren zur gewinnung von wasser mit karbonathaerte aus kondensat- oder permeatwasser |
EP1033769A1 (de) * | 1999-03-02 | 2000-09-06 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Brennstoffzellensystem mit zugeordneter Wasserstofferzeugungsanlage |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004062449A1 (de) * | 2004-12-17 | 2006-07-06 | Klaus Dr. Rennebeck | Brennstoffzellensystem auf Mikrohohlfaser-Basis zur Wassermineralisierung |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2002233205A1 (en) | 2002-06-11 |
WO2002045192A3 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
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