WO2002033472A2 - Informationssystem und verfahren zum zurverfügungstellen von informationen unter verwendung eines holographischen elements - Google Patents
Informationssystem und verfahren zum zurverfügungstellen von informationen unter verwendung eines holographischen elements Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002033472A2 WO2002033472A2 PCT/EP2001/011633 EP0111633W WO0233472A2 WO 2002033472 A2 WO2002033472 A2 WO 2002033472A2 EP 0111633 W EP0111633 W EP 0111633W WO 0233472 A2 WO0233472 A2 WO 0233472A2
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- light
- eye
- holographic element
- optical
- information system
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- A61B3/12—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions for looking at the eye fundus, e.g. ophthalmoscopes
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- G02B27/0093—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for monitoring data relating to the user, e.g. head-tracking, eye-tracking
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an information system and a method for making information available using a holographic element, the making information available in particular in correlation with light falling on an eye.
- No. 6,252,565 B1 shows an optical retrnale display based on an elliptical cavity. This display has an unfavorably bulky shape.
- this object is achieved by the information system according to claim 1, the information system according to claim 1 3, the method for making information available according to claim 21 or the method for making information available according to claim 33.
- Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the subclaims
- the invention comprises
- Such an information system is referred to as a scanning information system
- the information system according to the invention for providing information in its most general form can comprise a holographic element and an optical projection device which projects light into the eye via the holographic element.
- a projecting information system Such an information system is referred to as a projecting information system
- the expression "light falling on the eye” includes both light incident towards the eye which has been reflected back by the eye upon impact and light incident on the eye which is detected shortly before it hits the eye or is deflected for detection and is thus prevented from actually hitting the eye.
- the light incident in the direction of the eye can be both ambient light and light which is actively irradiated into the eye for the purpose of carrying out the invention
- light falling on the eye is detected via a holographic element and / or light is projected onto the eye via a holographic element. While the light detection serves to obtain information, the light projection can serve both to obtain information and to provide information.
- the holographic element is preferably stored in front of the eye. Since the eye is not part of the information system according to the invention, this statement is to be interpreted in such a way that the design of the information system allows the holographic element to be positioned in front of an eye.
- the information can be made available to a person in a tactile, audible, smellable and / or tasty way.
- Information is preferably provided which meets the needs of a sighted person in a previously unattained manner. This may include that the information be presented to the person in a suitable manner, This means that one or more of the five senses can be made available.
- the information can be made available in any way and does not require a specific addressee.
- the information can be made available to another system electromagnetically, mechanically and / or optically be placed or emitted into the environment by an optical or acoustic output device
- the invention is “a projection of light into an eye via a holographic element” or a detection of light falling on an eye via a holographic element "to understand any other or further supply of information and / or any other or further information acquisition is referred to as a supply of information or an information acquisition in the secondary sense of the invention
- the holographic element preferably comprises one or more holographic recordings (which corresponds to a "hologram") of an actual or virtually computer-controlled exposure of the photographic material on which the holographic recording is based and is thus capable of refraction, diffraction and / or to mimic the reflective properties of this object to a certain extent under the specific circumstances of the holographic reproduction.
- this allows information about the three-dimensional topology of the object to be recorded and reproduced
- holographic element itself does not have to have the external form of the topology then recorded.
- a flat holographic element could emulate the refraction, diffraction and / or reflection properties of a curved object.
- a curved holographic element could also emulate the refraction.
- a holographic element can also diffraction and / or
- the fine-grained photomate ⁇ al during a holographic recording detects the very fine interference pattern of the light waves falling on the photomate ⁇ al.
- the holographic reproduction that corresponds to a refraction in the sense of the invention generally depends strongly on the wavelength, the angle of incidence and the Phase of the incident light
- an optical scanning device is any device which is capable of detecting or detecting optical signals for the purpose of obtaining information (in the remaining part of the application, both the detection of light and the detection of light are often called for simplicity's sake "Light detection")
- a scanning device comprise at least one signal converter in order to ensure sufficient signal separation, signal strength or the like for a possible processing.
- the optical scanning device according to the invention could be an optical signal converter, for example an optoelectronic device such as a CCD photo receiver, a photomultiplier device or a device Photodiode or a purely optical device which converts the scanned light into purely optical signals for further optical and / or optoelectronic processing.
- an optoelectronic device such as a CCD photo receiver, a photomultiplier device or a device Photodiode or a purely optical device which converts the scanned light into purely optical signals for further optical and / or optoelectronic processing.
- An optical projection device in the sense of the invention is any device which is capable of emitting optical signals or emitting light in a controllable manner (both the emitting of optical signals and the controlled emitting of light are otherwise made for the sake of simplicity Part of the application is referred to as a projection).
- the former includes, for example, laser laser diodes, LEDs OLEDs, etc.
- the latter could, for example, be a combination of a light source, a modulator often referred to in technical terms as a light valve and a light guide arrangement that conducts light generated by the light source to the modulator.
- the optical projection device is preferably itself or in Cooperation with another device capable of projecting light that can be determined with respect to its intensity, direction of propagation, polarization, spectral composition, in particular its wavelength, and / or another of its parameters. If the parameters of the light are changed over time, this is referred to in technical terminology as “modulation”
- the propagation of light is typically referred to as radiation-like.
- the detected or projected light is therefore often referred to in the application as a detected or projected "light beam” or also scanning beam “or” projection beam ". This is particularly the case with discussions about the beam path, the beam diameter of the spectral composition and similar properties of the detected or projected light, which are often associated with the concept of a light beam
- the optical scanning device or projection device can have a light guide device and / or a light design device.
- Examples of such devices are controllable and non-controllable mirrors, splitter mirrors, acousto - optical modulators, holographic elements, diaphragms, filters, lenses, light guides, etc.
- optical projection devices can be used, optical projection devices
- the present invention can be advantageously used in conjunction with those in the introduction mentioned publications or applications PCT / EP00 / 09843 PCT / EP00 / 09840, PCT / EP00 / 09841, PCT / EP00 / 09842, DE 101 27 826 PCT / EP01 / 05886 DE 1 96 31 414 A1 and DE 197 28 890 A1 Using systems, devices and methods The present invention can also be used advantageously in connection with the invention disclosed in the application filed on October 8, 2001 by the applicant of this application with the title “Device and method for determining the orientation of an eye” The entire content of these disclosures or applications is therefore expressly incorporated into this application by reference. In view of the preferred embodiment of the systems or devices then disclosed, they are referred to below as “glasses” for the sake of simplicity.
- the present invention can also be implemented in this embodiment Elements instead of the glasses or as a coating tion of the glasses can be realized
- the information system according to the invention can be designed, inter alia, as a portable, free-standing and / or multi-part system.
- the information system according to the invention can be designed as a so-called "PalrrT device (portable device in English), as a device integrated in a helmet, as a free-standing examination - Treatment, display or operating device or as a multi-part system in which modulated infrared light is reflected from a distant part of the system by the eye and then detected via a holographic element in order to be able to determine the direction of view relative to the distant part of the system
- the information system according to the invention is preferably suitable for providing information in correlation with light falling on the eye
- a dependency on the light falling on the eye is taken into account according to the invention when determining the information when the information is made available or during both of these inherent processes.
- An example of taking this dependency into account when determining the information would be that the information system contains the information Dependence on the detected light, in particular as a function of determined statements of this detected light, from an information source, for example a database, a sensor, an information network connection and / or
- this dependency can be taken into account, for example, by the fact that the information is superimposed on the image by means of a back projection into the eye in such a way that a temporal, spatial, Contrast-related or other meaningful connection is established between the information and the image viewed.
- the dependency can then exist that the captured light image is used to determine the position and orientation of the eyeball so that an image projected onto the eye for the purpose of making the information available when the eye moves, it appears to be stationary when the eye is moving, or seems to move when the eye moves according to a predetermined course
- the optical scanning device is preferably in a fixed angular relationship to the holographic element.
- an optical pickup detects light falling on the eye via a holographic element. If the holographic properties of the holographic element are to be used advantageously in accordance with the invention, the holographic angular conditions mentioned above must be fulfilled, among other things. A fixed angular relationship between the optical scanning device and the holographic element can contribute to this.
- the optical pickup and the holographic element can, for example, be on a unitary fixed frame, e.g. a fixed spectacle frame, or be mounted on a multi-part movable frame, the relevant parts of which can be fixed in a fixed, preferably predetermined relationship to one another.
- the optical scanner detects light emitted by the holographic element in front of it
- the eye is a high quality but not a flawless optical system. If the information system according to the invention detects, for example, images of the surroundings via the eye as a partially reflecting element, these images have distortion errors. If light is refracted by the holographic element before it strikes the eye, this light is not influenced by the optical system of the eye. • Preferably, the optical scanning device detects light that was first read back by the eye and then refracted by the holographic element.
- the information system could scan a retinal reflex image of the ambient light incident on the retina of an eye in the visible spectral range at the same time as an image of the retinal structures emitting in the infrared range in order to find out to which area of the environment the area of the sharpest vision of the eye is currently directed ,
- An optical scanning device for the detection of light from the eye can be simplified by a correspondingly aged light guide device, which is preferably located in front of the eye and which bundles the light, for example, for detection.
- a holographic element as a light-guiding element for refraction of light reflected back from the eye enables an inexpensive implementation of such a usually complex light-guiding device.
- the holographic element from the visual field of the eye refracts only at a few discrete wavelengths in the visible range before it hits the eye for detection by the optical scanning device and refracts light reflected back from the eye only at a discrete wavelength in the infra-red range for detection through the optical scanner.
- Such an embodiment of the invention would be sensible according to the above explanations, for example, in order to be able to capture both a relatively distortion-free image of the surroundings and an image of the retinal structures emitting in the infrared region, which is valuable, for example, for detecting the viewing direction, considering the fact that the cornea is infrared If the radiation is very well reflected, such an arrangement is also very useful for capturing corneal reflex images
- the refractive properties of the holographic element could be adapted to the application requirements.
- the holographic element from the visual field assigned to the eye with a discrete in the infrared range discrete Wavelength before it struck the eye and / or after its reflection from the eye towards a scanning device.
- the holographic element were able to refract the preferably red blue and green light projected by the projection device in the direction of the eye
- the holographic element in spite of the high refractive index in the wavelengths of light of other wavelengths to be refracted, is essentially undisturbed Let this happen. This is particularly advantageous if the holographic element is placed in front of the eye, because otherwise the perception of the face field could be impaired.
- the holographic element refracts light coming from the visual field of the eye at less than 20, less than 10 or less than 5 discrete wavelengths in the visible range either before it strikes the eye or after its backscattering due to the eye for detection by the optical scanner ,
- a holographic element only affects the light falling on it that meets the above-mentioned holographic criteria. It is currently difficult to produce holograms that affect light over a wide spectral range.
- the invention therefore preferably provides that the holographic element only provides light that comes from the visual field of the eye With some discrete wavelengths in the visible spectral range, such a hologram can be produced with little effort, for example, by repeatedly repeating the relevant wavelengths.
- the effects of the limited light acquisition due to the limited spectral transmissivity of the light-conducting hologram can be compensated or adjusted by adapting the information system to the detectable wavelengths Reduce, for example, by appropriate processing of the signals obtained from the detected light in the information system m analogous to the principle of a flatbed scanner that only detects filtered red green and blue light, a high-quality color image of the surroundings can be obtained.
- a hologram usually represents a very narrow-band filter in analogy, it can be useful if the holographic element light is more than the usual three (red green blue) Wavelengths in the direction of the scanning device break For example, being able to obtain a picture that is as close to nature as possible from the detected light.
- too many holographic recordings are recorded in a single hologram, this leads to a mutual impairment of their effect
- the holographic element refracts from the visual field of the eye at a discrete wavelength in the infrared range either before it strikes the eye or after its backscattering due to the eye for detection by the optical scanning device
- Detection of infrared light from the visual field is of interest, for example, for applications in which images from the visual field are to be recorded in the dark, at dusk, in rain, etc., for example when the information system according to the invention is designed as night glasses or driver assistance system.
- the holographic element refracts light reflected back from the eye only at a discrete wavelength in the infrared range for detection by the optical scanning device.
- Such a configuration of the information system according to the invention is useful, for example, as a byetracker system, in which the orientation of the eye is determined on the basis of a detected infrared corneal reflection image or on the basis of a recorded image of the retinal structures radiating in the tnf arotere ch
- the holographic element preferably refracts light of one or a few discrete wavelengths at which the optical scanning device has a strong sensitivity.
- Such an embodiment of the information system according to the invention can achieve that as much of the light falling on the holographic element as possible is detected by the optical scanning device.
- the optical efficiency of the light-capturing part of the information system is thus increased. Since the retina reflects only a small percentage of the light falling on it, this configuration would be advantageous, for example, when scanning a retinal reflex image.
- the holographic element only breaks light of one or a few discrete wavelengths in which the optical scanning device has a high sensitivity, it can be achieved, for example, that the holographic element allows light of other wavelengths to pass essentially undisturbed despite the high refractive effect of the wavelengths to be broken Advantage if the holographic element is placed in front of the eye because otherwise the perception of the visual field could be impaired
- the holographic element preferably refracts light at some discrete wavelengths in such a way that the refracted light is directed to a common point and the angle of incidence of the light at this point gives a clear, optionally also wavelength-independent conclusion about the angle of incidence of the light on the ho 1 ogt phic element allowed.
- light guiding devices simplify when the holographic element contributes to that To bundle eye incident light. It is particularly advantageous if the refracted light is directed to a point common to light of all refracted wavelengths. At this point, for example, an optical center of the optical scanning device or a ⁇ can device could then be arranged.
- available information about the angle of incidence of the light on the holographic element is not lost when the light is refracted or focused, for example an image, which typically has an association between a spatial area and the intensity of the area Includes light from which detected light can be obtained. If the information available on the angle of incidence of the light on the holographic element is not subject to a change in wavelength, it is easier for the information system according to the invention to evaluate this information if necessary.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has an optical projection device which projects light into the eye via the holographic element.
- a scanning information system can also be equipped with an optical projection device in order, for example, to enable both optical scanning of the retinal structures for the purpose of byetrackin, ie determination of the orientation of the eye, and optical projection of image information into the eye.
- a projecting information system can have one or more optical projection devices, for example to project light into both eyes of a user or different light beams into the eye,
- the light detected by an optical scanning device and the light projected in front of an optical projection device runs in the opposite direction through common steering optics and can be focused by the optical scanning device or projection device in such a way that their respective beams describe the same path from or into the eye ,
- a common optical fiber optic generally simplifies the system, since it typically ensures both a reduction in the number of components and a constant relationship between the scanning beam and the projection beam. For example, it was possible in this way to ensure that a scanning beam reflected from the retina is detected from the area of the retina, which irradiates a projection beam in the same position as the light guide optics.
- the optical projection device preferably projects light only at one or a few discrete wavelengths in the visible range and / or at a wavelength in the inart range.
- the projection of different-colored light could, for example, with some discrete ones Wavelengths in the visible range in the eye enable the perception of a full-color image.
- the projection of infrared light could be used to illuminate structures of the eye for scanning without producing a perceptible, possibly disturbing image
- the holographic element preferably breaks the wavelengths of the projected light.
- a high optical efficiency of the information system according to the invention can be achieved in that the wavelengths of the light projected by the projection device are selected in accordance with the refractive properties of the holographic element or vice versa.
- the wavelengths of the light to be refracted and the refractive properties can be matched precisely of the holographic element can be achieved that the holographic element allows light of other wavelengths to pass essentially undisturbed despite the high refractive effect of the wavelengths to be broken
- the information system according to the invention does not have an optical scanning device or the optical scanning device does not detect any light via the holographic element, it can be particularly advantageous if the holographic element only breaks light at the wavelengths of the projected light
- the optical projection device is preferably in a fixed, predetermined angular relationship to the holographic element
- an optical projection device projects over a holographic element onto the eye 3 ⁇ n 1 J en dabeL de holographic properties of the holographic element come into play in an advantageous manner according to the invention, the holographic angle conditions mentioned above must be fulfilled, among other things.
- a fixed angular relationship between the optical projection device and the holographic element can contribute to this.
- the optical projection device and the holographic element can, for example, on a unitary fixed frame, e.g. a fixed spectacle frame, or be mounted on a multi-part movable frame, the relevant parts of which can be fixed in a fixed, preferably predetermined relationship to one another.
- the holographic element preferably comprises one or more optical markings, the light reflection properties of which the information system can use by means of a photodetector device to calibrate a projection angle of the optical projection device and / or a light-guiding device.
- the quasi-direct projection of an image sequence onto the retina over the holographic element requires high project accuracy.
- the direction of the projection beam is changed over time by the optical projection device and / or a light guide device, it is expedient in many cases if a comparison of the actual value of the projection direction with the target value of the projection direction is possible as required.
- predetermined optical markings can be used in a sensible manner, the optical properties of which, for example, change the projected light in such a way that conclusions about the actual value of the projection direction with respect to one, two or three dimensions can be drawn from the Detection of the changed light is possible.
- the conclusions about the actual value of the projection direction provide conclusions about a projection angle of the optical projection device and / or a light guiding device.
- This enables, for example, the calibration of the position of a light guiding device in a known manner
- the light from another light source could of course also be used in an analogous manner to determine the projection angle or the position of a light guide device
- Such optical markings for example reflective, light-refractive and / or light-absorbing properties and any one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric shape, are preferably implemented in the holographic element. If implemented accordingly, holographic implementation of a mark in the holographic element is inexpensive and of high quality Easily reproducible Furthermore, a marking realized in the holographic element can be designed to be selective in terms of angle and / or wavelength. For example, the markings could only refract infrared light, so that they could be used by a user of the invention
- the information system pulls the
- Light reflection properties of the optical markings are used to calibrate a scanning angle of the optical scanning device and / or a light guide device
- optical markings can be used to calibrate a scanning angle of the optical scanning device and / or a light guide device.
- a source of predetermined light whose light is transmitted via the optical markings can be detected by the optical scanning device instead of a detector
- the optical markings are preferably produced by reflecting elements in the holographic element during the creation of the holographic element in such a way that they light of one or more wavelengths, which falls on the holographic element in accordance with the predetermined angular relationship to the optical projection device, along the path of incidence be reflected back.
- the markings direct the light originating from a specific light source to a common point.
- the optical marking at least partially radiates the light originating from the direction of the projection device back along the path of incidence. This reflected light could then be detected by a detector device, optionally the optical scanning device, arranged confocally to the projection device.
- the photodetector device preferably has a divider level which is arranged in the light beam of the optical projection device in such a way that it directs a portion of the light which strikes the divider mirror against the direction of projection in the direction of a photodetector which detects in at least two regions lying concentrically around one another
- Photodetektorvorr ⁇ chtung optionally the optical scanning device.
- the optical scanning device can be realized in a particularly simple manner in that a Divider mirror is arranged in a symmetrical manner immediately in front of the optical projection device and the photodetector device
- a detector arrangement which detects in at least two concentrically surrounding areas can be used to determine whether a light beam incident thereon is moving in the direction of the center of the detector or away from the center of the detector. This can be used advantageously for the calibration of the light-conducting components of the information system
- the holographic element preferably has refractive index
- the optical output of a projection device or a light-guiding device coupled to it and / or the input of a scanning device or a light-guiding device coupled to it are considered as a point light source or point detector rays emanating from one of the points always run to the other point if these points correspond to the respective focal points of an internally reflecting, rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid
- the reflection properties of such an ellipsoid can be emulated without the holographic element having to have the external shape of such an ellipsoid. Furthermore, with knowledge of the shape of the ellipsoid from the angle of incidence of the light onto the detector point, the angle of reflection of the light from the Determine the eye or the angle of incidence on the eye from the projection direction •
- the holographic element preferably has refractive index
- the eye is regarded as an idealized optical system in which the incident light always runs through a common optical center, and if the input of a scanning device or an chtleitvor ⁇ chtung coupled to it is considered as a point detector, rays directed at one point always run through the other point if these points correspond to the respective focal points of a rotationally symmetric ellipsoid as described above of a holographic element realized in this way.
- the “angle of incidence” of the light on the eye can be determined from the angle of incidence of the light on the detector point
- a holographic element is difficult to achieve by the holographic recording of a real object, such a holographic element can be realized by computer-controlled exposure.
- the result is an easily reproducible optical element which is able to direct light rays directed towards an eye while maintaining a clear one Assignment to the angle of incidence to break at a common point
- the specified refractive properties can be emulated with a holographic element without affecting the external shape of the holographic element
- a particular advantage of a configuration of the holographic element as described here (for the purpose of the explanation HE1 "here) lies in its possible combination with a holographic element (HE2") according to the preceding section.
- the provision of information according to the invention was generally defined as any provision of information that includes an eye-related provision of information and / or a provision of information obtained from the eye. This includes in particular the projection of optical information onto the eye and the optical determination of the orientation of the eye eye
- multiple sources of information-carrying and / or optical signals are used, for example, to establish a correlation between different information or to provide redundant information. Win in formations.
- images and / or other optical signals that are valuable for providing information can be obtained or generated, for example, in the following manner.
- a holographic element which is preferably arranged in front of the eye is assumed as a light-guiding device in this section (“operating modes”) of the description.
- the invention provides three preferred procedures iron 2ur for obtaining light signals from the eye: the passive selective scanning, the scanning with active selective lighting and the selective scanning with active areal lighting. Other types of scanning that are not considered preferred are discussed at the end of this section. At the beginning, devices for light scanning were discussed in detail.
- the detected light beam is preferably refracted by means of a holographic element, which is preferably arranged in front of the eye.
- the ambient light serves as the light source for the passive selective scanning of light from the eye. This type of scanning is therefore suitable for capturing retinal or corneal reflex images of the surroundings or the coloring of the iris.
- ambient light is also to be understood here as the light that the body's own structures emit, for example. This includes, for example, the infrared light emitted by the retinal or dermis vessel structure. This means that these structures can also be detected with this type of scanning.
- a punctiform, pixel-by-pixel, so to speak, scanning of the eye takes place serially according to the invention.
- the selected areas of the eye are scanned in succession. This is preferably done with the aid of a corresponding light guide device, for example by corresponding focusing and / or corresponding spatial restriction of the detected light beam by means of a corresponding focusing, glare, scanner and / or other conventional light devices, as is known to the person skilled in the art for scanning devices.
- the punctiform scanning has the advantage that the detected light beams have a small diameter when they strike the holographic element and thus do not suffer any noteworthy distortions in the case of an uneven virtual shape of the holographic element, whereas wide light beams different parts of the light beam can be broken very differently by the holographic element.
- the shape of the holographic element and the virtual shape of the holographic element reference is made to the above description and to section 2 “holographic element”.
- a disadvantage of passive scanning is the dependence of the detectable light on the ambient conditions, i.e. to the available ambient light. This is particularly a problem when acquiring visible light from the surroundings at night or at dusk. Furthermore, it can cause difficulties when scanning a retinal reflex image, since the retina only reflects approx. 4% to 10% of the incident light.
- holographic element Passive punctual scanning of light from the eye requires that the holographic element is capable of refracting the light rays directed out of the eye which are to be detected in the direction of the scanning or light-guiding device.
- holograms usually have their refractive effect only in a few predetermined, relatively narrow spectral ranges. This is disadvantageous when acquiring, for example, retinal or corneal reflex images of the surroundings, which typically comprise a large number of spectral components, some preferred Embodiments of the invention therefore provide that the holographic element refracts light at some, for example 5, 10 or even 20, discrete wavelengths.
- holographic elements In the passive acquisition of monochrome images, for example infrared images of the retinal vascular structure, the above-mentioned property of holographic elements is unproblematic since the holographic element can be designed to refract light of the relevant wavelength.
- a holographic element which has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, which correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface designed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid.
- the areas of the eye to be examined are selectively and successively illuminated by a direction of projection, while the light reflected from the respective area is detected by the scanning device.
- the scanning device As described in section 1.5, the light emitted by the respective area of the eye can also be detected simultaneously by the or a scanning device.
- the respective areas of the eye are preferably illuminated or scanned in succession, preferably with the aid of a corresponding light-guiding device. It is interesting, however, that with appropriately strong lighting in relation to the available environment in the above sense can be dispensed with an extensive spatial restriction of the detected light without having to do without a quasi-selective scanning. This is because, in such a case, the scanning device predominantly detects light that is emitted by the transposed! ' Area of the eye has been reverted, which corresponds to a spot scan.
- a distinction between the projected and back-reflected light from the ambient light can also be achieved, for example, by modulation.
- modulation could include, for example, amplitude modulation, in which the intensity of the projected light is changed several times during the projection of a respective pixel, so that the "fixed ' r portion of the ambient light in the detected light results from the relative changes in the detected light due to the modulation
- the projected light could be characterized by changing its polarization, wavelength, or some other characteristic over time so that it can be distinguished from ambient light, and many signal separation techniques that are possible are known to those skilled in signal processing.
- the iris acts as an aperture, which predominantly lets the light shine out of the eye, which has been reflected back approximately parallel to the illumination beam from the retina. For this reason, a confocal arrangement of the scanning device and the projection device is preferred in this type of scanning.
- the holographic element With regard to the implementation of the holographic element, scanning with active selective lighting offers considerable advantages. This is mainly because the wavelength of the light emitted by the projection device can be adapted to the light refraction properties of the holographic element, or vice versa. Since the back-reflected portion of the light projected by the projection device forms the basis of the scanning, the holographic element would thus also be adapted to the wavelength of the light to be detected.
- a holographic element When scanning with active punctiform illumination, a holographic element is preferably used which has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, which correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface which is formed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid. 1.1.3 punctual scanning with active areal lighting
- the areas of the eye to be examined are actively illuminated area-wide by a projection device, while selected, selective areas of the eye, as discussed above, are preferably scanned in succession, preferably with the aid of a corresponding light guide device.
- ocular structures can also be scanned if there is insufficient ambient light for such a scan.
- a disadvantage of this type of scanning is the high demands placed on the scanning device and the light guide devices possibly assigned to it in order to carry out a targeted scanning.
- an information system designed in this way benefits from the fact that the holographic element does not noticeable distortion caused by a narrow, point-directed scanning beam, as would be the case with a wide beam.
- a holographic element which has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths which correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface which is formed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid.
- the information system according to the invention detects light falling on the eye by means of an optical scanning device. As discussed above, according to the invention, this light does not actually have to hit the eye, but may simply have been aimed at the eye before it is detected by the information system or directed to the detection.
- a particularly advantageous embodiment of the information system according to the invention has a device that enables confocal detection of light directly or quasi-directly from the environment. In this way, for example, an image of the perceived visual field can be obtained that is free from distortions by the optical system of the eye.
- a detection of light which is preferably confocal to the eye, can be carried out quasi-directly from the environment, i.e. without redirection via the eye, via the holographic element.
- This is preferably placed in front of the eye.
- a particular advantage of using a holographic element for refraction of light lies in the fact that its refractive properties, as described above, are not exclusively determined by its external shape, as well as in the fact that its refraction is precise, easily reproducible, wavelength-selective and / or angle-selective leaves.
- the holographic element for this purpose has the above-described refractive properties at one or some discrete wavelengths, one
- Refraction on the concave side corresponds to a surface formed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid, which refraction corresponds to a reflection on a respective conical surface which is rotationally symmetrical about the axis of rotation of the ellipsoid and which is perpendicular to the ellipsoid at the location of the refraction,
- the input of the scanning device or a light-guiding device coupled to it must lie at one of the focal points of the ellipsoid and face the holographic element in order to detect the ambient light refracted by the holographic element.
- Such measures can include, for example, the possibility of mechanically or manually adjusting the position of the holographic element, optionally including the optical scanning device and / or light guide device.
- a projection can be used both when obtaining information from the eye and when making information available.
- devices for light projection were discussed in detail.
- the projection preferably uses a narrow light beam and / or a holographic element which has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, which preferably correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface designed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid, and / or that is preferably arranged in front of the eye.
- a holographic element which has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, which preferably correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface designed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid, and / or that is preferably arranged in front of the eye.
- the projection for information acquisition light is projected from a production device in such a way that it is reflected and can be detected for the purpose of information acquisition.
- the light is projected onto the eye and reflected by it.
- the projected light is preferably modulated or otherwise marked in order to "this"
- a Modulation can also be used, for example, to be able to determine the propagation time of the light between the projection device and the scanning device.
- infrared light is preferably projected in the projection for information acquisition, in order not to impair the scene perceived by humans.
- every projection of light corresponds to a transmission, that is to say making it available, of information.
- information is made available by means of a projection in that optical information in the form of light is projected into the eye via a holographic element.
- the light is projected onto the retina so that the information can be seen by the eye. So that the light can transmit the desired optical information, the light is subjected to a corresponding modulation. For example, light at a red, a blue and a green wavelength is projected in such a way that it is pixel-modulated in such a way that the light is perceived as a full-color image due to the well-known principle of color addition.
- a projection for making information available in the secondary sense of the invention includes any other or further projection of light.
- the information system according to the invention can pro - cess light, which later from Information system itself is scanned and evaluated for the purpose of calibration or adjustment. "Light could also be projected into the surroundings in order to be perceived directly or indirectly by a person or to be detected by another system.
- a holographic element as a light guiding device in the projection offers, inter alia, the advantage that the refractive properties of the holographic element can be adapted to the wavelength to the wavelength of the projected light, or vice versa. For example, this could serve to direct visible light from a projection device into the eye while infrared light from the same projection device is directed into the environment to control a different system.
- serial projection enables the use of a very narrow light beam, the beam shape of which remains essentially unchanged even when refracted on a curved or virtually curved surface.
- hologram With regard to the interpretation of the term "virtual 'curved”, reference is made to section 2, "hologram”.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a sensor system which preferably provides information relating to the environment, As described in detail in the applications PCT / EPOO / 09840, PCT / BPOO / 09841 and PCT / EP00 / 09843, it can be very advantageous if the information system according to the invention has sensors for recording ambient data. Such environmental data can be used, for example, to determine the position and orientation of the information system and / or the eye in relation to the environment. Environmental data can also be used to provide information in correlation with the light falling on the eye.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a camera.
- the detection of light from the environment via a camera offers a cost-effective way of detecting high-quality optical signals from the environment.
- the optical recording axis of the camera should preferably coincide as closely as possible with the optical axis of the eye in its neutral, that is to say looking straight ahead, position in order to be almost confocal with the eye and thus essentially parallax-free in comparison to the perceived image Deliver image.
- Comparing the environment can be, for example, from the Determine the ratio of the reflex images to the simultaneously recognized structures of the eye precisely the area of the surroundings "targeted" by the eye.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a position sensor system.
- Knowledge of the optical properties of the components of the information system according to the invention can generally be used to precisely determine the beam path of a scanned light beam.
- the orientation of the eye with respect to the components of the information system can thus be precisely determined by corresponding evaluation of information obtained from the eye.
- the position and / or orientation can be determined by a position sensor system integrated in the information system, for example an IR or RF triangulation device, a GPS receiver and / or gyro sensors, which cooperates with distant components, for example fixedly positioned transmitters, satellites or the like of the information system.
- a position sensor system integrated in the information system, for example an IR or RF triangulation device, a GPS receiver and / or gyro sensors, which cooperates with distant components, for example fixedly positioned transmitters, satellites or the like of the information system.
- the position and / or orientation of the eye with respect to the surroundings can thus also be determined.
- a position sensor system can also serve other purposes within the scope of making available or obtaining information.
- a particularly advantageous embodiment of the information system according to the invention detects optical signals from the environment both via an ellipsoidal holographic element that refracts at 1-5 wavelengths according to section 1.2 and via a camera according to section 1.4.1. In addition, it uses optical signals in the infrared range in accordance with section 1.1.2 to record information about the retinal structure via a holographic element that is also ellipsoidal.
- the same design and position of the ellipsoids and a beam path which is the same between the holographic element and the scanning device ensure that there is an advantageous coaxial relationship, as described at the outset, between the light beams detected from the eye and the surroundings from the scanning device.
- a precise relationship can also be determined between the respective information acquired from the environment.
- the direction of the eye's gaze relative to the surroundings can be precisely determined in a simple manner.
- An advantage of the described embodiment is that - the holographic element must include a few (in the limit two) holographic recordings, that no optically high-quality attaching device is necessary, since the spatial limitation of the scanned area can be done via the projection, and that the one used for information acquisition Projection can take place in the imperceptible infrared range.
- the combinations of a projection and / or detection of visible light and a projection and / or detection of imperceptible infrared light can lead to particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention.
- Several wavelengths of the respective light type can also be used.
- the light-refracting properties of the holographic element can be adapted to the wavelengths of the light to be projected or detected.
- optical signals are detected areally from the eye by means of a flat detector or are projected areally into the eye by means of a flat projector.
- This procedure has the disadvantage that an optically correct imaging of a curved eye part on a flat detector or a flat projector on a curved eye part can only be achieved with considerable effort. This problem occurs only to a significantly reduced extent in the flying spot method.
- the flying spot method is also preferably used in the information system according to the invention.
- Human onocular perception is essentially rotationally symmetrical about a visual axis running through the fovea centralis and the optical center of the lens. Accordingly, many parts of the eye, for example the iris, the pupil, the cornea, the lens and in some respects also the retina, are approximately rotationally symmetrical about the visual axis in most people.
- the eye is therefore preferably covered with a spiral or circular scanning or projection pattern, preferably around the visual axis, in accordance with the flying spot method, wherein "circular” can be understood to mean a multiplicity of concentric circles.
- the projection or scanning beams are correspondingly oblique to the visual axis, the use of an elliptical scanning or projection pattern can be advantageous, as described in DE 197 28 890 AI.
- scanning or projection pattern is to be understood here as the quasi two-dimensional movement pattern, which is the starting or ending point of the beam path of the light detected by the scanning device from the eye or that of the eye Projection system in the eye projected light in the eye describes.
- projection or scanning is preferably carried out in accordance with the flying spot method.
- an "ischemical" light beam is preferably used which has an insignificant diameter at the air-eyeball transition compared to the curvature of the eyeball, in particular the curvature of the cornea.
- a light beam with a "narrow:" diameter according to section 3.1 "" beam diameter "" can also be used.
- the light beam is preferably projected or scanned in such a way that all of its individual beams meet the air-eyeball transition as perpendicularly as possible.
- the cornea i.e. the air-cornea transition
- the procedure described above not only has the advantage that little light is refracted in an useless direction at the air-cornea transition, but also the advantage that the rays experience little refraction through the optical system of the eye. This not only affects the spatial projection or scanning accuracy positive, but is also advantageous in applications in which the geometry of the light rays plays an important role. This is the case for example with eye tracker applications.
- rays falling perpendicularly on the eye are partially reverted in the opposite direction can be used to obtain information about the topology of the eye.
- This can take place, for example, via a projector-detector arrangement comprising a projection device and a scanning device, which projects light approximately perpendicularly onto the eye and then determines the coaxiality of the detected back-reflected light beam and the projected light beam. If these light rays are not essentially coaxial (in particular the corneal surface has many microscopic and macroscopic irregularities and must therefore not be regarded as a smooth reflecting surface), it can be concluded that the projected light beam did not hit the eye perpendicularly.
- Such information about the topology of the eye can be used, among other things, to determine the position and / or orientation of the eye.
- a confocal arrangement of the projection device and the scanning device is suitable for such a projector-detector arrangement.
- a scanning device which has advantageous concentric detector areas in this context is described in section 3.4 (“special scanning devices”).
- Projection device perpendicular to different areas of the eye and / or emerging from different areas of the eye. reflected back
- Beams of light can be directed into multiple or even a single scanner.
- Such a holographic element can be produced in particular by computer-aided methods. There are hardly any limits to the design. Basically, it is only necessary that the beam path of a beam perpendicular to the eye leads via the holographic element to a projection device, a scanning device and / or a light guide device coupled to it.
- care is preferably taken to ensure that the angle of incidence or the angle of exit of the beam at the scanning devices, the projection devices and / or a light-guiding device coupled thereto enables clear conclusions to be drawn about a respective area of the eye to be assigned to the beam, i.e. that the angle of incidence or the angle of exit of the beam on the scanning devices, the pro devices and / or a light guide device coupled thereto represents a clear image of the respective areas of the eye, and vice versa.
- Light-guiding device in particular a holographic element, which is always able to project projection rays perpendicularly to any exposed area of a It is hardly possible to direct the eye (or vice versa for scanning beams). In particular, it is problematic that the eye typically does not pivot around a point that coincides with the center of the curvature of the cornea.
- the light guiding device is therefore preferably designed in accordance with an empirical model of the area of an eye to be detected, on the assumption that the eye is usually within a certain range of rotation.
- the light guiding device can be designed as a good approximation according to a model of a spherical eye obtained from empirical data.
- the holographic element plays a crucial role in the present invention as a light guiding device.
- Basic properties of the holographic element were described at the beginning.
- the ability of a holographic element to mimic the refractive properties of an object to a certain extent under the specific circumstances of holographic reproduction was emphasized there.
- a hologram can be viewed as a recording of the interference pattern of two light beams, namely an object beam and a reference beam. If light falls on the finished hologram in accordance with the reference beam, the refractive characteristic of the interference pattern converts it into a light beam corresponding to the object beam
- the hologram mimics the shape, that is, the refractive properties, of the object “virtually ” .
- the advantage here is that the physical shape of the hologram, which is typically designed in the form of a film or as a coating, does not match the shape of the object being picked up, that is to say the "virtual" one! Shape of the hologram, must match. Accordingly, the virtual form of the hologram can be freely selected in accordance with the system requirements. However, differences in shape of the holographic photographic material between recording and reproduction influence the interference pattern and thus also the reproduction. This may need to be taken into account accordingly.
- Electro-holographic elements which also belong to the genus of holographic elements, should also be mentioned. Electro-holographic elements are holographic elements whose holographic content can change due to the application of a voltage. With regard to the manufacture and precise operation of electro-holographic elements, reference is made to the relevant specialist literature.
- holograms can be "in two basic categories are divided. These are the computer-aided production and the holographic recording of a real object. A typical example of each of these types of production will be briefly described below.
- the: Information system according to the invention on a holographic recording of a real object complete holographic element.
- a holographic element The easiest way to produce a holographic element is by holographic recording of a real object.
- a reference beam quasi directly from the light source and an object beam broken on the real object are usually simultaneously projected onto the holographic photo material. Since the sharp recording of an interference pattern requires the interference pattern to be “kept still” over the duration of the recording, laser beams are normally used as the object and reference beam. So that only one laser light source is required, the laser beam originating from the laser light can be divided into two by means of a splitter mirror, one of which irradiates the photo material directly and the other the photo material indirectly via the object.
- light guide device that cannot be changed over time, for example mirrors, diffusing plates, lenses and the like, can be recorded holographically, that is to say emulated via a holographic element.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a holographic element manufactured by means of computer-assisted production.
- a holographic element made with the support of a computer is typically defined and made by its interference pattern.
- a fictitious object beam is typically first determined using a rendering or other light propagation calculation software, for example from a computer model of a fictitious object or on the basis of a desired beam path pattern.
- the interference pattern of the two beams is calculated from the fictitious object beam and a likewise fictitious reference beam defined as computer data.
- the resulting interference pattern is usually quantized both in terms of phase and amplitude in order to simplify production.
- the quantized interference pattern is subsequently plotted as a quantized amplitude mask, as a multi-stage phase relief structure or as a combination of these.
- the resulting mask or structure does not have the necessary high resolution, it is reduced photographically.
- the mask or structure can be produced directly by means of a high-resolution electron beam lithography system or a high-resolution laser beam exposure system instead of plotting and scaling down.
- the holographic elements with an ellipsoid-like virtual shape mentioned in the application can preferably be produced with the aid of a computer.
- a holographic element in the case of a Computer-aided holographic element has a restrictive effect, since diverse refractive, diffraction and reflection properties can be reproduced holographically, which do not correspond to a real object.
- a holographic element may have any holographic content, even if this holographic content is referred to as a "virtual object" for the sake of clarity.
- the interference pattern recorded in a hologram only has a refractive effect on those light rays whose wavelength, phase and angle of incidence match the interference pattern like a bowl to the lock, simple holograms appear essentially transparent. This is particularly advantageous for the present invention when the holographic element is to be placed in front of the eye.
- the hologram can essentially only refract to light of the same wavelength. In the application this is referred to as "at a discrete wavelength" refraction.
- the holographic element according to the invention can “refract light at some discrete wavelength ⁇ ”. ” This can be achieved in two fundamentally different ways.
- Photo material is exchanged after each shot.
- the individual images can later be combined in layers to produce an overall log that shows the refractive properties of a single one
- holographic recordings of different objects at different wavelengths can be recorded in a single, possibly multi-layer hologram.
- holographic elements generally have a pronounced wavelength selectivity can also be disadvantageous for the information system according to the invention. This is particularly the case when a polyspectral image is to be acquired via a holographic element.
- the usual everyday devices that seem to operate according to this principle not only detect light of a discrete wavelength but also light of an entire spectral range.
- a typical scene emits polysectral light. Individual photons of a respective discrete wavelength, which corresponds to a respective discrete frequency, are emitted. This is analogous to the polyspectral sound of a symphony orchestra. Imagine how inedible the music would be if you could only hear tones of the exact frequencies 440 Hz (the key A), 550 Hz (a major third above) and 660 Hz (a fifth above the A). The effect would be all the more drastic if the first violin against the international standard had tuned its violin with a tuning fork with a frequency of 441 Hz. In that case, she would only experience silence.
- a holographic element can also affect its light-refracting property on light rays that lie in a certain range around the wavelength of the light used for production. However, since this area is typically very narrow, light refraction in this area is referred to in the application as light refraction "at a discrete wavelength”.
- the holographic element necessary for light detection thus depends on the aim of the light detection.
- a holographic element is therefore provided that Light refracts at one or some discrete wavelengths, i.e. less than 20, less than 10 or less than 5 discrete wavelengths. If too many holographic recordings are recorded in a single holographic element, this leads to a mutual impairment of their effect.
- a holographic element according to the invention preferably has markings. Markings are to be understood as at least two areas of different optical properties. If light is detected both over such an area and over at least one such optically different area, the light parameters measured in each case can have differences which are attributable to the marking. Since the respective areas of the marking preferably have predetermined optical properties which influence the light incident thereon in a correspondingly predetermined manner, the presence of a marking can be clearly established on the basis of the detected light. A parameter of the detected light can also be measured in relation to a predetermined influencing of this parameter on the basis of the marking.
- Markings can therefore serve different purposes. For example, markings can be used to determine and / or to calibrate a parameter of the projected or detected light. Markings of the measurement, adjustment and / or calibration of one or more components, in particular a light guide device, of the information system according to the invention can also be used. Realizing the markings using the holographic element offers many advantages. Above all, complex, high-quality markings can be produced inexpensively. In addition, it can be advantageous that the markings can be directly related to an essential light guide device of the information system due to their implementation in the holographic element. Furthermore, complex markings can be implemented holographically, which would be difficult or impossible to achieve with other means.
- holographic markings are by their nature wavelength-selective, angle-selective and / or phase-selective and thus predestined for use as characteristic or selective elements.
- markings can be implemented in the holographic element, which for example only influence invisible infrared light.
- the markings can have any shape.
- An execution in the form of a crosshair would be useful, for example, when using the markings as a reference coordinate system.
- the markings can have any optical properties.
- a marking suitable for calibrating a combination of a projection device and a scanning device could, for example, have reflecting regions which completely guide rays projected by the projection device onto the scanning device. Other areas could direct the projection beam so that it never gets into the scanning device.
- a scanning device which has several detector areas and is advantageous in this context is described in section 3.4 ("special scanning devices").
- the holographic element preferably has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths along a partial surface of a virtual ellipsoid, the holographic element and the partial surface preferably being mounted in front of an eye and one of the focal points of the virtual ellipsoid coinciding with the optical center of the eye.
- the other focal point of the ellipsoid preferably corresponds spatially to an optical starting point of a projection device or an optical starting point of a light guiding device coupled to it and / or to an optical entry point of a scanning device or an optical entry point of a light guiding device coupled to it.
- the virtual focal points of the virtual ellipsoid coincide spatially with the optical center of the eye and an optical starting point of a projection device or an optical starting point of a light-guiding device coupled to it, this results in an advantageous beam path for the projection with appropriately selected refractive properties of the virtual ellipsoid.
- the virtual focal point of the virtual ellipsoid coincides spatially with the optical center of the eye and an optical entry point of a scanning device or an optical entry point of a light-guiding device coupled to it, an advantageous beam path results for the scanning if the refractive properties of the virtual ellipsoid are selected accordingly. This applies for scanning from the eye as well as for scanning from the environment.
- a refractive partial surface of a virtual ellipsoid by means of a holographic element has the particular advantage that the holographic element itself does not have to be ellipsoidal. This is particularly advantageous in the case of a glasses-like configuration of the information system according to the invention.
- the light refraction caused by the holographic element can be implemented in a wavelength-selective manner, so that the holographic element appears transparent at the remaining wavelengths.
- the ellipsoid of a holographic element that is to be assigned to a scanning device in terms of wavelength could have different dimensions and / or a different position and / or a different orientation than the ellipsoid of a holographic element that is to be assigned to the wavelength of a projection device. This would be useful, for example, in the case of a non-confocal arrangement of a scanning device and a projection device.
- the holographic element preferably has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, which correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface designed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid.
- such an embodiment of the holographic element can advantageously be used when projecting light into the eye or scanning light from the eye.
- the optical output of a projection device or a light-guiding device coupled to it and / or the input of a scanning device or a light-guiding device coupled to it are considered as a point light source or point detector rays emanating from one of the points always run to the other point if these points correspond to the respective focal points of an internally reflecting, rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid
- the reflection properties of such an ellipsoid can be emulated without the holographic element having to have the external shape of such an ellipsoid. Furthermore, with knowledge of the shape of the ellipsoid from the angle of incidence of the light onto the detector point, the angle of reflection "of the light from the Determine the eye or the angle of incidence on the eye from the projection direction
- the holographic element has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths that correspond to a refraction on the concave side of a surface designed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid, which refraction corresponds to a reflection on a respective conical surface that is rotationally symmetrical about the axis of rotation of the ellipsoid and that corresponds at the location the refraction is perpendicular to the ellipsoid
- such an embodiment of the holographic element can advantageously be used when scanning light from the visual field of an eye
- the eye is viewed as an idealized optical system in which incident light always passes through a common optical center, and if the input of a scanning device or a light-guiding device coupled to it is viewed as a point detector, beams directed at one point always run through the other point , if these points correspond to the respective focal points of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid as described above of a holographic element realized in this way.
- the "angle of incidence" of the light on the eye can be determined from the angle of incidence of the light on the detector point.
- such a holographic element in the secondary sense of the invention could advantageously be used to project light from a starting point of a projection device or a light-guiding device coupled to it into the visual field of the eye.
- a holographic element would be difficult to achieve by holographically recording a real object, such a holographic element can be implemented in a computer-assisted manner.
- the result is an easily reproducible optical element which, for example, is able to refract light rays directed at an eye while maintaining a clear association with the angle of incidence on a common point.
- the specified refractive properties can be emulated with a holographic element without affecting the external shape of the holographic element.
- a particular advantage of a design of the holographic element as described here lies in its possible combination with a holographic element "" ( “" - “HE2") according to the preceding section,
- HEI is used to refract light rays falling directly from the environment ("L1 rays"
- HE2 is used to refract light rays ("L2 rays") between the eye and the projecting or light-intensifying ones
- Components of the information system such as those L1 rays directed at HEI and those L2 rays directed at / from HE2, which have the same beam path between HEI or HE2 and the respective projection, scanning or light-guiding device are coaxial.
- the holographic element preferably has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths along a partial surface of a virtual ellipsoid, the holographic element being used to increase or decrease the scanning angle of a projection and / or scanning device or a light-guiding device coupled to it.
- a scan angle results, that is to say an angle measured between the respective projection or scanning directions.
- a controllable light-guiding device which has a limited scanning angle range or a limited scanning angle resolution.
- the angle between two is from a focal point of the ellipsoid outgoing light rays that are reflected on the inner surface of the ellipsoid, unlike the angle between these two light rays when they hit the other focus of the ellipsoid. 7
- a holographic element according to the preceding sections can advantageously be used to increase or decrease the scanning angle of a projection and / or scanning device or a light guide device coupled to it. It is also advantageous that the physical shape of the holographic element does not have to match the shape of the object being recorded, that is to say the "virtual" shape of the holographic element. Accordingly, the dimensions of the ellipsoid can be freely selected according to the system requirements.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a holographic element with refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths, the position of the holographic element and / or the holographic virtual object being changeable with respect to part of the information system. This is especially true in the case of a holographic element with refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths along a partial surface of a virtual ellipsoid.
- the information system is usually not fixed on the head in such a way that the holographic element or the holographic virtual object can always be positioned exactly in relation to the eye.
- the information system will usually capture light from both eyes or project it into both eyes.
- the distance between the two eyes can be very different in different people.
- the position of the holographic element and / or the holographic virtual object can be changed with respect to a part of the information system.
- the change in position can take place in one, two or three dimensions.
- the position of the holographic virtual object is preferably unchangeable with respect to a scanning device, a projection device and / or a light guide device coupled to it.
- the position of the holographic element and thus the position of the holographic virtual object with respect to part of the information system can preferably be changed mechanically and / or manually.
- Mechanical positioning could be triggered by the user or carried out automatically by the information system according to the invention when required and / or when switching on. For example, different positions could be tried and the best functioning position can be identified by the user or recognized by the scanning device.
- the information system preferably comprises servomotors, piezoelectric ducks or other suitable mechanical devices for positioning.
- Manual positioning could be carried out at random or, for example, using visible positioning aids.
- positioning aids could, for example, indicate the correct position of the information system in front of the eye.
- the type of change depends heavily on the design of the information system and can therefore generally not be specified here.
- the change could, for example, be that a left and a right half of the glasses are shifted against each other.
- “Spectacle lenses:” designed as a holographic element could also be moved relative to the frame.
- the position of the virtual object with respect to part of the information system is preferably optically quasi changeable.
- the position of the holographic virtual object with respect to part of the information system can preferably be changed electronically.
- a quasi-change in the position of the holographic virtual object could be realized by a holographic element, a plurality of, respectively shifted images of the object "under each has different holographic conditions.
- the object could be picked up several times at different wavelengths and at different positions. If the wavelength of the light detected or projected via the holographic element is then changed accordingly, the light is virtually refracted at a differently positioned holographic virtual object, which corresponds to a change in position of the holographic virtual object.
- An electronic change in the position of the holographic virtual object requires the use of an electro-holographic element as a holographic element.
- the electro-holographic element could, for example, have several, respectively displaced recordings of the object, which recordings can be called up by applying a suitable voltage.
- a positioning of the holographic virtual object as described above could be triggered by the user or carried out automatically by the information system according to the invention if required and / or when the device is switched on. For example, different positions could be tried out and the best functioning position identified by the user or recognized by the scanning device.
- Methods for changing the position of a holographic virtual object could be used analogously to adjust the refractive properties of the change the holographic element in a predetermined manner.
- the information system according to the invention comprises a holographic element which is capable of reflecting light rays perpendicularly to a respective area of the eye and / or light rays emerging or reflected back from a respective area of the eye according to their angle of reflection from a projection device or a light guide device coupled thereto to direct a corresponding angle of incidence into a scanning device or a light guide device coupled to it.
- a holographic element in accordance with section 2.3 with appropriate positioning and curvature of the virtual ellipsoid can be particularly suitable as such a holographic element.
- the optics of the pro ection or scanning device is preferably designed such that a light beam with a predetermined or determinable beam diameter is projected or detected.
- This (pre) determination of the Beam diameter can be realized via a suitable light design device, for example via a focusing or glare device.
- the determination of the beam diameter allows a spatially targeted projection or scanning.
- narrow light beam is to be understood both here and at other points in the description, preferably a light beam according to DE 101 27 826, which is projected into the eye with little divergence, little convergence or coherently so that the light beam is in the air Eyeball transition, in particular at the air-cornea transition, has a diameter which is insignificant compared to the pupil diameter, for example less than 100 ⁇ m, less than 50 ⁇ m, less than 10 ⁇ m or even less than 5 ⁇ m.
- the use of a narrow light beam has the advantage that the beam path of the entire light beam has approximately the same beam path as the main beam assigned to the light beam. This means that the refraction of the light beam on an uneven surface does not lead to any significant macroscopic change in the divergence, the convergence or the coherence of the light beam. This applies to both the projection and the scanning.
- the projection and / or scanning device according to the invention preferably has a focusing device by means of which the projected or detected light beam can be focused.
- a focusing device can be used for spatially targeted projection or scanning.
- a focusing device can be used to sharply image objects that are at a distance along the scanning beam path from the scanning device that can be determined by the focusing device onto the defective elements of the scanning device.
- a focusing device focus projected light rays on objects, i.e. bring to convergence, which are at a distance that can be determined via the focusing device along the projection beam path from the processing device.
- a focusing device can thus be used, for example, to project light onto a specific part of the eye or to detect it from a specific part of the eye.
- This can be used, in particular, for the targeted scanning of one of a plurality of "interposed " ocular structures, as is the case, for example, with the anterior corneal surface, the posterior corneal surface and the retina. This applies analogously to the projection.
- the information system according to the invention comprises a pro ection device and one
- Scanning devices are preferably arranged confocally, for example on respective sides of a divider mirror.
- a projection device and a scanning device have a common beam path, they can use a light guide device that may be present because of the reversibility of a light beam. This represents a simplification of the information system.
- a confocal arrangement of the projection and scanning device is realized via a splitter mirror or a similar beam-dividing element, it is advantageous to give priority to the scanning beam. This is particularly advantageous when scanning weakly radiating objects, such as the retina.
- the splitter mirror preferably guides more than 95% of the scanning beam in the direction of the scanning device. Instead of 95%, only more than 90%, 85% or even 80% of the scanning beam can be moved in the direction of the pro beam Scanning device can be forwarded by the divider mirror.
- the resulting weakening of the projection beam is usually insignificant, since this can be compensated for by a corresponding increase in the intensity of the light beam projected by the projection device.
- the maximum intensity of the projection beam is typically determined by the photonic resilience of the eye tissue. If an increase in the intensity of the projection beam is not expedient in the case of a desired design of the information system, any other light division ratio of the splitter mirror can be selected.
- the information system according to the invention preferably has a scanning device which detects light in at least two adjacent, preferably concentrically surrounding, areas.
- a scanning device that detects light in at least two adjacent areas that are not located around one another can determine the direction in which a light beam incident thereon moves and / or when the light beam leaves a specific area. This is done, for example, by comparing the intensity of the light beam falling on the respective areas.
- a scanning device which detects light in at least two areas lying concentrically around one another can determine whether an incident light beam is moving towards the center of the detector or away from the center of the detector and / or when the light beam is leaving a specific area. Since the above findings are localization of the
- a scanning device that detects light in at least two areas lying concentrically around one another can advantageously be used to locate or position a beam end with respect to two coordinates.
- the projection or scanning device preferably comprises a controllable light-guiding device which changes the direction in which a light beam projects, or the direction from which a light beam is detected.
- a controllable light-guiding device which changes the direction in which a light beam projects, or the direction from which a light beam is detected.
- Such light-guiding devices known in part under the term “scanner”, are known to the person skilled in the art and comprise a wide variety of devices. These include, for example, electromechanical, acoustomechanical and similar movable mirror devices, electro- and acousto-optical Modulators, electroholographic elements, movable light guide arrangements, etc.
- the projection device includes a laser that can process light at one or more of several regularly distributed wavelengths.
- Such a laser is ideally suited for use in combination with a holographic element that refracts light at several regularly distributed discrete wavelengths
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a scanning information system according to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a projecting information system according to a second exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an information system according to a third exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an information system according to a fourth exemplary embodiment
- 5 shows a schematic illustration of an information system according to a fifth exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic detailed view of an information system according to a sixth exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 7A shows a schematic plan view of an information system according to a seventh exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 7B shows a schematic side view of an information system according to a seventh exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 8A shows a schematic front view of an information system according to an eighth exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 8B shows a schematic plan view of an information system according to an eighth exemplary embodiment along section B in FIG. 8A;
- FIG. 8C is a schematic plan view of an information system according to an eighth exemplary embodiment along section C in FIG. 8A;
- FIGS. 9A-9E show a schematic illustration of the functioning of a scanning device according to a ninth exemplary embodiment.
- 10A-10D is a schematic illustration of the operation of a scanning device according to a tenth embodiment.
- similar or identical objects are denoted by similar or identical reference numerals.
- Many of the objects shown have symmetrical or complementary components which are distinguished by an additional letter, for example 'L' for left and 'R' for right, after the reference number become. If the statement concerns each individual component of such a symmetrical or complementary grouping, the additional letters are omitted in some cases for the sake of clarity.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of a scanning information system 100 according to a first exemplary embodiment.
- the scanning information system 100 is designed in the form of glasses 100.
- the glasses 100 have two holographic elements 120R, 120L designed as glasses glasses 120R, 120L, which are each arranged in front of an eye 110R, HOL.
- a scanning device 141 which is able to detect light rays 131 coming from the eye 110, is attached to the left temple 101L of the glasses 100.
- the scanning device 141 comprises a light guide device, not shown, for example a scanner device, which determines the current detection direction of the scanning device 141 and changes in time in accordance with a predetermined scan pattern.
- a further scanning device could also be attached to the right bracket 101R.
- the light beam 132 indicates that holographic element 120 allows the holographic element 120 to pass freely.
- the holographic element 120 only serves to refract light rays 131 coming from the eye 110 in the direction of the scanning device 141.
- the wavelength to be broken depends on the desired acquisition. If, for example, an image of the retinal structure is acquired, a light refraction of the holographic element would be appropriate at a discrete wavelength in the infrared range. Should an image of the iris structure be acquired, a light refraction of the holographic element would make sense for some discrete wavelengths in the visible range.
- the hinge 102 can, for example, be arranged behind the scanning device 141 for collapsing the spectacle frame.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a projecting information system 200 according to a second exemplary embodiment.
- the projecting information system 200 m is designed in the form of glasses 200.
- Spectacles 200 have two holographic elements 220 designed as spectacle glasses 220, each of which is arranged in front of an eye 210.
- a projection device 242 is attached to left bracket 201L of spectacles 200 and is capable of directing light rays 233 onto or into eye 210 To project preferably the projection device 242 comprises a light guide device, not shown, for example one
- Or Schemecanner device which determines the current direction of projection of the projection device 242 and changes in time according to a predetermined projection pattern.
- projection device can also be attached to the right bracket 201R.
- the holographic element 220 only serves to refract light beams 233 projected by the projection device 242 in the direction of the eye 210.
- the wavelengths to be refracted by the holographic element 220 will therefore preferably be adapted to the wavelength of the projection beams 233.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an information system 300 according to a third exemplary embodiment.
- the information system 300 is designed in the form of glasses 300.
- the glasses 300 have two holographic elements 320 designed as glasses 320, which are each arranged in front of an eye 310.
- a combined projection and scanning device 343 is attached to the left arm 201L of the glasses 200 and is capable of both projecting light rays 333 onto or into the eye 310 and detecting light rays 331 coming from the eye 310.
- the projection device 343 preferably comprises a light guide device, not shown, for example one
- Scanner device that determines the current projection direction of the projection device 343 and changes it in time in accordance with a predetermined projection pattern.
- Such an information system 300 could, for example, serve to actively illuminate the retina of the eye 3 L0 punctually and to detect the light 331 reflected by the retina for the purpose of recognizing retinal structures.
- the holographic element 320 refracts both the light 333 projected by the processing device 343 and the light 331 detected by the scanning device 343.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an information system 400 according to a fourth exemplary embodiment.
- the information system 400 is designed in the form of glasses 400.
- the glasses 400 have two holographic elements 420 designed as glasses 420, which are each arranged in front of an eye 410.
- the holographic element 420 refracts the light 433 projected by the projection device 442 in the direction of the eye 410.
- a scanning device 454, for example a camera 454, is arranged on the front part of the left bracket 401L, which detects light beams 432 from the surroundings.
- Such an information system 400 could, for example, serve to project information into the eye 410 in correlation with the perceived visual field of the eye 410.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of an information system 500 according to a fifth exemplary embodiment.
- the information system 500 is designed in the form of glasses 500.
- the glasses 500 has two holographic elements 520 designed as spectacle lenses 520, each of which is arranged in front of an eye 510.
- a scanner 541 is attached to the left arm 501L of the glasses 500 and is capable of detecting light rays 532 broken from it by the holographic element from the surroundings.
- the holographic element 520 is designed in such a way that light beams 534 directed at the optical center 512 of the eye 510 are refracted from the surroundings to a common point. At this point the optical input of scanner 541 is located.
- the light beams 534 are preferably refracted by the holographic element 520 in such a way that their respective angles of incidence on the scanning device 541 provide clear information about the angle of incidence of the respective light beam on the holographic element 520.
- a possible embodiment of such a holographic element 520 is described in section 2.3.2.
- Such an information system 500 could, for example, be used to obtain information relating to the visual field perceived by the eye 510.
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic detailed view of an information system 600 according to a sixth exemplary embodiment.
- the information system 600 has a projection device 642, a scanning device 641, a light guide device 645 and a holographic element 620 arranged in front of an eye 610.
- the projection device projects a light beam 633, which partially passes through a splitter mirror 644 and from the light guide device 645 via the holographic element 620 is directed onto the retina 611 of the eye 610. There, the projected light beam 633 is scattered back in various directions as reflected light beams 631.
- Some 631a of the reflected light beams 631 are bundled by the lens 613 of the eye 610 in such a way that they pass 631a through the pupil 614 almost parallel but opposite to the projection beam 633. Thereafter, these reflected light beams 631a are refracted by the holographic element 620, directed by the light guiding device 645, partially reflected on the divider mirror 644 and detected by the scanning device 641. Others 631b of the reflected light rays 631 are prevented from exiting the eye 610 by the iris 612 of the eye 610, for example.
- the projection beam 633 and the scanning beam 631a share a common beam path.
- no two light guide devices 645 are necessary.
- a splitter mirror 644 is preferably selected which reflects the scanning beam 631a almost completely in the direction of the scanning device 641 and accordingly weakens the projection beam 633.
- the intensity of the projection beam 633 is increased accordingly.
- the maximum intensity of the projection beam 633 is typically determined by the maximum load limit of the retina 611.
- FIG. 7A and 7B show a schematic top view and side view of an information system according to a seventh exemplary embodiment, in which the holographic element refracts light along a virtual ellipsoid surface 721.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B schematically show how light beams 734 directed at the optical center of the eye 712, which are reflected on the virtual ellipsoid surface according to a reflecting surface perpendicular to the ellipsoid surface 721 at the reflection point, pass through a common point 722, which also of those rays 735 are passed through together which are reflected from the optical eye center 712 on the inside of the ellipsoid surface 721 in a specular manner.
- FIG. 8A shows a schematic front view of an information system according to an eighth exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 8B shows a schematic plan view along section B in FIG. 8A.
- FIG. 8C shows a schematic plan view along section C in FIG. 8A.
- FIG. 8A shows a holographic element 820 in the form of a spectacle lens 820, which is attached to an eyeglass frame 803.
- the holographic elements 820 in the form of a spectacle lens 820, which is attached to an eyeglass frame 803.
- Element 820 indirectly has markings 822.
- the markings 822 are preferably not generally visible, but are implemented holographically, so that they only influence light of a certain wavelength, phase and angle of incidence.
- FIG. 8B shows a combined projection and scanning device 843, which projects light beams 835, 836 onto a virtual holographic object 821 having markings 822.
- Projected light rays 835 that do not hit the markings are refracted by the virtual holographic object 821 in the direction of the eye 810.
- Projected light beams 836 that hit the markings are reflected back by the virtual holographic object 821 along the projection beam path and can thus be detected by the combined projection and scanning device 843.
- the recognized markings 822 can be used as reference coordinates for obtaining information or for making information available.
- FIG. 8C shows the possible structure of a combined projection and scanning device 843 which, similar to FIG. 6, comprises a projection device 842, a scanning device 841, a splitter mirror 844 and a light guide device 845.
- the positioning angle of the light-guiding device 845 can be checked, for example, using the light beams 836 projected analogously to FIG. 8B and reflected back by the markings 822 of the virtual holographic object 821.
- the recognized markings 822 can be used as reference coordinates when obtaining information or use of information
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIGS. 9A-9E show a schematic representation of the functioning of a scanning device 941 according to a ninth exemplary embodiment, wherein the scanning device 941 comprises two detection areas 941a, 94 lb lying concentrically around one another.
- Such a scanning device 941 can advantageously be used to locate or position a beam end with respect to two coordinates.
- FIGS. 10A-10D show a schematic illustration of the functioning of a scanning device 1041 according to a tenth exemplary embodiment, wherein the scanning device 1041 detects light in two adjacent areas 1041a, 1041b.
- FIG. 10A only area 1041a detects light. Thus, the beam end must be at least partially within area 1041a. Then both areas 1041a and 1041b detect light according to FIG. 10B. The end of the beam clearly moves away from area 1041a in the direction of area 1041b.
- area 1041a still detects
- Such a scanning device 1041 can advantageously be used to determine the direction in which a light beam end falling thereon moves and / or when the light beam end leaves a certain region.
- the holographic element coming from the visual field of the eye at less than
- the holographic element refracting light reflected back from the eye only at a discrete wavelength in the infrared range for detection by the optical scanning device.
- the optical projection device is in a fixed, predetermined angular relationship to the holographic element.
- the holographic element comprises one or more optical markings, the light reflection properties of which the information system can use by means of a photodetector device to calibrate a projection angle of the optical projection device and / or a light-guiding device.
- Information system according to item 17 including item 12, the information system using the light reflection properties of the optical markings to calibrate a scanning angle of the optical scanning device and / or a light-guiding device.
- the optical markings being produced by reflecting elements in the creation of the holographic element in the holographic element in such a way that they emit light of one or more wavelengths, which corresponds to the predetermined angular relationship to the optical projection device on the holographic Element falls along the path of reflection.
- the photodetector device has a splitter mirror which is arranged in the light beam of the optical projection device in such a way that it directs part of the light which strikes the splitter mirror against the direction of projection in the direction of a photodetector which is in at least two areas detected concentrically around each other.
- the holographic element has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths which correspond to a reflection on the concave side of a surface formed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid.
- the holographic element has refractive properties at one or a few discrete wavelengths which correspond to a refraction on the concave side of a surface formed according to the curvature of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid, which refraction corresponds to a reflection at a respective one around the Axis of rotation of the ellipsoid corresponds to a rotationally symmetrical conical surface that is perpendicular to the ellipsoid at the point of refraction.
- a method for providing information in correlation with light falling on an eye in which a holographic element is placed in front of the eye; and an optical scanning device detects the light falling on the eye via the holographic element.
- 35 Method of making information available In correlation with information obtained from an eye, in which a holographic element is placed in front of the eye; and an optical projection device projects light into the eye via the holographic element.
- 36 Method according to one of the items 33 to 35, wherein the optical projection device projects light only at one or a few discrete wavelengths in the visible range and / or at a wavelength in the infrared range.
- Markers are used to calibrate a scanning angle of the optical scanning device and / or a light guide device.
- optical markings are produced by reflecting elements in the creation of the holographic element in the holographic element in such a way that they emit light of one or more wavelengths which correspond to the predetermined angular relationship to the optical projection device onto the holographic element Element falls along the path of reflection.
- Method according to item 41 wherein the photodetector device is provided with a photodetector which detects ⁇ in at least two concentrically surrounding areas and a splitter mirror which is arranged in the light beam of the optical projection device in such a way that it detects part of the light which is directed against the direction of projection meets the divider mirror, directs towards the photodetector.
- Ellipsoid corresponds to the rotationally symmetrical conical surface, which is perpendicular to the ellipsoid at the point of refraction.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50112248T DE50112248D1 (de) | 2000-10-07 | 2001-10-08 | Informationssystem und Verfahren zur Zurverfügungstellen von Informationen unter Verwendung eines Holographischen Elements |
EP01987895A EP1405123B1 (de) | 2000-10-07 | 2001-10-08 | Informationssystem und Verfahren zur Zurverfügungstellen von Informationen unter Verwendung eines Holographischen Elements |
US10/551,445 US7641342B2 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2001-10-08 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
AU2002221662A AU2002221662A1 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2001-10-08 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
PCT/EP2002/004030 WO2002095480A1 (de) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-04-10 | Verfahren und system zum zurverfuegungstellen von informationen über das auge. |
EP02771631A EP1395868A1 (de) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-04-10 | Verfahren und system zum zurverfuegungstellen von informationen über das auge. |
US12/646,670 US8016421B2 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2009-12-23 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
US13/223,825 US8944602B2 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2011-09-01 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
US14/572,264 US9427154B2 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2014-12-16 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
US15/235,845 US10188288B2 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2016-08-12 | Information system and method for providing information using a holographic element |
US16/259,496 US20190150731A1 (en) | 2000-10-07 | 2019-01-28 | Information System and Method for Providing Information Using a Holographic Element |
Applications Claiming Priority (13)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EPPCT/EP00/09840 | 2000-10-07 | ||
EPPCT/EP00/09841 | 2000-10-07 | ||
PCT/EP2000/009840 WO2002031577A1 (de) | 2000-10-07 | 2000-10-07 | Informationssystem mit erfassung des bildes der aussenwelt auf der netzaut |
EPPCT/EP00/09842 | 2000-10-07 | ||
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PCT/EP2001/005886 WO2002097511A1 (de) | 2001-05-22 | 2001-05-22 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur anpassung eines optischen systems an die blickrichtung des menschlichen auges |
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EP01987895A EP1405123B1 (de) | 2000-10-07 | 2001-10-08 | Informationssystem und Verfahren zur Zurverfügungstellen von Informationen unter Verwendung eines Holographischen Elements |
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US10686922B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2020-06-16 | Apple Inc. | Head-mounted display apparatus for retaining a portable electronic device with display |
US10897528B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2021-01-19 | Apple Inc. | Head-mounted display apparatus for retaining a portable electronic device with display |
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US11125996B2 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2021-09-21 | Connectivity Labs Inc. | Sedentary virtual reality method and systems |
US10345588B2 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2019-07-09 | Connectivity Labs Inc. | Sedentary virtual reality method and systems |
US9298283B1 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2016-03-29 | Connectivity Labs Inc. | Sedentary virtual reality method and systems |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100188638A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
AU2002221662A1 (en) | 2002-04-29 |
US8944602B2 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
US20070109619A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
ATE357680T1 (de) | 2007-04-15 |
WO2002033472A3 (de) | 2002-08-08 |
US9427154B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
US20120008092A1 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
EP1405123B1 (de) | 2007-03-21 |
DE50112248D1 (de) | 2007-05-03 |
US20160345826A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
US10188288B2 (en) | 2019-01-29 |
EP1405123A2 (de) | 2004-04-07 |
US7641342B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 |
US8016421B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
US20190150731A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
US20150098061A1 (en) | 2015-04-09 |
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