WO2002005955A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von additionsprodukten ethylenisch ungesättigter verbindungen mittels bisphospholymetallogen-haltiger katalysatoren - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von additionsprodukten ethylenisch ungesättigter verbindungen mittels bisphospholymetallogen-haltiger katalysatoren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002005955A1 WO2002005955A1 PCT/EP2001/008162 EP0108162W WO0205955A1 WO 2002005955 A1 WO2002005955 A1 WO 2002005955A1 EP 0108162 W EP0108162 W EP 0108162W WO 0205955 A1 WO0205955 A1 WO 0205955A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- aryl
- alkyl
- hydrogen
- iii
- ligands
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 68
- -1 cyano, carboxyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005669 hydrocyanation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonous acid Chemical compound OPO XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005538 phosphinite group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940045714 alkyl sulfonate alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008052 alkyl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008300 phosphoramidites Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005649 metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005119 alkyl cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 47
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 38
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 23
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical group 0.000 description 22
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 12
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 10
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-ene Chemical compound CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 5
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-undecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC=C DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allylacetonitrile Natural products C=CCCC#N CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 3
- XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylacetylene Natural products CC#CC XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N (3e,6e)-deca-3,6-diene Chemical compound CCC\C=C\C\C=C\CC GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011925 1,2-addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,7-octadiene Chemical compound C=CCCCCC=C XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-phosphole Chemical class C=1C=CPC=1 DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Hexene Natural products CCCC=CC RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C(C)C BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JMMZCWZIJXAGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpent-2-ene Chemical compound CCC=C(C)C JMMZCWZIJXAGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LPIQUOYDBNQMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentene Chemical compound C1CC=CC1 LPIQUOYDBNQMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene-2 Natural products CCC=CC QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004857 phospholes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003303 ruthenium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZOLLIQAKMYWTBR-MOLCZBCNSA-N (1z,5z,9z)-cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene Chemical compound C\1C\C=C/CC\C=C/CC\C=C/1 ZOLLIQAKMYWTBR-MOLCZBCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl) 2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)C(C)(C)COC(=O)C(C)C DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YCTDZYMMFQCTEO-FNORWQNLSA-N (E)-3-octene Chemical compound CCCC\C=C\CC YCTDZYMMFQCTEO-FNORWQNLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-pent-3-enenitrile Chemical compound C\C=C\CC#N UVKXJAUUKPDDNW-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUUBMADBGZQVFT-KHPPLWFESA-N (z)-2-methyloctadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCC(C)C(O)=O JUUBMADBGZQVFT-KHPPLWFESA-N 0.000 description 1
- UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005919 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005918 1,2-dimethylbutyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-Hexadiene Natural products CC=CCC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical class CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxypropane Chemical compound CCCOC=C OVGRCEFMXPHEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTMSSJKVUVVWNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 VTMSSJKVUVVWNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDRZFSPCVYEJTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylcyclohexene Chemical compound C=CC1=CCCCC1 SDRZFSPCVYEJTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006218 1-ethylbutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTTZHAVKAVGASB-HYXAFXHYSA-N 2-Heptene Chemical compound CCCC\C=C/C OTTZHAVKAVGASB-HYXAFXHYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006176 2-ethylbutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- OTTZHAVKAVGASB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-heptene Natural products CCCCC=CC OTTZHAVKAVGASB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 1
- 125000005916 2-methylpentyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZQDPJFUHLCOCRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hexene Chemical compound CCC=CCC ZQDPJFUHLCOCRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003542 3-methylbutan-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- BEQGRRJLJLVQAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpent-2-ene Chemical compound CCC(C)=CC BEQGRRJLJLVQAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005917 3-methylpentyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UQRONKZLYKUEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pent-4-en-2-one Chemical group CC(=C)CC(=O)Cc1c(C)cc(C)cc1C UQRONKZLYKUEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CTJFNLCIDZVRGS-UHFFFAOYSA-I C(C)(=O)[O-].[Rh+2].[Rh+3].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-] Chemical compound C(C)(=O)[O-].[Rh+2].[Rh+3].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-].C(C)(=O)[O-] CTJFNLCIDZVRGS-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 229910021580 Cobalt(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SHCSFZHSNSGTOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl 4-pentenoate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC=C SHCSFZHSNSGTOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004435 Oxo alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021604 Rhodium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019892 Stellar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDTOJNWTFZFLPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J [K+].[Rh+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O Chemical compound [K+].[Rh+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O HDTOJNWTFZFLPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- JAUPXFOZHZAHTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Rh+3].[Rh+2] Chemical class [Rh+3].[Rh+2] JAUPXFOZHZAHTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ru]=O Chemical class [Ru]=O ROZSPJBPUVWBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000218 acetic acid group Chemical group C(C)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000641 acridinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005882 aldol condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFYPICNXBKQZGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N butenyne Chemical group C=CC#C WFYPICNXBKQZGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZVENKBGRIGHMRG-UHFFFAOYSA-M carbon monoxide chloro(hydrido)ruthenium triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [C-]#[O+].[H][Ru]Cl.c1ccc(cc1)P(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1.c1ccc(cc1)P(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1.c1ccc(cc1)P(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 ZVENKBGRIGHMRG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YMFAWOSEDSLYSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide;cobalt Chemical group [Co].[Co].[Co].[Co].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] YMFAWOSEDSLYSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMJNZRCLIZWWJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide;ruthenium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Ru].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FMJNZRCLIZWWJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000001 cobalt(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000335 cobalt(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BNGNANCNFVQZBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;ethyl hexanoate Chemical compound [Co].CCCCCC(=O)OCC BNGNANCNFVQZBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptene Chemical compound C1CCC=CCC1 ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- URYYVOIYTNXXBN-UPHRSURJSA-N cyclooctene Chemical compound C1CCC\C=C/CC1 URYYVOIYTNXXBN-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004913 cyclooctene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicobalt octacarbonyl Chemical group [Co+2].[Co+2].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000895 extractive distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZHKDGJSXCTSCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hept-3-ene Chemical compound CCCC=CCC WZHKDGJSXCTSCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-1,6-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCC=C GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical group II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007527 lewis bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- KJALUUCEMMPKAC-ONEGZZNKSA-N methyl (e)-pent-3-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C\C=C\C KJALUUCEMMPKAC-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-diene Chemical compound C=CCC=C QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001792 phenanthrenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005956 quaternization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003284 rhodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(2+) Chemical compound [Rh+2] YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZSJYEAHAINDJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+) Chemical class [Rh+3] PZSJYEAHAINDJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Rh+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H rhodium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[Rh+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh+3] SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- RADGOBKLTHEUQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(4+) Chemical compound [Ru+4] RADGOBKLTHEUQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHPHHNRKGMRCMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(6+) Chemical compound [Ru+6] LHPHHNRKGMRCMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005497 tetraalkylphosphonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical class CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001935 tetracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- DAUOXRUBCACRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecylphosphane Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCP DAUOXRUBCACRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005490 tosylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F17/00—Metallocenes
- C07F17/02—Metallocenes of metals of Groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic System
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Definitions
- the invention further relates to new catalysts based on phosphametallocenes as ligands.
- addition reactions can be characterized according to the type of attached groups, hydro addition being the addition of a hydrogen atom and carbo addition the addition of a carbon-containing fragment.
- hydro addition being the addition of a hydrogen atom and carbo addition the addition of a carbon-containing fragment.
- a 1,2-dihydro addition denotes a hydrogenation
- an l-hydro-2-carbo addition denotes an addition of hydrogen and a group containing carbon atoms.
- Important representatives of the latter reaction are e.g. B. hydroformylation, hydrocyanation and carbonylation.
- Hydroformylation or oxo synthesis is an important large-scale process and is used to produce aldehydes from olefins, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These aldehydes can optionally be hydrogenated in the same operation with hydrogen to the corresponding oxo alcohols.
- the reaction itself is highly exothermic and generally takes place under elevated pressure and at elevated temperatures in the presence of catalysts.
- Co, Rh, Ir, Ru, Pd or Pt compounds or complexes are used as catalysts, which can be modified with N- or P-containing ligands to influence the activity and / or selectivity.
- the hydroformylation reaction leads to the formation of mixtures of isomeric aldehydes due to the possible CO addition to each of the two carbon atoms of a double bond.
- phosphorus-containing ligands are e.g. B. phosphines, phosphinites, phosphonites, phosphites, phosphoramidites, phospholes and phosphabenzenes.
- the currently most widely used ligands are triarylphosphines, such as. B. triphenylphosphine and sulfonated triphenylphosphine, since these have sufficient stability under the reaction conditions.
- a disadvantage of these ligands is that generally only very high excesses of ligands provide satisfactory yields, in particular of linear aldehydes.
- catalytic hydrocyanation for the production of nitriles from olefins is also of great technical importance.
- catalysts based on phosphine, phosphite and phosphonite complexes of nickel and palladium are used.
- WO-A-98/50392 describes phosphols which are bonded to a radical having a cyclopentadienyl group via a metalloid bridge and their use as ligands for organometallic complexes. Complexes of these phosphols with metals of subgroup IV are suitable as polymerization catalysts, such as. B. for olefin polymerization.
- German patent application P 199 21 730.0 describes the use of catalysts with ⁇ 5 -phospholyl or ⁇ 5 -polyphospholyl complexes capable of complex formation in the hydroformylation and hydrocyanation of olefins.
- the catalysts should preferably be suitable for hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, carbonylation or hydrogenation and have good catalytic activity. When used as hydroformylation catalysts, they should in particular also have a high selectivity. In the hydroformylation of ⁇ -olefins, the highest possible proportion of ⁇ -aldehydes or alcohols should preferably be achieved.
- the catalysts used according to the invention have at least two ligands which comprise as structural element a five-membered ring which is formally derived from cyclopentadienyl by replacing at least one CH group by a phosphorus atom. At least two of these ligands are coordinated to one and the same central metal. Bisphospholyl metallocenes which have two mono- and / or polyphospholyl ligands are preferred. These ligands are both ⁇ 5 -coordinated to a central atom, so that a so-called sandwich complex is formed. The two ligands are usually freely rotatable, so that no isomers of the catalyst then occur.
- the phospholyl rings of the ligands can be in an ecliptic or staggered conformation with varying conformation angles.
- the levels of the five rings can e.g. B. depending on the central metal, parallel or inclined to each other.
- the catalysts according to the invention also include so-called ansa compounds or cyclophane compounds in which the two phospholyl ligands are bridged one or more times.
- phospholyl includes mono- and polyphospholyls.
- Monophospholyl is synonymous with phosphacyclopentadienyl.
- polyphospholyl includes diphospholyl (1,2- and 1,3-di-phosphacyclopentadienyl), triphospholy (1,2,3-triphosphacyclopentadienyl), triphospholyl (1,2,4-triphosphacyclopentadienyl), tetraphospholyl (1, 2, 3, 4-tetraphosphacyclopentadienyl) and pentaphospholyl.
- pentaphospholyl mono- and polyphospholyls can have further heteroatoms in the five-membered ring.
- the ⁇ 5 -coordinated ligands are preferably selected from compounds of the general formula I.
- R a , A 1 , A 2 and A 3 each represent the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl,
- R b represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- X- stands for an anion and x stands for an integer from 1 to 120
- R 1 can also be part of a condensed ring system and / or R 1 can also each represent a divalent bridging group Y which covalently connects two identical or different ligands of the formula I, the covalently linked ligands can coordinate to the same or different metals.
- alkyl includes straight-chain and branched alkyl groups. These are preferably straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 2 -alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl groups.
- alkyl groups are in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,2 -Dimethylpropyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1 , 3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1-diethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1 -Ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1-ethyl
- Substituted alkyl radicals preferably have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, substituents selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, halogen, Ai-A 2 , NA ⁇ A 34- , carboxyl, carboxylate, -SO 3 H and sulfonate.
- the cycloalkyl group is preferably a C 5 -C cycloalkyl group, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
- cycloalkyl group preferably has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy or halogen.
- Aryl preferably represents phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthacenyl and in particular phenyl or naphthyl.
- Substituted aryl radicals preferably have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, trifluoromethyl, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NAiA, alkylene-NA ⁇ 2 , nitro , Cyano or halogen.
- Hetaryl is preferably pyridyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl.
- Substituted hetaryl radicals preferably have 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NA i A, alkylene-NA ⁇ 2 , trifluoromethyl or halogen.
- alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals apply accordingly to alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy and aryloxy radicals.
- the residues A ⁇ 2 are preferably N, N-dimethylamino, N, N-diethylamino, N, N-dipropylamino, N, N-diisopropylamino, N, N-di-n-butylamino, N, N-di-t. -butylamino, N, N-dicyclohexylamino or N, N-diphenylamino.
- Halogen represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
- carboxylate and sulfonate are preferably a derivative of a carboxylic acid function or a sulfonic acid function, in particular a metal carboxylate or sulfonate, a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid ester function or a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid amide function.
- these include e.g. B. the esters with -CC 4 alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol and tert-butanol.
- radicals E 1 are preferably independently of one another P, N, or CR 1 (ie CR 1 , CR 2 , CR 3 , CR).
- the radicals E 1 are preferably selected from P and CR 1 . If one of the radicals E 1 is N, the other radicals E 1 are preferably CR 1 .
- the groups E 1 and E 4 are preferably in the ortho position to the phosphorus atom for CR 1 and CR 4 .
- the compounds of the formula I are preferably selected from compounds of the formulas 1.1 to 1.5.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently of one another for hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, COOR a , COO-M +, S0 3 R a , S0- 3 M +, NA ⁇ -A 2 , alkylene -NA i A 2 , NA ⁇ A ⁇ X ", OR a , SR a , (CHRt> CH 2 0) x R a , (CH 2 N (A 1 )) x R a or (CH 2 CH 2 N ( A 1 )) x R a , in which
- R a , A 1 , A 2 and A 3 each represent the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl,
- R b represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- x represents an integer from 1 to 120
- radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and / or R 4 can also be part of a condensed ring system and / or R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and / or R 4 each also represent a divalent bridging group Y. , which covalently connects two identical or different ligands of the formula I to one another, the covalently linked ligands being able to coordinate to identical or different metals.
- the radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and / or R 4 are alkyl, it is preferably sterically less demanding alkyl radicals. These include e.g. B. linear Ci-C ß -, preferably -C-C 4 alkyl radicals and especially methyl and ethyl.
- Suitable sterically demanding radicals R 1 to R 4 are e.g. B. branched alkyl radicals, preferably branched C 4 -C 2 alkyl radicals, and cycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl radicals. Tert-butyl and phenyl are preferred. If the compounds of the formula I have sterically demanding radicals, one or two of the radicals R 1 to R 4 preferably represent such a radical. The compounds of the formula I preferably have sterically demanding radicals in the ortho position to a phosphorus atom , Under certain circumstances, the use of such residues can result in a higher selectivity of the resulting catalyst.
- At least one of the radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and / or R 4 preferably represents a polar (hydrophilic) group, which generally results in water-soluble catalysts.
- the po- stellar groups are chosen from COOR, C00 ⁇ M +, S0 3 R a, S0 3 M +, AiA 2, alkylene-NA ⁇ -A 2, NA ⁇ A ⁇ X ", Akylen-NA 1 A 2 A 3+ X-, 0R a , SR a , (CHR b CH 2 0) x R a or (CH 2 CH 2 N (A 1 )) x R a , where R a , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , R b , R + , X- and x have the meanings given above.
- M + is preferably an alkali metal cation, such as. B. Li + , Na + or K + , H 4 + or a quaternary ammonium bond, as can be obtained by protonation or quaternization of amines.
- X- is preferably halide, particularly preferably Cl- and Br-.
- the compound of the formula I is a condensed ring system which, in addition to the phospholyl ring, has 1, 2 or 3 further rings, particularly preferably 1 or 2 further rings and in particular one further ring.
- Ortho-condensed ring systems ie. H. each ring has 2 atoms or an edge in common with each neighboring ring.
- IE 1 and E 2 , E 2 and E 3 and / or E 3 and E 4 preferably represent corresponding groups CR 1 and CR 2 , CR 2 and CR 3 and / or CR 3 and CR 4 , in which the radicals R 1 and R 2 , R 2 and R 3 and / or R 3 and R 4 together represent a fused ring.
- the fused rings are preferably 5- to 10-membered carbocycles or heterocycles. Fused heterocycles can have 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from 0, N and S have.
- the fused rings are preferably aryl, in particular benzene or naphthalene.
- Fused benzene rings are preferably unsubstituted or have 1, 2 or 3, in particular 1 or 2, substituents which are selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, nitro, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl and cyano.
- Fused naphthalenes are preferably unsubstituted or have 1, 2 or 3, in particular 1 or 2, of the substituents previously mentioned for the fused-on benzene rings in the non-directly fused ring and / or in the directly fused ring.
- Fused naphthalenes which are substituted in the directly fused ring preferably have a substituent. This is then preferably alkyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl.
- alkyl preferably represents C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and in particular methyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl.
- Alkoxy is preferably Ci to C 4 - alkoxy and in particular methoxy.
- Alkoxycarbonyl is preferably Ci to C 4 alkoxycarbonyl. Halogen stands in particular for fluorine and chlorine.
- Compounds of the general formula I which are part of a condensed ring system are preferably derived from indenyl, fluoreneyl and azulenyl by replacing a CH group of the cyclopentadienyl ring with a phosphorus atom.
- the compound of the general formula I does not represent a condensed ring system.
- At least one of the groups E 1 , E 2 , E 3 and / or E 4 represents a group CR 1 'CR 2 , CR 3 and / or CR 4 , in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and / or R 4 represent a divalent bridging group Y.
- the group (s) Y, the two phospholyl ligands which form the phosphametallocene by ⁇ 5_ coordination to the same central metal additionally bridge or bridge each other by means of a covalent bond. This results in so-called ansa compounds or cyclophane structures.
- the groups Y may be the same or different.
- the group (s) Y bridges or bridging a phospholyl ligand of the phosphametallocene and a further ligand which is not coordinatively bound to the central metal of the phosphametallocene.
- This further ligand can in turn be a metal, preferably a transition metal, in particular a transition metal. tall of the VIII. Subgroup, if necessary, coordinate with other ligands. This results in multinuclear metal complexes, e.g. B. chain-like metallocenes.
- the bridging group Y is preferably selected from groups of the general formula II
- Z is selected from Si, Ge, Sn, N, P, B and AI,
- y is an integer from 1 to 3 depending on the valence of Z
- Lg represents identical or different substituents (ligands) selected from halide, hydride, CO, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl, or
- the bridging group Y represents a Ci to Cio alkylene bridge which can have one, two, three or four double bonds and / or which can be interrupted by one, two or three non-adjacent, optionally substituted heteroatoms and / or , can be fused two or three times with aryl or hetaryl.
- the bridging group Y preferably represents a divalent bridging group with 1 to 15 atoms, preferably 1 to 10 atoms, in particular 1 to 5 atoms in the chain between the flanking bonds.
- the radical Y is preferably a Ci to C 8 -, more preferably Ci to C 5 -, particularly Ci to C 3 alkylene bridge which, 3-fold, depending on the number of carbon atoms, 1-, 2- or cycloalkyl ,
- Aryl or hetaryl may be fused and / or may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents which are selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl and optionally substituted aryl and / or which may additionally be substituted by 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms which are preferably selected from O, S or NR C , where R c is alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, can be interrupted.
- preference is given to using at least one catalyst which comprises at least one phosphametallocene or a cation of a phosphametallocene of the general formulas III.1 to III.9
- n and m independently represent an integer from 0 to 6
- L and L ' represent identical or different ligands capable of coordination to the metal M and M',
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , Rl'r R 2 ', R 3 ', R 4 ', Rl, RH, Rill, RlV, Rl', RII ' f RIII r and R IV ' independently of one another Hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, COOR a , C00-M + , S ⁇ 3 R a , SO- 3 M +, NAiA, alkylene-NAiA 2 , AiA ⁇ + X-, alkylene-NA 1 A 2 A 3+ X-, OR a , SR a , (CHR b CH 2 0) x R a , (CH 2 (A 1 )) x R a or (C ⁇ CHaNJA 1 )) x R a , in which
- R a , A 1 , A 2 and A 3 each represent the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl,
- R b represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- x represents an integer from 1 to 120.
- Suitable metals M and M ' are very generally the metals of the main and sub-groups of the periodic table.
- Ge, Sn, Pb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Ir are particularly preferred.
- the bisphospholyl metallocenes may additionally have at least one further ligand which is selected from halides, amines, carboxylates, acetylacetonate, aryl or alkyl sulfonates, hydride, CO, olefins, dienes, cycloolefins, nitriles,
- Preferred anionic ligands are Cl®, Br®, H 3 C ⁇ , H®, etc.
- the number of additional ligands of the phosphametallocenes generally depends on the electron configuration of the central metal and the electron contribution of the additional ligands to the valence of the metal atom. So z. B. to the outside uncharged bisphospholyl complexes of iron usually no additional ligands. Complexes of cobalt, rhodium and iridium can also be present without additional ligands and can then easily be oxidized to monocation. These and other cationic complexes generally show a high solubility in water and are particularly suitable for two-phase processes. Phosphametallocenes based on central metals of subgroup IV, such as. B. Zr, usually have 2 additional of the aforementioned ligands.
- a phosphametallocene cation is used as the ligand in the process according to the invention.
- Preferred central metals of cationic phosphametallocenes are e.g. B. Co, Rh, and Ir.
- Anions suitable as counterions are e.g. B. CI-, Br-, I-, BF 4 -, BPh 4 -, PF 6 _ .
- Suitable metal compounds are z.
- suitable reducing agents include e.g. B. the halides, preferably the chlorides, the acetates and the acetylacetonates previously mentioned metals.
- Suitable reducing agents are e.g. B. alkali metals such as Na and K, and aluminum and trialkylaluminum compounds.
- the metal is preferably present in these in a zero-valent form.
- Complexes with ligands which correspond to the aforementioned additional ligands of bisphospholyl metallocenes are preferably used for the preparation. In this case, the preparation is carried out by partial or complete ligand exchange with the ligands of the formula I described above.
- Suitable inert solvents for the preparation of the bisphospholyl metallocenes are, for example, aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, ether, preferably diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, or haloalkanes, for example dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane and trichloroethane.
- the temperature " is in a range from -70 ° C to 150 ° C, preferably from 0 ° C to 100 ° C, particularly preferably around room temperature.
- the preparation of the bisphospholyl metallocenes can e.g. B. analogously to the syntheses described in Chem Commun., 1999, pp. 1273 to 1274 and Organometallics 2000, 19, pp. 954 to 956.
- the preparation of the cationic bisphospholyl metallocenes can be carried out analogously to the process for the preparation of cationic metallocenes described in WO-A-99/16776.
- Another object of the invention is a catalyst comprising at least one complex of a metal of subgroup VIII with at least one bisphospholyl metallocene, as previously defined, as ligands.
- the catalysts according to the invention can additionally contain at least one further ligand, which is selected from halides, amines, carboxylates, acetylacetonate, aryl or alkyl sulfonates, hydride, CO, olefins, dienes, cycloolefins, nitriles, N-containing heterocycles, aromatics and heteroaromatics, ethers, PF 3 , ligands, phosphabenzenes, as well as monodentate, bidentate and ambidentate phosphine, phosphinite, phosphonite, phophoramidite and phosphite ligands.
- at least one further ligand which is selected from halides, amines, carboxylates, acetylacetonate, aryl or alkyl sulfonates, hydride, CO, olefins, dienes, cycloolefins, nitrile
- Another object of the invention is a bisphospholyl metal locene of the general formula IV
- n stands for an integer from 0 to 6
- R 5 , R 8 , R v and R VI11 independently of one another represent hetaryl or substituted aryl, where the hetaryl groups can each have one, two or three substituents and the substituted aryl groups each have one, two or three substituents and the substituents are selected from Alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl or NA 5 A 6 , where A 5 and A 6 can be the same or different and for hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or Stand aryl,
- R 6 , R 7 , R VI and R VI1 independently of one another for hydrogen, alkyl
- R a , A 1 , A 2 and A 3 each represent the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl,
- R b represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- X- stands for an anion, and x represents an integer from 1 to 120.
- radicals R 6 , R 7 , R VI and R VI1 With regard to the meanings of the radicals R 6 , R 7 , R VI and R VI1 , reference is made to the comments on suitable and preferred radicals R 1 to R 4 .
- 1,2-Dihydroaddition refers to a hydrogenation of the double bond.
- 1-Hydro-2-carbo addition denotes an addition reaction in which, after the reaction, hydrogen is bonded to one carbon atom of the double bond and to the other a group containing carbon atoms. Double bond isomerizations during the addition are permitted.
- 1-hydro-2-carbo addition in the case of asymmetrical substrates is also not intended to denote a preferred addition of the carbon fragment to the C2 atom, since the selectivity with regard to the orientation of the addition is generally different from that to be added Agent and the catalyst used is dependent.
- l-hydro-2-carbo- is synonymous with “l-carbo-2-hydro-”.
- the 1-hydro-2-carbo addition is a reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is referred to below as hydroformylation.
- the invention further provides a process for the hydroformylation of compounds which contain at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of at least one hydroformylation catalyst which is selected from the catalysts according to the invention described above.
- catalytically active species of the general formula H x Mt y (CO) z L q are formed from the catalysts or catalyst precursors used in each case, in which Mt for a metal from subgroup VIII, L for a bisphospholyl metallocene and q, x , y, z are integers, depending on the valency and type of the metal and the binding of the ligand L.
- z and q are independently at least 1, such as. B. 1, 2 or 3.
- the sum of z and q is preferably from 2 to 5.
- the complexes can, if desired, additionally have at least one of the further ligands described above.
- the metal Mt is preferably cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, osmium or iridium and in particular cobalt, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, nickel, palladium and platinum.
- the hydroformylation catalysts are prepared in situ in the reactor used for the hydroformylation reaction. If desired, however, the catalysts of the invention can also be prepared separately and isolated by customary processes.
- z. B at least one bisphospholyl metallocene, a compound or a complex of a metal from subgroup VIII, optionally at least one additional ligand and, if appropriate, an activating agent in an inert solvent under the hydroformylation conditions.
- Suitable rhodium compounds or complexes are e.g. B. rhodium (II) - and rhodium (III) salts, such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate, rhodium (II ) - or rhodium (III) carboxylate, rhodium (II) - and rhodium (III) acetate, rhodium (III) oxide, salts of rhodium (III) acid, trisammonium hexachlororhodate (III) etc.
- rhodium (II) - and rhodium (III) salts such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rh
- Rhodium complexes are also suitable , such as rhodium biscarbonylacetylacetonate, acetyl acetonatobisethylene rhodium (1) etc.
- Rhodium biscarbonylacetylacetonate, (PPh) 3 RhH (CO) or rhodium acetate are preferably used.
- Ruthenium salts or compounds are also suitable. Suitable ruthenium salts are, for example, ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (IV) -, ruthenium (VI) - or ruthenium (VIll) oxide, alkali metal salts of ruthenium oxygen acids such as K 2 Ru ⁇ 4 or KRUO 4 or complex compounds, such as, for. B. RuHCl (CO) (PPh 3 ) 3 .
- the metal carbonyls of ruthenium such as Trisrutheniu dodecacarbonyl or Hexarutheniumoctadecacarbonyl, or mixed forms in which CO is partially replaced by ligands of the formula PR 3 , such as Ru (CO) 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 , can be used in the process according to the invention.
- Suitable cobalt compounds are, for example, cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) sulfate, cobalt (II) carbonate, cobalt (II) nitrate, their amine or hydrate complexes, cobalt carboxylates, such as cobalt acetate, cobalt ethyl hexanoate, cobalt naphthanoate, and cobalt - Caprolactamate complex.
- the carbonyl complexes of cobalt such as dicobalt octacarbonyl, tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl and hexacobalt hexadecacarbonyl can be used.
- the above-mentioned and other suitable compounds of cobalt, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium are known in principle and are adequately described in the literature, or they can be prepared by the skilled worker analogously to the already known compounds.
- the solvents used are preferably the aldehydes which are formed in the hydroformylation of the respective olefins, and also their higher-boiling secondary reaction products, for. B. the products of aldol condensation.
- suitable solvents are aromatics, such as toluene and xylenes, hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons, also for diluting the above-mentioned aldehydes and the secondary products of the aldehydes.
- Other solvents are esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids with alkanols, for example ethyl acetate or Texanol TM, ethers such as tert. -Butylmethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
- ligands are sufficiently hydrophilized, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone etc. can also be used. So-called “lonic liquids” can also be used as solvents.
- liquid salts for example N, N'-dialkyllimidzolium salts such as the N-butyl-N'-methylimidazolium salts, tetraalkylammonium salts such as the tetra-n-butylammonium salts, N-alkylpyridinium salts such as the n-butylpyridinium salts , Tetraalkyl phosphonium salts such as the trishexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium salts, e.g. B. the tetrafluoroborates, acetates, tetrachloroaluminates, hexafluorophosphates, chlorides and tosylates.
- N, N'-dialkyllimidzolium salts such as the N-butyl-N'-methylimidazolium salts
- tetraalkylammonium salts such as the tetra-n-butylammonium
- aqueous solvent systems which, in addition to water, contain a water-miscible solvent, for example an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, a ketone such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone or a contain another solvent.
- the reactions then take the form of a two-phase catalysis, the catalyst being in the aqueous phase and feedstocks and products forming the organic phase.
- the implementation in the "lonic liquids" can also be designed as a two-phase catalysis.
- the molar ratio of bisphospholyl metallocene ligand to metal of subgroup VIII is generally in a range from about 1: 1 to 1,000: 1.
- all compounds which contain one or more ethylenically unsaturated double bonds are suitable as substrates for the hydroformylation process according to the invention.
- These include e.g. B. olefins, such as ⁇ -olefins, internal straight-chain and internal branched olefins.
- Suitable ⁇ -olefins are e.g. B. ethylene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonen, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene etc.
- Suitable straight-chain internal olefins are preferably C 4 -C 2 rj-01efins, such as 2-butene, 2-pentene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, 2-0ctene, 3-octene, 4th -0cten etc.
- Suitable branched, internal olefins are preferably C 4 - to C 2 o-olefins, such as 2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, 3-methyl-2-pentene, branched, internal heptene mixtures, branched , internal octene mixtures, branched, internal non-mixtures, branched, internal decene mixtures, branched, internal undecene mixtures, branched, internal dodecene mixtures etc.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are also C 5 -Cs cycloalkenes, such as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene and their derivatives, such as, for. B. their Ci to Co alkyl derivatives with 1 to 5 alkyl substituents.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are also vinyl aromatics, such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, 4-isobutylstyrene etc.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are furthermore ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids, their esters, half-esters and amides, such as acrylic acid , Methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, methyl 3-pentenoate, methyl 4-pentenoate, methyl oleic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, unsaturated nitriles, such as 3-pentenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, vinyl ether, such as acrylonitrile , Vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ether etc., Ci- to C 0 -alkenols, -alkenediols and -alkadienols, such as 2,7-octadienol-l.
- Suitable substrates are further di- or polyenes with isolated or conjugated double bonds. These include e.g. B. 1,3-butadiene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene, vinylcyclohexene, dicyclopentadiene, 1, 5, 9-cyclooctatriene and butadiene homo- and copolymers.
- a process is preferred which is characterized in that the hydroformylation catalyst is prepared in situ, at least one bisphopholylmetallocene, a compound or a complex of a metal from subgroup VIII and optionally an activating agent being reacted in an inert solvent under the hydroformylation conditions.
- the hydroformylation reaction can be carried out continuously, semi-continuously or batchwise.
- Suitable reactors for the continuous reaction are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for. B. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 1, 3rd Edition, 1951, p. 743 ff.
- Suitable pressure-resistant reactors are also known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for. B. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 1, 3rd Edition, 1951, pp. 769 ff.
- an autoclave is used for the method according to the invention, which can, if desired, be provided with a stirring device and an inner lining.
- composition of the synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used in the process according to the invention can vary within wide ranges.
- the molar ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen is usually about 5:95 to 70:30, preferably about 40:60 to 60:40.
- a molar ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the range of approximately 1: 1 is particularly preferably used.
- the temperature in the hydroformylation reaction is generally in a range from about 20 to 180 ° C., preferably about 50 to 150 ° C.
- the reaction is usually carried out at the partial pressure of the reaction gas at the selected reaction temperature.
- the pressure is in a range from about 1 to 700 bar, preferably 1 to 600 bar, in particular 1 to 300 bar.
- the reaction pressure can be varied depending on the activity of the hydroformylation catalyst according to the invention used.
- the catalysts according to the invention based on phosphorus-containing compounds allow reaction in a range of low pressures, such as in the range from 1 to 100 bar.
- hydroformylation catalysts according to the invention can be separated from the discharge of the hydroformylation reaction by customary processes known to the person skilled in the art and can generally be used again for the hydroformylation.
- the hydroformylation activity of catalysts based on bisphoypholyl metallocenes is surprisingly generally higher than the isomerization activity with regard to the formation of central double bonds.
- the catalysts according to the invention and those used according to the invention advantageously show a high selectivity in the hydroformylation of ⁇ -olefins did in favor of the ⁇ -aldehydes or alcohols.
- these catalysts generally have a high stability under the hydroformylation conditions, so that they generally achieve a longer catalyst service life than with catalysts based on conventional chelate ligands known from the prior art.
- the catalysts according to the invention and those used according to the invention advantageously also have a high activity, so that the corresponding aldehydes or alcohols are generally obtained in good yields.
- the hydroformylation of ⁇ -olefins and of internal, linear olefins they also show a very low selectivity for the hydrogenation product of the olefin used.
- the 1-hydro-2-carbo addition is a reaction with hydrogen cyanide, hereinafter referred to as hydrocyanation.
- the catalysts used for the hydrocyanation also comprise complexes of a metal of subgroup VIII, in particular cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, preferably nickel, palladium and platinum and very particularly preferably nickel.
- the metal is zero-valued in the metal complex according to the invention.
- the metal complexes can be prepared as previously described for use as hydroformylation catalysts. The same applies to the in situ production of the hydrocyanation catalysts according to the invention.
- a suitable nickel complex for the preparation of a hydrocyanation catalyst is e.g. B. Bis (1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (0).
- hydrocyanation catalysts can be prepared in situ, analogously to the process described for the hydroformylation catalysts.
- the invention therefore furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of nitriles by catalytic hydrocyanation, which is characterized in that the hydrocyanation takes place in the presence of at least one of the catalysts according to the invention described above.
- Suitable olefins for hydrocyanation are generally the olefins previously mentioned as starting materials for hydroformylation.
- a hydrocarbon mixture is preferably used which has a 1,3-butadiene content of at least 10% by volume, preferably at least 25% by volume, in particular at least 40% by volume. -%, having.
- Hydrocarbon mixtures containing 1,3-butadiene are available on an industrial scale. So z. B. in the processing of petroleum by steam cracking of naphtha a C 4 -cut hydrocarbon mixture with a high total olefin content, with about 40% on 1,3-butadiene and the rest on mono-olefins and polyunsaturated hydrocarbons and Al - kane is eliminated. These streams always contain small amounts of generally up to 5% of alkynes, 1,2-dienes and vinyl acetylene.
- Pure 1,3-butadiene can e.g. B. be isolated by extractive distillation from commercially available hydrocarbon mixtures.
- the catalysts according to the invention can advantageously be used for the hydrocyanation of such olefin-containing, in particular 1,3-butadiene-containing, hydrocarbon mixtures, as a rule also without prior purification of the hydrocarbon mixture by distillation.
- the effectiveness of the catalysts impairing olefins, such as. B. alkynes or cumulenes can optionally be removed from the hydrocarbon mixture by selective hydrogenation before the hydrocyanation. Suitable processes for selective hydrogenation are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the hydrocyanation according to the invention can be carried out continuously, semi-continuously or batchwise.
- Suitable reactors for the continuous reaction are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for. B. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume 1, 3rd edition, 1951, p. 743 ff.
- a stirred tank cascade or a tubular reactor is preferably used for the continuous variant of the process according to the invention.
- Suitable, optionally pressure-resistant reactors for semi-continuous or continuous execution are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for. B. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume 1, 3rd Edition, 1951, pp 769 ff.
- an autoclave is used for the method according to the invention, which can, if desired, be provided with a stirring device and an inner lining.
- the hydrocyanation catalysts according to the invention can be separated from the discharge of the hydrocyanation reaction by customary processes known to the person skilled in the art and can generally be used again for the hydrocyanation.
- the 1-hydro-2-carbo addition is a reaction with carbon monoxide and at least one compound with a nucleophilic group, hereinafter referred to as carbonylation.
- the invention further relates to a process for the carbonylation of compounds which contain at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond by reaction with carbon monoxide and at least one compound having a nucleophilic group in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst, which is characterized in that a catalyst is used as the carbonylation catalyst Base of a bisphospholyl metallocene.
- the carbonylation catalysts also comprise complexes of a metal from subgroup VIII, preferably nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium, in particular palladium.
- the metal complexes can be prepared as previously described for the hydroformylation catalysts and hydrocyanation catalysts. The same applies to the in situ production of the carbonylation catalysts according to the invention.
- Suitable olefins for carbonylation are the olefins which have generally been mentioned above as starting materials for hydroformylation and hydrocyanation.
- the compounds having a nucleophilic group are preferably selected from water, alcohols, thiols, carboxylic acid esters, primary and secondary amines.
- a preferred carbonylation reaction is the conversion of olefins with carbon monoxide and water to carboxylic acids (hydrocarbylation). This particularly includes the conversion of ethylene with carbon monoxide and water to propionic acid.
- the carbonylation can take place in the presence of activating agents.
- Suitable activating agents are e.g. B. Brönsted acids, Lewis acids, such as. B. BF 3 , A1C1 3 , ZnCl, and Lewis bases.
- Another object of the invention is the use of catalysts comprising at least one complex of a metal of subgroup VIII with at least one biophospholyl metallocene as ligands, as described above, for hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, carbonylation, hydrogenation, olefin oligomerization and polymerization and for metathesis.
- catalysts based on complexes of a metal of subgroup VIII with bisphosphoylmetallocene ligands show high activity and ⁇ selectivity in hydroformylations and generally also good aldehyde selectivity.
- the can with catalysts according to the invention show high activity and ⁇ selectivity in hydroformylations and generally also good aldehyde selectivity.
- German patent application P 199 21 730.0 achieved good results, some of which could be significantly improved.
- the catalysts according to the invention generally have good values for all of the properties tested compared to the comparison catalysts, while in the case of the comparison catalysts
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EP01955349A EP1299190A1 (de) | 2000-07-13 | 2001-07-13 | Verfahren zur herstellung von additionsprodukten ethylenisch ungesättigter verbindungen mittels bisphospholylmetallocen-haltiger katalysatoren |
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DE2000133982 DE10033982A1 (de) | 2000-07-13 | 2000-07-13 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Additionsprodukten ethylenisch ungesättigter Verbindungen |
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Citations (8)
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US4404147A (en) * | 1980-12-10 | 1983-09-13 | Societe Nationale Des Poudres Et Explosifs | Process for the synthesis of 1,1-diphosphaferrocenes |
EP0574794A1 (de) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-12-22 | Tosoh Corporation | Organische Übergangsmetallverbindung mit pi-gebunden heterozyklisch Ligand und damit verbundenes Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Olefin |
EP0590486A2 (de) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-04-06 | Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited | Polymerisationskatalysatore und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polymeren |
EP0638593A1 (de) * | 1993-08-02 | 1995-02-15 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Katalysatorzusammensetzungen |
DE19621967A1 (de) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung und dafür geeignete Katalysatoren die Phosphorverbindungen als Liganden enthalten |
WO1998042717A1 (en) * | 1997-03-26 | 1998-10-01 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Diphosphines |
WO1999007671A1 (de) * | 1997-08-04 | 1999-02-18 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung von gemischen monoolefinischer c5-mononitrile durch katalytische hydrocyanierung in gebenwart eines katalysators, umfassend wenigstens einen metallocenphosphor (iii)-nickel(0)-komplex |
WO2000069801A1 (de) * | 1999-05-12 | 2000-11-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Eta 5-phospholyl- und eta 5-polyphospholylkomplexe und ihre verwendung in der hydroformylierung |
-
2000
- 2000-07-13 DE DE2000133982 patent/DE10033982A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-07-13 WO PCT/EP2001/008162 patent/WO2002005955A1/de active Application Filing
- 2001-07-13 EP EP01955349A patent/EP1299190A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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US4404147A (en) * | 1980-12-10 | 1983-09-13 | Societe Nationale Des Poudres Et Explosifs | Process for the synthesis of 1,1-diphosphaferrocenes |
EP0574794A1 (de) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-12-22 | Tosoh Corporation | Organische Übergangsmetallverbindung mit pi-gebunden heterozyklisch Ligand und damit verbundenes Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Olefin |
EP0590486A2 (de) * | 1992-09-24 | 1994-04-06 | Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited | Polymerisationskatalysatore und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polymeren |
EP0638593A1 (de) * | 1993-08-02 | 1995-02-15 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Katalysatorzusammensetzungen |
DE19621967A1 (de) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung und dafür geeignete Katalysatoren die Phosphorverbindungen als Liganden enthalten |
WO1998042717A1 (en) * | 1997-03-26 | 1998-10-01 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Diphosphines |
WO1999007671A1 (de) * | 1997-08-04 | 1999-02-18 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung von gemischen monoolefinischer c5-mononitrile durch katalytische hydrocyanierung in gebenwart eines katalysators, umfassend wenigstens einen metallocenphosphor (iii)-nickel(0)-komplex |
WO2000069801A1 (de) * | 1999-05-12 | 2000-11-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Eta 5-phospholyl- und eta 5-polyphospholylkomplexe und ihre verwendung in der hydroformylierung |
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DILLON, K.B.; MATHEY, F.; NIXON, J.F.: "Phosphorous: The Carbon Copy", 1998, J. WILEY & SONS, WEST SUSSEX, ISBN: 0-471-97360-2, XP000996501 * |
FORISSIER, K.; RICARD., L.; CARMICHAEL, D.; MATHEY, F.: "2,5-Di-(tert.-butyl)phospholyl sandwich complexes containing group 14 elements (Ge, Sn, Pb). Synthesis, molecular structure, and ring transfer chemistry of [M(PC4H2Bu-t2)2] (M= Sn, Pb)", CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, no. 14, 1999, GB, pages 1273 - 1274, XP002185295 * |
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