WO2001093957A1 - Instruction des pompiers: incendies des atterrisseurs d'aeronefs - Google Patents

Instruction des pompiers: incendies des atterrisseurs d'aeronefs Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001093957A1
WO2001093957A1 PCT/GB2001/002506 GB0102506W WO0193957A1 WO 2001093957 A1 WO2001093957 A1 WO 2001093957A1 GB 0102506 W GB0102506 W GB 0102506W WO 0193957 A1 WO0193957 A1 WO 0193957A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fire
simulator
wheel
tyre
leg
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/002506
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Stuart Duncan Coulton
Original Assignee
Ifte Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ifte Plc filed Critical Ifte Plc
Priority to AU2001262532A priority Critical patent/AU2001262532A1/en
Publication of WO2001093957A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001093957A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • A62C99/0081—Training methods or equipment for fire-fighting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/07—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in vehicles, e.g. in road vehicles
    • A62C3/08—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in vehicles, e.g. in road vehicles in aircraft

Definitions

  • This invention relates to simulated fires involving the undercarriage or landing gear of aircraft.
  • the invention relates to simulators for training firefighters to fight aircraft undercarriage fires as well as methods for training firefighters to fight such fires by use of the simulators.
  • Firefighters train to control and extinguish fires in the quickest and safest way possible. As with any profession that is required to work in a hostile and dangerous environment, frequent and realistic training is essential in maintaining the specialist skills needed to fight fires. Usually, firefighters tackle fires in teams and so it is important that each individual firefighter's ability to function as part of a team is also trained and tested frequently.
  • Fires may occur in many various scenarios, and different types of fire require different strategies to deal with them effectively. Specifically, fires in some situations may require firefighters to adopt a different set of priorities when choosing which part of the fire to extinguish first, for example due to the presence of highly flammable material in close proximity to the fire. In other cases, for example an aircraft undercarriage with tyres that are ablaze, there is an explosion risk that increases if the fire spreads to other parts of the aircraft. In such situations, it is important for the firefighters tackling the fire to know not just how to tackle the fire, but also how to position themselves safely so that if an explosion were to occur, the danger to the. fire-fighting team members is minimised. In all cases, it is essential that early indications of danger are picked up and acted upon instinctively, and this can only be accomplished through repetitive simulation training for each scenario.
  • a consideration when using a fire-fighting simulator is how accurate the flame appears to the firefighter in comparison with a real fire.
  • fires can start in any environment with an ignition source, flammable material and a supply of oxygen, each scenario will usually have a specific flame signature depending upon the type and location of flammable materials that can be expected to be found in that scenario and hence, how those flammable materials will burn.
  • the flame signature will also be affected by the shape of the environment in which the fire establishes itself.
  • the brake components such as discs, drums and pads may get so hot that they ignite, leading to a fire taking hold in the brakes. It is common in this instance for one brake to catch fire first, followed by the others, rather than for all the brakes to catch fire at once.
  • the fire may rise up the undercarriage 'oleo' leg and threaten not just the integrity and strength of the leg itself - perhaps causing the leg to. buckle under the weight of the aircraft - but also the integrity of the part of the aircraft to which the leg is attached.
  • the leg may depend from a wing, an engine nacelle or the fuselage of an aircraft. This introduces a risk of a major conflagration: it is usual for an aircraft to have fuel tanks in the wing or fuselage above or in the immediate vicinity of the undercarriage housing, and the interior of an engine nacelle is obviously rich in fuel supply lines.
  • an aircraft undercarriage fire simulator comprising:
  • leg structure representing a landing gear leg
  • a wheel/tyre structure representing at least one wheel/tyre combination associated with the leg
  • control means operable to control the burner means to simulate a fire spreading from the wheel/tyre structure to the leg structure.
  • the wheel/tyre structure may, for example, be attached to the leg structure via a simulated bogie or axle. More than one wheel/tyre structure can be associated with the leg structure.
  • the wheel/tyre structure is subdivided to include a wheel structure and a tyre structure representing a wheel and a tyre respectively, each of the wheel and tyre structures having a respective burner means.
  • the control means is advantageously operable to control those burner means to simulate a fire spreading from the wheel structure to the tyre structure or to start the simulated fire on the tyre structure.
  • the burner means of the wheel structure is suitably within the wheel structure, and the burner means of the tyre structure is suitably outside the tyre structure.
  • the leg structure can depend from a wing, nacelle or fuselage structure representing a wing, an engine nacelle or the fuselage of an aircraft.
  • the wing, nacelle or fuselage structure preferably has a burner means and the control means is operable to control that burner means to simulate a fire spreading from the leg structure to the wing, nacelle or fuselage structure.
  • the flame intensity or the flame signature produced by the burner means of each structure is variable.
  • the control means can be operable to increase the flame intensity at one structure before the simulated fire spreads to another structure.
  • control means is operable to increase the severity of the simulated fire incident in response to inadequate fire-fighting efforts sensed by sensor means associated with at least one of the structures.
  • the sensor means may include at least one array of temperature sensors distributed over, around or within any of said structures.
  • the control means can have a memory for logging temperature readings from the temperature sensors.
  • the memory can record a fire-fighting profile by taking inputs from the temperature sensors and logging those inputs against the sensor position and the elapsed time. Then,. the. recorded fire-fighting profile can be compared with a predetermined target fire-fighting profile and the burner means can be controlled in response to that comparison.
  • the simulator of the invention can also include means for logging the identity of a fire-fighter against the recorded fire-fighting profile. This enables appropriate training feedback to be directed to the appropriate trainee.
  • Smoke and sound generator means are preferably associated with one or more of the burner means or structures. Also for added realism, means may be provided for ejecting fuel outwardly from any of the structures. This emulates a fracture in a high- pressure line carrying flammable fluid.
  • Pilot ignition means can be associated with the burner means.
  • the pilot ignition means can be capable of simulating a fire in one of said structures, hence serving a dual function.
  • the invention also resides in a method of simulating an aircraft undercarriage fire, comprising simulating a fire in or on a wheel/tyre structure representing a wheel/tyre combination, monitoring a fire-fighting response to that fire and, in accordance with the quality of that response, varying the flame intensity or flame signature of the simulated fire and/or extending the simulated fire to a leg structure representing a landing gear leg with which the wheel/tyre structure is associated.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an undercarriage fire simulator in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a part-sectioned front view of an undercarriage fire simulator in accordance with the invention, used as part of a larger aircraft fire simulator;
  • Figure 3 is a part-sectioned side view of the undercarriage fire simulator of Figure 2;
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view on line A-A of Figure 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view on line B-B of Figure 2.
  • an aircraft undercarriage fire simulator 1 comprises a main leg structure 2 representing an oleo leg and a bogie structure 3 attached to the base of the leg structure 2 supporting four wheel/tyre structures 4,5,6 and 7.
  • the leg structure 2 is a tube of painted mild steel (preferably a corrosion-resistant steel such as is supplied under the trade mark Cor-Ten) that is oriented generally vertically and the bogie structure 3 is defined by opposed T-shaped tubular parts that in turn define axles 8 and 9 supporting the wheel/tyre structures in forward (4 and7) and aft (5 and 6) pairs.
  • a leg burner 10 in the form of a perforated pipe extends along the leg structure 2.
  • Another similar burner (not shown) can be on the other side of the leg structure 2.
  • the holes 11 in the leg burner pipe preferably face outwardly as shown so as to project flames away from the leg structure in use, thus emulating rupture of a high- pressure hydraulic line or brake line.
  • Each wheel/tyre structure also has a respective wheel burner 12 which, in this embodiment, is arranged to emulate a brake fire within a wheel.
  • the wheel burners 12 (only one of which is shown) can again be perforated pipes, albeit generally circular to suit the wheel configuration rather than the straight leg burners. Thus, the holes in the pipe are disposed in angularly spaced relation around the circle.
  • the wheel burners 12 are connected by a common manifold so that a common fuel supply feeds all of the wheel burners. With suitable valves and control means, it would be possible to select wheel burners so that one or more of those burners are alight rather than all of them at once.
  • Each wheel-tyre structure 4,5,6 and7 comprises an array of openings 13 corresponding to the wheel hub of an aircraft wheel, the holes on each wheel burner facing outwardly and thus being arranged to project flames outwardly through a mesh covering each opening.
  • a further oblong burner 15 extends around the base of the leg structure 2 just above the bogie structure 3 to emulate a fire affecting a bogie.
  • the oblong burner 15 is a perforated pipe and in this instance the holes 16 in the pipe face upwardly so as to project flames upwardly from the bogie structure 3 around the leg structure 2.
  • Each burner 10 and 12 is supplied with LPG fuel from a remote source via supply piping (not shown), so that fuel flowing along the burner pipe exits from the holes in the pipe 11 and 16 and, with suitable ignition means such as a pilot light (not shown), burns to simulate a fire that envelops or emanates from the structure concerned.
  • suitable ignition means such as a pilot light (not shown)
  • the invention contemplates individual control of each burner in the sense that at least some burners can be used independently of the other burners. It is further contemplated that the flame intensity and flame signature produced by each burner can be varied to emulate the appearance and progression of a real undercarriage fire.
  • Variation of flame intensity can be achieved by varying the fuel flow rate into the burner concerned.
  • Variation of flame signature can be achieved by altering the configuration of the burner. For example, the burner can be subdivided into a diffuser portion that produces a diffuse flame, and a nozzle portion that ejects a jet of flame. With suitable valve means to switch from one portion to another, the flame signature can be varied as desired.
  • a burner pipe may be surrounded or partially shrouded by a vaporisation channel that receives fuel emanating from the holes in the burner pipe, diffuses the fuel and allows it to exit from, the channel through one or more elongate slots extending along the channel or defined between the channel and the pipe.
  • the flame signature adopts a continuous sheet-like appearance for added realism and controllability, although local spurts of flame may also be encouraged by interrupting the vaporisation channel and allowing fuel to gush from a hole in the burner pipe and directly to atmosphere.
  • Figures 2 to 5 is shown as part of a larger aircraft mock-up that comprises a fuselage structure 22 and a broken wing structure 23, the fracture 24 in the wing being above the leg structure 2. Additional burners (not shown) may be associated with that simulated fracture to emulate a fuel tank fire issuing from the wing tanks of an aircraft.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show how the leg structure 2 is anchored to the wing structure at the top and also bolted to the ground at the bottom. This limits the freedom of the leg structure 2 to expand when heated and so introduces a risk of buckling in use of the simulator 1 . That risk is minimised by water drench pipes that surround the leg structure 2 at upper and lower levels and spray water through inwardly-facing nozzles 25 onto the leg structure 2. Provided that the water does not boil away when it hits the leg structure 2, this ensures that the leg structure 2 is kept below 100°C.
  • the nozzles of the water drench pipes should achieve a wide fiat spray pattern with uniform distribution of water over the leg structure 2.
  • Nozzles sold under the trade mark Delavan, type AN80, are an example that produce spray angles between 130° and 150°.
  • An exemplary water flow rate is 10.6 litres/min/m 2 .
  • FIG. 2 It will be evident from the front view of Figure 2 that the upper and lower levels of the water drench pipes have a common supply 26 that extends from the fuselage structure 22 out to the leg structure 2 of the undercarriage simulator 1 .
  • Figures 2 and 3 also show how the perforated tyre burner pipes 30 arch over the upper outer surface of each wheel/tyre structure 4,5,6 and 7.
  • the tyre burner pipes 30 are supplied with fuel by a fuel supply pipe 31 that depends from the wing structure parallel to the leg structure 2 but on the side opposed to the leg burner pipe 10, so that the leg structure 2 shields the fuel supply pipe 31 from flames emanating from the leg burner pipe 10.
  • Figures 4 and 5 show how the wheel burners (Figure 4) and tyre burners ( Figure 5) are interconnected for the supply of fuel.
  • the wheel burner circuit 28 doubles as pilot burner pipework that ignites fuel flowing in the tyre burner circuit 29.
  • Figure 5 shows spur pipes 32 extending from the tyre burner circuit into each wheel/tyre structure, in close proximity to the associated wheel burners 12.
  • the leg burner pipework includes a spur pipe 33 (shown in Figure 2) that extends laterally from the base of the leg burner pipe 10 into close proximity to a tyre burner 30 arching above a wheel/tyre structure.
  • the tyre burners 30 ignite via the spur pipes 32 and when fuel is introduced into the leg burner pipework 10 when the tyre burners 30 are alight, the leg burner 10 ignites via the lateral spur pipe 33.
  • the simulator 1 of the invention emulates reality in that a wheel or brake fire can progress into a tyre fire and then into a leg fire in which wheels, tyres and leg are all ablaze. This progression is achieved simply by supplying fuel to the tyre burner circuit 29 and then to the leg burner pipework 10 when the successive stages of the incident are to be simulated.
  • the operation of the simulator 1 is controlled by a control means (not shown) that can govern the simulation of a fire incident automatically (either following a pre-set plan or in response to sensed criteria) or under manual control.
  • the control means may be operable to increase the flame intensity at one structure before the simulated fire spreads to another structure. This reflects reality in which, say, a small brake fire grows before spreading to the tyre and from there, with a tyre explosion or with increasing flame intensity, to the leg.
  • the control means can be operable to increase the severity of the simulated fire incident if the efforts to control and extinguish the fire are deemed inadequate.
  • that feedback is achieved by sensor arrays associated with the structures, notably temperature sensors (not shown) distributed over, around or within the structures.
  • sensor arrays associated with the structures notably temperature sensors (not shown) distributed over, around or within the structures.
  • a fire-fighting profile can be built up as time elapses.
  • the control means can know if fire-fighting media has been applied to a critical location quickly enough to lower its temperature below ignition point, or if a 'hot spot' has been missed that could initiate the next stage of a developing conflagration.
  • a predetermined target fire-fighting profile can be stored and used by the control means, or by a controlling human operator, to judge whether the recorded fire- fighting profile is adequate. If it is not adequate, thus indicating that a real fire would not have been brought under control, the burners can be controlled to increase the flame intensity at a given structure and/or to spread the fire to the next structure.
  • the identity of a firefighter can be logged against the recorded fire-fighting profile. In this way, a good trainee can be identified and praised and a less competent trainee can be given feedback as to how to improve his or her fire-fighting techniques the next time.
  • a fire can start at a tyre structure and from there progress to the leg structure 2, without necessarily involving a wheel or brake fire as such. It is also possible for a fire to progress from the leg structure 2 to another structure beside or above the leg, which in the embodiment of Figures 2 to 5 is a wing structure. In that case, the wing structure can have a further burner that simulates a spreading fire. Similar considerations apply to other structures adjacent to or adjoining the undercarriage, such as an engine nacelle or a fuselage.
  • Smoke and/or sound generators can be employed to add realism.
  • a sound generator can emulate the sound of a fire incident and in particular can emulate an explosion when flame spreads from one structure to another.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un simulateur (1) d'incendie de l'atterrisseur comprenant une structure (2) du type jambe représentant une jambe de train d'atterrissage, une structure roue/pneumatique (4, 5, 6, 7) représentant au moins un ensemble roue/pneumatique associé à ladite jambe, des moyens de combustion (10, 12, 30) associés à chacune des structures précitées et des moyens de commande servant à commander les moyens de combustion en vue de la simulation d'un incendie se propageant de la structure roue/pneumatique (4, 5, 6, 7) à la structure jambe (2). L'invention concerne également un procédé de simulation d'un incendie d'atterrisseur d'aéronef, qui consiste à simuler un incendie dans ou sur une structure roue/pneumatique (4, 5, 6, 7) représentant un ensemble roue/pneumatique, à surveiller une réaction du type lutte contre le feu dirigée contre ledit incendie et, selon la qualité de cette réaction, à moduler l'intensité des flammes ou la signature des flammes de l'incendie simulé et/ou à étendre l'incendie simulé à une structure (2) du type jambe représentant la jambe de train d'atterrissage à laquelle la structure roue/pneumatique est associée.
PCT/GB2001/002506 2000-06-07 2001-06-07 Instruction des pompiers: incendies des atterrisseurs d'aeronefs WO2001093957A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001262532A AU2001262532A1 (en) 2000-06-07 2001-06-07 Firefighter training for aircraft undercarriage fires

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0013924.6 2000-06-07
GB0013924A GB0013924D0 (en) 2000-06-07 2000-06-07 Aviation fire scenarios for firefighter training

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001093957A1 true WO2001093957A1 (fr) 2001-12-13

Family

ID=9893202

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2001/002506 WO2001093957A1 (fr) 2000-06-07 2001-06-07 Instruction des pompiers: incendies des atterrisseurs d'aeronefs

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2001262532A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB0013924D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001093957A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2387164A1 (es) * 2010-01-14 2012-09-17 Fundacion Centro De Tecnologias Aeronauticas Sistema para la realizacion a escala de ensayos de fuego en aeronaves
CN114771869A (zh) * 2022-05-19 2022-07-22 重庆大学 飞机客舱低氧烟雾火灾模拟系统

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4439341A (en) * 1983-03-21 1984-03-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Smoke generator for use with water and smoke generant
USH1134H (en) * 1991-09-11 1993-02-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Aircraft fire-fighting training apparatus
GB2281269A (en) * 1993-08-25 1995-03-01 Gordon Haines Transportable aircraft safety training device.
US5411397A (en) * 1993-01-22 1995-05-02 Symtron Systems, Inc. Aircraft fire fighting trainer having a mixture of liquid and aggregate particles as a fuel diffuser
US5415551A (en) * 1992-12-24 1995-05-16 R2 Aircraft firefighter trainer
GB2292684A (en) * 1994-08-31 1996-03-06 John William Tulloch Mobile firefighting training rigs
US5688136A (en) * 1995-12-15 1997-11-18 Symtron Systems, Inc. Fire fighting trainer
US5846085A (en) * 1995-01-23 1998-12-08 Flameco, Inc. Firefighting training simulator

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4439341A (en) * 1983-03-21 1984-03-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Smoke generator for use with water and smoke generant
USH1134H (en) * 1991-09-11 1993-02-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Aircraft fire-fighting training apparatus
US5415551A (en) * 1992-12-24 1995-05-16 R2 Aircraft firefighter trainer
US5411397A (en) * 1993-01-22 1995-05-02 Symtron Systems, Inc. Aircraft fire fighting trainer having a mixture of liquid and aggregate particles as a fuel diffuser
GB2281269A (en) * 1993-08-25 1995-03-01 Gordon Haines Transportable aircraft safety training device.
GB2292684A (en) * 1994-08-31 1996-03-06 John William Tulloch Mobile firefighting training rigs
US5846085A (en) * 1995-01-23 1998-12-08 Flameco, Inc. Firefighting training simulator
US5688136A (en) * 1995-12-15 1997-11-18 Symtron Systems, Inc. Fire fighting trainer

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2387164A1 (es) * 2010-01-14 2012-09-17 Fundacion Centro De Tecnologias Aeronauticas Sistema para la realizacion a escala de ensayos de fuego en aeronaves
CN114771869A (zh) * 2022-05-19 2022-07-22 重庆大学 飞机客舱低氧烟雾火灾模拟系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0013924D0 (en) 2000-08-02
AU2001262532A1 (en) 2001-12-17

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US5374191A (en) Enhanced deck for firefighter training simulators
EP0585392B1 (fr) Simulation d'embrasement dans l'entrainement d'equipes de lutte contre l'incendie
EP0535279B1 (fr) Installation destinée à l'entraînement pour la lutte contre le feu
US5688136A (en) Fire fighting trainer
US5518402A (en) Fire fighter trainer having personal tracking and constructive injury determination and methods of training
US5415551A (en) Aircraft firefighter trainer
US5509807A (en) Conflagration simulator and method of operating
JPH0627870A (ja) 持運び式消防士訓練装置および消防士訓練方法
JPH06503654A (ja) 消防士訓練装置及びこの装置を使用した消防士訓練方法
ES2119173T3 (es) Unidad de entrenamiento para la lucha contra el fuego en aviones.
CN102254463A (zh) 消防灭火训练机
US2560091A (en) Fire control system
DE10204835B4 (de) Vorrichtung zur Brandsimulation
US2426771A (en) Airplane mounted fire extinguishing apparatus
WO2001093957A1 (fr) Instruction des pompiers: incendies des atterrisseurs d'aeronefs
CN110619778A (zh) 航空发动机消防训练模拟及评价系统
CN203647914U (zh) 飞机油箱灭火器
CN208770748U (zh) 一种飞行器火灾模拟训练设备
US3644073A (en) Method of smoke reduction and apparatus therefor
CN210574619U (zh) 一种航空器真火实训系统
EP1029318A1 (fr) Module deverseur de carburant pour systeme d'entrainement a l'extinction du feu
JP2501692B2 (ja) 消火活動訓練装置
CN219658273U (zh) 燃烧范围可控的轰燃火模拟装置
CN219162895U (zh) 一种通用消防灭火模拟训练装置
CN219512716U (zh) 航空器驾驶舱立体火灾模拟装置

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
32PN Ep: public notification in the ep bulletin as address of the adressee cannot be established

Free format text: NOTING OF LOSS OF RIGHTS PURSUANT TO RULE 69(1)EPC-EPO FORM 1205A OF 130203

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP