Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/106—Naphthenic fractions
  • C10M2203/1065—Naphthenic fractions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
  • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
  • C10M2207/126—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids monocarboxylic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
  • C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
  • C10M2209/108—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2227/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions having a silicon-to-carbon bond, e.g. organo-silanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/242—Hot working
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
  • C10N2040/245—Soft metals, e.g. aluminum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/01—Emulsions, colloids, or micelles
  • C10N2050/011—Oil-in-water

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a water-soluble aluminium and aluminium alloys hot rolling composition and to a process for hot rolling aluminium and aluminium alloys.
• the aluminium and aluminium alloys rolling industry expresses the need to maximize the efficiency of their rolled metal manufacturing process. In general terms, this means that there is a wish to operate at higher rolling speeds and to produce more marketable products per operating shift. Additionally, there is also a wish to minimize the number of passes through the mill taken to achieve a given level of reduction. Both these routes require that quality and surface finish be not compromised.
• the invention thus provides an oil composition for hot rolling mills that affords the following customer benefits: - a higher reduction ratio : one pass reduction is m most cases achievable; a better rolling ability (i.e. a lower rolling force and a reduced power consumption) as compared to the rolling ability obtained with oil compositions of the prior art;
• the invention is effective on any type of hot rolling, be it reversible or not, on breakdown, tandem and combination mills .
• the invention exhibits high reduction and rolling capabilities while providing an excellent strip surface finish when rolling at high speed.
• the invention provides a water-soluble aluminium and aluminium alloys hot rolling oil composition
• a water-soluble aluminium and aluminium alloys hot rolling oil composition comprising a base stock oil and, based on the total weight of the composition, from 1 to 80%, preferably from 1 to 30% by weight of a combination of :
• tetraester of a fatty acid with pentaerythritol the weight monoester : tetraester ratio of said combination ranging from 1:20 to 10:1, and preferably from 1:10 to 5:1.
• the oil composition further comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, from 0,1 to 20% of a mixture of ethoxylated alcohols (having from 5 to 15 carbons atoms and preferably from 12 to 15 carbon atoms) .
• a mixture of ethoxylated alcohols sold by ICI under tradenames Synperomc ® A7 and Hypermer ® A60 can be used, the Synperomc ® A7:Hypermer ® A60 weight ratio preferably ranging from 1:10 to 10:1.
• the oil composition further comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, from 1 to 30%, preferably from 5 to 20% by weight of oleic acid. It is actually believed that the free oleic acid provides a better surface finish to the aluminium or aluminium alloy strip.
• the invention further provides a process for preparing the oil composition.
• the invention further provides an emulsion containing the oil composition and a process for preparing this emulsion.
• the invention provides the use of the oil composition of the invention to prepare emulsions intended to be used m a aluminium or aluminium alloy hot rolling process.
• the invention also provides a process for hot rolling aluminium and aluminium alloys sheets, comprising applying an effective amount of the emulsion of the invention. Finally, the invention provides the use of the emulsion m a not rolling process.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing the applied rolling force versus the number of passes, first, when an emulsion of the prior art and then when an emulsion of the invention are used.
• Figure 2 is a graph showing the applied net rolling power versus the number of passes, first, when an emulsion of the prior art and then when an emulsion of the invention are used.
• Figure 3 shows curves representing the vaporization temperatures of an emulsion of the invention ana an emulsion of tne prior art versus the oil content of tne respective emulsions .
• the oil compositions of the invention are neat oil concentrates generally intended to be diluted m water to give oil-m-water emulsions.
• the base stock oil is any oil typically used m the field of hot rolling. It can be paraffinic or naphthenic.
• Paraffimc base oils are made from crude oils that have relatively high alkane contents (high paraffin and lsoparaffm contents) . Typical crudes are from the Middle East, North Sea, US mid-contment . The manufacturing process requires aromatics removal (usually by solvent extraction) and dewaxmg . Paraffinic base oils are characterized by their good viscosity/temperature characteristics, i.e. high viscosity index, adequate low-temperature properties and good stability. They are often referred to as solvent neutrals, where solvent means that the base oil has been solvent-refined and neutral means that the oil is of neutral pH. An alternative designation is high viscosity index (HVI) base oil.
• HVI high viscosity index
• Naphthenic case oils have a naturally low pour point, are wax- free and have excellent solvent power.
• Solvent extraction and hydrotreatment can be used to reduce the polycyclic aromatic content.
• a preferred base oil is a hydrotreated naphthenic oil .
• the base oil typically has a viscosity from 7 to 150 cSt at 40°C, preferably from 20 to 50 cSt at 40°C.
• the fatty acid of tne monoester has from 16 to 20 carbon atoms and preferably is oleic acid.
• the polyol of the monoester is preferably glycerol .
• the fatty acid of the tetraester has from 16 to 20 carbon atoms and preferably is oleic acid.
• the water-soluble oil composition preferably comprises a trialkanolamme (C 2 - ) , preferably t ⁇ ethanolamme, the amount of which being such that all bmdable trialkanolamme is bound to a part only of the oleic acid.
• the aim of this embodiment is to ensure that there remains free oleic acid the oil composition.
• the product of the reaction of the trialkanolamme with oleic acid acts as a surfactant.
• the oil composition may comprise classical additives, such as surfactants, coupling agents or cosurfaccants , friction reducing agents or lubricity agents, corrosion inhibitors or anti -oxidants , extreme-pressure and anti-wear agents, bacte ⁇ cides and fungicides, anti- foaming agents, anti-rust agents.
• classical additives such as surfactants, coupling agents or cosurfaccants , friction reducing agents or lubricity agents, corrosion inhibitors or anti -oxidants , extreme-pressure and anti-wear agents, bacte ⁇ cides and fungicides, anti- foaming agents, anti-rust agents.
• an important feature of the invention is that the oil composition, and therefore also the emulsion, do not comprise nonyl -phenol surfactants, which are considered to raise environment problems.
• anti -foaming agents are silicone cased, especially polydimethylsiloxane .
• Examples of corrosion inhibitors are hindered phenols and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) .
• Examples of extreme-pressure and anti -wear agents are dilauryl phosphate, didodecyl phosphite, trialkylphosphate such as t ⁇ (2 -ethylhexyl) phosphate, t ⁇ cresylphosphate (TCP), zinc ⁇ ialkyl (or diaryl) dithiophosphates (ZDDP) , phospho- sulphurized fatty oils, zinc dialkyldithiocarbamate) , mercaptobenzothiazole , sulphurized fatty oils, sulphurized terpenes, sulphurized oleic acid, alkyl and aryl polysulphides , sulphurized sperm oil, sulphurized mineral oil, sulphur chloride treated fatty oils, chlornaphta xanthate,
• corrosion inhibitors or anti -oxidants are radical scavengers such as phenolic antioxidants (sterically hindered), aminic antioxidants, organo-copper salts, hydroperoxides decomposers, butylated hydroxytoluene .
• radical scavengers such as phenolic antioxidants (sterically hindered), aminic antioxidants, organo-copper salts, hydroperoxides decomposers, butylated hydroxytoluene .
• anti -rust agents are amme derivative of alkenyl succmic anhydride.
• the oil composition is prepared by blending the base oil and the other ingredients under stirring or with any mixing device, preferably whilst controlling the temperature so that is does not exceed 50°C, and more preferably 45°C
• An oil- -water emulsion is prepared by diluting under stirring the oil composition of the invention m water. It is preferred to use deionized water, which may previously have been warmed to around 35°C.
• the emulsion generally comprises water and, based on the total volume of the emulsion, from 0.5 to 30%, preferably from 1 to 20%, by volume, of the oil composition.
• the aluminium alloys to which the invention applies are any aluminum alloys, including the 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 6000 and 7000 series.
• the hot rolling process can be the classical process.
• the rolled metal temperature is generally around 600-650°C on a breakdown mill and around 400-450°C on a tandem mill.
• the process is preferably carried out on a breakdown reversible mill.
• the instant oil-m-water composition allows a significant reduction of the number of passes. With conventional prior art emulsions, the number of passes was typically 13.
• the emulsion of the invention allows lowering this number by 2 passes, which is a significant improvement.
• the following examples illustrate the invention without limiting it. All parts and ratios are given by v.eight, unless otherwise stated.
• a composition is prepared by mixing the ingredients of Table 1 the order m which they appear this table. The temperature is be maintained at a maximum of 50 °C to ensure a complete dissolution and homogeneisation of tne ingredients without impairing the properties of the emulsion.
• Trioctylphosphate ester (extreme pressure acgent 3.00
• Petreoleum sulfonate (surfactant) 2.80
• Oleic acid (lubricity agent/cosurfactant ) 5.00
• An emulsion is prepared by diluting under stirring the oil composition of Table 1 in deionized water prewarmed to 35°C. The characteristics of the obtained emulsion are given in Table 3.
• the emulsion stability was determined according to the following procedure. 470 ml of distilled water at room temperature or test temperature were measured into a 800-ml beaker. A 50-ml stirrer having four paddles was attached to a stirring motor so that the paddles were positioned 25mm above the bottom of the beaker. A 50-ml dropping funnel was positioned such that the outlet was 15mm from the beaker wall. The stirrer was turned on and the rate adjusted to 1000 rpm. The sample was then heated up to a temperature of 35 ⁇ 1°C. 30 ml of the test oil were added to the dropping funnel . The dropping rate was adjusted such that all the oil was transferred to the water within 120 ⁇ 20 seconds.
• the stirring was tnen continued for an additional 60 seconds while the sample temperature was maintained at 35° ⁇ 1°C.
• the resulting emulsion was poured into a 500-ml graduated cylinder and allow to stand at room temperature for 20 hours. After 20 hours, the upper layer (yellow cream + oil) was read volume percent.
• a blank is first prepared by diluting a prior art oil composition which has the composition set out in Table 4 :
• Two emulsions are prepared by respectively diluting the oil compositions of the invention and of the prior art m dionized water.
• the AA5182 blocks were lightly scalped, degreased with methyl ethyl ketone and heated to 454 °C.
• the mill rolls were washed a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide to remove the roll coating from any previous rolling and then rinsed.
• the rmse water was checked for residual caustic.
• a profilometer was used to measure surface roughness .
• the top work roll was then sampled via caustic extraction of a known area for the later measurement of the aluminium deposited on it .
• a roll coating measurement was carried out as follows.
• a plexiglass, gasketed fixture was attached and sealed to the center of the top work roll .
• This fixture includes a reservoir covering an area of 20.26 square centimeters of the roll surface.
• Fifteen milliliters of IN sodium hydroxide was syringed into the reservoir where it was permitted to
• SUBST ⁇ SHEET (RULE 26) react with the aluminum roll coating on the roll surface for approximately 5 minutes. 3. The caustic liquor was then extracted via syringe from the reservoir and placed into a sample bottle. 4. Two 15 ml rinses with deionized water were applied, extracted with a syringe and added to the sample bottle.
• the roll coating weight was then calculated and expressed as milligrams of aluminum per square centimeter of roll surface.
• the roll coating was found to be better with the invention than with the emulsion of the prior art.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing the applied rolling force (m tons) applied on an aluminium alloy AA5182 versus the number of passes.
• Figure 2 is a graph showing the applied net rolling power (total power minus bearing losses, m kW) versus the number of passes .
• the plate-out properties of both emulsions were also determined.
• the oil plate-out property of an emulsion is herein defined as the property of the film to separate out from an emulsion onto the aluminium surface. The greater the formation of a film oil on the aluminium surface, the mgher the lubricity and the better the roll coating.
• the plate-out property is determined as follows. A preheated aluminium sheet is submerged an emulsion for a given time and then positioned at 40° angle. After drying m an oven, the amount of deposited oil is calculated from the weight difference of the aluminium sheet. A value of 650 mg/m : was found for the prior art emulsion whereas a value of 1150 mg/rrf was found for the emulsion of the invention. Therefore, the higher value obtained for the plate-out property of the emulsion of the invention reflects its better lubricity over the prior art emulsion.
• the quenching effect of an emulsion is defined as its ability to remove heat.
• the heat transfer from the aluminium surface to the emulsion therefore depends on the emulsifier system as well as on the emulsion concentration.
• the vaporization temperature of both the emulsion of the prior art and the emulsion of the invention were measured using a METTLER FP-82HT HOT STAGE commercially available from Mettler Toledo.
• a sample of an aqueous emulsion containing an oil composition is sandwiched between glass plates located between two heaters, which are maintained at the same temperature.
• the temperature of the sample is remote- controlled and the motion of the emulsion is observed via a polarizing microscope or transmission microscope.
• the emulsion no longer maintains the status that the oil droplets are dispersed water, and the emulsion system collapses transiently.
• the change of the dispersion system observed by the microscope is recorded as the vaporisation temperature of the system.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)

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• 2000
  • 2000-02-08 EP EP00400342A patent/EP1123969A1/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2001
  • 2001-02-07 DE DE60105777T patent/DE60105777T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2001-02-07 WO PCT/EP2001/001376 patent/WO2001059045A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 2001-02-07 CA CA002397228A patent/CA2397228A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-02-07 BR BR0108158-6A patent/BR0108158A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2001-02-07 AT AT01913797T patent/ATE277151T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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  • 2001-02-07 AU AU2001239249A patent/AU2001239249B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2001-02-07 CN CN01804598A patent/CN1398293A/zh active Pending
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