Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/14—Monomers containing five or more carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
  • C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
  • C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
  • Y10S526/943—Polymerization with metallocene catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process utilizing a metallocene catalyst for producing ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers, which for a given melt index (Ml) and density, have reduced melting peak temperatures (T m ). Melting peak temperature (T m ) is alternatively refe ⁇ ed to as melt transition temperature or melting point.
• the present invention also relates to a process for reducing the melting peak temperature (T m ) of ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers having a given melt index and density. Additionally, this invention relates to novel ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers, and films and articles of manufacture produced therefrom.
• Polyethylene and inte ⁇ olymers of ethylene are well known and are useful in many applications.
• linear inte ⁇ olymers of ethylene also known as copolymers, te ⁇ olymers, and the like of ethylene, possess properties which distinguish them from other polyethylene polymers, such as branched ethylene homopolymers commonly refe ⁇ ed to as LDPE (low density polyethylene). Certain of these properties are described by Anderson et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,076,698.
• a particularly useful polymerization medium for producing polymers and inte ⁇ olymers of ethylene is a gas phase process. Examples of such are given in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,709,853; 4,003,712; 4,011,382; 4,302,566; 4,543,399; 4,882,400; 5,352,749 and 5,541,270 and Canadian Patent No. 991,798 and Belgian Patent No. 839,380.
• Metallocene catalysts are known for polymerizing and inte ⁇ olymerizing ethylene.
• Metallocene catalysts comprise at least one transition metal component having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one co-catalyst component.
• Typical organometallic co-catalysts are alkyl aluminoxanes, such as methyl aluminoxane, and boron containing compounds such as tris(perfluorophenyl)boron and salts of tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate.
• the metallocene catalysts can be supported on an inert porous particulate ca ⁇ ier.
• electron donors include anhydrides, acid halides, ethers, thioethers, aldehydes, ketones, imines, amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, thioesters, dithioesters, carbonic esters, hydrocarbyl carbamates, hydrocarbyl hiocarbamates, hydrocarbyl difhiocarbamates, urethanes, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonamides, organosilicon compounds containing at least one oxygen atom, and nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony compounds connected to an organic group through a carbon or oxygen atom.
• the polymerization process of the present invention for producing an ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer having, at a given melt index and density, a reduced melting peak temperature (T m ) comprises the introduction into a polymerization medium containing ethylene and at least one or more other olefin(s), at least one metallocene catalyst comprising at least one transition metal component having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one co-catalyst component, and at least one modifier, wherein the modifier is present in the polymerization medium in an amount sufficient to reduce the melting peak temperature (T m
• the present invention also relates to a process for reducing the melting peak temperature (T m ) of an ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer having a given melt index (MI) and density.
• the process comprises introducing a modifier, into a polymerization process containing ethylene and at least one or more other olefin(s) and at least one metallocene catalyst comprising at least one transition metal component having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one co-catalyst component, in an amount sufficient to reduce the melting peak temperature (T m ).
• T m melting
• the present invention also relates to ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers, which for a given melt index and density, have a reduced melting peak temperature
• the polymerization process of the present invention for producing an ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer having, at a given melt index and density, a reduced melting peak temperature (T m ) comprises the introduction into a polymerization medium containing ethylene and at least one or more other olefin(s), at least one metallocene catalyst comprising at least one transition metal component having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one co-catalyst component, and at least one modifier, wherein the modifier is present in the polymerization medium in an amount sufficient to reduce the melting peak temperature (T m
• the present invention also relates to a process for reducing the melting peak temperature (T m ) of an ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer having a given melt index (MI) and density.
• the process comprises introducing a modifier, into a polymerization process containing ethylene and at least one or more other olefin(s) and at least one metallocene catalyst comprising at least one transition metal component having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one co-catalyst component, in an amount sufficient to reduce the melting peak temperature (T m ).
• the present invention also relates to ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers, which for a given melt index and density, have a reduced melting peak temperature
• a halogenated hydrocarbon may be added to the polymerization medium.
• Any halogenated hydrocarbon may be used in the process of the present invention. If desired more than one halogenated hydrocarbon can be used. Typical of such halogenated hydrocarbons are monohalogen and polyhalogen substituted saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic hydrocarbons having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• Preferred for use in the process of the present invention are dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorofluoromethane, chlorodifluromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, fluorodichloromethane, chlorotrifluoromethane, fluorotrichloromethane and 1 ,2-dichloroethane. Most prefe ⁇ ed for use in the process of the present invention is chloroform.
• the modifier and the optional halogenated hydrocarbon may be added to the polymerization medium in any manner.
• the modifier and the halogenated hydrocarbon may be added to the metallocene catalyst herein prior to addition to the polymerization medium, or added separately from the catalyst to the polymerization medium in any manner known in the art.
• the modifier may optionally be premixed with the halogenated hydrocarbon prior to addition to the polymerization medium.
• a gas phase fluidized bed process is utilized for inte ⁇ olymerization of ethylene, it may be advantageous to add the modifier prior to the heat removal means, e.g., the heat exchanger, to slow the rate of fouling of said heat removal means in addition to reducing the melting peak temperature of the polymer product.
• the modifier used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature (T m ) of the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer is any compound containing at least one atom selected from Group 15 and/or Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• Illustrative examples of modifiers include carboxylic acid esters, anhydrides, acid halides, ethers, thioethers, aldehydes, ketones, imines, amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, thioesters, dithioesters, carbonic esters, hydrocarbyl carbamates, hydrocarbyl thiocarbamates, hydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates, urethanes, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonamides, organosilicon compounds containing at least one oxygen atom, and nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony compounds
• Exemplary of ethers used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are any compounds containing at least one C-O-C ether linkage. Included within the ether compounds are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Exemplary ethers are dialkyl ethers, diaryl ethers, dialkaryl ethers, diaralkyl ethers, alkyl aryl ethers, alkyl alkaryl ethers, alkyl aralkyl ethers, aryl alkaryl ethers, aryl aralkyl ethers and alkaryl aralkyl ethers.
• ethers include compounds such as dimethyl ether; diethyl ether; dipropyl ether; diisopropyl ether; dibutyl ether; diisoamyl ether; di-tert-butyl ether; diphenyl ether; dibenzyl ether; divinyl ether; butyl methyl ether; butyl ethyl ether; sec- butyl methyl ether; tert-butyl methyl ether; cyclopentyl methyl ether; cyclohexyl ethyl ether; tert-amyl methyl ether; sec-butyl ethyl ether; chloromethyl methyl ether; trimethylsilylmethyl methyl ether; bis(trimethylsilylmethyl) ether; bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether; methyl phenyl ether; ethylene oxide; propylene oxide; 1,2-epoxy butane; cycl
• ether compounds to reduce the melting peak temperature are tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dioctyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, trimethylene oxide, 1 ,2- dimethoxy ethane, 1 ,2-dimethoxypropane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, 1,2- dimefhoxybutane, 1,3-dimethoxybutane, 1 ,4-dimethoxybutane, and tetrahydropyran.
• Exemplary of thioethers used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are any compounds containing at least one C-S-C thioether linkage. Included within the thioether compounds are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• Exemplary thioethers are dialkyl thioethers, diaryl thioethers, dialkaryl thioethers, diaralkyl thioethers, alkyl aryl thioethers, alkyl alkaryl thioethers, alkyl aralkyl thioethers, aryl alkaryl thioethers, aryl aralkyl thioethers and alkaryl aralkyl thioethers.
• dimethyl sulfide diethyl sulfide; dipropyl sulfide; diisopropyl sulfide; dibutyl sulfide; dipentyl sulfide; dihexyl sulfide; dioctyl sulfide; diisoamyl sulfide; di- tert-butyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl sulfide; divinyl sulfide; diallyl sulfide; dipropargyl sulfide; dicyclopropyl sulfide; dicyclopentyl sulfide; dicyclohexyl sulfide; allyl methyl sulfide; allyl ethyl sulfide; allyl cyclohexyl sulfide; allyl phenyl sulfide
• Any amine may be used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature.
• amine compounds containing heteroatoms which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of
• Exemplary amines are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl substituted amines.
• Exemplary of amines are ammonia; methylamine; ethylamine; propylamine; isopropylamine; butylamine; isobutylamine; amylamine; isoamylamine; octylamine; cyclohexylamine; aniline; dimethylamine; diethylamine; dipropylamine; diisopropylamine; dibutylamine; diisobutylamine; diamylamine; diisoamylamine; dioctylamine; dicyclohexylamine; trimethylamine; triethylamine; tripropylamine; triisopropylamine; tributylamine; triisobutylamine; triamylamine; triisoamylamine; trioctylamine; tricyclohexy
• N-ethylaniline N-propylaniline; N-isopropylaniline; N-butylaniline;
• N-isobutylaniline N-amylaniline; N-isoamylaniline; N-octylaniline; N-cyclohexylaniline; N,N-dimethylaniline; NN-diethylaniline;
• N,N-dipropylaniline N,N-diisopropylaniline; N,N-dibutylaniline;
• N,N-diisobutylaniline N,N-diamylaniline; NN-diisoamylaniline;
• N,N-dioctylaniline N,N-dicyclohexylaniline; azetidine; 1-methylazetidine;
• N-methylimidazole 1-methylpy ⁇ olidine; 1-ethylpy ⁇ olidine;
• 1-octylpy ⁇ olidine 1-cyclohexylpy ⁇ olidine; 1-phenylpy ⁇ olidine; piperidine; 1-methylpiperidine; 1-ethylpiperidine; 1-propylpiperidine; 1 -isopropylpiperidine; 1 -butylpiperidine; 1-isobutylpiperidine; 1-amylpiperidine; 1-isoamylpiperidine;
• Exemplary carboxylic acid esters are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing an ester linkage. Included within the carboxylic acid esters are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate; methyl acetate; ethyl acetate; vinyl acetate; propyl acetate; butyl acetate; isopropyl acetate; isobutyl acetate; octyl acetate; cyclohexyl acetate; ethyl propionate; ethyl valerate; methyl chloroacetate; ethyl dichloroacetate, methyl methacrylate; ethyl crotonate; ethyl pivalate; methyl benzoate; ethyl benzoate; propyl benzoate; butyl benzoate; isobutyl benzoate; isopropyl benzoate; octyl benzoate; cyclohexyl benzoate; phenyl benzoate; benzyl benzoate; methyl 2-methylbenzoate; ethyl
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a thioester linkage. Included within the thioesters are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• Exemplary thioesters are methyl thiolacetate; ethyl thiolacetate; propyl thiolacetate; isopropyl thiolacetate; butyl thiolacetate; isobutyl thiolacetate; amyl thiolacetate; isoamyl thiolacetate; octyl thiolacetate; cyclohexyl thiolacetate; phenyl thiolacetate; 2-chloroethyl thiolacetate; 3-chloropropyl thiolacetate; methyl thiobenzoate; ethyl thiobenzoate; propyl thiobenzoate; isopropyl thiobenzoate; butyl thiobenzoate; isobutyl thiobenzoate; amyl thiobenzoate; isoamyl thiobenzoate; octyl thiobenzoate; cyclohexyl thiobenzoate; phenyl
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing an amide linkage. Included within the amides are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• amides are formamide; acetamide; propionamide; isobutyramide; trimethylacetamide; hexanoamide; octadecanamide; cyclohexanecarboxamide; 1 -adamantanecarboxamide; acrylamide; methacrylamide; 2-fluoroacetamide; 2-chloroacetamide; 2-bromoacetamide; 2,2-dichloroacetamide; 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; 2,2,2-trichloroacetamide; 2-chloropropionamide; benzamide; N-methylformamide; N-ethylformamide; N-propylformamide;
• N-butylformamide N-isobutylformamide; N-amylfo ⁇ namide;
• N-cyclohexylformamide formanilide; N-methylacetamide; N-ethylacetamide; N-propylacetamide; N-butylacetamide; N-isobutylacetamide; N-amylacetamide;
• N-ethylpropionamide N-propylpropionamide; N-butylpropionamide;
• N-isobutylpropionamide N-amylpropionamide; N-cyclohexylpropionamide;
• N-phenylpropionamide N-methylisobutyramide; N-methyltrimethylacetamide; N-methylhexanoamide; N-methyloctadecanamide; N-methylacrylamide;
• N-methy 1-2-chloropropionamide N,N-dimethy lformamide ; N,N-diethy lformamide; N,N-diisopropylfo ⁇ namide; N,N-dibutylfo ⁇ namide;
• N-methylfo ⁇ nanilide N,N-dimethylacetamide; N,N-diethylacetamide;
• N,N-diisopropylacetamide N,N-dibutylacetamide; N-methylacetanilide;
• N,N-diisopropylpropionamide N,N-dibutylpropionamide; N,N-dimethylisobutyramide; N,N-dimethyltrimethylacetamide;
• N,N-dimethylhexanoamide N,N-dimethyloctadecanamide
• N-N-diisopropyl-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide N,N-dibutyl-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide
• NN-dimethyl-2-chloropropionamide 1 -acetylazetidine; 1 -acetylpy ⁇ olidine; 1-acetylpiperidine; 1-acetylpiperazine; 1-acetylpiperazine; 1 ,4-diacetylpiperazine and the like.
• Prefe ⁇ ed for use herein are NN-formamide,
• exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing an anhydride linkage. Included within the anhydrides are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• anhydrides are acetic anhydride; propionic anhydride; butyric anhydride; isobutyric anhydride; valeric anhydride; trimethylacetic anhydride; hexanoic anhydride; heptanoic anhydride; decanoic anhydride; lauric anhydride; myristic anhydride; palmitic anhydride; stearic anhydride; docosanoic anhydride; crotonic anhydride; methacrylic anhydride; oleic anhydride; linoleic anhydride; chloroacetic anhydride; iodoacetic anhydride; dichloroacetic anhydride; trifluoroacetic anhydride; chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride; trichloroacetic anhydride; pentafluoropropionic anhydride; heptafluorobutyric anhydride; succinic anhydride; methylsuccinic
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing an acid halide group. Included within the acid halides are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of
• acid halides are acetyl chloride; acetyl bromide; chloroacetyl chloride; dichloroacetyl chloride; trichloroacetyl chloride; trifluoroacetyl chloride; tribromoacetyl chloride; propionyl chloride; propionyl bromide; butyryl chloride; isobutyryl chloride; trimethylacetyl chloride; 3-cyclopentylpropionyl chloride; 2-chloropropionyl chloride; 3-chloropropionyl chloride; tert-butylacetyl chloride; isovaleryl chloride; hexanoyl chloride; heptanoyl chloride; decanoyl chloride; lauroyl chloride; myristoyl chloride; palmitoyl chloride; stearoyl chloride; oleoyl chloride; cyclopentanecarbonyl chloride; o
• exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing an aldehyde group. Included within the aldehydes are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• aldehydes are formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; propionaldehyde; isobutyraldehyde; trimethylacetaldehyde; butyraldehyde; 2- methylbutyraldehyde; valeraldehyde; isovaleraldehyde; hexanal; 2-ethylhexanal; heptaldehyde; decyl aldehyde; crotonaldehyde; acrolein; methacrolein;
• 2-ethylacrolein chloroacetaldehyde; iodoacetaldehyde; dichloroacetaldehyde; trifluoroacetaldehyde; chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde; trichloroacetaldehyde; pentafluoropropionaldehyde; heptafluorobutyraldehyde; phenylacetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; o-tolualdehyde; m-tolualdehyde; /?-tolualdehyde; trans- cinnarnaldehyde; tr ⁇ HS-2-nitrocinnarnaldehyde; 2-brornobenzaldehyde; 2- chlorobenzaldehyde; 3-chlorobenzaldehyde; 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and the like.
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a ketone linkage. Included within the ketones are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• Exemplary of ketones are acetone; 2-butanone; 3-methyl-2-butanone; pinacolone; 2-pentanone;
• 3-pentanone 3-methyl-2-pentanone; 4-methyl-2-pentanone; 2-mefhyl-3- pentanone; 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone; 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone; 2,2,4,4- tetramethyl-3-pentanone; 2-hexanone; 3-hexanone; 5-methyl-2-hexanone;
• 3-octanone 4-octanone; acetophenone; benzophenone; mesityl oxide; hexafluoroacetone; perfluoro-2-butanone; 1,1,1 -trichloroacetone and the like.
• nitriles used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are compounds containing at least one C-C ⁇ N nitrile group.
• exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a nitrile group. Included within the nitriles are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14,
• nitriles are acetonitrile; propionitrile; isopropionitrile; butyronitrile; isobutyronitrile; valeronitrile; isovaleronitrile; trimethylacetonitrile; hexanenitrile; heptanenitrile; heptyl cyanide; octyl cyanide; undecanenitrile; malononitrile; succinonitrile; glutaronitrile; adiponitrile; sebaconitrile; allyl cyanide; acrylonitrile; crotononitrile; methacrylonitrile; fumaronitrile; tetracyanoethylene; cyclopentanecarbonitrile; cyclohexanecarbonitrile; dichloroacetonitrile; fluoroacetonitrile; trichloroacetonitrile; benzonitrile; benzyl cyanide; 2-
• acetonitrile Prefe ⁇ ed for use herein are acetonitrile; isopropionitrile; trimethylacetonitrile and benzonitrile.
• Exemplary of isonitriles or isocyanides used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are compounds containing at least one C-N ⁇ C isocyanide group.
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a isocyanide group. Included within the isocyanides are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• isocyanides are methyl isocyanide; ethyl isocyanide; propyl isocyanide; isopropyl isocyanide; n-butyl isocyanide; t-butyl isocyanide; s-butyl isocyanide; pentyl cyanide; hexyl isocyanide; heptyl isocyanide; octyl isocyanide; nonyl isocyanide; decyl isocyanide; undecane isocyanide; benzyl isocyanide; 2-methylbenzyl isocyanide; 2-chlorobenzo isocyanide; 3- chlorobenzo isocyanide; 4-chlorobenzo isocyanide; o-toluyl isocyanide; m-toluyl isocyanide; ?-toluyl isocyanide; phenyl isocyanide dichloride; 1 ,4-phenylene diisocyanide
• Exemplary of thiocyanates used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are compounds containing at least one C-SCN thiocyanate group.
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a thiocyanate group. Included within the thiocyanates are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• thiocyanates are methyl thiocyanate; ethyl thiocyanate; propyl thiocyanate; isopropyl thiocyanate; n-butyl thiocyanate; t-butyl thiocyanate; s-butyl thiocyanate; pentyl thiocyanate; hexyl thiocyanate; heptyl thiocyanate; octyl thiocyanate; nonyl thiocyanate; decyl thiocyanate; undecane thiocyanate; benzyl thiocyanate; phenyl thiocyanate; 4'-bromophenyacyl thiocyanate; 2-methylbenzyl thiocyanate; 2-chlorobenzo thiocyanate; 3-chlorobenzo thiocyanate; 4-chlorobenzo thiocyanate; o-toluyl thiocyanate; m
• Exemplary of isothiocyanates used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are compounds containing at least one C-NCS isothiocyanate group.
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a isothiocyanate group. Included within the isothiocyanates are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• isothiocyanates are methyl isothiocyanate; ethyl isothiocyanate; propyl isothiocyanate; isopropyl isothiocyanate; n-butyl isothiocyanate; t-butyl isothiocyanate; s-butyl isothiocyanate; pentyl isothiocyanate; hexyl isothiocyanate; heptyl isothiocyanate; octyl isothiocyanate; nonyl isothiocyanate; decyl isothiocyanate; undecane isothiocyanate; phenyl isothiocyanate; benzyl isothiocyanate; phenethyl isothiocyanate; o-tolyl isothiocyanate; 2-fluorophenyl isothiocyanate; 3-fluorophenyl isothiocyanate; 4-fluorophenyl is
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a sulfoxo group. Included within the sulfoxides are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• sulfoxides are methyl sulfoxide; ethylsulfoxide; propylsulfoxide; butyl sulfoxide; pentyl sulfoxide; hexyl sulfoxide; heptyl sulfoxide; octyl sulfoxide; nonyl sulfoxide; decyl sulfoxide; phenyl sulfoxide; p-tolyl sulfoxide; m-tolyl sulfoxide; o-tolyl sulfoxide; methyl phenyl sulfoxide; (R) - (+) - methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide; (S) - (-) - methyl phenyl sulfoxide; phenyl vinyl sulfoxide; 4- chlorophenyl sulfoxide; methyl (phenylsulfinyl)acetate; benzyl sulfox
• Exemplary are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds containing a sulfone group. Included within the sulfones are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• sulfones are methyl sulfone; ethyl sulfone; propyl sulfone; butyl sulfone; methyl vinyl sulfone; ethyl vinyl sulfone; divinyl sulfone; phenyl vinyl sulfone; allyl phenyl sulfone; cis-1,2- bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene; 2-(phenylsulfonyl)tetrahydropyran; chloromethyl phenyl sulfone; bromomethyl phenyl sulfone; phenyl tribromomethyl sulfone; 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfone; methylthiomethyl phenyl sulfone; (phenylsulfonyl)acetonitrile; chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfone; N, N-bis(p-
• Exemplary of phosphorous compounds used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic phosphorous compounds having 2 to 50 carbon atoms containing at least one phosphorous atom. Included within the phosphorous compounds are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from
• phosphorous compounds are trimethylphosphine; triethylphosphine; trimethyl phosphite; triethyl phosphite; hexamethylphosphorus triamide; hexamethylphosphoramide; tripiperidinophosphine oxide; triphenylphosphine; tri-p-tolylphosphine; tri-m-tolylphosphine; tri-o-tolylphosphine; rnethyldiphenylphosphine; ethyldiphenylphosphine; isopropyldiphenylphosphine; allyldiphenylphosphine; cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine; benzyldiphenylphosphine; di-tert-butyl dirnethylphosphorarnidite; di-tert-butyl diethylphosphorarni
• organosilicon compounds used herein to reduce the melting peak temperature are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic organosilicon compounds having 2 to 50 carbon atoms containing at least one oxygen atom. Included within the organosilicon compounds are compounds containing heteroatoms, which are atoms other than carbon, selected from
• organosilicon compounds are tetramethyl orthosilicate; tetraethyl orthosilicate; tetrapropyl orthosilicate; tetrabutyl orthosilicate; trichloromethoxysilane; trichloroethoxysilane; trichloropropoxysilane; trichloroisopropoxysilane; trichlorobutoxysilane; trichloroisobutoxysilane; dichlorodimethoxysilane; dichlorodiethoxysilane; dichlorodipropoxysilane; dichlorodiisopropoxysilane; dichlorodibutoxysilane; dichlorodiisobutoxysilane; chlorotrimethoxysilane; chlorotriethoxysilane; chlorotripropoxysilane; chlorotriisopropoxysilane; chlorotriisopropoxysilane; chlorotrimethoxysilane;
• Prefe ⁇ ed for use herein are cyclohexylmefhyldimethoxysilane, tetraethyl orthosilicate and dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane. Mixtures or combinations of two or more of the above modifiers can also be used herein as the modifier to reduce the melting peak temperature.
• Metallocene catalysts are well known in the industry and are comprised of at least one transition metal component and at least one co-catalyst component.
• the transition metal component of the metallocene catalyst comprises a compound having at least one moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pentadienyl, substituted or unsubstituted py ⁇ ole, substituted or unsubstituted phosphole, substituted or unsubstituted arsole, substituted or unsubstituted boratabenzene, and substituted or unsubstituted carborane, and at least one transition metal.
• the moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl.
• the transition metal is selected from Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Exemplary of such transition metals are scandium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and the like, and mixtures thereof. In a prefe ⁇ ed embodiment the transition metal is selected from Groups 4, 5 or 6 such as, for example, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium and chromium, and in a still further prefe ⁇ ed embodiment, the transition metal is titanium or zirconium or mixtures thereof.
• the co-catalyst component of the metallocene catalyst can be any compound, or mixtures thereof, that can activate the transition metal component(s)of the metallocene catalyst in olefin polymerization.
• the co-catalyst is an alkylaluminoxane such as, for example, mefhylaluminoxane (MAO) and aryl substituted boron containing compounds such as, for example, tris(perfluorophenyl)borane and the salts of tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate.
• MAO mefhylaluminoxane
• aryl substituted boron containing compounds such as, for example, tris(perfluorophenyl)borane and the salts of tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate.
• the metallocene catalysts herein also include catalyst systems such as [C 5 H 5 B-OEt]2ZrCl2, [C 5 H 4 CH2CH 2 NMe 2 ]TiCl 3 , [PC 4 Me 3 Si(Me) 2 NCMe 3 ]ZrCl 2 , [C 5 Me 4 Si(Me) 2 NCMe 3 ]TiCl 2 , and (C 5 H 5 )(C 5 H 7 )ZrCl2.
• catalyst systems such as [C 5 H 5 B-OEt]2ZrCl2, [C 5 H 4 CH2CH 2 NMe 2 ]TiCl 3 , [PC 4 Me 3 Si(Me) 2 NCMe 3 ]ZrCl 2 , [C 5 Me 4 Si(Me) 2 NCMe 3 ]TiCl 2 , and (C 5 H 5 )(C 5 H 7 )ZrCl2.
• the metallocene catalysts herein can be introduced in the process of the present invention in any manner.
• the catalyst components can be introduced directly into the polymerization medium in the form of a solution, a slurry or a dry free flowing powder.
• the transition metal component(s) and the co-catalyst component(s) of the metallocene catalyst can be premixed to form an activated catalyst prior to addition to the polymerization medium, or the components can be added separately to the polymerization medium, or the components can be premixed and then contacted with one or more olefins to form a prepolymer and then added to the polymerization medium in prepolymer form.
• any electron donor compound may be added to the catalyst to control the level of activity of the catalyst.
• the carrier can be any particulate organic or inorganic material.
• the carrier particle size should not be larger than about 200 microns in diameter. The most prefe ⁇ ed particle size of the carrier material can be easily established by experiment.
• the carrier should have an average particle size of 5 to 200 microns in diameter, more preferably 10 to 150 microns and most preferably 20 to 100 microns.
• suitable inorganic ca ⁇ iers include metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal halogenides or other metal salts, such as sulphates, carbonates, phosphates, nitrates and silicates.
• exemplary of inorganic ca ⁇ iers suitable for use herein are compounds of metals from Groups 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as salts of sodium or potassium and oxides or salts of magnesium or calcium, for instance the chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, phosphates or silicates of sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium and the oxides or hydroxides of, for instance, magnesium or calcium.
• inorganic oxides such as silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, chromia, boron oxide, silanized silica, silica hydrogels, silica xerogels, silica aerogels, and mixed oxides such as talcs, silica/chromia, silica chromia/titania, silica/alumina, silica/titania, silica/magnesia, silica magnesia/titania, aluminum phosphate gels, silica co-gels and the like.
• inorganic oxides such as silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, chromia, boron oxide, silanized silica, silica hydrogels, silica xerogels, silica aerogels, and mixed oxides such as talcs, silica/chromia, silica chromia/titania, silic
• the inorganic oxides may contain small amounts of carbonates, nitrates, sulfates and oxides such as Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , BaSO 4 , KNO 3 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 , Al(NO 3 ) 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O and Li 2 O.
• Ca ⁇ iers containing at least one component selected from the group consisting of MgCl 2 , SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 or mixtures thereof as a main component are prefe ⁇ ed.
• suitable organic ca ⁇ iers include polymers such as, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, inte ⁇ olymers of ethylene and alpha- olefins, polystyrene, functionalized polystyrene, polyamides and polyesters.
• the metallocene catalyst herein may be prepared by any method known in the art.
• the catalyst can be in the form of a solution, a slurry or a dry free flowing powder.
• the amount of metallocene catalyst used is that which is sufficient to allow production of the desired amount of the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer.
• the co-catalyst(s) is added to the polymerization medium in any amount sufficient to effect production of the desired ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer. It is prefe ⁇ ed to utilize the co-catalyst(s) in a molar ratio of co-catalyst(s) to transition metal component(s) of the metallocene catalyst ranging from about 0.5:1 to about 10000: 1. In a more prefe ⁇ ed embodiment, the molar ratio of co-catalyst(s) to transition metal component(s) ranges from about 0.5: 1 to about 1000: 1.
• any organometallic compound(s) may be added to the polymerization medium in addition to the metallocene catalyst herein.
• the organometallic compounds may be added for many pu ⁇ oses such as catalyst activity modifiers, particle mo ⁇ hology control agents and/or electrostatic charge mediators.
• Prefe ⁇ ed for use herein are organoaluminum compounds such as trialkylaluminums, dialkylaluminum halides, alkylaluminum dihalides and alkylaluminum sesquihalides.
• Exemplary of such compounds are trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri- «-propylaluminum, tri-n- butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, tri-2-methylpentylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, t ⁇ i-n- decylaluminum, dimethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum chloride, dibutylaluminum chloride, diisobutylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum bromide and diethylaluminum iodide, methylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, butylaluminum dichloride, isobutylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum dibromide and ethylaluminum diiodide,
• the at least one or more organometallic compound(s), if utilized, can be added to the polymerization medium in any manner.
• the organometallic compound(s) can be introduced directly into the polymerization medium or premixed with the modifier prior to addition to the polymerization medium.
• the amount of organometallic compound(s) added to the polymerization medium is any amount that is suitable to achieve the desired pu ⁇ ose.
• the molar ratio of organometallic compound(s) to modifier(s) ranges from about 100:1 to about 1 :1.
• the polymerization process of the present invention may be ca ⁇ ied out using any suitable process, for example, solution, slurry and gas phase.
• a particularly desirable method for producing ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers according to the present invention is a gas phase polymerization process preferably utilizing a fluidized bed reactor. This type reactor and means for operating the reactor are well known and completely described in U.S Patents Nos. 3,709,853; 4,003,712; 4,011,382; 4,012,573; 4,302,566; 4,543,399; 4,882,400; 5,352,749; 5,541,270; Canadian Patent No. 991,798 and Belgian Patent No. 839,380.
• the polymerization process of the present invention may be effected as a continuous gas phase process such as a fluid bed process.
• a fluid bed reactor for use in the process of the present invention typically comprises a reaction zone and a so-called velocity reduction zone.
• the reaction zone comprises a bed of growing polymer particles, formed polymer particles and a minor amount of catalyst particles fluidized by the continuous flow of the gaseous monomer and diluent to remove heat of polymerization through the reaction zone.
• some of the recirculated gases may be cooled and compressed to form liquids that increase the heat removal capacity of the circulating gas stream when readmitted to the reaction zone.
• a suitable rate of gas flow may be readily determined by simple experiment. Make up of gaseous monomer to the circulating gas stream is at a rate equal to the rate at which particulate polymer product and monomer associated therewith is withdrawn from the reactor and the composition of the gas passing through the reactor is adjusted to maintain an essentially steady state gaseous composition within the reaction zone. The gas leaving the reaction zone is passed to the velocity reduction zone where entrained particles are removed. Finer entrained particles and dust may be removed in a cyclone and/or fine filter.
• the gas is passed through a heat exchanger wherein the heat of polymerization is removed, compressed in a compressor and then returned to the reaction zone.
• the reactor temperature of the fluid bed process herein ranges from about 30°C to about 120°C. In general, the reactor temperature is operated at the highest temperature that is feasible taking into account the sintering temperature of the polymer product within the reactor.
• the process of the present invention is suitable for the production of inte ⁇ olymers of ethylene, including copolymers, te ⁇ olymers, and the like, of ethylene and at least one or more other olefins wherein the ethylene content is at least about 50% by weight of the total monomers involved.
• the olefins are alpha-olefins.
• the olefins may contain from 3 to 16 carbon atoms.
• Exemplary olefins that may be utilized herein are propylene, 1- butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 4-methylpent-l-ene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-hexadecene and the like.
• polyenes such as 1 ,3-hexadiene, 1 ,4-hexadiene, cyclopentadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 4- vinylcyclohex-1-ene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 5-vinylidene-2-norbornene, 5-vinyl-2- norbornene, and olefins formed in situ in the polymerization medium.
• olefins are formed in situ in the polymerization medium, the formation of ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers containing long chain branching may occur.
• the modifier used to reduce the melting peak temperature of the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer is added in any manner.
• the modifier may be added to the preformed catalyst, to the prepolymer during the prepolymerization step, to the preformed prepolymer and/or to the polymerization medium.
• the modifier may optionally be premixed with the co-catalyst.
• the modifier is added in any amount sufficient to reduce the melting peak temperature of the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer to a level lower than would result in the same polymerization process in the absence of the modifier.
• the melting peak temperature is reduced by at least 0.5°C. More preferably the melting peak temperature is reduced by at least 1.0°C. Most prefe ⁇ ed the melting peak temperature is reduced by at least 2.0°C.
• the modifier When the modifier is a liquid or solid at 1 atmosphere of pressure and at 20°C, it is prefe ⁇ ed to inco ⁇ orate the modifier in a molar ratio of modifier to transition metal component(s) of the metallocene catalyst ranging from about 0.001 :1 to about 100: 1. In a more prefe ⁇ ed embodiment, where the modifier is a liquid or solid, the molar ratio of the modifier to transition metal component(s) ranges from about 0.01 J to about 50: 1. When the modifier is a gas at 1 atmosphere of pressure and at 20°C, it is prefe ⁇ ed to inco ⁇ orate the gaseous modifier at a concentration in the polymerization medium ranging from about 1 ppm by volume to about 10,000 ppm by volume.
• the concentration of the gaseous modifier in the polymerization medium ranges from about 1 ppm by volume to about 1000 ppm by volume.
• the halogenated hydrocarbon may be added to the polymerization medium in any amount sufficient to effect production of the desired polyolefin. It is prefe ⁇ ed to inco ⁇ orate the halogenated hydrocarbon in a molar ratio of halogenated hydrocarbon to metal component of the metallocene catalyst ranging from about 0.001 :1 to about 100:1. In a more prefe ⁇ ed embodiment, the molar ratio of halogenated hydrocarbon to metal component ranges from about 0.001 : 1 to about 10:1.
• any conventional additive may be added to the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers obtained by the invention.
• the additives include nucleating agents, heat stabilizers, antioxidants of phenol type, sulfur type and phosphorus type, lubricants, antistatic agents, dispersants, copper harm inhibitors, neutralizing agents, foaming agents, plasticizers, anti-foaming agents, flame retardants, crosslinking agents, flowability improvers such as peroxides, ultraviolet light absorbers, light stabilizers, weathering stabilizers, weld strength improvers, slip agents, anti-blocking agents, antifogging agents, dyes, pigments, natural oils, synthetic oils, waxes, fillers and rubber ingredients.
• the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers of the present invention may be fabricated into films by any technique known in the art.
• films may be produced by the well known cast film, blown film and extrusion coating techniques.
• ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers may be fabricated into other articles of manufacture, such as molded articles, by any of the well known techniques.
• the polymerization process utilized in Examples 1-39 herein is ca ⁇ ied out in a fluidized-bed reactor for gas-phase polymerization, consisting of a vertical cylinder of diameter 0.74 meters and height 7 meters and surmounted by a velocity reduction chamber.
• the reactor is provided in its lower part with a fluidization grid and with an external line for recycling gas, which connects the top of the velocity reduction chamber to the lower part of the reactor, at a point below the fluidization grid.
• the recycling line is equipped with a compressor for circulating gas and a heat transfer means such as a heat exchanger.
• the reactor contains a fluidized bed consisting of a polyethylene powder made up of particles with a weight-average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 1.A mm.
• the gaseous reaction mixture which contains ethylene, olefin comonomer, hydrogen, nitrogen and minor amounts of other components, passes through the fluidized bed under a pressure ranging from about 280 psig to about 300 psig with an ascending fluidization speed, refe ⁇ ed to herein as fluidization velocity, ranging from about 1.6 feet per second to about 2.0 feet per second.
• the liquid modifier When a liquid modifier is utilized, the liquid modifier is introduced continuously into the line for recycling the gaseous reaction mixture as a solution, for example, in n-hexane, n-pentane, isopentane or 1 -hexene, at a concentration of about 1 weight percent.
• gaseous modifier for example, O 2 , N 2 O, CO or CO 2
• the gaseous modifier is introduced continuously into the line for recycling the gaseous reaction mixture.
• EXAMPLE 1 The polymerization process is ca ⁇ ied out as described above.
• the olefins used herein are ethylene and 1-hexene. Hydrogen is used to control molecular weight.
• the metallocene catalyst comprises bis(l-butyl-3- methylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride and methyl aluminoxane supported on silica. The compound that is introduced to reduce melting peak temperature is tetrahydrofuran.
• T m melting peak temperature of the ethylene/ 1-hexene inte ⁇ olymer is expected to be reduced, at a given melt index and density, as a result of inco ⁇ orating the tetrahydrofuran in the polymerization medium.
• Example 3 dibutyl ether, Example 4 diisopropyl ether,
• Example 8 ethyl benzoate, Example 9 j ⁇ -ethoxy ethyl benzoate,
• Example 13 1-isobutylpiperidine, Example 14 N,N-dimethylformamide,
• Example 18 trifluoroacetaldehyde, Example 19 benzaldehyde, Example 20 tetrahydrothiophene,
• the DSC melting peak temperature (T m ) of the ethylene/ 1-hexene inte ⁇ olymer, having a given melt index and density, is expected to be reduced as a result of utilizing the particular modifier hereinabove in the polymerization medium in place of THF as the modifier.
• Example 1 The process of Example 1 is followed with the exception that in place of the 1-hexene there is utilized the following comonomers:
• Example 29 propylene, Example 30 1 -butene, Example 31 1-pentene, Example 32 4-methylpent- 1 -ene, Example 33 1 -octene.
• the melting peak temperature (T m ) of the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymer is expected to be reduced, at a given melt index and density, as a result of inco ⁇ orating the tetrahydrofuran in the polymerization medium.
• Example 34 bis(l-butyl-3- methylcyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium and tris(perfluorophenyl)borane
• Example 35 bis( 1 -butyl-3 - methylcyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium and triphenylmethylium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate
• Example 36 (tert-butylamido)dimethyl(tetramethyl- ⁇ 5 - cyclopentadienyl)silanetitaniumdimethyl and triphenylmethylium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate
• Example 34 bis(l-butyl-3- methylcyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium and tris(perfluorophenyl)borane
• Example 35 bis( 1 -butyl-3 - methylcyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium and triphen
• Example 37 (tert-butylamido)dimethyl(tetramethyl- ⁇ 5 - cyclopentadienyl)silanetitaniumdimethyl and tris(perfluorophenyl)borane
• Example 38 (tert-butylamido)dimethyl(tetramethyl- ⁇ 5 - cyclopentadienyl)silanetitaniumdimethyl and methy laluminoxane .
• Example 1 The process of Example 1 is followed with the exception that trimethylaluminum is added, in addition to the metallocene catalyst, to the polymerization process. Films can be prepared from the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers of the present invention.
• Articles such as molded items can also be prepared from the ethylene/olefin inte ⁇ olymers of the present invention.

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