WO2000068546A1 - Kältekraftmaschine - Google Patents
Kältekraftmaschine Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000068546A1 WO2000068546A1 PCT/EP2000/004058 EP0004058W WO0068546A1 WO 2000068546 A1 WO2000068546 A1 WO 2000068546A1 EP 0004058 W EP0004058 W EP 0004058W WO 0068546 A1 WO0068546 A1 WO 0068546A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/10—Alleged perpetua mobilia
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and various devices for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy and their energetically advantageous applications. It comprises, firstly, a method for converting thermal energy into useful work, secondly, different devices for implementing this method as an open or closed system, thirdly, advantageous additional devices for using the method in different fields of application, and fourthly, concepts for designing a
- a machine described here is neither a heat engine nor a refrigeration machine in the conventional sense. It forms a new type of energy converter for thermal energy and is referred to as a refrigeration machine to distinguish it from known machines.
- Heat engines convert thermal energy into useful work by a fluid as the working medium of the machine undergoes a cyclic process of thermodynamic states.
- the fluid is conveyed from low to high pressure, then heated at high pressure by supplying thermal energy, then expanded to low pressure with the release of useful work, and then cooled to the initial temperature by removing thermal energy.
- the thermodynamic process is a vapor cycle process, and if the fluid always remains gaseous, then it is a gas cycle process.
- the steam cycle with water as the working medium is currently the most important process for electricity generation and is mainly used in large power plants.
- the gas cycle process with air as the working medium is currently the most important process to drive means of transport as well as stationary and mobile work machines (vehicles, planes, ships, lawnmowers, chainsaws, pebble generators etc.).
- thermodynamic cycle In thermal engines, the thermodynamic cycle is right-handed, with thermal energy being supplied at high temperature and being released as waste heat to the environment of the machine at low temperature. The difference between the supplied and the removed thermal energy corresponds to the work performed. The ratio of useful work and heat energy supplied is the efficiency of the machine. According to CA.RNOT, the efficiency of conventional heat engines depends on the upper and lower process temperature (T ohen and T mten ) and can determine the value
- CARNOT efficiency represents the theoretical upper limit for the efficiency of conventional heat engines. According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, the waste heat of the machine can never be colder than the temperature of the machine environment. Because the ambient temperature forms a finite barrier for the temperature of the waste heat, the efficiency of conventional heat engines according to the CARNOT theorem can only be increased by raising the upper process temperature.
- Chillers are work machines with a frequent thermodynamic cycle (steam or gas). They transport heat energy using Because work (compression chiller) and possibly additional heating (absorption refrigeration machine ⁇ ) from deep to high temperature and then also give them to the vicinity of the machine. The heat absorption takes place at low temperature so that heat can be extracted from an object to be cooled. According to the 1st law of thermodynamics, the thermal energy given off as waste heat by the chiller is the sum of the thermal energy extracted from the cooled object and the drive work of the machine.
- the disadvantage of heat engines and chillers is that the environment always represents the heat sink for the respective waste heat, which pollutes the environment or ' the environment.
- the ambient temperature forms a natural barrier to the waste heat temperature, because the waste heat can never be colder than the environment of the respective machine according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
- heat engines for high efficiency, they have to absorb heat at the highest possible temperature, which can only be achieved by burning primary energy sources, which are fossil or nuclear or biologically produced fuels, or by concentrating Sennenlicht using mirror concentrators.
- primary energy sources which are fossil or nuclear or biologically produced fuels, or by concentrating Sennenlicht using mirror concentrators.
- CARNOT conventional heat engines for the use of low temperature heat always have a poor efficiency and are therefore generally less economical than heat engines with a high upper process temperature.
- the emissions due to the combustion of fossil or nuclear fuels lead to sustainable damage to the environment with all known consequences, including a possible climate catastrophe.
- the disadvantage of refrigeration machines is the additional expenditure of energy to be supplied, either as work in the world or as heating energy, which, in addition to the actual cooling output, must also be transported to the surroundings as waste heat. If the chiller uses its drive energy indirectly or directly Served via the operation of a heat engine, the emissions and the waste heat from the driving heat engine are in principle to be attributed proportionately to the refrigerator. The operation of a refrigeration machine therefore causes its own waste heat indirectly to increase the amount of waste heat and emissions in the environment by the proportion of the causing antiperso.
- the use of a working medium (refrigerant) is also disadvantageous if it can intensify the greenhouse effect and get into the atmosphere as a result of leakage or when the machine is dismantled.
- the aim of the invention is firstly to find a method for converting thermal energy which does not have the disadvantages mentioned, secondly to find devices for carrying out the method, thirdly to find advantageous additions to these devices for different areas of application, and fourthly To find concepts and procedures for an energy management system, with which the use of conventional heat engines and chillers can be advantageously substituted.
- the invention is described with reference to 18 figures. The figures are grouped together and describe in detail:
- thermodynamics According to the current view of physics, heat is the form of energy that is transferred between two thermodynamic systems due to a temperature difference.
- a system in the sense of thermodynamics is "closed” if it does not exchange energy or mass with its surroundings, it is
- Maxwell's theory enables a statement to be made about the proportion of a molecule that has a certain velocity and thus a certain kinetic energy. Thereafter, a molecule set contains many molecules that possess a true ⁇ scheinlichste speed and fewer molecules that are faster or slower. At the molecular level there is therefore a statistically distributed spectrum of velocities or temperatures, which shows the course of Maxwell's distribution equivalent.
- the theory was only formulated for ideal gases, these principles are also considered valid for real gases and liquids. In the ideal gas model, the individual gas molecules are punctiform, without their own volume, and they only interact through elastic collision.
- the molecules of real gases have their own volume, and they interact not only through elastic collision but also via intermolecularly acting electrical forces caused by molecular dipoles.
- Real gases can be condensed by cooling.
- the change in the physical state from liquid to gaseous depends on a threshold value, a minimum level of kinetic energy. A molecule must reach this in order to overcome the intermolecular forces and thereby change the state of matter.
- the threshold value depends on the temperature and pressure of the respective fluid and is essentially influenced by the level of the intermolecular forces of the fluid substance. The threshold value can be seen in the Maxwell distribution as a pressure-dependent vertical, which marks the minimum speed and thus the minimum energy.
- This minimum energy is required for a molecule to change its state of matter - to the left of the threshold value, molecules are slow, ie cold, and can become liquid, to the right of the threshold value, they are fast, ie hot, and can become gaseous.
- the transition to gas is associated with a considerable increase in the volume of the fluid.
- the position of the threshold value can be influenced by the pressure, the amount of molecules that are to the left or right of the threshold value by the temperature.
- the energy profile of a quantity of molecules can be influenced by a physical process, which forms the basis for the refrigeration machine according to the invention:
- the mixture of fluids of different substances or different temperatures It is known from daily life that lukewarm bathing water can reach the desired bathing temperature by adding hot water. If you let hot water run into lukewarm bathing water, zones of different temperatures first develop, which equalize within a certain time until the same water temperature can be measured in the entire bath tub - the hot water has cooled down and the lukewarm water has warmed up. The final temperature can be determined using the mixing rule. It is always between the initial temperature of the quantities of water involved in the mixture.
- an energy transport takes place in Maxwell's energy profile of the molecular amounts involved, ie the energy profile of the equilibrium state differs from the profile from the sum of the two input profiles.
- the difference between the two profiles shows the energy transport within the molecular quantity.
- kinetic energy is transported from the hot, fast end and from the cold, slow end to the middle area. If the threshold value for the change in the physical state is exceeded, then the physical state of the affected molecules can change: condensation of vapor in a liquid, or evaporation of a liquid in a gas, or the formation of mist when two gases are mixed or for evaporation at the
- FIG. 1 shows the course of Maxwell's velocity distribution for nitrogen as an approximately ideal gas at temperatures of 300 K or 900 K. At 300 K the curve is higher and narrower than at 900 K.
- FIG. 2 shows schematically the course of Maxwell's velocity distribution for two temperatures Tl and T2 with Tl colder than T2 and additionally the threshold values for the change in the physical state at pressures pl and p2 with pl less than p2. It is clear that at p1 the amount of molecules to Tl will be largely liquid, while at T2 it will be largely gaseous.
- Figure 3 shows the energy profiles of two molecular quantities of a substance plotted against the speed of its molecules.
- E. l is the profile of a quantity of substance of four moles at a low temperature Tl.
- E.2 is the profile of a quantity of substance of one mole at a high temperature T2.
- FIG. 4 shows the energy profiles of the two amounts of molecules shortly after the mixing process and after the thermal equilibrium has been established.
- E. 1 +2 is the sum of the individual profiles from FIG. 3 and E.
- Mix is the profile of a quantity of five moles of the substance with the mixing temperature of the thermal equilibrium. It is clear that both Profiles are different, but immediately after the mixing process there is considerably more kinetic energy above a molecular velocity of approximately 1100 m / s than after the equilibrium has been established.
- the profile E. 1 + 2 immediately after the mixing process has an excess of kinetic energy below 500 m / s and above 1100 m / s. In between there is a deficit that is compensated for by restoring the state of equilibrium. If the threshold value for the phase transition is gaseous-liquid at 10C0 m / s, then the amount of molecules will condense beyond 1100 m / s when the equilibrium is set.
- Fluids of different temperatures generate energy in the spectrum of Maxwell's molecular speeds. This allows a phase change to be forced, which is then associated with a considerable change in the volume of the fluid.
- the energy transport takes place through molecular interaction in the three-dimensional flow field without a fixed wall surface geometry.
- the refrigeration engine is based on thermodynamic processes.
- the starting point for the construction of the new process are a right ⁇ wholesomeer steam cycle, and a storage process which can be carried out with a liquid or a gaseous fluid.
- a clockwise steam cycle process creates work from ter heat by pumping liquid wedge to high pressure, it is evaporated there with the addition of heat, then expanded to low pressure with the emission of wave work and finally liquefied as a result of cooling by heat extraction.
- a storage process converts useful work or kinetic energy into potential energy by pumping a fluid from low to high pressure. The potential energy then contained in a pressure accumulator can be recovered at a later time using a relaxation machine.
- the second essential basic principle of the kite engine is based on the fact that a right-handed circular process is generated from the storage process, in that a part of the area of the right-handed steam circular process is released to the storage process by mass transfer and mixing of two fluids. This then spans an area in the pressure-volume diagram for the period of the molecular energy transfer in the Maxwell's profile, which thus represents a further clockwise cycle and can deliver useful work. Pressure, temperature and the working substances involved are to be selected so that the energy transport within the balancing process is the threshold value for the phase transition of the steam process the relevant working medium is undershot and this condenses when the mixture equilibrium is set.
- the construction of the process is based on the material combination of two processes and in the simplest case requires three pressure levels: the lower pressure pl of the steam cycle, the upper pressure p2 of the steam cycle, and a mixture pressure px that lies between the upper and lower pressure of the steam cycle.
- the steam cycle is between pressures pl and p2 and the storage process is between pressures pl and px.
- the steam cycle process is separated into two parts, one of which runs between pl and px and the second between px and p2.
- the area enclosed by the changes in the state of the steam cycle is divided into two by a horizontal line at px
- the upper part of the steam cycle process is closed by completely removing material from px.
- This method is known from the gasoline or diesel engine, in which the open cycle is closed by releasing substances to the environment.
- Sub-process between the pressure level px and p2, the useful work generated is transferred to the storage process.
- the upper part of the steam cycle pumps the fluid of the storage process from pressure level pl to pressure level px. Closing the upper part of the steam cycle requires the complete removal of the amount of substance from px in the steam cycle.
- This quantity of substance is mixed with the quantity of substance of the storage process and the volume of the storage process increases by the volume of the quantity of substance added from the steam cycle process.
- the upper state point of the storage process shifts to a larger volume on the volume axis to the right, whereby an area is spanned with the lines of the storage process. The entire mixture is now relaxed from px to pl with the release of wave work.
- the superposition of two sub-processes creates a triangular process that does NOT have to dissipate waste heat to the environment, because the waste heat transport through redistribution in Maxwell's energy profile takes place as a result of a mixing process of molecular amounts of different temperatures within a closed system boundary, whereby the waste heat energy is moved by a quantity of substance that circulates between two sub-processes .
- the principle can be implemented both with a liquid storage process and with a gas storage process.
- the expansion of the mixture leads to a fog condensation, the liquid of the fog having to be removed from the gas with the aid of a force field, preferably a centrifugal field.
- a force field preferably a centrifugal field.
- the expansion of the mixture leads to the absorption of the vapor in a liquid, which thus acts like a thermal compressor, which is used, for example, in absorption chillers.
- thermodynamic system of the refrigeration engine can be constructed in such a way that the waste heat flow of the cycle processes is circulated via a mass transfer within the system boundary and does not have to be transported to the environment. Because the waste heat from the refrigeration engine circulates inside the system boundary using a quantity of substance that changes its physical state, the temperature window of the steam cycle can be freely selected. This in turn results in three possible process variants:
- KKM. A are upper and lower process temperature of the steam cycle above the ambient temperature ⁇ .
- KKM. B is the ambient temperature ⁇ between the upper and lower process temperature of the steam rice process.
- KKM. C both process temperatures are below the ambient temperature maturity.
- the variant KKI4. A can be realized, for example, with a combination of water and air, KKM. B with the combination of ammonia and nitrogen, KKM. C finally with liquid nitrogen and helium.
- the names of the material combinations are only examples and are in no way an exhaustive list.
- the refrigeration machine contains the cold pole within its system limits, ie the coldest point of the environment and the machine is inside the machine. This is the condensate of the steam cycle with a temperature always below the ambient temperature.
- the substance groups A, B and C listed in the table are substances or mixtures of substances made from pure components and can be composed as follows:
- the thermal efficiency of a machine according to the method mentioned can be determined from the thermal efficiencies of the two sub-processes.
- the two sub-processes are, firstly, the upper part of the steam cycle process, and secondly, the lower cycle process created by admixing with the storage process. Without going into detail, the thermal machine efficiency is then determined from the thermal efficiency of the two sub-processes as follows:
- the machine efficiency depends on the thermal efficiencies of the sub-processes, it decreases with the amount of radiated heat, and it increases asymptotically with the number of cycle cycles against a limit that can be greater than the sum of the efficiencies of the sub-processes:
- the refrigerating machine can reach a thermal efficiency of 1 with an unlimited runtime if the upper and lower temperature of the steam cycle process is below the ambient temperature. Because it then completely converts the heat supplied into useful work, it can maintain the internal operating temperature without heating up.
- the process temperatures can be firmly defined via the steam cycle process because the phase transitions liquid-gaseous and gaseous-liquid are each isothermal processes.
- the process is in line with new findings in thermodynamics, on the one hand because the cold pole is part of the machine and thus both internal cycle processes can run between a warm and a cold pole, as in the known heat engines and chillers, and on the other hand because the mixing process and constant supply of thermal energy maintains a permanent thermal imbalance inside the machine.
- the refrigeration machine Because the refrigeration machine is kept far from its thermal equilibrium, it is able to transfer the disordered kinetic energy of a molecular amount of fluids to the ordered structure of a solid. It can completely convert thermal energy into kinetic energy or useful work if it contains a cold pole for the operation of the oath sub-processes inside its system boundary the upper process temperature of the steam cycle is below the ambient temperature.
- the described method can be cascaded, with several of the described processes running in succession as open or closed systems, each with their own pressure and temperature levels, and can be thermally or materially coupled to one another. Due to the different design variants, the variety of possible material combinations and the possibility of cascading the process, the refrigeration machine can open up a wide range of application areas in the field of energy technology and thermal process engineering, which are both energetically and economically unfavorable with conventional heat engines and refrigeration machines, since the latter waste heat must dissipate to the environment.
- FIG. 6 shows the construction elements of the method for converting thermal into kinetic energy: a steam cycle process with the state points d1 to d4, a liquid storage process with the state points 11 and 12, and a gas storage process with the state points gl and g2.
- the steam cycle process runs between the lower pressure pl and the upper pressure p2, the storage processes between the lower pressure pl and the mixture pressure px, px being between pl and p2.
- FIG. 7 shows in five sub-figures 7.1 to 7.5 the construction of the method from a gas storage process and a steam cycle process, each in the pressure-volume diagram.
- Figure 7.1 shows the steam cycle process.
- Figure 7.2 shows the gas storage process.
- Figure 7.3 are two further state points xl and x2 inserted and the upper part of the steam cycle process is created with the area delimited by the line xl -d2-d3-x2-xl.
- the useful work represented thereby is stored as potential energy in the gas storage process, represented in FIG. 7.4 by the line course gl -g2-gx-g0-gl.
- the lower part of the steam cycle process represented by the line dl -xl -x2-d4-dl in FIG.
- FIG. 8 shows in five sub-figures 8.1 to 8.5, analogously to FIG. 7, the construction of the method for a steam cycle process and a liquid storage process.
- FIG. 9 shows in four sub-figures 9.1 to 9.4 the possible variants of the refrigeration engine on the basis of representations of the energy flow between the cycle processes within the system limits of a machine.
- Q means the heating energy supplied, g the waste heat and W the work of a cycle.
- the addition 1 identifies the liquid storage process, the addition d the steam cycle process and the addition g the gas storage process.
- FIGS. 9.1 to 9.3; FIG. 9.4 shows the possible combinations of the working media for the processes involved.
- the energy flow diagrams show that the The system limit of the machine is only exceeded by heating heat Q and work N, because the waste heat from the cycle processes inside the machine circulates between at least two cycle processes.
- Figure 9.1 shows the variant with a liquid storage process and a steam cycle process
- Figure 9.2 shows the variant with a gas storage process and a steam cycle process
- Figure 9.3 shows the combination of all three process elements.
- Figure 10 shows in three sub-figures 10.1 to 10.3 a comparison of the temperature windows and heat flows of the three different types of machines.
- the temperature windows with the upper and lower process temperature are plotted parallel to the vertical temperature axis and relative to the ambient temperature Ta (ambient temperature).
- the supply of heating heat Q and the removal of waste heat g are symbolized by arrows at the corresponding temperature.
- Figure 10.1 shows the temperature window of a thermal engine WKI4, which absorbs its heat Q at high temperature and emits its waste heat g at a temperature above the ambient temperature Ta.
- FIG. 10.2 shows the temperature window of a refrigeration machine KM, which absorbs a heat flow Q at a low temperature below the ambient temperature Ta and a temperature at a temperature above the ambient temperature Ta
- FIG 10.3 shows the temperature window of the three possible process variants A, B and C of the refrigeration engine KKM. All three variants absorb heat at the upper process temperature.
- the KKM variant. A the upper and lower process temperatures are above the ambient temperature Ta. This machine inevitably loses a waste heat flow g to the environment due to heat radiation.
- the KKM variant. B is the upper process temperature above and the lower process temperature below the ambient temperature Ta. This machine also loses a waste heat flow g to the environment due to heat radiation.
- both process temperatures are below the ambient temperature Ta.
- This variant cannot lose any waste heat to the environment as a result of radiation and can convert the heat supplied completely into useful work over a long period of time.
- the present section 2 shows that the novel refrigeration machine is a separate type of energy converter for thermal energy and differs significantly from the known machines.
- the KKM variant in particular offers this.
- C completely new ways of using thermal energy.
- the following section shows different variants for implementing and using the method.
- Turbomachines designed, whereby a turbocompressor or a turbine can also be replaced by an energetically equivalent piston machine.
- the examples were and should be chosen against the background of impending climate change be suitable to replace existing heating and cooling systems.
- the refrigeration engine can be constructed as a closed or open system. As a closed system, it receives the energy flow of heating energy with the help of a heat exchanger via which the external heating energy is transferred into the system with a defined heating surface. As an open system, it receives the energy flow of heating energy by means of a material flow, which is cooled by the cooling engine and then leaves the system again at a lower temperature.
- a closed system receives the energy flow of heating energy with the help of a heat exchanger via which the external heating energy is transferred into the system with a defined heating surface.
- As an open system it receives the energy flow of heating energy by means of a material flow, which is cooled by the cooling engine and then leaves the system again at a lower temperature.
- V - compressor for compression of a gas or valve
- G generator for generating electricity as a consumer of shaft work (note: any machine can be used instead of the generator, for example a propeller, a fan, a compressor, a pump or a gearbox)
- DSV steam jet compressor with additional gas for gas delivery or liq for liquid delivery
- M mixing chamber with at least two inputs and one output
- SB storage tank for liquefied gas
- FIG. 11 shows in two sub-figures 11.1 and 11.2 the circuit diagram of a refrigeration engine as a closed system with a steam cycle process and a gas storage process.
- Figure 11.1 shows a system with a turbine-compressor combination.
- liquid working medium of the steam cycle is evaporated by the heating heat Q and expanded from the upper pressure p2 to the mixture pressure px via a steam turbine Tl.
- the turbine T1 drives the connected compressor V, which draws in a gas quantity from the gas storage process from the centrifugal separator Z at the lower pressure pl and compresses it to the mixture pressure px.
- FIG. 11.2 shows a simplified system in which the combination of turbine T1 and compressor V and mixing chamber M have been replaced by a steam jet compressor for gases DSV gas. The mode of operation is otherwise the same as in Figure 11.1.
- FIG. 12 shows, analogously to FIG. 11, the circuit diagram of a refrigeration engine as a closed system with a steam cycle process and a liquid storage process.
- Figure 12.1 shows a system with a turbine-pump combination.
- the compressor V from FIG. 11 is replaced by a pump P1, which draws in liquid working medium directly from the bottom of the centrifugal separator Z and feeds it to the mixing chamber M, where it is mixed with steam.
- the liquid-steam mixture is then expanded via the turbine T2 and fed to the centrifugal separator Z, the steam condensing via absorption in the liquid.
- the pump P2 then conveys the condensed portion of the liquid working medium back into the boiler K.
- the turbine T2 must not be a gas turbine, since it has to process a high liquid content of the supplied fluid stream.
- a liquid turbine for example a free jet turbine (Pelton turbine), should be used here.
- Figure 12.2 are mixing chamber M and the turbine-pump combination by a steam jet compressor for liquids DSV-Liq or steam jet pump replaced. The mode of operation is otherwise the same as in Figure 12.1.
- the devices or machines according to FIGS. 11 and 12 are closed systems. They are therefore emission-free and, when used in the transport and energy sectors, can help reduce the climate-damaging emissions of conventional combustion engines.
- FIGS. 13 to 16 show thermal circuits and application examples for a cryogenic refrigeration engine of the * KKM type.
- C with a steam rice process and a gas storage process in which the upper and lower process temperature is below the ambient temperature.
- the steam cycle uses a liquefied gas as the working medium, preferably liquid air.
- the gas storage process uses an inert gas as the working medium, preferably helium, or gaseous hydrogen.
- the bold-edged container symbols indicate super insulation, which is intended to prevent the flow of heat from the environment into the container with liquid air.
- Figures 13 and 14 are derivatives of Figure 11 with the sub-figures 11.1 and 11.2. In contrast to the closed systems in FIG. 11, FIGS.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 each contain an open system in which the thermal energy supplied to the machine is taken from the surroundings with a stream of air. In the machine, this gas stream is condensed in air from ambient temperature with the release of wave work and leaves the machine liquefied in a collecting container.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 then show useful technical applications for the further energetic use of the liquid air stored in the collecting container.
- the air flow supplied to the machine contains the condensable components of water, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and methane have already been removed and the air consists essentially of the components nitrogen, oxygen, argon and traces of noble gases.
- Figures 13 to 16 show in detail:
- FIG. 13 shows a refrigeration machine of the KKM type. C with a vapor cycle process based on liquid air and, for the sake of simplification of the explanation, with a gas storage process based on helium.
- the heart of the machine is a closed system according to FIG. 11.1, the heat of which is now taken from a stream of air at ambient temperature. This material flow provides the drive energy of the
- the mass flow of ambient air is fed to a heat exchanger WT via the turbine T1. In it, it is cooled to a boiler temperature of below minus 140 ° C and gives its own heat as heat from the refrigerating machine to the liquid air in the boiler K, which evaporates there under high pressure p2.
- the cooled ambient air reduces its specific volume, as a result of which a negative pressure is created in the heat exchanger WT compared to the ambient pressure, which seeks to compensate for this by flowing in ambient air via the turbine T1.
- the turbine T1 drives a compressor VI, which conveys the cooled ambient air from the heat exchanger NT to the mixing pressure px and feeds it to the mixing chamber M.
- the air evaporated at p2 in boiler K is expanded in a known manner via the turbine T2 to mixture pressure px, which in turn drives the compressor V2.
- Compressor V2 sucks gaseous helium-air mixture at low pressure pl from the centrifugal separator and compresses it onto the
- the machine according to FIG. 11 consists of the heat source, which is provided here by a flow of material from ambient air.
- FIG. 14 shows the circuit diagram of a refrigeration engine analogous to FIG. 13, but here the turbine-compressor combinations Tl -Vl and T2-V2 and the mixing chamber M have been replaced by a steam jet compressor for gases DSV-Gas.
- the mode of operation is otherwise the same as in FIG. 13.
- the devices or machines according to FIGS. 13 and 14 contain a new method for air liquefaction which differs from the known Linde method essentially in two points: firstly, the machine must be filled with a quantity of liquid air from the start, and secondly, the liquefaction of air takes place with the emission of wave work. It is obvious that when the machine according to FIG. 13 or FIG. 14 is in operation, a stream of liquid air is produced which, when the storage container SB has a limited storage capacity, flows to the Environment must be returned. This return can be done by energetic use of the liquid air. The liquid air stored in the collecting container SB is then the starting point for further advantageous additions to the method, which are explained in FIGS. 15 and 16.
- the collection container SB is the starting point for the further energetic use of the liquefied air.
- the collecting container thus becomes a kind of "battery" with the aid of which the load profile of the energy requirement can be regulated over time.
- the collecting container in the applications according to FIGS. 15 and 16 functions as a boiler in which liquid air evaporates 11 to 14, however, the designation of the container is retained in the sense of the delimitation from the boiler K of the machines according to Figures 11 to 14.
- the figures show the essential functional elements of the useful applications, without any auxiliary units that may be required.
- Figure 15 shows two in two sub-figures 15.1 and 15.2
- Figure 15.1 again shows a device with a turbine-compressor combination.
- Liquid air in the SB container is heated by a stream of ambient air using a WT heat exchanger and evaporated at overpressure p2. The evaporated
- Air from the collection container SB is expanded to mixture pressure px via the turbine T1.
- the turbine T1 drives a compressor V, which compresses the ambient air drawn in and cooled in the heat exchanger WT to the mixture pressure px. Both air streams are mixed in the mixing chamber M at Mix ⁇ pressure px, and finally through the turbine T2 Delivery of wave work to the generator G relaxed to ambient pressure.
- the volume flow of the intake air is to be set so that the expansion in turbine T2 does not lead to fog condensation.
- This machine uses the heat stored in the ambient air to evaporate liquid air by emitting wave work.
- the emissions from this machine consist of cold air.
- the components turbine, compressor and mixing chamber are replaced by a steam jet compressor for gases DSV gas.
- the steam jet compressor DSV-Gas sucks ambient air through a heat exchanger WT, the heat of the ambient air being used to evaporate the liquid air at overpressure p2 in the collecting tank SB.
- the evaporated liquid air serves as motive steam for the operation of the steam jet compressor in which both air streams are mixed, accelerated and expanded to ambient pressure.
- This arrangement acts like a jet engine and can be used to propel aircraft.
- the emissions from this machine are also just cold air. To distinguish it from conventional engines, this device is referred to as the cold-jet engine.
- an aircraft equipped with a refrigeration engine and connected cold jet engine can remain in the air indefinitely because it draws both propulsion and lift from the surrounding air.
- FIGS. 11 to 15 are suitable for substituting the climate-damaging use of today's heat engines, the actual drive energy coming from the environment, which in the case of the machines according to FIGS. 13 to 15 also the “fuel” for operating the
- the great advantage of the invention is that this "fuel" at every point of the Earth is available without exploration and unlimited, and that the machines either have no emissions or only give off cold air. This eliminates the harmful emissions of climate-relevant gases and an essential object of the invention is achieved.
- the further object of the invention is the substitution of conventional refrigeration machines.
- the derivation for this is easy because liquid air is an ideal coolant and cold storage which can be adjusted to any required temperature level by mixing with pre-heated air.
- Figure 16 therefore shows two useful applications of refrigeration technology that can be of great economic importance:
- Figure 16 shows in two sub-figures 16.1 and 16.2 the energetically useful use of liquid air as a coolant.
- Figure 16.1 liquid air from the
- the collecting container is evaporated by a heat exchanger WT at excess pressure and expanded to ambient pressure via a turbine T with the emission of shaft work to the generator G.
- the heat exchanger WT is located in a water basin, from which heat is extracted by the evaporation of the liquid air. After long enough operation, ice forms, which floats up and can be easily separated from the liquid water (note: the ice layer is shown as "cube hatching" in Figure 16.1). The floating ice is always fresh water, even if the water basin is salty
- FIG. 16.2 shows a device in which liquid air is introduced directly into liquid water in a vertical tube, in which it rises due to its lower specific weight. The exchange of energy between the two fluids then leads to a phase change in the air, which evaporates, and the water, which partially freezes. The resulting gas flow can pull water upwards and thus promote it.
- This device is a simple pump for water transport, the water partially freezing during transport and containing a lot of fresh water stored as ice at the end of the conveying line, which can be easily separated from the residual water.
- a device acts like a geyser and, in contrast to the known hot geysers, is called Käl tegeysir. It can be used advantageously in the construction of agricultural irrigation systems, especially if only sea water is available as the water source. This arrangement eliminates the need for mechanical pumps because the liquid is transported using the buoyancy and phase change of the fluids involved.
- Another area of application is the air conditioning of public places in hot regions with the help of a fountain system which is driven by a cold geyser.
- the devices according to FIG. 16 can thus advantageously use the by-product "liquid air" of the machine according to FIG. 13 or 14 for applications in refrigeration and air-conditioning technology, the emissions of the machines being exclusively cold air which can be used for air conditioning purposes
- the refrigeration machine is therefore suitable to replace conventional methods of refrigeration and air conditioning technology and to reduce the use of refrigerants that are harmful to the climate.
- SECTION 4 Concept of an energy management system
- FIG. 17.1 shows the block diagram of a vehicle drive which has a container with liquid air AIR-liq, which represents the cold pole for the operation of the KKM refrigeration engine.
- This drives a generator GEN to generate electricity, the generated electricity either being released via a switch SW to an electric motor for locomotion of the vehicle, or being fed into a power network NET via a suitable connection.
- the vehicle is either in the DRIVE operating state or in the POWER GENERATION operating state. The vehicle can therefore use its useful life in an energy-efficient manner and supply electricity to a public power grid or a building. Because the current in the vehicle drive is either in the DRIVE operating state or in the POWER GENERATION operating state. The vehicle can therefore use its useful life in an energy-efficient manner and supply electricity to a public power grid or a building. Because the current in the vehicle drive is either in the DRIVE operating state or in the POWER GENERATION operating state. The vehicle can therefore use its useful life in an energy-efficient manner and supply electricity to a public power
- the invention encompasses the concept of an energy management system which can ensure the supply of human beings sustainably and without impairing future generations.
- the concept is explained with reference to FIG. 18:
- Figure 18 shows the concept for an energy management system that can ensure the long-term and sustainable supply of people with water, electricity, transport, heat and cold and is suitable for reducing the latent threat to the climate with all the adverse consequences caused by the Use of heat engines and chillers has emerged.
- the core of the concept is the use of KKM refrigeration machines. C with air as the working medium of the steam cycle, which contain a container with liquid air as a cold pole. These machines generate liquid air from a stream of warm ambient air supplied and thereby generate electrical current. The liquid air produced is then the basis for further energetically advantageous applications. On the one hand, it is the basis for the desalination of sea water through freezing processes, whereby cold air, fresh water and electrical power are generated in a DESAL desalination plant.
- Cold air can be used to air-condition buildings.
- liquid air can still be used to drive vehicles by evaporating it from the environment with the addition of heat and converting it into drive energy for means of transport (car, plane, ship, etc.) using a MOTOR drive machine.
- the MOTOR symbol stands for any drive machine.
- the required heating and process heat for applications in households, buildings or industry can be generated at any time from the electrical current using known electrothermal processes. This means that fresh water, electricity, transport, heating and cooling can be produced in an environmentally friendly, sustainable and needs-independent manner, regardless of fossil fuels, whereby only cold air is released into the environment as exhaust gas.
- the refrigeration engine enables a new way of designing future energy management systems which must be able to supply a population of humans on earth that is expected to grow to 10 billion individuals in the next 50 years.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU45623/00A AU4562300A (en) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-05-05 | Refrigerating power machine |
EP00927150A EP1179118A1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-05-05 | Kältekraftmaschine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1999121471 DE19921471A1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 1999-05-08 | Kältekraftmaschine |
DE19921471.9 | 1999-05-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000068546A1 true WO2000068546A1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
Family
ID=7907562
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2000/004058 WO2000068546A1 (de) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-05-05 | Kältekraftmaschine |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1179118A1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU4562300A (de) |
DE (1) | DE19921471A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000068546A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004047896A1 (de) * | 2004-10-01 | 2006-04-06 | Ziegler, Martin, Dr. | Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Nutzung von Wärmeenergie sowie deren Anwendungen |
TR200900450A2 (tr) * | 2009-01-22 | 2009-11-23 | �Uhaci �Brah�M | Termokimyasal termodinamik devri daim makina |
DE202010003630U1 (de) | 2010-03-03 | 2011-07-27 | Technanova Gmbh | Motorblock als direkter Wärmetauscher in einem Dampfkreis |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4106294A (en) * | 1977-02-02 | 1978-08-15 | Julius Czaja | Thermodynamic process and latent heat engine |
US4196594A (en) * | 1977-11-14 | 1980-04-08 | Abom Jan V | Process for the recovery of mechanical work in a heat engine and engine for carrying out the process |
US4439988A (en) * | 1980-11-06 | 1984-04-03 | University Of Dayton | Rankine cycle ejector augmented turbine engine |
-
1999
- 1999-05-08 DE DE1999121471 patent/DE19921471A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2000
- 2000-05-05 WO PCT/EP2000/004058 patent/WO2000068546A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-05-05 EP EP00927150A patent/EP1179118A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-05-05 AU AU45623/00A patent/AU4562300A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4106294A (en) * | 1977-02-02 | 1978-08-15 | Julius Czaja | Thermodynamic process and latent heat engine |
US4196594A (en) * | 1977-11-14 | 1980-04-08 | Abom Jan V | Process for the recovery of mechanical work in a heat engine and engine for carrying out the process |
US4439988A (en) * | 1980-11-06 | 1984-04-03 | University Of Dayton | Rankine cycle ejector augmented turbine engine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU4562300A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
DE19921471A1 (de) | 2000-11-16 |
EP1179118A1 (de) | 2002-02-13 |
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