WO2000025510A1 - Procede pour incorporer un filigrane electronique et procede pour decoder ce dernier - Google Patents
Procede pour incorporer un filigrane electronique et procede pour decoder ce dernier Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000025510A1 WO2000025510A1 PCT/JP1999/005924 JP9905924W WO0025510A1 WO 2000025510 A1 WO2000025510 A1 WO 2000025510A1 JP 9905924 W JP9905924 W JP 9905924W WO 0025510 A1 WO0025510 A1 WO 0025510A1
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- digital watermark
- image
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 53
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- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 10
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/0028—Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32288—Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32309—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations in colour image data
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0065—Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N2201/3225—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document
- H04N2201/3233—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N2201/3269—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs
- H04N2201/327—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electronic watermark embedding method for preventing unauthorized copying of a color image and a decoding method thereof.
- the present invention takes advantage of the unique characteristics of color images to easily and reliably embed a digital watermark without deteriorating the original image, and even for digital processing such as clipping and PEG compression.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an excellent digital watermark embedding method capable of effectively maintaining a digital watermark and a decoding method thereof. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention relates to a digital watermark embedding method for embedding digital watermark information in a single image
- a color signal conversion matrix for converting image data of a first color system capable of expressing a predetermined color space by a combination of a plurality of parameters into a second color system which is expressed by a combination of other parameters; And an inverse color signal conversion matrix for performing an inverse conversion of the conversion, wherein the color signal conversion matrix includes an arbitrary real value X serving as digital watermark information as a component, and a sum of the components in each row and each column. Is adjusted by adding / subtracting a digital watermark conversion matrix for which is approximately 0 to adjust the color signal conversion matrix.
- the image data of the first color system is once converted into image data of a second color system
- the gist is to embed an electronic watermark in a color image.
- color systems capable of expressing a predetermined color space by a plurality of parameters, and a conversion matrix and an inverse conversion matrix are defined between these color systems.
- the present invention by using the color signal conversion matrix and the inverse color signal conversion matrix, it is possible to embed a digital watermark for each pixel while preventing the deterioration of a color image by the simple calculation described above. Therefore, it is highly resistant to digital processing such as image clipping and compression.
- an RGB color system using the three primary colors of light as parameters and a YCbCr color system using the luminance signal and the color difference signal as parameters can be appropriately adopted.
- These color systems are often used when dealing with image data, and the mutual conversion matrices are well known. Therefore, there are a number of retouching software and the like that handle future image data, and digital watermarks can be easily embedded.
- an arbitrary real value X serving as digital watermark information is any value between 0.1 and 0.1, the effect on each component of the color signal conversion matrix is limited, and the power of the original image is limited. Influence on the error information can be suppressed.
- this real value it is possible to limit the effect on the color image, for example, to within the normal visibility limits of the human eye.
- the digital information of the YCbCr color system which is the luminance signal and the color difference signal, converted by the digital watermark conversion matrix is inversely converted by the inverse color signal conversion matrix to the RGB color system, which is the three primary color signals of light.
- the underflow-edge correction or the overflow correction so that an arbitrary pixel value becomes an integer value within a predetermined range.
- the result of the inverse conversion may be outside the range of the original image data due to the addition of watermark information.
- the original image is represented by 8-bit data for each of the RGB colors. If the value can be expressed as 0-255 to 256-gradation, if the value becomes negative due to the inverse conversion, underflow correction is performed to the value 0, and the value exceeds 255 , The overflow correction is performed on the value 255.
- the invention of a decoding method for extracting a digital watermark from image data in which a digital watermark is embedded
- B Calculate the difference matrix between the color signal converted data to CbCr color system and
- the difference matrix is decomposed for each row, and an arbitrary real value X serving as the digital watermark information is calculated for each row.
- the gist is to estimate the average value of the real value X calculated for each row as digital watermark information.
- an arbitrary real value X as digital watermark information embedded in a luminance signal and a color difference signal can be decoded with high accuracy. Moreover, since the original image is required for decoding, no matter how the color image with the embedded digital watermark is distributed, the digital watermark cannot be decoded only from the distributed color image. .
- this absolute value is preferably in the range of 3 to ⁇ 0.
- the digital watermark embedding method and the digital watermark decoding method described in Jl can be implemented as a storage medium storing the digital watermark.
- Such storage media include CD-ROM and A form such as a memory card or a flexible disk can be considered. It is also conceivable to download these programs via communication lines. Further, such a method of embedding a digital watermark can be incorporated in a retouching software or the like for handling image data integrally or as a plug-in software. Of course, it can be implemented as an independent program that only embeds and decodes a digital watermark.
- color images are distributed as digital content, they are often compressed using various compression techniques such as JPEG, so they can be integrated with software for compressing image data or in the form of plug-ins. It can be incorporated.
- the scanner it is conceivable to incorporate the scanner into software for scanning, which reads printed image data as digital data. Conversely, it can be incorporated into a printer driver or printer that prints digital data.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the principle of the process of embedding and decoding digital watermark information according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a digital color image in which the value of the digital watermark value X is embedded by the method.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a detailed algorithm of the digital watermark embedding process.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a detailed algorithm of the digital watermark decoding process.
- FIG. 7 is a histogram of the value x restored from the image data after the clipping process.
- FIG. 8 is a histogram of the value X restored from the image data after data compression.
- FIG. 9 is a histogram of the value x restored from the image data after the StirMark attack.
- FIG. 10 is a histogram of the value X restored from the image data after being overwritten by the same algorithm.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of a digital watermark processing device that executes a digital watermark embedding process and a decoding process according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a processing principle of a digital watermark image embedding method and a decoding method thereof according to an embodiment.
- the digital color image which is the original image expressed in the RGB color system shown in the figure, is arranged in a matrix determined by its horizontal resolution (hereinafter, referred to as HS ize) and vertical resolution (hereinafter, referred to as VS ize). It is defined as a collection of many pixels.
- the color of each pixel ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ') indicates a matrix. The same applies to the following.
- a predetermined resolution for example, 256 steps from 0 to 255
- P ' [r, g, b]'
- ⁇ indicates the transposed matrix, depending on the density of each of the red (r), green (g), and blue (b) color components. Is done.
- a method for defining the color of each pixel not only the RGB color system described above, but also a YCbCr color system based on a luminance signal and a color difference signal is widely known.
- the two color systems are not independent of each other, but are expressed by the following equations (1) and (2) As shown in Fig. 7, the color signal conversion matrix A 'and its inverse matrix A: can be mutually converted.
- the digital watermark information X is embedded when the pixel ⁇ of the original image of the RG colorimetric system is converted to the pixel F ′ of the YCbCr colorimetric system, and this is again converted to the RG B colorimetric system.
- Adopt a method of inverse transformation to the system.
- x is watermark information, and is assumed to be a real value.
- Digital watermarking is performed on the color image using the watermark matrix X ⁇ . That is, the operation of the following equation (4) is performed on a certain pixel P ′.
- ⁇ ⁇ (X) corresponds to the RGB color signal in which the watermark information ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is embedded.
- the pixel vector P '(X) is expressed in a form in which the noise consisting of ⁇ —'' Become.
- Figures 2 (a) through (d) show the images that have undergone this transformation, using various real values X in the range -0.1 ⁇ ⁇ 0.1. The color changes little by little according to the value of the watermark information X. However, as shown in FIG. 2 as a black and white image, the luminance information is stored, and the color change is smooth and does not cause any discomfort. This color change is extreme At least it does not degrade the quality of the original color image.
- the real numerical value X to be used may be a value outside this range, and the numerical value may be determined in consideration of the calculation accuracy.
- the data of the RGB signal is an integer value, but the data of the bC b C r signal is converted to a real number from equation (1). No.
- the pixel value becomes negative when the inverse conversion is performed by Equation (2) and the value is converted to an integer, and an underflow may occur or the pixel value may exceed the upper limit, resulting in an overflow.
- the present embodiment performs underflow correction and overflow correction. That is, if the pixel value is negative, it is set to 0, and if it exceeds the upper limit of the bit expression (for example, 255), the upper limit is adopted.
- the denominator becomes close to 0 in the equation (10)
- an error is caused in calculating x, and further, noise may be added. Therefore, it is preferable to calculate the digital watermark information on the condition that the absolute value of the difference in Expression (10) is larger than a predetermined value (for example, 5).
- a predetermined value for example, 5
- the calculated value xav is used as an estimated value of the watermark information X. Estimation of the watermark information X by this method is performed for each pixel, and the most statistically probable value is determined as the watermark information X.
- the density values of the R, G, and B components of the pixel set of the original image are R (i, j), G (i, j), and B (i, j).
- i is an integer from 1 to the vertical size of the original image (VSize)
- j is an integer from 1 to the horizontal size of the original image (HSize).
- Equation (4) the watermark matrix X ⁇ is substituted into Equation (4), and the set of pixels ⁇ of the original image is converted into a set F 'of pixels of the CbCr color system.
- (X) are Y '(i, j), Cb' (i, j), and Cr '(i, j)
- It is calculated by (11) or (13).
- Digital color images are represented by the RGB color system on a computer, for example. Since the F ′ (X) signal obtained in this way is generally expressed, the inverse transformation matrix A- 1 operation is performed on the F ′ (X) signal according to the following equation to convert the F ′ (X) signal again to the RGB color system, Underflow correction or overflow correction is performed so that the value at the pixel becomes an integer value (step S130).
- each component is calculated to determine the R component. If the R component is less than or equal to 0, the value is corrected to 0, and if the value exceeds 255, the value is corrected to 255. Similar processing is performed for the other colors G and B.
- step S210 If the pixel satisfies this condition, the other condition, that is, the absolute value of the difference of the pixel in the original image is larger than a predetermined value ("5" is adopted in this algorithm) It is determined whether or not (step S210).
- This algorithm can be expressed as follows. the absolute value of if (B (i, j) -G (i, j) or R (i, j) -B (i, j) or G (i, j) -R (i, j))> 5
- Step S220 conversion to the YC b C r color system is performed according to the following formula ( Step S220).
- ⁇ , Cb, and Cr refer to the luminance ⁇ and color difference Cb, Cr signals when the pixels of the original image are converted to the YCbCr color system.
- Y ′′, Cb ′′, and Cr ′′ represent pixels in which the digital watermark information X is embedded by the YCbCr color system. These are the luminance ⁇ and chrominance Cb and Cr signals when converted to.
- Watermark information X was designated, and after embedding processing, an estimated value of X was obtained according to the above-described decryption algorithm.
- Figure 5 shows the appearance frequency. It can be confirmed that the peak of the history column is accurately estimated as X corresponding to each value of X. The larger the absolute value of X is, the more advantageous it is to reduce the estimation error at the time of decoding. However, as is clear from equation (5), care must be taken because the larger the value, the more the image quality deteriorates. is there. Conversely, it is difficult to determine that the value of X is too small.
- the optimal value of X is in the range of 1.0 to 1.0, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 0.5, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.1. It is desirable to select with. In addition, in order to facilitate determination of the value X, it is desirable to convert as many pixels as possible with the same X value, and from the results in Fig. 5, the estimated value X is close to the embedded X value. It can be understood that the watermark information X can be determined without confusion and without error.
- one X value is embedded in the entire frame, but the type of X to be embedded is not limited to one.
- a digital color image with a large number of pixels or a digital color image with a relatively monotonous change in pixel data may be embedded with a plurality of watermark information for each object.
- the image is clipped (cut out) to the image (100 x 100 pixels) of the three parts (regions 1, 2, and 3) shown in Fig. 6, and the X value decoded by the above algorithm from each clip image Are shown in Figs. 7 (a), (b), and (c).
- Figs. 7 (a), (b), and (c) From any image that has been cropped to 13 pixels, a clear peak value appears at the X value of “0.1 J, and the digital watermark was successfully decoded.
- the digital watermark embedding and decoding technology of this algorithm even if a part of a circulating color image is cut out and used, the digital watermark information X value embedded in that image can be correctly decoded. It is.
- Figures 8 (a), (b), and (c) show the results of extracting the X value from the image data after performing the PEG compression on the image of Figure 6 with image quality settings of 80%, 60%, and 40%.
- the compression ratio was set to about 80% to 40%
- the digital watermark value X could be easily decoded from the JPEG-compressed image data.
- the image quality is significantly degraded, and practical use is considered to be limited to extremely special cases. Therefore, it can be said that the digital watermark embedding and decoding technologies based on this algorithm have sufficient practicality for general color images.
- the watermark method of this embodiment embeds watermark information for each pixel, it is obvious that the watermark method is hardly affected by various affine transformations.
- This digital watermark processing device includes a CPU 22, a main memory 24 including ROM and RAM, a frame memory 26, a keyboard 30, a mouse 32, a display device 34, a hard disk 36,
- the computer is provided with a modem 38, a scanner 39 for reading an image, and a bus 40 for connecting these elements.
- various interface circuits are omitted.
- the modem 38 is connected to a computer network via a communication line (not shown).
- a server (not shown) of the computer network has a function as a program supply device for supplying a computer program to the image processing device via a communication line.
- the main memory 24 stores a computer program for realizing the functions of the digital watermark embedding section 42 and the digital watermark decoding section 44.
- the functions of the digital watermark embedding section 42 and the digital watermark decoding section 44 have already been described in detail.
- a computer program that realizes the functions of the digital watermark embedding unit 42 and the decoding unit 44 is a computer readable program such as a flexible disk or CD-ROM. It is provided in a form recorded on a functional recording medium.
- the computer reads the computer program from the recording medium and transfers it to an internal storage device or an external storage device.
- a computer program may be supplied to a computer via a communication path.
- the computer program stored in the internal storage device is executed by the microprocessor of the computer. Further, the computer program may be read by a computer and directly executed by the computer.
- the computer is a concept including a hardware device and an operation system, and means a hardware device that operates under the control of the operation system.
- the hardware device itself corresponds to a computer.
- the hardware device includes at least a microprocessor such as a CPU and a means for reading a computer program recorded on a recording medium.
- the computer program includes a program code for realizing the functions of the above-described units in such a combination. Some of the above functions may be realized by an operation system instead of an application program. Further, the program for performing the digital watermark embedding process / decoding process may be added in a plug-in format to the image processing program.
- the “recording medium” in the present invention includes a flexible disk, a CD-ROM, a magneto-optical disk, an IC card, a ROM cartridge, a punch card, a printed matter on which a code such as a bar code is printed, and an internal storage device of a computer.
- Various computer-readable media such as (memory such as RAM and ROM) and external storage devices can be used.
- the present invention is applicable as an apparatus for embedding watermark information in a color image or an apparatus for electronic authentication. Such a device can also be applied to embedding copyright information. It can also be used in the field of personal authentication in electronic payment and the like. It can also be used in fields such as encryption devices and encryption embedding, transmission, and decryption.
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Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69914102T DE69914102T2 (de) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-26 | Methode zum einfügen eines elektronischen wasserzeichens und methode zum dekodieren eines solchen |
EP99949436A EP1139650B1 (en) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-26 | Method for embedding electronic watermark and method for decoding the same |
AU62310/99A AU6231099A (en) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-26 | Method for embedding electronic watermark and method for decoding the same |
US09/830,236 US6973195B1 (en) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-26 | Method for embedding electronic watermark and method for decoding the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10/322900 | 1998-10-27 | ||
JP32290098A JP3881794B2 (ja) | 1998-10-27 | 1998-10-27 | 電子透かしの埋め込み方法およびその復号方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000025510A1 true WO2000025510A1 (fr) | 2000-05-04 |
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ID=18148881
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1999/005924 WO2000025510A1 (fr) | 1998-10-27 | 1999-10-26 | Procede pour incorporer un filigrane electronique et procede pour decoder ce dernier |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6973195B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1139650B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3881794B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100576664B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1159902C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU6231099A (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69914102T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2000025510A1 (ja) |
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US7088159B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2006-08-08 | Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. | Register controlled delay locked loop and its control method |
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KR100359506B1 (ko) * | 2000-09-09 | 2002-11-04 | 주식회사 마크애니 | 디지털 영상 워터마킹 장치 및 방법 |
KR20030021534A (ko) * | 2001-09-06 | 2003-03-15 | 주식회사 컨텐츠코리아 | 워터 마크 표기 부호 및 표기의 부호화 방법 |
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WO2004066206A1 (en) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-05 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Embedding multiple watermarks |
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US8020004B2 (en) | 2005-07-01 | 2011-09-13 | Verance Corporation | Forensic marking using a common customization function |
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- 1999-10-26 US US09/830,236 patent/US6973195B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3881794B2 (ja) | 2007-02-14 |
JP2000134461A (ja) | 2000-05-12 |
EP1139650A4 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
CN1324541A (zh) | 2001-11-28 |
DE69914102T2 (de) | 2004-10-21 |
EP1139650B1 (en) | 2004-01-07 |
AU6231099A (en) | 2000-05-15 |
KR20010082254A (ko) | 2001-08-29 |
KR100576664B1 (ko) | 2006-05-04 |
DE69914102D1 (de) | 2004-02-12 |
EP1139650A1 (en) | 2001-10-04 |
CN1159902C (zh) | 2004-07-28 |
US6973195B1 (en) | 2005-12-06 |
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