WO2000023615A2 - Procede ameliore destine a une extraction quantitative d'information se rapportant a une influence sur une reponse cellulaire - Google Patents

Procede ameliore destine a une extraction quantitative d'information se rapportant a une influence sur une reponse cellulaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000023615A2
WO2000023615A2 PCT/DK1999/000562 DK9900562W WO0023615A2 WO 2000023615 A2 WO2000023615 A2 WO 2000023615A2 DK 9900562 W DK9900562 W DK 9900562W WO 0023615 A2 WO0023615 A2 WO 0023615A2
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Prior art keywords
cells
influence
gfp
fluorescence
redistribution
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PCT/DK1999/000562
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English (en)
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WO2000023615A3 (fr
Inventor
Per O. G. Arkhammar
Bernard Robert Terry
Kurt Marshall Scudder
Sara Petersen BJØRN
Ole Thastrup
Grith Hagel
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Bioimage A/S
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Priority to AU61895/99A priority Critical patent/AU6189599A/en
Priority to JP2000577322A priority patent/JP2002527761A/ja
Priority to EP99948731A priority patent/EP1121593A2/fr
Publication of WO2000023615A2 publication Critical patent/WO2000023615A2/fr
Publication of WO2000023615A3 publication Critical patent/WO2000023615A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
    • G01N33/5035—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects on sub-cellular localization
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6872—Intracellular protein regulatory factors and their receptors, e.g. including ion channels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/43504—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • G01N2333/43595—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from invertebrates from coelenteratae, e.g. medusae
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
    • G01N2333/912—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • G01N2333/91205—Phosphotransferases in general
    • G01N2333/9121—Phosphotransferases in general with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. general tyrosine, serine or threonine kinases

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved method and tools for extracting quantitative information relating to an influence on a cellular response, in particular an influence caused by contacting or incubating the cell with a substance influencing a cellular response, wherein the cellular response is manifested in redistribution of at least one component in the cell.
  • the invention relates to an improved method for extracting the quantitative information relating to an influence on an intracellular pathway involving redistribution of at least one component associated with the pathway.
  • the method of the invention may be used as a very efficient procedure for testing or discovering the influence of a substance on a physiological process, for example in connection with screening for new drugs, testing of substances for toxicity, identifying drug targets for known or novel drugs.
  • the present invention relates to an improved method for parallelisation of the testing procedure so that a large number of substances can be tested simultaneously using commercially available instrumentation.
  • the invention also describes several ways of contacting the cells with a substance influencing a cellular response and modifications made to the actual cells before, during or after contacting the cells with these substances as to improve the applicability and use of the method for extracting quantitative information relating to influence on an intracellular pathway in a highly parallel fashion.
  • Other valuable uses of the method and technology of the invention will be apparent to the skilled person on the basis of the following disclosure.
  • the present invention relates to a method of detecting intracellular translocation or redistribution of biologically active polypeptides, preferably an enzyme, affecting intracellular processes, and a DNA construct and a cell for use in the method.
  • Intracellular pathways are tightly regulated by a cascade of components that undergo modulation in a temporally and spatially characteristic manner.
  • Several disease states can be attributed to altered activity of individual signalling components (i.e. protein kinases, protein phosphatases, transcription factors). These components therefore render themselves as attractive targets for therapeutic .intervention.
  • Protein kinases and phosphatases are well-described components of several intracellular signalling pathways.
  • the catalytic activity of protein kinases and phosphatases are assumed to play a role in virtually all regulatable cellular processes.
  • the involvement of protein kinases in cellular signalling and regulation have been subjected to extensive studies, detailed knowledge on e.g. the exact timing and spatial characteristics of signalling events is often difficult to obtain due to lack of a convenient technology.
  • the measurement of the activity of intracellular enzymes can be performed by well-established procedures, both manually and in various automated forms, at throughput rates which make these measurements useful in the search for new drug candidates.
  • measures of activity measures of the distribution of these and other enzymes in the cell has proven useful, and established techniques exist for this type of measurement as well.
  • Protein kinases often show a specific intracellular distribution before, during and after activation. Monitoring the translocation processes and/or redistribution of individual protein kinases or subunits thereof is thus likely to be indicative of their functional activity.
  • protein kinases like the diacyl glycerol (DAG)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC), the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) [(DeBernardi et al.1996)] and the mitogen-activated-protein kinase Erk-1 [(Sano et al.1995)].
  • DAG diacyl glycerol
  • PKC cAMP-dependent protein kinase
  • Erk-1 mitogen-activated-protein kinase Erk-1
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • WO95/07463 describes a cell capable of expressing GFP and a method for detecting a protein of interest in a cell based on introducing into a cell a DNA molecule having DNA sequence encoding the protein of interest linked to DNA sequence encoding a GFP such that the protein produced by the DNA molecule will have the protein of interest fused to the GFP, then culturing the cells in conditions permitting expression of the fused protein and detecting the location of the fluorescence in the cell, thereby localizing the protein of interest in the cell.
  • fusion proteins with GFP for detection or quantitation of translocation or redistribution of biologically active polypeptides affecting intracellular processes upon activation, such as proteins involved in signalling pathways, e.g. protein kinases or phosphatases, has not been suggested.
  • WO 95/07463 further describes cells useful for the detection of molecules, such as hormones or heavy metals, in a biological sample, by operatively linking a regulatory element of the gene which is affected by the molecule of interest to a GFP, the presence of the molecules will affect the regulatory element which in turn will affect the expression of the GFP.
  • GFP glucocorticoid receptor
  • GR glucocorticoid receptor
  • a GR-S65TGFP fusion has been used to study the mechanisms involved in translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in response to the agonist dexamethasone from the cytosol, where it is present in the absence of a ligand, through the nuclear pore to the nucleus where it remains after ligand binding
  • the use of a GR-GFP fusion enables real-time imaging and quantitation of nuclear/cytoplasm ic ratios of the fluorescence signal
  • a similar genetic construct has been used to follow and quantify dexamethasone induced translocation of GR to the nucleus in HeLa cells [(Guihano, K et al 1997)] in
  • the present invention provides an important new dimension in the investigation of cellular systems involving redistribution in that the invention provides quantification of the redistribution responses or events caused by an influence, typically contact with a chemical substance or mixture of chemical substances, but also changes in the physical environment, in a massively parallel fashion.
  • the quantification makes it possible to set up meaningful relationships, expressed numerically, or as curves or graphs, between the influences (or the degree of influences) on cellular systems and the redistribution response. This is highly advantageous because, as has been found, the quantification can be achieved in both a fast and reproducible manner, and - what is perhaps even more important - the systems which become quantifiable utilising the method of the invention are systems from which enormous amounts of new information and insight can be derived.
  • the present screening assays have the distinct advantage over other screening assays, e.g., receptor binding assays, enzymatic assays, and reporter gene assays, in providing a system in which biologically active substances with completely novel modes of action, e.g. inhibition or promotion of redistribution/translocation of a biologically active polypeptide as a way of regulating its action rather than inhibition/activation of enzymatic activity, can be identified in a way that insures very high selectivity to the particular isoform of the biologically active polypeptide and further development of compound selectivity versus other isoforms of the same biologically active polypeptide or other components of the same signalling pathway.
  • biologically active substances with completely novel modes of action e.g. inhibition or promotion of redistribution/translocation of a biologically active polypeptide as a way of regulating its action rather than inhibition/activation of enzymatic activity
  • the invention relates to an improved method, with higher throughput compared to previous methods, for extracting quantitative information relating to an influence on a cellular response, the method comprising recording variation, caused by the influence on mechanically intact living cells, in spatially distributed light emitted from a luminophore, the luminophore being present in the cells and being capable of being redistributed in a manner which is related with the degree of the influence, and/or of being modulated by a component which is capable of being redistributed in a manner which is related to the degree of the influence, the association resulting in a modulation of the luminescence characteristics of the luminophore, detecting and recording the variation in spatially distributed light from the luminophore as a change in fluorescence intensity using an instrument designed to measure changes in fluorescence intensity, and processing the recorded variation in the spatially distributed light to provide quantitative information correlating the spatial distribution or change in the spatial distribution to the degree of the influence
  • the cell and/or cells are mechanically intact and alive throughout the experiment
  • the cells are fixed at a point in time after the application of the influence at which the response has been predetermined to be significant, and the recording is made at an arbitrary later time
  • the cell and/or cells are mechanically intact and alive throughout the experiment but are mechanically or chemically disrupted or permeabilised as the initial step of experimental analysis
  • the cells have their plasma membrane permanently and stably permeabilised before the initiation of the experiment in such a way that the plasma membrane stays permeable during the experiment This allows the components of intracellular pathways to be contacted by substances that are not normally permeating the cell plasma membrane such as peptides, proteins and hydrophilic organic compounds .
  • the mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells could be selected from the group consisting of fungal cells, such as yeast cells, invertebrate cells including insect cells, and vertebrate cells, such as mammalian cells These cells are incubated at a temperature of 30°C or above, preferably at a temperature of from 32°C to 39°C, more preferably at a temperature of from 35°C to 38°C, and most preferably at a temperature of about 37°C during the time period over which the influence is observed
  • the mechanically intact or permeabilised living cell is part of a matrix of identical or non-identical cells
  • the cells comprise a group or groups of cells contained within a spatial limitation or spatial limitations
  • the cells comprise multiple groups of cells that are qualitatively the same but subjected to different influences
  • the cells comprise multiple groups of cells that are qualitatively different but subjected to the same influence
  • the spatial limitations are domains defined on a substrate on which the cells are present
  • the spatial limitations may be arranged in one or more arrays on a common carrier
  • the spatial limitations may be wells in a plate of microtiter type, such that 96, 384 864 and 1536 wells are situated on the common carrier
  • the spatial limitations are wells in a plate of a format different from the microtiter type
  • the domains are established by the presence of the cells on the substrate in a pattern that defines the domains
  • the domains are instead established by the spatial pattern or array of the influence or influences as it/they are applied to or contacted by the cells This aspect is thoroughly disclosed in "Method and apparatus for high density format screening for bioactive molecules" the contents of which were part of the priority application, and which as W099/35496 has been published during the priority year, are hereby incorporated herein by reference Briefly, in this aspect of the invention the mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells are part of a continuous
  • the cells could be from an organism carrying in at least one of its component cells a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion polypeptide as defined herein and be capable of expressing said nucleic acid sequence
  • the organism is selected from the group consisting of unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as a mammal
  • the luminophore is the component that allows the redistribution to be visualised and/or recorded by emitting light in a spatial distribution related to the degree of influence
  • the term redistribution is intended to cover all aspects of a change in spatial location, such as a translocation of the luminophore or other components
  • the luminophore is capable of being redistributed in a manner that is physiologically relevant to the degree of the influence
  • the luminophore is capable of associating with a component that is capable of being redistributed in a manner that is physiologically relevant to the degree of the influence
  • a correlation between the redistribution of the luminophore and the degree of the influence could be determined experimentally
  • the luminophore is capable of being redistributed in substantially the same manner as the at least one component of an intracellular pathway
  • the luminophore is capable of being quenched upon spatial association with a component that is red
  • the luminophore could be a fluorophore
  • the luminophore is a polypeptide encoded by and expressed from a nucleotide sequence harboured in the cells.
  • the luminophore could be a hybrid polypeptide comprising a fusion of at least a portion of each of two polypeptides-one of which comprises a luminescent polypeptide and the other one of which comprises a biologically active polypeptide, as defined herein.
  • the luminescent polypeptide could be a GFP as defined herein or could be selected from the group consisting of green fluorescent proteins having the F64L mutation as defined herein such as F64L-GFP, F64L-Y66H-GFP, F64L-S65T-GFP, and EGFP.
  • the GFP could be N- or C-terminally tagged, optionally via a peptide linker, to the biologically active polypeptide or a part or a subunit thereof.
  • the fluorescent probe could be a component of an intracellular signalling pathway. The probe is coded for by a nucleic acid construct.
  • the pathway of investigation is an intracellular signalling pathway.
  • the influence could be contact between the group or groups of mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells and a chemical substance, and/or incubation of the group or groups of mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells with a chemical substance in solution.
  • the chemical substances are attached to an underlying matrix.
  • the chemical substances may also be produced and secreted from, or attached to the plasma membrane surfaces of, a sheet of genetically engineered cells.
  • the chemical substances may also have been separated two-dimensionally in a non-denaturing gel using electrophoresis and the gel is directly put in close proximity or direct contact with the mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells so that the chemical substances can contact the cells through diffusion or convection.
  • the influence will modulate the intracellular processes.
  • the modulation could be an activation of the intracellular processes.
  • the modulation could be a deactivation of the intracellular processes.
  • the influence could inhibit or promote the redistribution without directly affecting the metabolic activity of the component of the intracellular-processes.
  • the invention is used to establish a dose-response relationship for one or many chemical substances.
  • the invention is used as a basis for a screening program, where the effect of unknown influences such as a compound library, can be compared to influence of known reference compounds under standardised conditions.
  • the intensity there are several parameters of fluorescence or luminescence that can be modulated by the effect of the influence on the underlying cellular phenomena, and can therefore be used in the invention.
  • Some examples are resonance energy transfer, fluorescence lifetime, polarisation, and wavelength shift.
  • Each of these methods requires a particular kind of filter in the emission light path to select the component of the light desired and reject other components.
  • the recording of property of light could be in the form of an ordered array of values such as a CCD array or a vacuum tube device such as a vidicon.
  • the translational mobility, or freedom of movement, of the luminophore attached to the protein of interest can be an important property affected by the influence on the underlying cellular phenomena, and can therefore be used in the invention.
  • the spatially distributed light emitted by a luminophore is detected by a change in the resonance energy transfer between the luminophore and another luminescent entity capable of delivering energy to the luminophore, each of which has been selected or engineered to become part of, bound to or associated with particular components of the intracellular pathway.
  • the luminophore or the luminescent entity capable of delivering energy to the luminophore undergoes redistribution in response to an influence.
  • the resonance energy transfer would be measured as a change in the intensity of emission from the luminophore, preferably sensed by a single channel photodetector that responds only to the average intensity of the luminophore in a non-spatially resolved fashion.
  • the spatially distributed light emitted by a luminophore includes the case of uniform spatial distribution of the light.
  • the luminophore is a fluorophore which redistributes through a non-homogenous excitation light field, resulting in a change in the intensity of the light emitted from the luminophore as a result of the change in the amount of excitation light intensity at different points in the field.
  • the recording of the spatially distributed light could be made at a single point in time after the application of the influence.
  • the recording could be made at two points in time, one point being before, and the other point being after the application of the influence.
  • the result or variation is determined from the change in fluorescence compared to the fluorescence measured prior to the influence or modulation.
  • the recording could be performed at a series of points in time, in which the application of the influence occurs at some time after the first time point in the series of recordings, the recording being performed, e.g..
  • the result or variation is determined from the change in fluorescence over time.
  • the result or variation could also be determined as a change in the spatial distribution of the fluorescence over time.
  • the recording comprises a time series of total luminescence of the cells of one or several of the spatial limitations.
  • the signal from all of the spatial limitations, one at a time is measured by a recording being made in the individual spatial limitations by means of an apparatus to sequentially position each one of the limitations in the field of view of the detector and repeating the positioning and measurement process until all of the spatial limitations have been measured.
  • the detector may be a photomultiplier tube. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention more than one spatial limitation is measured simultaneously.
  • This may be done by means of a one- or two-dimensional array detector, whereby the multiple spatial limitations are imaged onto the array detector such that discrete subsets of the detecting units (pixels) in the array detector measure the signal from one and only one of the multiple spatial limitations, the signal from any one spatial limitation being the combined signal from those pixels that receive the image from one of the spatial limitations.
  • This array detector may be a linear diode array, a video camera (according to any present or future standards and definitions of image acquisition and transmission) or a charge transfer device such as a charge-coupled device (CCD).
  • the recording of signal requires illumination of the multiple spatial limitations to excite the luminophores so that they emit light.
  • all of the spatial limitations are simultaneously illuminated during the measurement.
  • the spatial limitations are singly illuminated only during the time in which they are being measured.
  • the illumination is provided by a laser that is scanned in a raster fashion over some or all of the spatial limitations being measured. The scanning may take place at a rate that is substantially faster than the measurement process such that the illumination appears to the measurement process to be continuous in time and spatially uniform over the region being measured.
  • the recording of spatially distributed luminescence emitted from the luminophore is performed by an apparatus for measuring the distribution of fluorescence in the cells, and thereby any change in the distribution of fluorescence in the cells, which includes at a minimum the following component parts: (a) a light source, (b) a method for selecting the wavelength(s) of light from the source which will excite the luminescence of the luminophore, (c) a device which can rapidly block or pass the excitation light into the rest of the system, (d) a series of optical elements for conveying the excitation light to the specimen, collecting the emitted fluorescence in a spatially resolved fashion, and forming an image from this fluorescence emission (or another type of intensity map relevant to the method of detection and measurement), (e) a bench or stand which holds the container of the cells being measured in a predetermined geometry with respect to the series of optical elements, (f) a detector to record the spatially resolved fluorescence in the form of an image, (g) a computer or electronic system
  • the apparatus system is automated.
  • the components in d and e mentioned above comprise a fluorescence microscope.
  • the component in f mentioned above is a CCD camera.
  • the component in f mentioned above is an array of photomultiplier tubes/devices.
  • the image is formed and recorded by an optical scanning system.
  • the optical scanning system is used to illuminate the bottom of a plate of microtiter type so that a time-resolved recording of changes in luminescence or fluorescence can be made from all spatial limitations simultaneously.
  • the actual luminescence or fluorescence measurements are made in a FLIPRTM instrument, commercially available from Molecular Devices, Inc.
  • the actual fluorescence measurements are made in a standard type of fluorometer for plates of microtiter type (fluorescence plate reader).
  • a liquid addition system is used to add a known or unknown compound to any or all of the cells in the cell holder at a time determined in advance.
  • the liquid addition system is under the control of the computer or electronic system.
  • Such an automated system can be used for a screening program due to its ability to generate results from a larger number of test compounds than a human operator could generate using the apparatus in a manual fashion.
  • the methods whereby the detector layer of cells are physically contacted by the compounds can also be of another conceptual type where the compounds are delivered to the cells through a porous membrane by convection/diffusion or by directly contacting compounds attached to an inorganic or organic support (such as glass, plastic or the plasma membrane of intact living cells) with the cells.
  • the detector layer of cells is a continuous or discontinuous sheet of cells without any separation into test units or wells.
  • the compounds are printed onto a nonabsorbent sheet of porous material as a solution in solvent and allowed to dry. This printed sheet of compounds then defines the test pattern for the experiment as it is brought down in close proximity to or in direct contact with the underlying detector layer of cells.
  • the compounds, now dissolved by the fluid layer on the cells, is brought in contact with the cells through the pores of the membrane by convection.
  • the porous membrane onto which the compounds are printed is optically clear and preferably composed as stated in"Method and apparatus for high density format screening for bioactive molecules" the contents of which were part of the priority application, and which, as W099/35496 has been published during the priority year, are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • the detector layer of cells is a continuous or discontinuous sheet of cells, without any separation into test units or wells, growing on a porous and optically clear membrane preferably of the types mentioned above.
  • the porous membrane may allow the cells to send cellular processes through the pores of the membrane.
  • the compounds are printed onto an optically clear substratum such as glass, plastic or quartz as solutions in solvent and allowed to dry.
  • the cell sheet on the membrane, surrounded by a thin film of fluid, is layered ontop of the printed compound pattern.
  • the compounds then dissolve and contact the cells via diffusion and convection.
  • the compounds may be made using combinatorial chemistry techniques, and may be peptides.
  • the compounds may be covalently attached to the optically clear substratum or porous membrane.
  • the compounds may also be proteins, polypeptides or peptides secreted by or attached to the plasma membrane of genetically modified cells growing as a continuous or discontinuous sheet on a flat optically clear surface or an optically clear porous membrane.
  • the recording of the variation or result with respect to light emitted from the luminophore is performed by recording the spatially distributed light as one or more digital images, and the processing of the recorded variation to reduce it to one or more numbers representative of the degree of redistribution comprises a digital image processing procedure or combination of digital image processing procedures.
  • the quantitative information which is indicative of the degree of the cellular response to the influence or the result of the influence on the intracellular pathway is extracted from the recording or recordings according to a predetermined calibration based on responses or results, recorded in the same manner, to known degrees of a relevant specific influence.
  • This calibration procedure is developed according to principles described below (Developing an Image-based Assay Technique). Specific descriptions of the procedures for particular assays are given in the examples.
  • the individual steps are generally well-known methods of image processing
  • Some examples of the individual steps are point operations such as subtraction, ratioing, and thresholding, digital filtering methods such as smoothing, sharpening, and edge detection, spatial frequency methods such as Fourier filtering, image cross-correlation and image autocorrelation, object finding and classification (blob analysis), and colour space manipulations for visualisation
  • point operations such as subtraction, ratioing, and thresholding
  • digital filtering methods such as smoothing, sharpening, and edge detection
  • spatial frequency methods such as Fourier filtering, image cross-correlation and image autocorrelation, object finding and classification (blob analysis), and colour space manipulations for visualisation
  • heuristic methods such as neural networks may also be used
  • a dose-response relationship is established based on quantification of the responses caused by a particular influence, representative of the underlying intracellular signalling process, using the methods described above and in the examples
  • the dose- response relationship for the particular influence is then compared to the dose-respons
  • Imaging plate readers integrate the signal from each well into a single value per time point
  • the data resulting from a single "run" of the instrument is a set of time series of single values, one for each well with the injection of the test compound taking place at a known point in the time series
  • the primary advantage of this type of instrumentation is that it greatly increases the number of samples that can be processed in a given amount of time (the throughput) This is of great advantage when using the assay in a screening program for new pharmaceutical lead compounds
  • the first step in the data analysis is to normalise the results from each well so that they can be compared with each other or with previously analysed known compounds This always begins with correcting the signal by subtracting the instrument bias from all data points on a well-by-well basis. From this point, either of two techniques can be followed depending on the design of the assay:
  • Procedure 1 The average of the signal prior to the addition of the test compound is subtracted from all data points on a well-by-well basis.
  • Procedure 2 The data are corrected for any known background by subtracting the background value from all data points on a well-by-well basis.
  • the resulting background- corrected data are normalised by dividing each data set by the average of the data values prior to the injection of the test compound on a well-by-well basis.
  • the corrected or normalised time series data sets are then further reduced by a technique that converts the time series to a single value.
  • a technique that converts the time series to a single value There are at least three such approaches:
  • the maximum deviation from the baseline is determined. This is also known as the "peak height” technique.
  • the signal is integrated over time between pre-defined limits. If the data were treated according to Procedure 2 above, then the offset is subtracted such that the integral of a non-response is zero within the limit of measurement error. This is also known as the "peak area" technique. If the response is a cumulative one, e.g., an exponential change to a new level, the result is taken as the either the difference or the ratio between the signal after a predetermined time and the signal prior to the addition of the test compound.
  • the measurement of redistribution is accomplished indirectly by taking advantage of the fact that in order for redistribution to occur, the probe will experience some change in its freedom, or restriction, of movement within the intracellular milieu.
  • the degree of translocation will correlate with the amount of freely mobile luminophore in the cytoplasm.
  • the amount or fraction of restricted luminophore can be measured by disrupting or permeabilising the plasma membrane of the cells and allowing the freely mobile luminophore to diffuse away. If the detection volume of the detector is limited to the region immediately surrounding the cells, and the overall volume into which the freely mobile luminophore can diffuse is much larger, then the freely mobile luminophore essentially disappears from the detector's view and its signal is not recorded.
  • the above mentioned measurement of redistribution is made on cells with permanently permeabilised plasma membranes immersed in a solution mimicking the cytoplasmic environment. In this way the influence of compounds that can normally not enter the cytoplasm of cells can be tested.
  • the nucleic acid constructs used in the present invention encode in their nucleic acid sequences fusion polypeptides comprising a biologically active polypeptide that is a component of an intracellular signalling pathway, or a part thereof, and a GFP, preferably an F64L mutant of GFP, N- or C-terminally fused, optionally via a peptide linker, to the biologically active polypeptide or part thereof.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a protein kinase or a phosphatase.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a transcription factor or a part thereof which changes cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a protein, or a part thereof, which is associated with the cytoskeletal network and which changes cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a protein kinase or a part thereof which changes cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a serine/threonine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing intracellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a tyrosine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing intracellular localisation upon activation. In one embodiment the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing intracellular localisation upon activation.
  • the constructs listed in table 1 are used in a method for extracting quantitative information relating to an influence on a cellular response in mechanically intact or permeablised living cells, the method comprising recording variation in spatially distributed fluorescence emitted from the fluorophore being present in the cells and being capable of being redistributed in a manner which is related with the degree of the influence, and/or being modulated by a component which is capable of being redistributed in a manner which is related to the degree of the influence, as a change fluorescence intensity preferably measured by an instrument designed for the measurement of changes in fluorescence intensity.
  • Table 1 The fusion constructs of the invention by the names used herein as well as by reference to relevant SEQ ID NOs of sequences of DNA encoding the construct and full amino acid sequences.
  • the redistribution of PKA, and PKC can readily be detected as a variation in fluorescence intensity, as measured e.g. in the FLIPRTM instrument.
  • any new luminophore determined to redistribute in response to an influence in a pattern similar to the pattern observed in the microscope for PKA or PKC (see examples 1, 2, 8 and 11), that is from an aggregated form to a dispersed form or from a dispersed form to an aggregated form of the luminophore as the redistribution takes place, can be predicted to be detectable as a variation in light intensity as measured, for example in the FLIPRTM instrument.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a cAMP-dependent protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation, in a preferred embodiment the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP fusion. In one embodiment the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a cGMP-dependent protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a mitogen-activated serine/threonine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid constructs are an ERK1- F64L-S65T-GFP fusion or an EGFP-ERK1 fusion.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a cyclin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct is a protein phosphatase or a part thereof capable of changing cellular localisation upon activation.
  • the nucleic acid constructs may be DNA constructs.
  • the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct In one embodiment the biologically active polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid construct. In one embodiment the gene encoding GFP in the nucleic acid construct is derived from Aequorea victoria. In a preferred embodiment the gene encoding GFP in the nucleic acid construct is EGFP or a GFP variant selected from F64L-GFP, F64L- Y66H-GFP and F64L-S65T-GFP.
  • the DNA constructs which can be identified by any of the DNA sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13, 15 and 17 or are variants of these sequences capable of encoding the same fusion polypeptide or a fusion polypeptide which is biologically equivalent thereto, e.g. an isoform, or a splice variant or a homologue from another species.
  • the present invention describes a method that may be used to establish a screening program for the identification of biologically active substances that directly or indirectly affects intracellular signalling pathways and because of this property are potentially useful as medicaments. Based on measurements in living cells of the redistribution of spatially resolved luminescence from luminophores which undergo a change in distribution upon activation or deactivation of an intracellular signalling pathway the result of the individual measurement of each substance being screened indicates its potential biological activity.
  • the screening program is used for the identification of a biologically toxic substance as defined herein that exerts its toxic effect by interfering with an intracellular signalling pathway. Based on measurements in living cells of the redistribution of spatially resolved luminescence from luminophores which undergo a change in distribution upon activation or deactivation of an intracellular signalling pathway the result of the individual measurement of each substance being screened indicates its potential biologically toxic activity.
  • a compound that modulates a component of an intracellular pathway as defined herein can be found and the therapeutic amount of the compound estimated by a method according to the method of the invention.
  • the present invention leads to the discovery of a new way of treating a condition or disease related to the intracellular function of a biologically active polypeptide comprising administration to a patient suffering from said condition or disease of an effective amount of a compound which has been discovered by any method according to the invention.
  • a method is established for identification of a new drug target or several new drug targets among the group of biologically active polypeptides which are components of intracellular signalling pathways.
  • an individual treatment regimen is established for the selective treatment of a selected patient suffering from an ailment where the available medicaments used for treatment of the ailment are tested on a relevant primary cell or cells obtained from said patient from one or several tissues, using a method comprising transfecting the cell or cells with at least one DNA sequence encoding a fluorescent probe according to the invention, transferring the transfected cell or cells back the said patient, or culturing the cell or cells under conditions permitting the expression of said probes and exposing it to an array of the available medicaments, then comparing changes in fluorescence patterns or redistribution patterns of the fluorescent probes in the intact living cells to detect the cellular response to the specific medicaments (obtaining a cellular action profile), then selecting one or more medicament or medicaments based on the desired activity and acceptable level of side effects and administering an effective amount of these medicaments to the selected patient.
  • the present invention describes a method that may be used to establish a screening program for back-tracking signal transduction pathways as defined herein.
  • the screening program is used to establish more precisely at which level one or several compounds affect a specific signal transduction pathway by successively or in parallel testing the influence of the compound or compounds on the redistribution of spatially resolved luminescence from several of the luminophores which undergo a change in distribution upon activation or deactivation of the intracellular signalling pathway under study.
  • a probe i.e. a "GeneX”-GFP fusion or a GFP-"GeneX” fusion
  • a probe is constructed using PCR with "GeneX”-specific primers followed by a cloning step to fuse "GeneX” in frame with GFP.
  • the fusion may contain a short vector derived sequence between "GeneX” and GFP (e.g. part of a multiple cloning site region in the plasmid) resulting in a peptide linker between "GeneX” and GFP in the resulting fusion protein.
  • Some of the steps involved in the development of a probe include the following:
  • Identify the sequence of the gene This is most readily done by searching a depository of genetic information, e.g. the GenBank Sequence Database, which is widely available and routinely used by molecular biologists. In the specific examples below the GenBank Accession number of the gene in question is provided.
  • Design the gene-specific primers Inspection of the sequence of the gene allows design of gene-specific primers to be used in a PCR reaction.-Typically, the top-strand primer encompasses the ATG start codon of the gene and the following ca. 20 nucleotides, while the bottom-strand primer encompasses the stop codon and the ca. 20 preceding nucleotides, if the gene is to be fused behind GFP, i.e. a GFP-"GeneX" fusion.
  • the gene is to be fused in front of GFP. i.e. a "GeneX"-GFP fusion, a stop codon must be avoided.
  • the full-length sequence of GeneX may not be used in the fusion, but merely the part that localizes and redistributes like GeneX in response to a signal.
  • the primers contain at least one recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme, to allow subsequent cloning of the PCR product. The sites are chosen so that they are unique in the PCR product and compatible with sites in the cloning vector.
  • the primers always contain a few nucleotides in front of the restriction enzyme site to allow efficient digestion with the enzyme.
  • Identify a source of the gene to be amplified In order for a PCR reaction to produce a product with gene-specific primers, the gene-sequence must initially be present in the reaction, e.g. in the form of cDNA.
  • Information in GenBank or the scientific literature will usually indicate in which tissue(s) the gene is expressed, and cDNA libraries from a great variety of tissues or cell types from various species are commercially available, e.g. from Clontech (Palo Alto), Stratagene (La Jolla) and Invitrogen (San Diego). Many genes are also available in cloned form from The American Type Tissue Collection (Virginia).
  • Optimise the PCR reaction Several factors are known to influence the efficiency and specificity of a PCR reaction, including the annealing temperature of the primers, the concentration of ions, notably Mg 2+ and K + , present in the reaction, as well as pH of the reaction. If the result of a PCR reaction is deemed unsatisfactory, it might be because the parameters mentioned above are not optimal.
  • Various annealing temperatures should be tested, e.g. in a PCR machine with a built-in temperature gradient, available from e.g. Stratagene (La Jolla), and/or various buffer compositions should be tried, e.g. the OptiPrime buffer system from Stratagene (La Jolla). Clone the PCR product.
  • the vector into which the amplified gene product will be cloned and fused with GFP will already have been taken into consideration when the primers were designed.
  • a vector When choosing a vector, one should at least consider in which cell types the probe subsequently will be expressed, so that the promoter controlling expression of the probe is compatible with the cells.
  • Most expression vectors also contain one or more selective markers, e.g. conferring resistance to a drug, which is a useful feature when one wants to make stable transfectants.
  • the selective marker should also be compatible with the cells to be used.
  • the actual cloning of the PCR product should present no difficulty as it typically will be a one-step cloning of a fragment digested with two different restriction enzymes into a vector digested with the same two enzymes. If the cloning proves to be problematic, it may be because the restriction enzymes did not work well with the PCR fragment. In this case one could add longer extensions to the end of the primers to overcome a possible difficulty of digestion close to a fragment end, or one could introduce an intermediate cloning step not based on restriction enzyme digestion. Several companies offer systems for this approach, e.g. Invitrogen (San Diego) and Clontech (Palo Alto).
  • the resulting product usually a plasmid, should be carefully checked to make sure it is as expected. The most exact test would be to obtain the nucleotide sequence of the fusion- gene.
  • DNA construct for a probe Once a DNA construct for a probe has been generated, its functionality and usefulness may be evaluated by transfecting it into cells capable of expressing the probe. The fluorescence of the cell is inspected soon after, typically the next day. At this point, two features of cellular fluorescence are noted: the intensity and the sub-cellular localisation.
  • the intensity should usually be at least as strong as that of unfused GFP in the cells. If it is not, the sequence or quality of the probe-DNA might be faulty, and should be carefully checked.
  • the sub-cellular localisation is an indication of whether the probe is likely to perform well. If it localises as expected for the gene in question, e.g. is excluded from the nucleus, it can immediately go on to a functional test. If the probe is not localised soon after the transfection procedure, it may be because of overexpression at this point in time, as the cell typically will have taken up very many copies of the plasmid, and localisation will occur in time, e.g. within a few weeks, as plasmid copy number and expression level decreases. If localisation does not occur after prolonged time, it may be because the fusion to GFP has destroyed a localisation function, e.g. masked a protein sequence essential for interaction with its normal cellular anchor-protein.
  • a localisation function e.g. masked a protein sequence essential for interaction with its normal cellular anchor-protein.
  • GFP-GeneX might, as two different parts of GeneX will be affected by the proximity to GFP. If this does not work, the proximity of GFP at either end might be a problem, and it could be attempted to increase the distance by incorporating a longer linker between GeneX and GFP in the DNA construct.
  • the cells expressing the probe are treated with at least one compound known to perturb, usually by activating, the signalling pathway on which the probe is expected to report by redistributing itself within the cell. If the redistribution is as expected, e.g. if prior knowledge tell that it should translocate from location X to location Y, it has passed the first critical test. In this case it can go on to further characterisation and quantification of the response.
  • the cell lacks at least one component of the signalling pathway, e.g. a cell surface receptor, or there is species incompatibility, e.g. if the probe is modelled on sequence information of a human gene product, and the cell is of hamster origin. In both instances one should identify other cell types for the testing process where these potential problems would not apply.
  • the signalling pathway e.g. a cell surface receptor
  • species incompatibility e.g. if the probe is modelled on sequence information of a human gene product, and the cell is of hamster origin.
  • the analysis of the redistribution will have to be done in greater depth to identify what the essential and indicative features are, and when this is clear, it can go on to further characterisation and quantification of the response. If no feature of redistribution can be identified, the problem might be as mentioned above, and the probe should be retested under more optimal cellular conditions. If the probe does not perform under optimal cellular conditions, then it's back to the drawing board.
  • the process of developing an image-based redistribution assay begins with either the unplanned experimental observation that a redistribution phenomenon can be visualised, or the design of a probe specifically to follow a redistribution phenomenon already known to occur In either event, the first and best exploratory technique is for a trained scientist or technician to observe the phenomenon
  • the human eye-brain combination is still the most powerful pattern recognition system known, and requires no advance knowledge of the system in order to detect potentially interesting and useful patterns in raw data This is especially if those data are presented in the form of images, which are the natural "data type" for human visual processing Because human visual processing operates most effectively in a relatively narrow frequency range i e , we cannot see either very fast or very slow changes in our visual field, it may be necessary to record the data and play it back with either time dilation or time compression
  • one or more data sets are generated for the purpose of developing a procedure for extracting the quantitative information from the data
  • the biological and optical conditions are determined which will give the best quality raw data for the assay This can become an iterative process it may be necessary to develop a quantitative procedure in order to assess the effect on the assay of manipulating the assay conditions
  • the data sets are examined by a person or persons with knowledge of the biological phenomenon and skill in the application of image processing techniques
  • the goal of this exercise is to determine or at least propose a method that will reduce the image or sequence of images constituting the record of a "response" to a value corresponding to the degree of the response
  • the method is encoded as a procedure or algorithm that takes the image or images as input and generates the degree of response (in any units) as its output.
  • the method may be obvious; in others, a number of possible procedures may suggest themselves. Even if one method appears clearly superior to others, optimisation of parameters may be required.
  • the various procedures are applied to the data set and the criteria suggested above are determined, or the single procedure is applied repeatedly with adjustment of the parameter or parameters until the most satisfactory combination of signal, noise, range, etc. are arrived at. This is equivalent to the calibration of any type of single-channel sensor.
  • Image-based assays are no different than other assay techniques in that their usefulness is characterised by parameters such as the specificity for the desired component of the sample, the dynamic range, the variance, the sensitivity, the concentration range over which the assay will work, and other such parameters. While it is not necessary to characterise each and every one of these before using the assay, they represent the only way to compare one assay with another.
  • the final step is then to see whether there exists a possibility to increase the throughput of the assay to improve its utility as the basis of a screening program.
  • a dose-response relationship is established based on quantification of the responses caused by a particular influence, representative of the underlying intracellular signalling process, using the methods described above and in the examples.
  • the dose-response relationship for the particular influence is then compared to the dose-response relationship obtained by performing the same assay in an instrument which allows parallel monitoring of all wells in a microtiter plate such as a FLIPRTM or an ordinary imaging or fluorescence plate reader for microtiter plates.
  • an influence covers any influence to which the cellular response comprises a redistribution.
  • heating, cooling, pH, high pressure, low pressure, humidifying, or drying are influences on the cellular response on which the resulting redistribution can be quantified, but as mentioned above, perhaps the most important influences are the influences of contacting or incubating the cells with substances which are known or suspected to exert an influence on the cellular response involving a redistribution contribution.
  • the influence could be substances from a compound drug library.
  • green fluorescent protein is intended to indicate a protein which, when expressed by a cell, emits fluorescence upon exposure to light of the correct excitation wavelength (cf. [(Chalfie, M. et al. (1994) Science 263, 802-805)]).
  • GFP in which one or more amino acids have been substituted, inserted or deleted is most often termed "modified GFP".
  • GFP as used herein includes wild-type GFP derived from the jelly fish Aequorea victoria and modifications of GFP, such as the blue fluorescent variant of GFP disclosed by Heim et al. (1994). Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.
  • GFP Aequorea Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Preferred GFP variants are F64L- GFP, F64L-Y66H-GFP and F64L-S65T-GFP
  • EGFP DNA encoding EGFP which is a F64L- S65T variant with codons optimized for expression in mammalian cells is available from Clo
  • intracellular signalling pathway and “signal transduction pathway” are intended to indicate the co-ordinated intracellular processes whereby a living cell transduce an external or internal signal into cellular responses Said signal transduction will involve an enzymatic reaction said enzymes include but are not limited to protein kinases, GTPases, ATPases, protein phosphatases, phosphoiipases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
  • the cellular responses include but are not limited to gene transcription, secretion, proliferation, mechanical activity, metabolic activity, cell death
  • second messenger is used to indicate a low molecular weight component involved in the early events of intracellular signal transduction pathways
  • luminophore is used to indicate a chemical substance that has the property of emitting light either inherently or upon stimulation with chemical or physical means This includes but is not limited to fluorescence, bioluminescence phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence
  • the term "mechanically intact living cell” is used to indicate a cell which is considered living according to standard criteria for that particular type of cell such as maintenance of normal membrane potential, energy metabolism, proliferative capability, and has not experienced any physically invasive treatment designed to introduce external substances into the cell such as microinjection
  • the term permeabilised living cell is used to indicate cells where a pore forming agent such as Streptolysin O or Staphylococcus Aureus ⁇ -toxin has been applied and thereby incorporated into the plasma membrane in the cells This creates proteinaceous pores with a defined pore size in the plasma membranes of the exposed cells Pores could also be made by electroporation, i e exposing the cells to high voltage discharges, a procedure that creates small holes in the plasma membrane by coagulating integral membrane proteins Treatment with a mild detergent such as saponin may accomplish the same thing Common to all these treatments are that pores are formed only in the plasma membrane without affecting the integrity of cytoplasmic structural elements and organelles The term living in this
  • permeabihsation is intended to indicate the selective disruption of the plasma membrane barrier so that soluble substances freely mobile in the cytosol are lost from the cells
  • the permeabihsation can be achieved as described above under "permeabilised living cells” or by using other chemical detergents such as Triton X-100 or digitonin in carefully titrated amounts
  • image processing and “image analysis” are used to describe a large family of digital data analysis techniques or combination of such techniques which reduce ordered arrays of numbers (images) to quantitative information describing those ordered arrays of numbers
  • images images
  • the quantitative information derived is therefore a measure of the physical process
  • fluorescent probe is used to indicate a fluorescent fusion polypeptide comprising a GFP or any functional part thereof which is N- or C-terminally fused to a biologically active polypeptide as defined herein, optionally via a peptide linker consisting of one or more ammo acid residues where the size of the linker peptide in itself is not critical as long as the desired functionality of the fluorescent probe is maintained
  • a fluorescent probe according to the invention is expressed in a cell and basically mimics the physiological behaviour of the biologically active polypeptide moiety of the fusion polypeptide
  • the term "mammalian cell” is intended to indicate any living cell of mammalian origin
  • the cell may be an established cell line, many of which are available from The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC Virginia, USA) or a primary cell with a limited life span derived from a mammalian tissue including tissues derived from a transgenic animal, or a newly established immortal cell line derived from a mammalian tissue including transgenic tissues, or a hybrid cell or cell line derived by fusing different cell types of mammalian origin e g hybndoma cell lines
  • the cells may optionally express one or more non-native gene products e g receptors, enzymes, enzyme substrates, prior to or in addition to the fluorescent probe
  • Preferred cell lines include but are not limited to those of fibroblast origin, e g BHK CHO, BALB, or of endothelial origin, e g HUVEC, BAE (bovine artery endothelial) CPAE (cow pulmonary
  • hybrid polypeptide is intended to indicate a polypeptide which is a fusion of at least a portion of each of two proteins, in this case at least a portion of the green fluorescent protein, and at least a portion of a catalytic and/or regulatory domain of a protein kinase
  • a hybrid polypeptide is intended to indicate a fusion polypeptide comprising a GFP or at least a portion of the green fluorescent protein that contains a functional fluorophore, and at least a portion of a biologically active polypeptide.
  • GFP may be N- or C-terminally tagged to a biologically active polypeptide, optionally via a linker portion or linker peptide consisting of a sequence of one or more amino acids.
  • the hybrid polypeptide or fusion polypeptide may act as a fluorescent probe in intact living cells carrying a DNA sequence encoding the hybrid polypeptide under conditions permitting expression of said hybrid polypeptide.
  • kinase is intended to indicate an enzyme that is capable of phosphorylating a cellular component.
  • protein kinase is intended to indicate an enzyme that is capable of phosphorylating serine and/or threonine and/or tyrosine in peptides and/or proteins.
  • phosphatase is intended to indicate an enzyme that is capable of dephosphorylating phosphoserine and/or phosphothreonine and/or phosphotyrosine in peptides and/or proteins.
  • cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is intended to indicate an enzyme that is capable of inactivating the second messengers cAMP and cGMP by hydrolysis of their 3'-ester bond.
  • biologically active polypeptide is intended to indicate a polypeptide affecting intracellular processes upon activation, such as an enzyme which is active in intracellular processes or a portion thereof comprising a desired amino acid sequence which has a biological function or exerts a biological effect in a cellular system.
  • an enzyme which is active in intracellular processes or a portion thereof comprising a desired amino acid sequence which has a biological function or exerts a biological effect in a cellular system.
  • one or several amino acids may have been deleted, inserted or replaced to alter its biological function, e.g. by rendering a catalytic site inactive.
  • the biologically active polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of proteins taking part in an intracellular signalling pathway, such as enzymes involved in the intracellular phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes including kinases, protein kinases and phosphorylases as defined herein, but also proteins making up the cytoskeleton play important roles in intracellular signal transduction and are therefore included in the meaning of "biologically active polypeptide" herein.
  • the biologically active polypeptide is a protein which according to its state as activated or non-activated changes localisation within the cell, preferably as an intermediary component in a signal transduction pathway. Included in this preferred group of biologically active polypeptides are cAMP dependent protein kinase A.
  • a substance having biological activity is intended to indicate any sample that has a biological function or exerts a biological effect in a cellular system.
  • the sample may be a sample of a biological material such as a sample of a body fluid including blood, plasma, saliva, milk, urine, or a microbial or plant extract, an environmental sample containing pollutants including heavy metals or toxins, or it may be a sample containing a compound or mixture of compounds prepared by organic synthesis or genetic techniques.
  • any change in fluorescence means any change in absorption properties, such as wavelength and intensity, or any change in spectral properties of the emitted light, such as a change of wavelength, fluorescence lifetime, intensity or polarisation, or any change in the intracellular localisation of the fluorophore. It may thus be localised to a specific cellular component (e.g. organelle, membrane, cytoskeleton, molecular structure) or it may be evenly distributed throughout the cell or parts of the cell.
  • a specific cellular component e.g. organelle, membrane, cytoskeleton, molecular structure
  • organism indicates any unicellular or multicellular organism preferably originating from the animal kingdom including protozoans, but also organisms that are members of the plant kingdoms, such as algae, fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants are included in this definition.
  • nucleic acid is intended to indicate any type of poly- or oligonucleic acid sequence, such as a DNA sequence, a cDNA sequence, or an RNA sequence.
  • biologically equivalent as it relates to proteins is intended to mean that a first protein is equivalent to a second protein if the cellular functions of the two proteins may substitute for each other, e.g. if the two proteins are closely related isoforms encoded by different genes, if they are splicing variants, or allelic variants derived from the same gene, if they perform identical cellular functions in different cell types, or in different species.
  • biologically equivalent as it relates to DNA is intended to mean that a first DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide is equivalent to a second DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide if the functional proteins encoded by the two genes are biologically equivalent
  • higher throughput is intended to mean an increased number of experiments per time unit per person performing the actual experiments
  • high throughput screening assay is intended to mean the process of performing a screening assay with at least 100 individual experiments where compounds are tested for their influence on the redistribution of a luminophore in one working day for one person skilled in the art
  • the high throughput screening assay involves at least 500 individual experiments such as 750, 1000, 2000, 5000, or even 10 000 individual experiments in one working day for a person skilled in the art
  • back-tracking of a signal transduction pathway is intended to indicate a process for defining more precisely at what level a signal transduction pathway is affected, either by the influence of chemical compounds or a disease state in an organism
  • a specific signal transduction pathway represented by the bioactive polypeptides A - B - C - D, with signal transduction from A towards D
  • compounds or disease states that influence the activity or redistribution of only D can be considered to act on C or downstream of C whereas compounds or disease states that influence the activity or redistribution of C and D, but not of A and B can be considered to act downstream of B
  • fixed cells is used to mean cells treated with a cytological fixative such as glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde, treatments that serve to chemically cross-link and stabilise soluble and insoluble proteins within the structure of the cell Once in this state, such proteins cannot be lost from the structure of the now-dead cell
  • a "screening assay” is intended to mean any measurement protocol, including materials, cells instruments, chemicals, reagents, detection units, calibration and quantification procedures used to measure a response from mechanically intact or permeabilised living cells relevant to influences on an intracellular pathway
  • dose-response relationship and "screening programme” is in the present context intended to mean a clear correlation between the quantified response of cells in a screening assay to application of an influence, such as a compound, and the concentration of the applied influence.
  • the response to the influence may be both an up- regulation and a down-regulation of the quantified parameter used in the screening assay.
  • physiology is intended to mean the normal function of biological and biochemical processes inside cells, between cells and in the whole organism or animal.
  • FIG. 1 CHO cells expressing the PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP hybrid protein have been treated in HAM's F12 medium with 50 ⁇ M forskolin at 37°C. The images of the GFP fluorescence in these cells have been taken at different time intervals after treatment, which were: a) 40 seconds b) 60 seconds c) 70 seconds d) 80 seconds. The fluorescence changes from a punctate to a more even distribution within the (non- nuclear) cytoplasm.
  • FIG. 1 Time-lapse analysis of forskolin induced PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP redistribution.
  • FIG. 3 Time-lapse analyses of PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP redistribution in response to various agonists.
  • the effects of 1 ⁇ M forskolin (A), 50 ⁇ M forskolin (B), 1 mM dbcAMP (C) and 100 ⁇ M IBMX (D) (additions indicated by open arrows) on the localisation of the PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP fusion protein were analysed by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of CHO/PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP cells.
  • the raw data of each experiment consisted of 60 fluorescence micrographs acquired at regular intervals including several images acquired before the addition of buffer or agonist.
  • the charts (A-G) each show a quantification of the response seen through all the 60 images, performed as described in analysis method 2.
  • the change in total area of the highly fluorescent aggregates, relative to the initial area of fluorescent aggregates is plotted as the ordinate in all graphs in Figure 3, versus time for each experiment.
  • PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP redistribution The effects of buffer or 5 increasing concentrations of forskolin on the localisation of the PKAc-F64L-S65T-GFP fusion protein in CHO/PKAc- F64L-S65T-GFP cells, grown in a 96 well plate, were analysed as described above.
  • Figure 7 BHK cells stably transfected with the human musca ⁇ nic (hM1) receptor and the PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP fusion Carbachol (100 ⁇ M added at 1 0 second) induced a transient redistribution of PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane Images were taken at the following times a) 1 second before carbachol addition, b) 8 8 seconds after addition and c) 52 8 seconds after addition
  • FIG. 8 BHK cells stably transfected with the hM1 receptor and PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP fusion were treated with carbachol (1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M)
  • carbachol (1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M)
  • intracellular [Ca 2+ ] was monitored simultaneously with the redistribution of PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP
  • Dashed line indicates the addition times of carbachol
  • the top panel shows changes in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration of individual cells with time for each treatment
  • the middle panel shows changes in the average cytoplasmic GFP fluorescence for individual cells against time for each treatment
  • the bottom panel shows changes in the fluorescence of the periphery of single cells, within regions that specifically include the circumferential edge of a cell as seen in normal projection the best regions for monitoring changes in the fluorescence intensity of the plasma membrane
  • FIG. 9 The hERK1-F64L-S65T-GFP fusion expressed in HEK293 cells treated with 100 ⁇ M of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 in HAM F-12 (without serum) for 30 minutes at 37 °C The nuclei empty of fluorescence during this treatment The same cells as in (a) following treatment with 10 % foetal calf serum for 15 minutes at 37 °C Time profiles for the redistribution of GFP fluorescence in HEK293 cells following treatment with various concentrations of EGF in Hepes buffer (HAM F-12 replaced with Hepes buffer directly before the experiment) Redistribution of fluorescence is expressed as the change in the ratio value between areas in nucleus and cytoplasm of single cells Each time profile is the mean for the changes seen in six single cells Bar chart for the end-point measurements, 600 seconds after start of EGF treatments, of fluorescence change (nucleus cytoplasm) following various concentrations of EGF Figure 10 The SMAD2-EGFP fusion expressed in HEK
  • Each bar is the value for a single nucleus in each treatment
  • FIG. 11 The VASP-F64L-S65T-GFP fusion in CHO cells stably transfected with the human insulin receptor The cells were starved for two hours in HAM F-12 without serum, then treated with 10% foetal calf serum The image shows the resulting redistribution of fluorescence after 15 minutes of treatment GFP fluorescence becomes localised in structures identified as focal adhesions along the length of actm stress fibres
  • Figure 14 CHO cells stably expressing the human insulin receptor and mouse cPKA labeled with S65T-GFP were more thoroughly investigated in the FLIPRTM instrument A forskolin (a substance that increases Adenylate cyclase production of cAMP in the cells) dose-response was created where six separate wells were imaged over time for each concentration The changes in fluorescence were calculated as AUC (area under the curve) for 9 mm of stimulation
  • mice cPKA - BioST Redistribution of mouse cPKA - BioST can be detected in the FLIPRTM despite the fact that the whole wells, containing around 50-100 000 cells, are illuminated and imaged simultaneously with a spatial resolution that is far from capable of resolving single cells or subcellular events
  • the method can be used as a real time measurement of cAMP levels in the cells and as a screening assay to. measure effects of ligands to G- protein coupled receptors linked to Gi and Gq type G-protems
  • Figure 16 CHO cells stably expressing the human insulin receptor and human PKC beta 1 labeled with EGFP were investigated in the microscope A dose-response was created where a set of cells were imaged over time for each concentration The changes in fluorescence were calculated as AUC for 4 mm of stimulation From the images the following data were extracted
  • FIG 17 CHO cells stably expressing the human insulin receptor and human PKC beta 1 labeled with EGFP were investigated in the FLIPRTM A dose-response was created where six separate wells were imaged over time for each concentration The changes in fluorescence were calculated as AUC for 5 mm of stimulation Conclusion Redistribution of human PKC beta 1 - EGFP can be detected in the FLIPRTM despite the fact that the whole wells, containing around 50-100 000 cells, are illuminated and imaged by a detector that has a resolution far below that needed to resolve single cells or subcellular structures This phenomenon can clearly not be predicted from the microscope data in Figure 16
  • Figure 18 CHO cells stably expressing the insulin receptor and a human NFkB - GFP protein hybrid were stimulated with different concentrations of IL-1 for 1 h, then washed with a hypoosmotic buffer (TRIS-base 10mM, MgCI2 2mM, PMSF(Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride
  • a sequence of images were acquired during the addition of 0.05% Triton X-100 and subsequent gentle mixing after a short incubation period.
  • the treatment causes the cell membranes to rupture leaving the fraction of NFkB-GFP that has translocated to the nucleus behind whereas the cytoplasmic amount of the probe leaves the cells more quickly and immediately becomes infinitely diluted in the surrounding medium (out of focus - this part of the total fluorescence from the probe is thereby lost).
  • a total intensity value for the whole image was extracted.
  • the present protocol is a good example of the possibility of revealing translocation of a fluorescent probe from the cytosol to the nucleus or translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Construction, testing and implementation of an assay for cAMP based on PKA activation. Useful for monitoring the activity of signalling pathways that lead to altered concentrations of cAMP, e.g. activation of G-protein coupled receptors which couple to
  • class are G-proteins of the G s or G
  • the catalytic subunit of the murine cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKAc) was fused C- terminally to a F64L-S65T derivative of GFP.
  • the resulting fusion (PKAC-F64L-S65T- GFP) was used for monitoring in vivo the translocation and thereby the activation of PKA.
  • the PKAc amplification product was then digested with Hindlll+Ascl and the F64L-S65T- GFP product with Ascl+Xhol.
  • the two digested PCR products were subsequently ligated with a Hindlll+Xhol digested plasmid (pZeoSV® mammalian expression vector, Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA).
  • the resulting fusion construct (SEQ ID NO:1 and 2) was under control of the SV40 promoter.
  • the image was corrected for dark current by performing a pixel-by-pixel subtraction of a dark image (an image taken under the same conditions as the actual image, except the camera shutter is not allowed to open)
  • the image was corrected for non-uniformity of the illumination by performing a pixel-by- pixel ratio with a flat field correction image (an image taken under the same conditions as the actual image of a uniformly fluorescent specimen).
  • the image histogram i.e., the frequency of occurrence of each intensity value in the image, was calculated.
  • a smoothed, second derivative of the histogram was calculated and the second zero is determined. This zero corresponds to the inflection point of the histogram on the high side of the main peak representing the bulk of the image pixel values.
  • the value determined in step 4 was subtracted from the image. All negative values were discarded.
  • the fluorescent aggregates are segmented from each image using an automatically found threshold based on the maximisation of the information measure between the object and background.
  • the a priori entropy of the image histogram is used as the information measure.
  • the area of each image occupied by the aggregates is calculated by counting pixels in the segmented areas.
  • step 2 The value obtained in step 2 for each image in a series, or treatment pair, is normalised to the value found for the first (unstimulated) image collected. A value of zero (0) indicates no redistribution of fluorescence from the starting condition. A value of one (1) by this method equals full redistribution.
  • Cells were cultured in HAM F-12 medium as described above, but in 96-well plates. The medium was exchanged with Ca 2+ -HEPES buffer including 100 ⁇ M IBMX and the cells were stimulated with different concentrations of forskolin for 10 min. Reactions were stopped with addition of NaOH to 0.14 M and the amount of cAMP produced was measured with the cAMP-SPA kit, RPA538 (Amersham) as described by the manufacturer.
  • cAMP adenylate cyclase
  • dbcAMP a membrane permeable cAMP analog which is not degraded by phosphodiesterase
  • IBMX an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase
  • Fig. 2 shows the progression of response in time following treatment with 1 ⁇ M forskolin.
  • Fig. 3 gives a comparison of the average temporal profiles of fusion protein redistribution and a measure of the extent of each response to the three forskolin concentrations (Fig.
  • PKA-F64L-S65T-GFP probe with physiologically relevant agents.
  • BHK cells stably transfected with the glucagon receptor and the PKA-F64L-S65T-GFP probe were exposed to glucagon stimulation.
  • the glucagon receptor is coupled to a Gs protein which activates adenylate cyclase, thereby increasing the cAMP level.
  • Transiently transfected CHO cells expressing hAR ⁇ 2a and the PKA-F64L-S65T-GFP probe were treated with 10 ⁇ M forskolin for 7.5 minutes, then, in the continued presence of forskolin, exposed to 10 ⁇ M norepinephrine to stimulate the exogenous adrenoreceptors, which couple to a G
  • This treatment led to reappearance of fluorescence in the cytoplasmic aggregates indicative of a decrease in [cAMP], (Fig. 3H).
  • the probe was constructed by ligating two restriction enzyme treated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products of the cDNA for murine PKC ⁇ (GenBank Accession number: M25811) and F64L-S65T-GFP (sequence disclosed in WO 97/11094) respectively.
  • Taq® polymerase and the following oligonucleotide primers were used for PCR; 5'mPKC ⁇ : TTggACACAAgCTTTggACACCCTCAggATATggCTgACgTTTACCCggCCAACg 3'mPKC ⁇ : gTCATCTTCTCgAgTCTTTCAggCgCgCCCTACTgCACTTTgCAAgATTgggTgC, 5 ⁇ 64L-S65T-GFP:
  • TTggACACAAgCTTTggACACggCgCgCCATgAgTAAAggAgAAgAACTTTTC 3'F64L-S65T-GFP: gTCATCTTCTCgAgTCTTACTCCTgAggTTTgTATAgTTCATCCATgCCATgT.
  • the hybrid DNA strand was inserted into the pZeoSV® mammalian expression vector as a Hindlll-Xhol casette as described in example 1.
  • BHK cells expressing the human M1 receptor under the control of the inducible metallothionine promoter and maintained with the dihydrofolate reductase marker were transfected with the PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP probe using the calcium phosphate precipitate method in HEPES buffered saline (HBS [pH 7.10]).
  • Stable transfectants were selected using 1000 ⁇ g Zeocin®/ml in the growth medium (DMEM with 1000 mg glucose/I, 10 % foetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 ⁇ g penicillin-streptomycin mixture ml-1 , 2 mM i-glutamine).
  • the hM1 receptor and PKC ⁇ -F64L-S65T-GFP fusion protein were maintained with 500 nM methotrexate and 500 ⁇ g Zeocin®/ml respectively.
  • the cells were transferred to HAM F-12 medium with glutamax, 100 ⁇ g penicillin-streptomycin mixture ml "1 and 0.3 % FBS. This medium relieves selection pressure, gives a low induction of signal transduction pathways and has a low autofluorescence at the relevant wavelength enabling fluorescence microscopy of cells straight from the incubator.
  • Method 1 Monitoring the PKC ⁇ activity in real time: Digital images of live cells were gathered using a Zeiss Axiovert 135M fluorescence microscope fitted with a 40X, NA: 1.3 oil immersion objective and coupled to a Photometries CH250 charged coupled device (CCD) camera. The cells were illuminated with a 100 W arc lamp. In the light path was a 470 ⁇ 20 nm excitation filter, a 510 nm dichroic mirror and a 515 ⁇ 15 nm emission filter for minimal image background. The cells were kept and monitored to be at 37°C with a custom built stage heater. Images were analyzed using the IPLab software package for Macintosh.
  • the image was corrected for dark current by performing a pixel-by-pixel subtraction of a dark image (an image taken under the same conditions as the actual image, except the camera shutter is not allowed to open).
  • the image was corrected for non-uniformity of the illumination by performing a pixel-by- pixel ratio with a flat field correction image (an image taken under the same conditions as the actual image of a uniformly fluorescent specimen).
  • a copy of the image was made in which the edges are identified.
  • the edges in the image are found by a standard edge-detection procedure - convolving the image with a kernel which removes any large-scale unchanging components (i.e.. background) and accentuates any small-scale changes (i.e., sharp edges).
  • This image was then converted to a binary image by threshholding. Objects in the binary image which are too small to represent the edges of cells were discarded.
  • a dilation of the binary image was performed to close any gaps in the image edges. Any edge objects in the image which were in contact with the borders of the image are discarded. This binary image represents the edge mask.
  • Useful for monitoring signalling pathways involving MAPK, e g to identify compounds which modulate the activity of the pathway in living cells Erk1 , a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a component of a signalling pathway that is activated by e g many growth factors
  • the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK-1 , a mitogen activated protein kinase,
  • MAPK MAPK
  • the human Erk1 gene (GenBank Accession number X60188) was amplified using PCR according to standard protocols with primers Erk1-top
  • PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes EcoR1 and BamH1 , and ligated into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession number U55763) digested with
  • the plamid containing the EGFP-Erk1 fusion was transfected into HEK293 cells employing the FUGENE transfection reagent (Boehnnger Mannheim) Prior to experiments the cells were grown to 80%-90% confluency 8 well chambers in DMEM with 10% FCS. The cells were washed in plain HAM F-12 medium (without FCS), and then incubated for 30-60 minutes in plain HAM F-12 (without FCS) with 100 micromolar
  • PD98059 inhibitor if blocking of MEK1 is still wanted (e g in control experiments), the inhibitor is included in the Hepes buffer
  • the response was quantitated as described below and a dose-dependent relationship between EGF concentration and nuclear translocation of EGFP-Erk1 was found (Fig. 9c, d). Redistribution of GFP fluorescence is expressed in this example as the change in the ratio value between areas in nuclear versus cytoplasmic compartments of the cell. Each time profile is the average of nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios from six cells in each treatment.
  • Useful for monitoring signalling pathways activated by some members of the transforming growth factor-beta family e.g. to identify compounds which modulate the activity of the pathway in living cells.
  • Smad 2 a signal transducer, is a component of a signalling pathway that is induced by some members of the TGFbeta family of cytokines.
  • the human Smad2 gene (GenBank Accession number: AF027964) was amplified using PCR according to standard protocols with primers Smad2-top 5'-GTGAATTCGACCATGTCGTCCATCTTGCCATTC-3' and Smad2-bottom/+stop
  • the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes EcoR1 and Acc65l, and ligated into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech; Palo Alto; GenBank Accession number U55763) digested with EcoR1 and Acc65l. This produces an EGFP-Smad2 fusion (SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8) under the control of a CMV promoter.
  • the human Smad2 gene (GenBank Accession number: AF027964) was amplified using PCR according to standard protocols with primers Smad2-top 5'-GTGAATTCGACCATGTCGTCCATCTTGCCATTC-3' and Smad2-bottom/-stop
  • the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes EcoR1 and Acc65l, and ligated into pEGFP-N1 (Clontech, Palo Alto; GenBank Accession number U55762) digested with EcoR1 and Acc65l. This produces a Smad2-EGFP fusion (SEQ ID NOs:9 and 10) under the control of a CMV promoter.
  • the plasmid containing the EGFP-Smad2 fusion was transfected into HEK293 cells, where it showed a cytoplasmic distribution
  • the cells were grown in 8 well Nunc chambers in DMEM with 10% FCS to 80% confluence and starved overnight in HAM F-12 medium without FCS
  • the HAM F-12 medium was replaced with Hepes buffer pH 7 2
  • the experimental setup of the microscope was as described in example 1 90 images were collected with 10 seconds between each, and with the test compound added after image number 5 After serum starvation of cells, each nucleus contains less GFP fluorescence than the surrounding cytoplasm (Fig 10a) Addition of TGFbeta caused within minutes a redistribution of EGFP-Smad2 from the cytoplasma into the nucleus (Fig 10b).
  • Useful for monitoring signalling pathways involving rearrangement of cytoskeletal elements e g to identify compounds which modulate the activity of the pathway in living cells VASP, a phosphoprotem, is a component of cytoskeletal structures, which redistributes in response to signals that affect focal adhesions
  • the human VASP gene (GenBank Accession number Z46389) was amplified using
  • PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes H ⁇ nd3 and BamHI , and ligated into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession number U55763) digested with H ⁇ nd3and BamHI This produces an EGFP-VASP fusion (SEQ ID NOs 11 and 12) under the control of a CMV promoter
  • the resulting plasmid was transfected into CHO cells expressing the human insulin receptor using the calcium-phosphate transfection method
  • cells Prior to experiments, cells were grown in 8 well Nunc chambers and starved overnight in medium without FCS Experiments are performed in a microscope setup as described in example 1 10% FCS was added to the cells and images were collected
  • the EGFP-VASP fusion was redistributed from a somewhat even distribution near the periphery into more localised structures, identified as focal adhesion points (Fig 11) .
  • EXAMPLE 7 Probes for detection of NFkappaB redistribution.
  • Useful for monitoring signalling pathways leading to activation of NFkappaB e g to identify compounds which modulate the activity of the pathway in living cells NFkappaB, an activator of transcription, is a component of signalling pathways that are responsive to a vanty of inducers including cytokines, lymphokines, and some immunosuppressive agents a)
  • the human NFkappaB p65 subunit gene (GenBank Accession number M62399) is amplified using PCR according to standard protocols with primers NFkappaB-top
  • the PCR product is digested with restriction enzymes Xhol and BamHI , and ligated into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession number U55763) digested with Xhol and BamHI This produces an EGFP-NFkappaB fusion (SEQ ID NOs 13 and 14) under the control of a CMV promoter b)
  • the human NFkappaB p65 subunit gene (GenBank Accession number M62399) is amplified using PCR according to standard protocols with primers NFkappaB-top
  • the PCR product is digested with restriction enzymes Xhol and BamHI , and ligated into pEGFP-N1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession number U55762) digested with Xhol and BamHI
  • pEGFP-N1 Clontech, Palo Alto, GenBank Accession number U55762
  • the resulting plasmids are transfected into a suitable cell line e g Jurkat, in which the EGFP-NFkappaB probe and/or the NFkappaB-EGFP probe should change its cellular distribution from cytoplasmic to nuclear in response to activation of the signalling pathway with e g IL-1 CHO cells stably expressing the insulin receptor and a human NFkB - GFP protein hybrid were stimulated with different concentrations of IL-1 for 1 hour, then was
  • a sequence of images were acquired during the addition of 0.05% Triton X-100 and subsequent gentle mixing after a short incubation period.
  • the treatment causes the cell membranes to rupture leaving the fraction of NFkB-GFP that has translocated to the nucleus behind whereas the cytoplasmic amount of the probe leaves the cells more quickly and immediately becomes infinitely diluted in the surrounding medium (out of focus - this part of the total fluorescence from the probe is thereby lost).
  • a total intensity value for the whole image was extracted.
  • the present protocol is a good example of the possibility of revealing translocation of a fluorescent probe from the cytosol to the nucleus or translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol by using a measurement immediately before and after plasma membrane permeabihsation recorded a s an image sequence.
  • PKC ⁇ -GFP protein kinase C ⁇ isoform-GFP fusion
  • SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4 protein kinase C ⁇ isoform-GFP fusion
  • 96 parallel redistribution measurements in microtiter plates BHK cells were stably expressing a recombinant human muscarinic type 1 receptor, under the selection with 500 ⁇ g/ml Methotrexate, and also a PKC ⁇ -GFP construct (KaA 048), under the selection of 500 nM Zeocin.
  • the cells were grown in 96-well plates (Packard ViewPlate, black with transparent bottom), washed and preincubated in a Hank's Buffered Salt solution (HBSS) without phenol red, with 20 mM HEPES and 5.5 mM glucose.
  • HBSS Hank's Buffered Salt solution
  • the plate was measured in a FLIPRTM (Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader) from Molecular Devices.
  • FLIPRTM Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader
  • Emission wavelengths were collected through a 510 to 565 nm band pass filter.
  • C-GFP LT SEQ ID NOs 1 and 2 cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subuit-GFP fusion
  • CHO cells were stably transfected with hybrid DNA for the PKA catalytic subunit- F64L+S65T GFP (C-GFP T ) fusion protein, and were typically under continuous selection with 1000 ⁇ g/ml zeocin (Invitrogen)
  • the cells were grown without selection for 2 days in 96-well plates (Packard ViewPlate black with transparent bottom), washed and preincubated in a Hank's Buffered Salt solution (HBSS) without phenol red, with 20 mM HEPES and 5 5 mM glucose
  • HBSS Hank's Buffered Salt solution
  • the plate was measured in a FLIPRTM (Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader) from Molecular Devices
  • the 488 nm emission line from an argon ion laser, run at between 0 4 and 0 8 W output, was used to excite fluorescence from the GFP Emission wavelengths were collected through a 510 to 565 nm band pass filter
  • the cells were challenged
  • C-GFP LT SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 Measurement of the redistribution response of cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subuit-GFP fusion (C-GFP LT SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2) after forskolin stimulation of the adenylate cyclase; measurement of the change in total fluorescence upon
  • CHO cells were stably transfected with hybrid DNA for the PKA catalytic subunit- F64L+S65T GFP (C-GFP T ) fusion protein, and were typically under continuous selection with 1000 ⁇ g/ml zeocin (Invitrogen). For the experiments reported here, cells were grown without selection to 90% confluence in 8-well tissue culture-treated Lab-Tek®
  • the cells were challenged with four doses of forskolin, an adenylate cyclase agonist known from previous studies to give a microscopically detectable redistribution of the C-
  • PKCbetal a serine/threonine protein kinase
  • PKCbeta2 a serine/threonine protein kinase

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé amélioré et des outils de quantification de l'effet d'une influence sur une réponse cellulaire, et en particulier un procédé amélioré destiné à détecter une translocation ou une redistribution intercellulaire de polypeptides biologiquement actifs. L'invention concerne aussi plusieurs manières de mettre en contact les cellules avec une substance qui influence une réponse cellulaire et d'extraire une information quantitative se rapportant à la réponse, d'une façon hautement parallèle. Le procédé peut être utilisé en tant que procédure très efficace de test ou de découverte de l'influence d'une substance sur un processus physiologique à l'aide de techniques de tests parallèles à grands volumes commercialement disponibles, par exemple en relation avec le criblage de nouveaux médicaments, avec des tests de toxicité de substances, et avec l'identification de cibles de médicament pour des médicaments connus ou nouveaux.
PCT/DK1999/000562 1998-10-15 1999-10-15 Procede ameliore destine a une extraction quantitative d'information se rapportant a une influence sur une reponse cellulaire WO2000023615A2 (fr)

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JP2000577322A JP2002527761A (ja) 1998-10-15 1999-10-15 細胞応答への影響に関する量的情報を入手するための改良方法
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EP1333099A1 (fr) * 2000-11-06 2003-08-06 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Procede de recherche d'une proteine de transport dans le noyau codant pour un gene
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US7195869B2 (en) 2000-11-06 2007-03-27 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Method of searching for gene encoding nuclear transport protein
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US7244614B2 (en) 2001-08-01 2007-07-17 Cellomics, Inc. Fusion proteins and assays for molecular binding
WO2003071270A3 (fr) * 2002-02-19 2004-02-26 Univ Bristol Procede de criblage
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FR3010521A1 (fr) * 2013-09-12 2015-03-13 Luxor Procede fluorimetrique simplifie pour evaluer l'influence d'une condition sur un echantillon biologique et ses applications
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