Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07F9/65515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring
  • C07F9/65517—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
  • C07F9/12—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyaryl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07F9/6503—Five-membered rings
  • C07F9/6506—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07F9/65068—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3 condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to arylsulfonani de phosphates, de ⁇ vatives and analogs and their use as pharmacologically active agents capable of lowe ⁇ ng plasma cholesterol levels and inhibiting abnormal cell proliferation.
• Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the United States The disease results from excess cholesterol accumulation in the arterial walls, which forms plaques that inhibit blood flow and promote clot formation, ultimately causing heart attacks, stroke and claudication
• a p ⁇ ncipal source of these cholesterol deposits is the low-density poprotem (LDL) particles that are present m the blood
• LDL concentration is itself largely regulated by the supply of active LDL cell surface receptors, which bind LDL particles and translocate them from the blood into the cell's inte ⁇ or Accordingly, the upregulation of LDL receptor expression provides an important therapeutic target.
• Lipoprotein disorders have been previously called the hyperhpoproteinemias and defined as the elevation of a lipoprotein level above normal.
• the hyperhpoproteinemias result in elevations of cholesterol, t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des or both, and are clinically important because of their cont ⁇ bution to atherosclerotic diseases and pancreatitis.
• L ⁇ oproteins are sphe ⁇ cal macromolecular complexes of pid and protein.
• the hpid constituents of hpoproteins are este ⁇ fied and uneste ⁇ fied (free) cholesterol, t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des, and phosphohpids.
• Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des from sites of absorption and synthesis to sites of utilization Cholesteryl esters and t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des are nonpolar and constitute the hydrophobic core of lipoproteins in varying proportions
• the lipoprotein surface coat contains the polar constituents - free cholesterol, phosphohpids, and apo poproteins - that permit these particles to be miscible in plasma.
• Cholesterol is used for the synthesis of bile acids in the liver, the manufacture and repair of cell membranes, and the synthesis of steroid hormones.
• There are both exogenous and endogenous sources of cholesterol The average Ame ⁇ can consumes about 450 mg of cholesterol each day and produces an additional 500 to 1,000 mg m the liver and other tissues Another source is the 500 to 1.000 mg of biliary cholesterol that is secreted into the intestine daily; about 50 percent is reabsorbed (enterohepatic circulation)
• the rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol synthesis is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase T ⁇ glyce ⁇ des. which are nonpolar pids consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids of varying length and degrees of saturation, are used for storage in adipose tissue and for energy.
• HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
• VLDL Very low density lipoproteins
• t ⁇ glyce ⁇ de- ⁇ ch lipoproteins that are synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes.
• VLDL interacts with lipoprotein pase in capillary endothehum, and the core t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des are hydrolyzed to provide fatty acids to adipose and muscle tissue.
• About half of the catabohzed VLDL particles are taken up by hepatic LDL receptors and the other half remain in plasma, becoming intermediate-density lipoprotein (LDL).
• LDL intermediate-density lipoprotein
• IDL is en ⁇ ched in cholesteryl esters relative to t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des and is gradually converted by hepatic t ⁇ glyce ⁇ de hpase to the smaller, denser, cholesterol ester- ⁇ ch LDL.
• apo poprotein E becomes detached, and only one apohpoprotein remains, apo B-100.
• LDL normally car ⁇ es about 75 percent of the circulating cholesterol.
• Cellular LDL uptake is mediated by a glycoprotem receptor molecule that binds to apo B-100. Approximately 70 percent of LDL is cleared by receptor uptake, and the remainder is removed by a scavenger cell pathway using nonreceptor mechanisms.
• the LDL receptors span the thickness of the cell's plasma membrane and are clustered in specialized regions where the cell membrane is indented to form craters called coated pits. These pits invaginate to form coated vesicles, where LDL is separated from the receptor and delivered to a lysosome so that digestive enzymes can expose the cholesteryl ester and cleave the ester bond to form free cholesterol. The receptor is recycled to the cell surface.
• factors e.g., blood pressure, tobacco use, blood glucose level, antioxidant level, and clotting factors.
• Acute pancreatitis is another major clinical manifestation of dyshpoproteinemia. It is associated with chylomicronemia and elevated VLDL levels. Most patients with acute pancreatitis have t ⁇ glyce ⁇ de levels above 2,000 mg/dL, but a 1983 NTH consensus development conference recommended that prophylactic treatment of hypert ⁇ glyce ⁇ demia should begin when fasting levels exceed 500 mg/dL. The mechanism by which chylomicronemia and elevated VLDL levels cause pancreatitis is unclear. Pancreatic hpase may act on t ⁇ glyce ⁇ des in pancreatic capilla ⁇ es, resulting in the formation of toxic fatty acids that cause inflammation.
• the most promising class of drugs currently available for the treatment of hyperhpoproteinemia or hypercholesterolemia acts by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the rate- hmiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Drugs of this class competitively inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Eventually, this inhibition leads to a decrease in the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and by normal homeostatic mechanisms, plasma cholesterol is taken up by LDL receptors to restore the intracellular cholesterol balance.
• liver cells play a c ⁇ tical role in maintaining serum cholesterol homeostasis.
• an inverse correlation appears to exist between liver LDL receptor expression levels and LDL-associated serum cholesterol levels.
• higher hepatocyte LDL receptor numbers result in lower LDL-associated serum cholesterol levels.
• Cholesterol released into hepatocytes can be stored as cholesteryl esters, converted into bile acids and released into the bile duct, or it can enter into an oxycholesterol pool. It is this oxycholesterol pool that is believed to be involved in end product repression of both the genes of the LDL receptor and enzymes involved in the cholesterol synthetic pathway.
• Transc ⁇ ption of the LDL receptor gene is known to be repressed when cells have an excess supply of cholesterol, probably in the form of oxycholesterol.
• a DNA sequence in the LDL receptor promoter region known as the sterol response element (SRE) appears to confer this sterol end product repression.
• SRE sterol response element
• This element has been extensively investigated (Brown, Goldstein and Russell, U.S. Patents 4,745,060 and 4,935,363).
• the SRE can be inserted into genes that normally do not respond to cholesterol, confer ⁇ ng sterol end product repression of the chime ⁇ c gene. The exact mechanism of the repression is not understood.
• Brown and Goldstein have disclosed methods for employing the SRE in a screen for drugs capable of stimulating cells to synthesize LDL receptors (U S. Patent 4,935,363). It would be most desirable if the synthesis of LDL receptors could be upregulated at the level of gene expression The upregulation of LDL receptor synthesis at this level offers the promise of resetting the level of serum cholesterol at a lower, and clinically more desirable, level.
• the present invention desc ⁇ bes methods and compounds that act to inhibit directly or indirectly the repression of the LDL receptor gene, resulting in induction of the LDL receptor on the surface of liver cells, facilitating LDL uptake, bile acid synthesis and secretion to remove cholesterol metabolites and hence the lowe ⁇ ng of LDL-associated serum cholesterol levels.
• a number of human diseases stem from processes of uncontrolled or abnormal cellular proliferation. Most prevalent among these is cancer, a gene ⁇ c name for a wide range of cellular malignancies characte ⁇ zed by unregulated growth, lack of differentiation, and the ability to invade local tissues and metastasize These neoplastic malignancies affect, with va ⁇ ous degrees of prevalence, every tissue and organ in the body. A multitude of therapeutic agents have been developed over the past few decades for the treatment of va ⁇ ous types of cancer.
• anticancer agents include: DNA-alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, lfosfarmde), antimetabohtes (e.g., methotrexate, a folate antagonist, and 5-fluorourac ⁇ l, a pynmidme antagonist), microtubule disruptors (e.g., vinc ⁇ stine, vinblastine, pachtaxel), DNA intercalators (e.g., doxorubicin, daunomycin, cisplatin), and hormone therapy (e.g., tamoxifen, flutamide).
• DNA-alkylating agents e.g., cyclophosphamide, lfosfarmde
• antimetabohtes e.g., methotrexate, a folate antagonist, and 5-fluorourac ⁇ l, a pynmidme antagonist
• microtubule disruptors e.g., vinc ⁇ stine, vinblastine
• the ideal antmeoplastic drug would kill cancer cells selectively, with a wide therapeutic index relative to its toxicity towards non-malignant cells. It would also retain its efficacy against malignant cells even after prolonged exposure to the drug.
• none of the current chemotherapies possess an ideal profile. Most possess very narrow therapeutic indexes, and in practically every instance cancerous cells exposed to slightly sublethal concentrations of a chemotherapeutic agent will develop resistance to such an agent, and quite often cross-resistance to several other antmeoplastic agents.
• Pso ⁇ asis a common chronic skin disease characte ⁇ zed by the presence of dry scales and plaques, is generally thought to be the result of abnormal cell proliferation.
• the disease results from hyperprohferation of the epidermis and incomplete differentiation of keratmocytes.
• Psoriasis often involves the scalp, elbows, knees, back, buttocks, nails, eyebrows, and genital regions, and may range in seventy from mild to extremely debilitating, resulting in pso ⁇ atic arth ⁇ tis, pustular pso ⁇ asis, and exfohative pso ⁇ atic dermatitis.
• Other diseases associated with an abnormally high level of cellular proliferation include restenosis, where vascular smooth muscle cells are involved, inflammatory disease states, where endothehal cells, inflammatory cells and glomerular cells are involved, myocardial infarction, where heart muscle cells are involved, glomerular neph ⁇ tis, where kidney cells are involved, transplant rejection, where endothehal cells are involved, infectious diseases such as HIV infection and mala ⁇ a, where certain immune cells and/or other infected cells are involved, and the like. Infectious and parasitic agents per se (e.g. bacte ⁇ a, trypanosomes, fungi, etc) are also subject to selective prohferative control using the subject compositions and compounds.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide therapeutic compositions for treating said conditions
• a further object of the invention is to provide therapeutic compositions for treating pancreatitis.
• Still further objects are to provide methods for upregulatmg LDL receptor synthesis, for lowe ⁇ ng serum LDL cholesterol levels, and for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide compounds which directly or indirectly are toxic to actively dividing cells and are useful in the treatment of cancer, viral and bacte ⁇ al infections, vascular restenosis, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and psoriasis.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide therapeutic compositions for treating said conditions.
• Still further objects are to provide methods for killing actively proliferating cells, such as cancerous, bacte ⁇ al, or epithelial cells, and treating all types of cancers, infections, inflammatory, and generally prohferative conditions.
• a further object is to provide methods for treating other medical conditions characte ⁇ zed by the presence of rapidly proliferating cells, such as pso ⁇ asis and other skin disorders.
• the invention provides novel arylsulfonani de phosphate compounds, as well as methods and compositions relating to novel arylsulfonanihde phosphates and their use as pharmacologically active agents.
• the compounds and compositions find use as pharmacological agents in the treatment of disease states, particularly hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, cancer, bacte ⁇ al infections, and pso ⁇ asis, or as lead compounds for the development of such agents.
• the compounds of the invention have the formula:
• R 1 represents a hydrogen, (C,-C 6 )alkyl or (C r C 6 )heteroalkyl.
• the symbols R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, (C r C g )alkyl, (C,-C 8 )heteroalkyl, -OR 11 or -NR ⁇ R 12 , in which the symbols R ⁇ and R 12 each independently represent hydrogen, (C,-C 8 )alkyl or (C,-C 8 )heteroalkyl.
• R 2 and R 3 when attached to adjacent carbon atoms, can be linked together to form a fused 5-, 6- or 7- membered ⁇ ng.
• R 4 and R 5 each independently represent hydrogen, (C,-C 8 )alkyl, (C r C 8 )heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C r C 4 )alkyl, aryl(C,-C 4 )heteroalkyl, heteroaryl(C,- C 4 )alkyl and heteroary ⁇ -C heteroalkyl.
• R 4 and R 5 are linked together to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ⁇ ng.
• R 4 can also represent a single bond to the phenyl ⁇ ng bea ⁇ ng the phosphoryl group.
• R 5 is hydrogen, (C r C 8 )alkyl, (C,-C 8 )heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C,-C 4 )alkyl, aryl(C r C 4 )heteroalkyl, heteroaryl(C r C 4 )alkyl or heteroaryl (C r C 4 )heteroalkyl.
• X 1 and X 2 are each independently F, Cl or Br.
• compositions containing compounds of the foregoing desc ⁇ ption of the general Formula I for the treatment of pathology such as cancer, bacte ⁇ al infections, pso ⁇ asis, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and hyperhpoproteinemia.
• pathology such as cancer, bacte ⁇ al infections, pso ⁇ asis, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and hyperhpoproteinemia.
• pathology such as cancer, bacte ⁇ al infections, pso ⁇ asis, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and hyperhpoproteinemia.
• pathology such as cancer, bacte ⁇ al infections, pso ⁇ asis, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and hyperhpoproteinemia.
• the inventions involve administe ⁇ ng to a patient an effective formulation of one or more of the subject compositions.
• alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multi- radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C,-C 10 means one to ten carbons).
• saturated hydrocarbon radicals include groups such as methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.
• An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or t ⁇ ple bonds.
• unsaturated alkyl groups include vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2- ⁇ sopentenyl, 2-(butad ⁇ enyl), 2,4-pentad ⁇ enyl, 3-(l,4-pentad ⁇ enyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3- propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.
• alkyl unless otherwise noted, is also meant to include those de ⁇ vatives of alkyl defined in more detail below as “cycloalkyl” and “alkylene.”
• alkylene by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical de ⁇ ved from an alkane, as exemplified by -CH ⁇ CH ⁇ ILCH,-.
• an alkyl group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being prefe ⁇ ed m the present invention.
• a “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms.
• alkoxy employed alone or in combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group, as defined above, connected to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy and the higher homologs and isomers.
• heteroalkyl by itself or combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
• the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any inte ⁇ or position of the heteroalkyl group.
• the heteroatom Si may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group, including the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
• heterocycloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical de ⁇ ved from heteroalkyl, as exemplified by -CH 2 -CH 2 -S-CH,CH 2 - and - CH 2 -S-CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-CT -
• heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini
• alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups as well as all other linking groups desc ⁇ bed herein, no specific o ⁇ entation of the linking group is implied
• cycloalkyl and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or in combination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule
• cycloalkyl include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like
• heterocycloalkyl include l-(l,2,5,6-tetrahydropy ⁇ dyl), 1-p ⁇ pendmyl, 2- pipe ⁇ dinyl, 3-p ⁇ pe ⁇ d ⁇ nyl, 4-morphol ⁇ nyl, 3-morphol ⁇ nyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydroth ⁇ en-2-y
• halo or halogen
• substituents mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluo ⁇ ne, chlo ⁇ ne, bromine, or iodine atom
• fluoroalkyl are meant to include monofluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl
• aryl employed alone or in combination with other terms (e g , aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) means, unless otherwise stated, an aromatic substituent which can be a single ⁇ ng or multiple ⁇ ngs (up to three ⁇ ngs) which are fused together or linked covalently
• the ⁇ ngs may each contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quatermzed
• the aryl groups that contain heteroatoms may be referred to as "heteroaryl” and can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon atom or a heteroatom
• Non- hmitmg examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-b ⁇ phenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl
• arylalkyl and arylheteroalkyl are meant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e g , benzyl, phenethyl, py ⁇ dylmethyl and the like) or a heteroalkyl group (e g , phenoxymethyl, 2-py ⁇ dyloxymethyl, l-naphthyloxy-3- propyl, and the like)
• alkyl group e g , benzyl, phenethyl, py ⁇ dylmethyl and the like
• a heteroalkyl group e g , phenoxymethyl, 2-py ⁇ dyloxymethyl, l-naphthyloxy-3- propyl, and the like
• the arylalkyl and arylheteroalkyl groups will typically contain from 1 to
• aryl moieties attached to the alkyl or heteroalkyl portion by a covalent bond or by fusing the ⁇ ng to, for example, a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group.
• a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
• arylheteroalkyl is meant to include benzyloxy, 2- phenylethoxy, phenethylamine, and the like
• alkyl e.g , "alkyl,” “heteroalkyl” and “aryl” are meant to include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical.
• Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.
• R', R" and R'" each independently refer to hydrogen, unsubst ⁇ tuted(C r C 8 )alkyl and heteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens, unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or aryl-(C C 4 )alkyl groups.
• R' and R" When R' and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ⁇ ng.
• -NR'R is meant to include 1-pyrrohdmyl and 4-morphohnyl.
• Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl nng may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -T-C(0)-(CH 2 ) q -U-, wherein T and U are independently -NH-, -0-, -CH 2 - or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 2.
• two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl ⁇ ng may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH 2 ) r -B-, wherein A and B are independently -CH 2 -, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O),-, -S(0) 2 NR'- or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 3.
• One of the single bonds of the new ⁇ ng so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond
• two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl ⁇ ng may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -(CH 2 ) S -X-(CH,),-, where s and t are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X is -0-, -NR'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, or -S(0) 2 NR'-
• the substituent R' in -NR'- and -S(0) 2 NR'- is selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted (C,-C 6 )alkyl
• heteroatom is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).
• salts are meant to include salts of the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds desc ⁇ bed herein.
• base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or m a suitable inert solvent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic ammo, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt.
• acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or m a suitable inert solvent.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those de ⁇ ved from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nit ⁇ c, carbonic, monohydrogencarbomc, phospho ⁇ c, monohydrogenphospho ⁇ c, dihydrogenphospho ⁇ c, sulfu ⁇ c, monohydrogensulfu ⁇ c, hyd ⁇ odic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts de ⁇ ved from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propiomc, isobuty ⁇ c, oxalic, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succimc, sube ⁇ c, fuma ⁇ c, mandehc, phthahc, benzenesulfomc, p-tolylsulfomc, cit ⁇ c, tarta ⁇ c, methanesulfonic, and the like.
• inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nit ⁇ c, carbonic, monohydrogencarb
• salts of ammo acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactuno ⁇ c acids and the like (see, for example, Berge, S.M., et al, "Pharmaceutical Salts", Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66, 1-19).
• Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.
• the neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner.
• the parent form of the compound differs from the va ⁇ ous salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.
• the present invention provides compounds which are in a prodrug form.
• Prodrugs of the compounds desc ⁇ bed herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide a compound of formula I
• prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment
• prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme.
• Certain compounds of the present invention can exist m unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmet ⁇ c carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, geomet ⁇ c isomers and individual isomers are all intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example t ⁇ tium ( 3 H), ⁇ odme-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic va ⁇ ations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention
• the compounds desc ⁇ bed herein are related to compounds provided in PCT publications WO 97/30677 and WO 98/05315. More particularly, compounds are now desc ⁇ bed having an attached phosphate, phosphate salt, or phosphate ester group. These arylsulfonanihde phosphates are less lipophihc that the co ⁇ espondmg arylsulfonanihde phenols and are expected to reduce brain concentrations of the phenol when administered as a bolus intravenously Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it was believed that the compounds would be readily hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the phenol as the active species.
• the compounds of the present invention have demonstrated surp ⁇ sing stability in cell culture media, dosing solution, and mouse plasma, yet provide a level of efficacy against a tumor model equivalent to the parent phenol (non-phosporylated compound) which appears to be present in an amount of only about 4-10% (based on the administered arylsulfonanihde phosphate) Additionally, the arylsulfonanihde phosphates provide a bulk stability, or improved shelf-life, relative to the parent phenols Embodiments of the Invention
• the present invention provides novel arylsulfonanihde phosphate de ⁇ vatives having the formula:
• R 1 represents hydrogen, (C j -C alkyl or (C,-C 6 )heteroalkyl, preferably hydrogen.
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, (C,-C 8 )alkyl, (C,-C 8 )heteroalkyl, -OR" or -NR ⁇ R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen, (C r C 8 )alkyl or (C,-C 8 )heteroalkyl. Additionally, when R 2 and R 3 are attached to adjacent carbon atoms, they can be linked together to form a fused 5-, 6- or 7-membered ⁇ ng. In preferred embodiments, R 2 and R 3 occupy positions on the phenyl ⁇ ng that are meta and/or para to the sulfonanihde nitrogen.
• R 2 represents hydrogen, (C r C 3 )alkyl or (C r C 3 )alkoxy.
• R 3 represents hydrogen, (C,-C 3 )alkyl, -OR 11 or -NR U R 12 , wherein R" and R 12 are each independently hydrogen, (C r C 3 )alkyl or (C,- C 3 )heteroalkyl
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, (C r C 8 )alkyl, (C r C 8 )heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C,-C 4 )alkyl, aryl(C r C 4 )heteroalkyl, heteroaryl(C C 4 )alkyl or heteroary C j -C heteroalkyl.
• R 4 and R 5 are optionally linked together to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ⁇ ng.
• R 4 represents a single bond to the phenyl ⁇ ng bea ⁇ ng the phosphoryl group and R 5 is hydrogen, (C,-C 8 )alkyl, (C j -C ⁇ heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C j -C 4 )alkyl, aryl(C,-C 4 )heteroalkyl, heteroaryl (C,- C 4 )alkyl and heteroaryKC j -CJheteroalkyl.
• X 1 and X 2 are each independently selected from F, Cl and Br.
• Ar is pentafluorophenyl. In another group of preferred embodiments, Ar is 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl. In yet another group of preferred embodiments, Ar is 3,4,5-t ⁇ methoxyphenyl. In still another group of preferred embodiments, Ar is 3-methoxy-4,5-methylened ⁇ oxyphenyl.
• a number of particular formulae are also preferred. One preferred group of compounds are represented by the formula:
• R'-R 5 can be any of the groups desc ⁇ bed above.
• R 1 is hydrogen.
• R 2 is preferably hydrogen, (C,-C 3 )alkyl or (C,-C 3 )alkoxy, and R 3 is preferably hydrogen, (C,-C 3 )alkyl, -OR" or -NR n R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen, (C r C 3 )alkyl or (C j -C 3 )heteroalkyl.
• the compounds have the formula:
• R'-R 5 can be any of the groups desc ⁇ bed for formula I.
• R 1 is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen, ( -C ⁇ alkyl, -OR 11 or -NR"R 12 , wherein R" and R 12 are each independently hydrogen, (C,-C 3 )alkyl or (C j -C 3 )heteroalkyl.
• R 1 is hydrogen
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is methoxy, methyl, dimethylamino or hydroxy.
• R 4 and R 5 are preferably hydrogen, (C r C 3 )alkyl or aryl.
• the compounds have the formula:
• the preferred substituents are the same as those desc ⁇ bed for formula lb.
• the compounds have the formula:
• the compounds have the general formula I in which R 2 and R 3 are combined to form a fused 5-member ⁇ ng.
• Preferred compounds in this group of embodiments are exemplified by the compounds:
• arylsulfonamidophenols can be prepared as desc ⁇ bed, and the phenolic hydroxy group can then be phosphorylated using reagents such as diethylphosphorylchlo ⁇ de or dimethylphosphorylchlo ⁇ de. Additional compounds can be prepared via ester exchange or saponification.
• the compounds used as initial starting mate ⁇ als in this invention may be purchased from commercial sources or alternatively are readily synthesized by standard procedures which are well know to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Some of the compounds of Formula I may exist as stereoisomers, and the invention includes all active stereoisome ⁇ c forms of these compounds
• optically active isomers such compounds may be obtained from corresponding optically active precursors using the procedures desc ⁇ bed above or by resolving racemic mixtures. The resolution may be earned out using va ⁇ ous techniques such as chromatography, repeated recrystal zation of de ⁇ ved asymmet ⁇ c salts, or de ⁇ vatization, which techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the compounds of the invention may be labeled in a va ⁇ ety of ways.
• the compounds may contain radioactive isotopes such as, for example, 3 H (t ⁇ tium) and 14 C
• the compounds may be advantageously joined, covalently or noncovalently, directly or through a linker molecule, to a wide va ⁇ ety of other compounds, which may provide pro-drugs or function as earners, labels, adjuvents, coactivators, stabilizers, etc.
• linker molecule may provide pro-drugs or function as earners, labels, adjuvents, coactivators, stabilizers, etc.
• compositions were demonstrated to have pharmacological activity in in vitro and in vivo assays, e.g., they are capable of specifically modulating a cellular physiology to reduce an associated pathology or provide or enhance a prophylaxis.
• Certain preferred compounds and compositions are capable of specifically regulating LDL receptor gene expression.
• Compounds may be evaluated in vitro for their ability to increase LDL receptor expression using western-blot analysis, for example, as descnbed in Tarn et al. (J. Bwl Chem. 1991, 266, 16764).
• Established animal models to evaluate hypocholesterolemic effects of compounds are known in the art. For example, compounds disclosed herein are shown to lower cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a high- cholesterol diet, using a protocol similar to that desc ⁇ bed in Spady et al. ( J. Clin. Invest 1988, 81, 300), Evans et al. (J. L ⁇ id Res. 1994, 35, 1634), and Lin et al (J Med Chem. 1995, 38, 277).
• Certain preferred compounds and compositions display specific toxicity to va ⁇ ous types of cells. Certain compounds and compositions of the present invention exert their cytotoxic effects by interacting with cellular tubulin. For certain preferred compounds and compositions of the present invention, that interaction is covalent and irreversible.
• Compounds and compositions may be evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit cell growth, for example, as described in Ahmed et al. (J. Immunol. Methods 1994, 170, 211) Established animal models to evaluate antiprohferative effects of compounds are known in the art. For example, compounds can be evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of human tumors grafted into immunodeficient mice using methodology similar to that desc ⁇ bed by Rygaard and Povlsen (Ac ⁇ a Pathol Microbiol. Scand. 1969, 77. 758) and Giovanella and Fogh (Adv. Cancer Res
• the invention provides methods of using the subject compounds and compositions to treat disease or provide medicinal prophylaxis, to upregulate LDL receptor gene expression in a cell, to reduce blood cholesterol concentration in a host, to slow down and/or reduce the growth of tumors, etc. These methods generally involve contacting the cell with or admimste ⁇ ng to the host an effective amount of the subject compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable compositions.
• compositions and compounds of the invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be administered in any effective way such as via oral, parenteral or topical routes.
• the compounds are administered in dosages ranging from about 2 mg up to about 2,000 mg per day, although va ⁇ ations will necessa ⁇ ly occur depending on the disease target, the patient, and the route of administration.
• Preferred dosages are administered orally in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, more preferably in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, most preferably in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg to about 0.2 mg per kg of body weight per day
• the invention provides the subject compounds combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as ste ⁇ le saline or other medium, water, gelatin, an oil, etc. to form pharmaceutically acceptable compositions.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as ste ⁇ le saline or other medium, water, gelatin, an oil, etc.
• the compositions and/or compounds may be administered alone or in combination with any convenient earner, diluent, etc. and such administration may be provided in single or multiple dosages.
• Useful earners include solid, semi-solid or liquid media including water and non-toxic organic solvents
• the invention provides the subject compounds in the form of a pro-drug, which can be metabo cally converted to the subject compound by the recipient host.
• a pro-drug which can be metabo cally converted to the subject compound by the recipient host.
• compositions may be provided m any convenient form including tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, creams, suppositories, etc.
• compositions in pharmaceutically acceptable dosage units or m bulk, may be incorporated into a wide va ⁇ ety of containers.
• dosage units may be included in a va ⁇ ety of containers including capsules, pills, etc
• compositions may be advantageously combined and/or used in combination with other hypocholesterolemic or antipro ferative therapeutic or prophylactic agents, different from the subject compounds.
• administration in conjunction with the subject compositions enhances the efficacy of such agents.
• Examplary antiprohferative agents include cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, ad ⁇ amycin, cisplatin, daunomycin, vinc ⁇ stine, vinblasune, vinarelbine, pachtaxel. docetaxel, tamoxifen, flutamide, hydroxyurea. and mixtures thereof.
• hypocholesterolemic and/or hypohpemic agents include: bile acid sequestrants such as quaternary amines (e.g. cholestyramine and colestipol); nicotimc acid and its denvatives;
• bile acid sequestrants such as quaternary amines (e.g. cholestyramine and colestipol); nicotimc acid and its denvatives;
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as mevastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin; gemfibrozil and other fibnc acids, such as gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate, benzafibrate and cipofibrate; probucol, raloxifene and its de ⁇ vatives; and mixtures thereof.
• the compounds and compositions also find use in a va ⁇ ety of in vitro and in vivo assays, including diagnostic assays.
• vanous allotypic LDL receptor gene expression processes may be distinguished in sensitivity assays with the subject compounds and compositions, or panels thereof.
• labeled versions of the subject compounds and compositions e g. radioligand displacement assays.
• the invention provides the subject compounds and compositions comp ⁇ sing a detectable label, which may be spectroscopic (e.g. fluorescent), radioactive, etc
• l-Bromo-2,3,4-trifluoro-5-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)amino- sulfonyl]benzene l-Bromo-2,3,4-tnfluoro-5-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ nosulfonyl]benzene and l-Bromo-4,5,6-tnfluoro-2-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)am ⁇ no-sulfonyl]benzene were prepared in a manner similar to that descnbed above, beginning with a mixture of 5-bromo-2,3,4- trifluorophenylsulfonyl chlonde (Example B) and 2-bromo-3,4,5-t ⁇ fluorophenylsulfonyl chloride (Example C) and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyan ⁇ hne.
• the title compound was prepared via catalytic hydrogenation of the compound prepared in Example F above. Briefly, the starting material was in methanol and placed in a closed vessel. A catalytic amount of 10% Pd/charcoal was added and the mixture was hydrogenated at 60 psi H, for 4 h. The resulting mixture was filtered through celite, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography (silica; EtOAc/Hexane, 1:4) to yield the title compound. 'H-NMR (CDC1 3 ): ⁇ 7.43 (IH, m), 6.80 (IH, br s), 6.73-6.60 (3H, m), 5.67 (IH, s), 3.84 (3H, s).
• 3,4,5-T ⁇ methoxybenzenesulfonyl chlonde was synthesized from 3,4,5- t ⁇ methoxyanihne according to the procedure desc ⁇ bed in G. Piffe ⁇ and R. Monguzzi, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1973, 62, 1393.
• the aniline was dissolved m concentrated hydrochlo ⁇ c acid and to the resulting mixture was added a solution of aqueous sodium nitnte at 0°C, the resulting mixture containing the desired diazonium salt was added at 5°C to a saturated solution of sulfur dioxide in glacial acetic acid containing substoichiomet ⁇ c amount of cuprous chlonde.
• the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3h, poured into cold water, and the product extracted with dichloromethane. The solvent was evaporated and the solid residue was recrystallized from hexanes.
• This example illustrates the phosphorylation of the 2-hydroxy-l-methoxy-4- (pentafluorophenylsulfonam ⁇ do)benzene to produce 5-(pentafluorophenylsulfonam ⁇ do)-2- methoxyphenyl phosphate.
• reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 hours, then 75 mL of a 10% NaS 2 0 3 solution was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 0 5 hours.
• THF was removed in vacuo, and the aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc.
• the organic extract was dned over anhydrous MgS0 4 and the solvent was removed to provide a crude colorless oil that was punfied by silica gel chromatography (3:7 EtOAc:hexanes as eluant).
• the product fractions were isolated and solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 3.9 g of a thick clear oil.
• the intermediate phosphate diester (3.5 g, 5 6 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL of dry ethanol. This was quickly poured into a flask containing 1.0 g of 10% palladium on carbon. Then 4.5 g (55.6 mmol) of cyclohexadiene was added and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere overnight The palladium on carbon was removed by filtration through a layer of celite, and the solvent was removed in vacuo The crude mixture was punfied by reverse-phase HPLC. Removal of the solvents gave 1.13 g of the product phosphate as a white solid.
• test compounds were dosed in t ⁇ phcate at concentrations ranging from 5 nM to 50 ⁇ M, and the cellular growth rate was calculated by harvesting the cells after 72 hours of treatment and measunng their metabolic activity using an Alamar Blue assay (Biosource International, Camanllo, CA). The degree of metabolic activity in the culture is proportional to the number of living cells. See, Ahmed et al., J. Immunol. Methods 1994, 170, 211. The change in growth rate for cells treated with test compounds was normalized to the growth of untreated cells and a plot of normalized cellular growth vs. compound concentration was made. The concentration at which 50% growth inhibition (GI50) occurred was determined using a curve fitting program.
• GI50 50% growth inhibition

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