WO1999047242A1 - Procede et dispositif de nettoyage de gaz d'echappement de combustion par utilisation d'un plasma - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de nettoyage de gaz d'echappement de combustion par utilisation d'un plasma Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999047242A1
WO1999047242A1 PCT/EP1999/001824 EP9901824W WO9947242A1 WO 1999047242 A1 WO1999047242 A1 WO 1999047242A1 EP 9901824 W EP9901824 W EP 9901824W WO 9947242 A1 WO9947242 A1 WO 9947242A1
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Prior art keywords
discharge
chamber
exhaust gas
discharge chamber
electrodes
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PCT/EP1999/001824
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English (en)
Inventor
Boris Alexandrovich Zelenov
Lev Vasilyevich Kadikov
Sergey Nikolayevich Smirnov
Igor Alexandrovich Gudkov
Eduard Leonidovich Belenkov
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Scientific Research Center 'amt' Of Central Research Institute For Materials
Frenton Ltd.
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Priority to AU35184/99A priority Critical patent/AU3518499A/en
Publication of WO1999047242A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999047242A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/2406—Generating plasma using dielectric barrier discharges, i.e. with a dielectric interposed between the electrodes
    • H05H1/2437—Multilayer systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • B01J2219/0845—Details relating to the type of discharge
    • B01J2219/0849—Corona pulse discharge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/085—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields
    • B01J2219/0852—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields employing permanent magnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/085—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields
    • B01J2219/0854—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields employing electromagnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
    • B01J2219/0896—Cold plasma
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H2245/00—Applications of plasma devices
    • H05H2245/10—Treatment of gases
    • H05H2245/17—Exhaust gases

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of ecology and more particularly, to means for conversion and destruction of unburned fuel rests and removal of toxic products of incomplete combustion from exhaust and flue gas, and especially decomposition of nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides by using plasma.
  • Emission from internal combustion engines and other products of fuel combustion comprise toxic components such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), residual hydrocarbons (CHJ and other compounds.
  • NO x nitrogen oxides
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • CHJ residual hydrocarbons
  • the percentages of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and residual hydrocarbons are restricted by special legislative acts, such as EURO-I, EURO-II etc.
  • Russian patent no. 1808096 discloses a method for removal of particulates from exhaust or flue gas, by burning them by means of air or gas enriched with air.
  • the device for realization of this method comprises a vessel being a section of the exhaust manifold, and at least a couple of insulated electrodes, connected to a high-voltage high-frequency generator and located in the internal space of the exhaust manifold.
  • One of said electrodes is formed as an oblong conductive body, and a portion of the internal surface of the manifold is used as, or presents, another electrode. Thus this portion of the manifold can be used as ionizer.
  • the device also comprises an electric heater with a spark plug or glow filament for elimination of accumulated particulates.
  • the carbon particulates entering the exhaust manifold together with exhaust gas are electrized and settled on the internal wall of the vessel.
  • a heater is activated.
  • the heater can be formed as a resistor and/or electrodes for pulse or glow discharge.
  • the sediment is heated to temperatures of about 700-800 K, temperatures at which carbon is inflamed.
  • the disadvantage with the known device is that it does not provide elimination of all products formed at fuel combustion, e.g. such gases as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and residual hydrocarbons.
  • U.S. Patents 4,885,140; 5,199,257 and 5,402,639 also describe the burning of soot settled on the walls of a ceramic channel or conductor.
  • the said particulates are burned in an electric field.
  • the separated particulates are oxidized by free ions or ions on oxygen.
  • Drawbacks of these methods are unstable discharge conditions, and by not assuring elimination of also other impurities of exhaust gas, the cleaning efficiency is not increased.
  • An electric plasma discharge, ionization of a gas to a plasma, is often created by the electrical discharge appearing between two metal electrodes.
  • the type of plasma discharge may be altered by the frequency used.
  • US Patent No. 3,983,021 discloses a process of decomposition of nitrogen oxides.
  • the process includes extraction of nitrogen oxides from gas mixtures using solid bodies and decomposition of the nitrogen oxides by generating a dilute plasma by electric discharge.
  • the solid bodies, being catalysts, are in the form of spheres, cylinders, granules or others, and positioned in the discharge zone in such a way that gas is subjected to action of both discharge and solid bodies.
  • the discharge can be either of corona type (with alternating or direct current), or high-pressure glowing, radiofrequency or microwave discharge.
  • the plasma is formed owing to discharge between two electrodes, one of which has an isolating dielectric layer on its surface.
  • the disadvantages with this method are that only a low gas cleaning efficiency is provided because of the high hydraulic resistance of solid phase filling the reactor, and that only nitrogen oxides and not other impurities contained in exhaust gas are eliminated.
  • Toxic components of exhaust gas are afterburned or decomposed by heating to temperatures where the components goes over into ionized state.
  • the ionization is carried out under conditions of cold plasma formation at low, normal or elevated pressure of exhaust gas, owing to both residual heat of fuel combustion and additional source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of exhaust heat.
  • Electrical conditions of the cold plasma formation are determined by exhaust gas composition.
  • a portion of the manifold for gas component removal presents a discharge chamber connected to a power source and provided with a voltage transformer. At least one electrode is installed in the chamber, and the metallized internal surface of the dielectric portion of manifold is used as the second electrode.
  • a converter of heat-to-electricity is used together with the chamber, and a part of the exhaust heat is converted into electric energy and used for the ionization of the gas medium.
  • An energy store e.g. high-capacitance capacitor device, is installed to provide voltage sufficient for ionization of gas.
  • the inventors of the present invention have found out that good efficiency of cleaning impurities from exhaust gas should be achieved in the presence of a so called creeping plasma discharge, ignited volumetrically by applying stable operating parameters, of which the most important is the temperature.
  • This creeping volumetric discharge could be explained as a large amount of sparks of discharge formed between the dielectric layers, which together with a cavity for moving gas forms an interelectrode gap.
  • the sparks are moving vertically to and from the surfaces of dielectric, being distributed uniformly through the space, and having sizes of about 0.01-0.001 mm, thereby forming a volume of sparks in the space.
  • Studies accomplished by the same inventors have later shown that the device for plasma formation of RU 2.115.062 do not provide a volumetric creeping discharge.
  • the desired volumetric creeping discharge has the characteristics of controlled temperature, degree of intensity, and with controlled and equal burning conditions through the entire working volume of the discharge chamber.
  • arc discharge, corona, high- voltage spark discharge, or high-pressure glowing discharge correspond to this condition of having electrical discharge in the whole rather large volume, being stable at relatively low values of frequency and power, because of great temperature differences of plasma in zones around the electrodes, or because of the presence of high- temperature arc or spark channels.
  • the formation of a stable volumetric creeping discharge plasma of controlled temperature, degree of intensity, and with controlled and equal burning conditions through the entire working volume of the discharge chamber has been solved according to the present invention.
  • the object of the present invention is to create a method for plasma cleaning of gas formed at fuel combustion, providing considerable increase of gas cleaning efficiency especially from CO, NOx, CHx and to decrease the energy consumption.
  • the object of the invention is obtained by a method for cleaning of exhaust gas from a power plant burning hydrocarbon fuel including the step of letting the exhaust gas pass a cold plasma excited in a discharge chamber by creeping electric discharge at low, normal or elevated pressure of the exhaust gas, characterized in that volumetric creeping discharge is excited by a system of capacitors connected in series. Thereby a parameter controlled system for the ignition and burning of plasma, required for the gas cleaning is obtained .
  • the system of capacitors consists of an array of capacitors separated from each other by a dielectric and the working cavity.
  • system of capacitors is provided with a system of resistors and these systems are created by metal filled cells in a carbide skeleton body.
  • the flow of exhaust gas is preferably made to pass at least two zones of cold plasma having different temperatures the cold plasma in the at least two zones is stabilized and in that the temperature in the respective zone is uniform and corresponds to the activation energy for dissociation and/or recombination of a certain component in the exhaust gas.
  • the exhaust gas can be influenced by a permanent magnetic field simultaneously as the gas passes through a cold plasma.
  • the invention also relates to a device for cleaning of exhaust gas from a power plant burning hydrocarbon fuel comprising at least one discharge chamber having a working cavity with electrodes connected to a power source in which a cold plasma is exited in by creeping electric discharge at low, normal or elevated pressure of the exhaust gas, characterized in that the at least one discharge chamber includes a system of capacitors connected in series and in that the working cavity is surrounded by a dielectric material.
  • Electrodes and the sections together with the dielectric and the working cavity form a system of capacitors connected in series.
  • the thickness of the insulator between the electrode and the conductive sections is 5-8% of the interelectrode gap and the conductive sections are made in the form of plates.
  • the system of capacitors is provided with a system of resistors, the electrodes of the chamber being formed of metal filled cells of a cellcontaining carbide body, wherewith the metal of the carbide is selected from the IN, N or NI group of the Periodic system, and the metal is chosen from the group including Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, ⁇ b, Ta, Cr, Mo, and/or W.
  • the electrodes are made of a composite material comprising chromium carbide and copper.
  • the discharge chamber is additionally provided with a current limiter made in the form of a capacitor connected in series with the chamber and a power source.
  • the capacitances of the discharge chamber and the current limiter of the discharge chamber have the following dependence: C c ⁇ ⁇ 10 C c where C c is the capacitance of the discharge chamber, and C cl is the capacitance of the current limiter.
  • the device can comprise two or more discharge chambers forming a group of discharge chambers, the discharge chambers in the group being connected in parallel with one another in the gas flow, whereby the group of chambers is additionally provided with a current limiter in the form of a capacitor connected in series with the current limiter of each chamber of the group and with a power source.
  • the reactive power of the current limiter of the group of discharge chambers is 5 - 15 times as high as the reactive power of the current limiter of each discharge chamber.
  • the device comprises at least two discharge chambers or groups of discharge chambers installed along the gas flow and the flow section of a discharge chamber or a group of discharge chambers is chosen proceeding from the condition of having a constant hydraulic resistance for the gas flow.
  • the surface of the working chamber is made of an ablating material, such as oxide-nitride ceramics of the B ⁇ -SiO 2 system.
  • Permanent magnets or electromagnets can be mounted/placed in such a way that their lines of force pierce the at least one discharge chamber being in the same or opposite directions to each other and the device can additionally comprise a heat-to-electricity converter and an electric energy store.
  • Fig.l presents schematically the entire afterburning and decomposition system
  • Fig.2 presents a section of the device being a part of manifold
  • Fig.4 presents a circuit diagram of the gas discharge chamber with electrodes made of metal
  • Fig.5 presents a chamber with electromagnets
  • Fig.6 presents a gas discharge chamber with electrodes made of composite material
  • FigJ presents a circuit diagram of the gas discharge chamber with electrodes of composite material.
  • the technology of the present invention is characterized in the use of cold plasma, formed by a creeping volumetric type of discharge, that allows to realize the cleaning of a multicomponent exhaust gas at relatively low-energy and consequently at low- temperature conditions. This is especially of importance for the conversion/destruction and removal of nitrogen oxides that can at high temperatures be reformed from nitrogen residues.
  • predetermined components of exhaust gas such as CO, NO x , CH X .
  • These toxic components of exhaust gas are afterburned or decomposed by heating to temperatures where almost all of the gas components goes over into ionized or excited state.
  • the ionization is carried out under conditions of cold plasma formation at low, normal or elevated pressure of exhaust gas.
  • the cold plasma that is formed in the discharge chamber(s) is being a mixture of ions, electrons and molecules.
  • the essence of the present invention consists in, that in the method of cleaning of exhaust gas from the burning of hydrocarbon fuel by the means of cold plasma, excited by a creeping electric discharge, the plasma is being of controlled temperature, and exited by a volumetric discharge either in;
  • reaction chamber a single discharge chamber (reaction chamber), with a single volume of gas flow in the working cavity surrounded with dielectric;
  • the discharge chamber(s) are made according to two alternative embodiments, (a) by having two layers of conductive elements (metal electrodes) being separated by a dielectric and a gas cavity, and two inner layers formed by conductive sections, isolated from each other and from the electrodes,
  • Electrodes being made of a refractory composite material, the composite comprising of materials having different conductivity, e.g. of a chromium carbide skeleton surrounded with copper. These materials having different conductivity are forming a cell-like structure.In this embodiment there are no conductive inner layers.
  • the metal electrodes and the dielectric layer with working cavity forms an electric capacitor.
  • the capacitance of this capacitor can be quantitatively adjusted by selection of the dielectric layer thickness and correlation between the areas of the two conductive element layers, i.e. the metal electrode and the conductive sections.
  • the quantitative value of this capacitance is determined by the capacitance of another capacitor, this capacitor being formed by the additional conductive sections and the dielectric and the discharge capacitance formed by additional conductive sections, the dielectric and the gas cavity.
  • the electrodes consisting of a refractory composite material gives a discharge of the whole area, compared to ordinary metal surfaces that often has defects leading to a concentration of the discharge formation to these defects.
  • Variation of the discharge parameters in various discharge chambers or groups of discharge chambers assures the selective destruction and removal (by decomposition and afterburning) of gas components in the flow, where each discharge chamber or group of discharge chambers is intended for the removal of a specific gas component, thus substantially increasing the efficiency of cleaning.
  • the very important parameter is the control of the temperature field of the volumetric cold plasma discharge in the discharge chamber.
  • the optimum rates for the reactions of destruction or conversion for various gas components are different. Thus for each gas component certain temperature ranges must be achieved. These temperature ranges are partly obtained by thermodynamical calculations and partly by experiments.
  • thermodynamical calculations the temperature range 1600-1800K is favourable for decomposition of nitrogen oxides.
  • the process of afterburning of gas components into cold plasma is carried out at low, normal or elevated pressure of exhaust gas with means of both residual heat of fuel combustion and additional electrical energy obtained by direct conversion of waste-gas heat into electrical energy.
  • the electrical conditions of cold plasma formation depend on the gas composition, i.e. on the impurities (NO x , CO etc.) that are to be eliminated in the given reaction chamber or group of reaction chambers.
  • the best results have been obtained in cold plasma formed at operation voltages in the range of 1500-3000 V, frequencies 18-20 kHz and electric power supply 0.05-0.35 kVA.
  • external magnetic or electromagnetic field is used, which increases the total efficiency of the method.
  • the gas cleaning device with at least one discharge chamber or several discharge chambers are able to transform current from an external source into high-frequency (18- 20 kHz) and high-voltage (up to 3000N) current for the formation of electric discharge between the electrodes.
  • the flow sections formed by the working cavities of the discharge chamber or group of discharge chambers, are made proceeding from the conditions, i) of minimizing the hydraulic resistance for the gas flow, thus avoiding decrease in the performance of the device producing the gas flow, e.g. of the engine, and also ii) assuring necessary flow rate and residence time of the gas in the discharge chamber giving the best degree of cleaning of the gas.
  • the discharge chambers or groups of discharge chambers are positioned along the gas flow. Further, in each of them, or in each group, conditions necessary for the excitation of discharge providing selective dissociation and/or recombination of a certain component are created.
  • each discharge chamber is provided with a current limiter in the form of a capacitor and also each group of chambers is provided with a current limiter in the form of a capacitor, which assures simultaneous ignition of plasma in all chambers and uniform burning of the plasma.
  • the single chamber current limiter is connected in series with the chamber and power source, whereas the current limiters of the multi-chamber groups are connected in series with the current limiters of each single chamber and power source.
  • the optimum conditions for ignition of plasma and uniform burning of the discharge are the following: - the thickness of the insulator between the electrode and the conductive sections is approximately 5-8% of the interelectrode gap formed by the working cavity and the dielectric; - the capacitances of the discharge chamber(s) and the current limiters of the chamber(s) should preferably have the following relationship:
  • C c is the discharge chamber capacitance
  • C cl is the current limiter capacitance
  • the groups of chambers are connected to the power source through current limiters, having a reactive power 5-15 times greater than the reactive power of the discharge chamber current limiters, corresponding to the energy consumption sufficient for the decomposition of one or several of the gas impurities.
  • the device for realization of the claimed method comprises at least one discharge chamber being formed by a capacitor with plate electrodes and where the interelectrode gap is formed by the working cavity and dielectric.
  • the device is provided with additional conductive sections, insulated from each other and from electrodes, and installed at dielectric in such a way that they together with the dielectric and working cavity, form a system of capacitors connected in series.
  • the additional conductive sections (that are placed on the chamber- facing dielectric surface) consist of 0.05-0.1 mm thick Mica inserts, and insulated titanium cells of 3-5 ⁇ m thick have been sprayed in vacuum onto the Mica inserts.
  • the metal electrodes may be made of e.g. of steel, copper or brass.
  • This concept is provides a system of small capacitors formed by the titanium sections together with the dielectric and the gas gap (flow section), i.e. cells. These cells have as good as uniform conditions for plasma ignition, for the unification of the conditions for discharge formation and for the levelling of possible variation in dimensions of electrodes, at manufacturing of electrodes and dielectric, and surface defects at them.
  • the electrodes are made of a refractory composite material comprising at least one metal carbide and at least one metal.
  • the composite material has a cell-like structure due to the presence of a low conductive metal carbide phase and a high conductive metal phase.
  • the metal phase on the surface of two opposite electrodes forms with the dielectric and the working cavity a system of discharge capacitors connected in series.
  • the cell boundaries and the metal carbide will here form a system of resistors, which is connected to the system of capacitors.
  • the said refractory composite material comprises a at least one carbide of a metal, said metal chosen from the group of IV, V or VI group of Periodic system, and at least a metal chosen from the group of Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and/or W.
  • the most preferred refractory composite comprises Cr 2 C 3 and Cu.
  • the preferred composite material is made according to the method of the PCT application PCT/EP97/011566.
  • the surface of the dielectric of the working cavity is coated with ablating material, such as oxide-nitride ceramics.
  • ablating material such as oxide-nitride ceramics.
  • the ablating insulator materials used are stable, having high thermal chock resistance and being inert towards carbon and soot. Thereby there is no conductive film of deposited carbon formed on the surface.
  • the device can be equipped with a source of magnetic field, assuring the formation of a magnetic field in the interelecfrode gap of the discharge chamber.
  • the said source of magnetic field is either,
  • Figure 1 presents schematically the entire system for the afterburning and decomposition of emission components according to the present invention.
  • Figure 2 presents a section of the device being a part of the manifold.
  • Figure 3 presents one embodiment of the gas discharge chambers with electrodes made of metal.
  • Figure 4 shows a circuit diagram of the discharge chamber with electrodes made of metal.
  • Figure 5 shows a reactor with electromagnets.
  • Figure 6 shows a discharge chamber with electrodes made of a refractory composite material.
  • Figure 7 shows a circuit diagram of the discharge chamber with electrodes of a refractory composite material.
  • Fig.2 shows the gas cleaning device 5, which is formed by at least one discharge chamber 6, where the actual reactions of the removal of hazardous components of the gas flow takes place, presenting a system of capacitors with capacitance C c formed by electrodes 7, connected through chamber current limiters 8 to a power source 9.
  • the chamber current limiter 8 is a capacitor (with constant capacitance irrespective of the operation conditions) of some 1000 pF for operation voltage of about 500 V, and the capacitance of current limiter 8 is at least 10 times greater than the capacitance of the discharge chamber(s) 6.
  • each discharge chamber 6 forms groups I, II ... etc, here an embodiment with two groups of discharge chambers (group I and group II).
  • Each group is connected to a power source 9 through power regulators i.e. current limiters 10, that assures supply of electric power corresponding, for example to the required value for afterburning of CO or decomposition of NO x .
  • the current limiters 10 and 8 have different functions.
  • the current limiters 10 assure predetermined levels of current and voltage in the groups (I, II, ...etc.) of discharge chambers 6. In principle these are different for different reaction processes.
  • the chambers 6 are mutually connected in parallel in groups, and positioned along the gas flow.
  • the amount of chambers in the groups and amount of said groups depend on the gas volume, rate of the gas flow, and quantity of toxic components to be burned.
  • electrodes 7 have been designed comprising a group of conductive sections, conductive plates 11, insulated from each other with a dielectric layer 12.
  • the discharge chamber 6 formed by dielectrics 13, has a working cavity 14, and is equipped with electrodes (metal plates) 7.
  • the metal plates 7 are connected with a leader of current 15, to give voltage to the electrodes, and supplied to the discharge chamber 6.
  • the area of the electrodes 7 is determined experimentally and is depending on the emission gas flow rate to assure that the residence time of the gas in the discharge zone is
  • the area of the sections 11 is about 90 % of the area of plate 7.
  • the dielectric gap between the electrode 7 and the plates 11 is 5-8 % of the gap between sections 11 formed by the dielectric 13 and the working cavity 14.
  • the chambers can be equipped with permanent magnets 17, positioned in such a manner that their magnetic lines of force are directed contrarily or similarly to each other.
  • FIG. 5 shows a general view of the discharge chamber 6 equipped with electromagnets 19, which can also (like in the case of the permanent magnets) be installed with lines of force with the same or opposite direction to each other.
  • the electrodes 7 are made of a refractory composite material, e.g. of Cr 2 C 3 -Cu, a circuit diagram of the chamber 6 is presented by feed-through capacitors 20 and resistors
  • the arrangement of the discharge chamber 6 has the form as shown in Figure 6, where 15 is the leader of current, 7 the electrodes manufactured of the refractory composite material interacting with the gas through the dielectric 13 and the working cavity 14.
  • Figure 7 presents in a circuit diagram discharge chamber 6, with a system of discharge capacitors 20 and resistors R BH where the electrodes are made of composite material.
  • the reactance X f of the feed-through capacitor is connected with the reactance X d of the discharge capacitor by the following dependence:
  • the current limiters 10 also function as resistive elements without active losses.
  • the number of chamber groups I, II... is to be chosen depending on the number of impurities which are to be removed: two groups are needed for burning NO x and CO simultaneously in the flow etc.
  • the number of discharge chambers 6 in each group is chosen proceeding from the necessity of free gas flow without additional hydraulic resistance.
  • the total area of the gas gaps must correspond to the flow area of the exhaust manifold 1, or exceed it if it is necessary to increase the residence time for the flow in the discharge chamber(s).
  • the device of the present invention functions as follows.
  • the exhaust gas passes the piping 1 (e.g. being an exhaust manifold of an engine) and enters the discharge chamber 6 where the afterburning or decomposition of the exhaust gas takes place by volumetric creeping discharge formation.
  • power regulator 10 necessary power is created in chambers 6 for afterburning of, for example, CO (0.1-1.5 kVA).
  • a magnetic field is used to increase the residence time of the ionized components of gas in the discharge chamber and to steer the motion of the electrons formed by the ionization.
  • the invention is realized in a device with two chamber groups.
  • the discharge chambers are destined for the afterburning of CO.
  • the other group comprising 11 chambers, is destined for the decomposition of NO x .
  • Pyrex glass is used as dielectric.
  • the gas cleaning device with the said two groups of discharge chambers was placed into an exhaust manifold of a diesel engine with power of about 5 kW tested in The Diesel R&D Institute in St.Petersburg, Russia.
  • An alternating voltage generator for 20 kHz UZU-0.25 was used as a power source.
  • the discharge chambers for NO x -decomposition with conductive sections obtained by vacuum spraying of about a 3 ⁇ m thick titanium layer on 0.5 mm thick mica inserts and copper electrodes of were used for one series of test, and the discharge chambers for NO x -decomposition with electrodes made of refractory composite Cr 2 C 3 -Cu, for another series of the test.
  • the discharge chambers for CO were used with conductive sections obtained by vacuum spraying of about a 3 ⁇ m thick titanium layer on 0.5 mm thick mica inserts and copper electrodes.
  • the engine torque was 20 Nm, and the NO x emission was about 350 ppm.
  • composition of the exhaust gas at the device outlet is analyzed by the following methods:
  • the NO x content is determined by the method based on interaction of nitrite-ion and n- aminobenzolsulphoacid (sulphanile acid) with formation of diazo-compound which, reacting with 1-naphtylamine, gives azo dye tinting solution pale-pink to red- violet.
  • the intensity of colour is proportional to the concentration of nitrogen oxides and is measured by a photocolorimetry method.
  • the CO content is determined by means of an infrared gas analyzer GAI-1 API 2.840.024 destined for automatic determination of carbon monoxide content in exhaust from automotive carburetor engines, [GOST 15150-69, GOST 12997-76].
  • the CO content is determined by the difference of the absorption of infrared rays by the analyzed component in comparison with a reference gas cell.
  • GOST is the State Standard System used in the Russian Federation.
  • thermoemission converter 2 When using a thermoemission converter 2 a part of the thermal energy of the gas flow is transformed into electrical energy, which can be stored in store 3 and then transformed into high (up to 5 kV) and high-frequency (21 kHz) voltage in the transducer 4.
  • additional power source can be used, in which case the voltage transducer is necessary and the energy store can be omitted.
  • Thermoemission heat-to-electricity converter 2 can present e.g. a device in which molybdenum cathode and anode cylinders are placed coaxially with narrow interelecfrode space filled with caesium vapour. Cathode cylinder emits electrons under action of heat while anode cylinder receives the electrons forming a closed circuit for load, see "Collected papers by Soviet scientistss at 11 th International Conference on thermoemission conversion of energy", Moscow, VNIIT, 1969, p. 299, and 320.
  • capacitors KCO can be used or any other capacitors assuring necessary capacitance at voltages 500-1000 V, e.g. K73, MBGO etc.
  • current limiters for group of chambers any capacitor designed for great currents and voltages above 750 V can be used.
  • capacitors comprise, for example, metal plates and dielectric - paraffin, paraffin paper, transformer oil etc. The inventors used the capacitor K75-40.
  • K73, MBGO, and K75-40 are Russian trade names.
  • the claimed device allows to:
  • the present invention aims to create a clean environment and can be used both in vehicles and any other fuel combustion systems without use of expensive catalysts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de nettoyage des gaz d'échappement provenant d'une centrale électrique brûlant un hydrocarbure. Ce procédé consiste à faire traverser par les gaz d'échappement un plasma froid excité dans une chambre à décharge en faisant partir à froid des décharges électriques dans des gaz d'échappement à des pressions basses, normales et élevées. Selon l'invention, l'excitation de la décharge volumétrique à froid est obtenue au moyen d'un système de condensateurs montés en série.
PCT/EP1999/001824 1998-03-18 1999-03-18 Procede et dispositif de nettoyage de gaz d'echappement de combustion par utilisation d'un plasma WO1999047242A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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AU35184/99A AU3518499A (en) 1998-03-18 1999-03-18 Method and device for cleaning combustion exhaust gas using a plasma

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RU98104037 1998-03-18
RU98104037A RU2127400C1 (ru) 1998-03-18 1998-03-18 Устройство для плазменной очистки газов, образующихся при сгорании топлива

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WO2000049278A1 (fr) * 1999-02-16 2000-08-24 Accentus Plc Reacteur pour le traitement de gaz assiste par plasma
EP1219340A1 (fr) * 2000-12-19 2002-07-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Reacteur à plasma non-thermique pour reduire la consommation d'énergie
FR2837660A1 (fr) * 2002-03-19 2003-09-26 Hyundai Motor Co Ltd Reacteur a plasma, procede pour sa fabrication et appareil de commande des emissions d'un vehicule
WO2005005798A1 (fr) 2003-07-10 2005-01-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Electrode a generation de plasma et reacteur a plasma
EP1703540A1 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Réacteur à plasma
FR2910530A1 (fr) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-27 Renault Sas Systeme et procede de capture et destruction de particules de suie contenues dans les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion
EP2236193A1 (fr) * 2009-04-02 2010-10-06 Clean Technology Co., Ltd. Procédé de contrôle de plasma par champ magnétique dans un appareil de traitement des gaz d'échappement et appareil de traitement des gaz d'échappement l'utilisant
JP2012145011A (ja) * 2011-01-11 2012-08-02 Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd プラズマ反応器
US8361402B2 (en) 2005-07-20 2013-01-29 Alphatech International Limited Apparatus for air purification and disinfection
ITVR20120123A1 (it) * 2012-06-13 2013-12-14 Renato Consolati Dispositivo per la sollecitazione energetica di una sostanza.
CN109868370A (zh) * 2019-04-19 2019-06-11 重庆科技学院 一种钒铬渣中有价金属的回收方法
DE102018214388A1 (de) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Plasmaerzeugungseinrichtung zur Reinigung von mit organischen Verbindungen und/oder Stoffen beladener Abluft
DE102018214387A1 (de) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Einrichtung zum Reinigen von mit organischen Verbindungen und/oder Stoffen beladener Abluft, Verfahren zum Betreiben der Einrichtung

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RU2689020C1 (ru) * 2018-10-30 2019-05-23 Радченко Виталий Анатольевич Устройство для очистки выбросов двигателей внутреннего сгорания от оксидов азота с помощью неравновесной низкотемпературной плазмы и поглотителя
RU199195U1 (ru) * 2020-03-12 2020-08-21 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научные развлечения" Плазменный нейтрализатор токсичных газов

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000049278A1 (fr) * 1999-02-16 2000-08-24 Accentus Plc Reacteur pour le traitement de gaz assiste par plasma
EP1219340A1 (fr) * 2000-12-19 2002-07-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Reacteur à plasma non-thermique pour reduire la consommation d'énergie
US6835358B2 (en) 2000-12-19 2004-12-28 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Non-thermal plasma reactor for lower power consumption
FR2837660A1 (fr) * 2002-03-19 2003-09-26 Hyundai Motor Co Ltd Reacteur a plasma, procede pour sa fabrication et appareil de commande des emissions d'un vehicule
US7211227B2 (en) 2002-03-19 2007-05-01 Hyundai Motor Company Plasma reactor, production method thereof, and emission control apparatus of a vehicle
WO2005005798A1 (fr) 2003-07-10 2005-01-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Electrode a generation de plasma et reacteur a plasma
US7727488B2 (en) 2003-07-10 2010-06-01 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Plasma generating electrode and plasma reactor
EP1703540A1 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Réacteur à plasma
US7727489B2 (en) 2005-03-18 2010-06-01 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Plasma reactor
US8361402B2 (en) 2005-07-20 2013-01-29 Alphatech International Limited Apparatus for air purification and disinfection
FR2910530A1 (fr) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-27 Renault Sas Systeme et procede de capture et destruction de particules de suie contenues dans les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion
EP2236193A1 (fr) * 2009-04-02 2010-10-06 Clean Technology Co., Ltd. Procédé de contrôle de plasma par champ magnétique dans un appareil de traitement des gaz d'échappement et appareil de traitement des gaz d'échappement l'utilisant
CN101856581A (zh) * 2009-04-02 2010-10-13 澄明科技有限公司 利用磁场的等离子体的控制方法和使用它的排气处理装置
CN101856581B (zh) * 2009-04-02 2015-01-07 澄明科技有限公司 利用磁场的等离子体的控制方法和使用它的排气处理装置
TWI476039B (zh) * 2009-04-02 2015-03-11 Clean Technology Co Ltd 於排氣處理裝置中之由磁場所致之電漿控制方法、及使用有此之排氣處理裝置
JP2012145011A (ja) * 2011-01-11 2012-08-02 Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd プラズマ反応器
ITVR20120123A1 (it) * 2012-06-13 2013-12-14 Renato Consolati Dispositivo per la sollecitazione energetica di una sostanza.
DE102018214388A1 (de) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Plasmaerzeugungseinrichtung zur Reinigung von mit organischen Verbindungen und/oder Stoffen beladener Abluft
DE102018214387A1 (de) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Einrichtung zum Reinigen von mit organischen Verbindungen und/oder Stoffen beladener Abluft, Verfahren zum Betreiben der Einrichtung
CN109868370A (zh) * 2019-04-19 2019-06-11 重庆科技学院 一种钒铬渣中有价金属的回收方法

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