WO1999031693A1 - Dispositif de commutation electrique et procede de mise hors circuit electrique d'une charge - Google Patents

Dispositif de commutation electrique et procede de mise hors circuit electrique d'une charge Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999031693A1
WO1999031693A1 PCT/SE1998/002274 SE9802274W WO9931693A1 WO 1999031693 A1 WO1999031693 A1 WO 1999031693A1 SE 9802274 W SE9802274 W SE 9802274W WO 9931693 A1 WO9931693 A1 WO 9931693A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electric
switching element
switch
irradiation
electric switch
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1998/002274
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jan Isberg
Hans Bernhoff
Per Skytt
Pan Min
Original Assignee
Abb Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE9704685A external-priority patent/SE9704685L/xx
Application filed by Abb Ab filed Critical Abb Ab
Priority to EP98963699A priority Critical patent/EP1040497A1/fr
Priority to JP2000539500A priority patent/JP4532735B2/ja
Priority to AU18969/99A priority patent/AU1896999A/en
Publication of WO1999031693A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999031693A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H01H2009/543—Contacts shunted by static switch means third parallel branch comprising an energy absorber, e.g. MOV, PTC, Zener
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H01H2009/545—Contacts shunted by static switch means comprising a parallel semiconductor switch being fired optically, e.g. using a photocoupler

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electric switching device comprising a fast mechanical electric switch.
  • the device is primarily intended for disconnecting high powers, for example when overcur- rents occur.
  • the invention also relates to a method for performing electric disconnection of a load according to the preamble of the appended method claim.
  • the device may more exactly be intended for connecting and disconnecting objects in electric power plants or electric power networks as well connecting and disconnecting parts thereof to or from other equipment included in the electric power plant or an object connected thereto.
  • object is intended to have a very broad sense and comprises any apparatuses and devices included in electric power plants and electric power networks as well as generally parts of the electric power plant and/or the electric power network.
  • the object may be an electric apparatus having a magnetic circuit, for example a generator, transformer or motor. Also other objects are conceivable, for instance power lines and cables, switch-gear equipment etc.
  • the present invention is intended to be used for medium and high voltages. According to the lEC-standard medium voltage means 1 - 72,5 kV, while high voltage is >72,5 kV. Accordingly, the transmission, subtransmission and distribution levels are comprised.
  • circuit breakers for instance SF 6 - breakers, oil breakers or so-called vacuum breakers, have normally been used for connection and disconnection of the object in question.
  • semiconductor "breakers" such as for example thyristors or IGBTs, may be used.
  • All said circuit breakers has such a design that they when breaking give rise to a galvanic separation of two metal contacts (arcing contacts), between which the current to be interrupted continues to flow in an arc. The interruption or breaking is then achieved by ar- ranging the breaker so that this arc is extinguished upon a current zero passage, i.e. when the current through the breaker arrives to zero and change polarity, which takes place two times each twenty milliseconds in a 50 Hz-network. Accordingly, these circuit breakers only function for alternating current and not for direct current, where no zero passage occurs.
  • a circuit breaker with the construction according to above has to be designed for being able to interrupt both in a large amount of breaking cases with comparatively moderate currents, so-called operation currents, but also in breaking cases with a high overcur- rent, fault currents.
  • a circuit breaker has to be designed to be able to handle large amounts of energy when breaking an overcurrent in the arc be- tween the arcing contacts.
  • the gap between the contacts has to be brought to a very high dielectric strength within a short period of time after a current breaking has been successfully carried out so as to avoid reignition of an arc, i.e. guarantee the continued existence of the interruption.
  • circuit breakers for example SF 6 -breakers, oil breakers or so-called vacuum breakers, have to handle a high thermal and electric load in one and the same critical region within a short period of time, they will get a comparatively complex construction, which results in a comparatively long breaking time.
  • the overcurrent primarily intended here is a short-circuit current generated in connection to the object switched, for example as a consequence of a fault in the electric insulation system of the object switched.
  • Such faults means that the fault current (short-circuit current) of external network/ equipment will tend to flow through an arc. This may lead to failure.
  • the maximum short-circuit current (fault current) the Swedish power network is dimensioned for is 63 kA.
  • the short-circuit current may in reality be 40-50 kA.
  • a problem with said circuit breakers is the long breaking time thereof.
  • the maximum breaking time (lEC-standard) for a breaking completely carried out is 150 milliseconds (ms). It is associated with large difficulties to reduce this breaking time to under 90-130 ms depending on the operation case. The consequence of this is that a very high current will flow through the object switched upon a fault therein during the entire time required for bringing the circuit breaker to interruption.
  • the total fault current of the external power network means a considerable stress on the object switched during this time.
  • the operation of the network will during this time also be disturbed, so that other equipment connected to the network may be substantially disturbed or damaged.
  • Semiconductor power devices such as thyristors, MOSFETs and IGBTs, may not alone withstand the voltages in question, so that a number thereof have to be connected in series. In the order of hundreds of such components have to be connected in series in some high voltage applications. This leads to a complicated control system of the equipment for ensuring the operation, i.e. that the voltage and power is distributed uniformly over the components.
  • the use of semiconductor components made of silicon also results in comparatively high losses, which requires an efficient cooling, since the component may otherwise break down thermally.
  • the total system with control, regulation and cooling all the components connected in series individually on the individual voltage level thereof tends to become very complex and the entire system is therefore associated with high costs. The costs may exceed those for circuit breakers considerably, which in general excludes the use of such semiconductor components in electric power plants and electric power networks for the applications discussed here.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method making it possible to obtain a better switching and by that a reduced stress on the object switched and also a reduced disturbance of the network and equipment connected thereto to a cost being attractive in this context.
  • This object is according to the invention obtained by providing a device according to the characterising part of the appended claim 1 .
  • the second electric switch is designed so that a switching element, which hereinafter is called shunt element, is connected in parallel with the first electric switch in the form of a quick mechanical electric switch, which accordingly will have contacts with metallic conductivity.
  • the shunt element is so designed that it may be brought in an electrically conducting state through irradiation, for example by light or an electron beam.
  • the shunt element is exposed to said irradiation, which brings the shunt element in a conducting state and the mechanical switch may be controlled to disconnect without any substantial thermal or electric load.
  • the exposure of the shunt element to irradiation is preferably ceased when the breaker is in a separated position, which means that this element reduces its electrical conductivity.
  • the invention is based on the principle that the trust is not only put on a mechanical operation for opening and closing a circuit and that conventional power semiconductor components are neither used with the high costs and the high losses connected thereto, but a switching device comprising a mechanical electric switch and a shunt element, the conductivity of which is controlled by irradiation, is instead utilized.
  • This method to release the mechanical contact from electric and thermal stress during the very operation means that the breaker may be constructed so that a very quick interruption is obtained.
  • the switching device will function well both for alternating and direct currents.
  • said mechanical electric switch is a vacuum interrupter.
  • a vac- uum interrupter is very advantageous in an electric switching device of this type, since the gap between the contacts may be de- ionised in a very short time, such as in the order of 10 ⁇ s. This is due to the fact that the electric arc is burning in the metal vapour from the contacts in a vacuum interrupter, and when the current is taken away, here by closing the shunt element, the metal vapour escapes and adheres to the internal walls and the like of the interrupter, so that there are no ions to conduct current through the gap and the interruption will be completed.
  • said device comprises a control unit adapted, when disconnecting, to first control the contacts of the first electric switch to move apart and when they have from the closed position of this switch moved at least a substantial part of the way to the maximum distance therebetween to control the second electric switch to form said electrically well conducting current path through irradiation of the switching element for a period of time being short in comparison to the time needed for the contacts of the first electric switch to move from the closing position to the fully spaced-apart position thereof.
  • said substantial part is the major part of said way to the maximum distance between the contacts.
  • control unit is adapted to control the second electric switch to form the electrically well conducting current path through irradiation of the switching element at the end of the movement of the contacts of the first mechanical switch apart. This means that a minimum of energy will be required for said irradiation for reliably interrupting high voltages by the device.
  • the time of irradiation of said switching element is less than 1/10, preferably less than 1/50, of the time required for moving the contacts of the first mechanical switch from a closed position to a fully spaced-apart position when disconnecting. This means that the energy required for the irradiation of said switching element will be very small with respect to the case in which no formation of any electric arc in the mechanical switch would have been accepted and the by-passing by said electrically well conducting current path had been maintained over the entire movement of said contacts from the closing to the open position.
  • a very preferred possible relation between the length of time for irradiation of the switching element and the time needed to move the contacts of the mechanical switch from a closed to a fully spaced-apart position is according to a preferred embodiment of the invention about 10 ⁇ s to 1 ms.
  • the switching element has at least one layer made of a material with an energy gap between the valence band and conduction band of at least 2,5 eV.
  • a material with an energy gap between the valence band and conduction band of at least 2,5 eV Such "wide band gap materials" suitable are for instance SiC, diamond, AIN, GaN and BN, and in particular such a switching element, made of SiC or diamond, will due to the characteristics of these materials be very advantageous in an electric switching device of this type. These two materials have both a very high break- down voltage, so that such a switching element may hold a considerably higher voltage when not irradiated than such switching elements made of semiconductor materials conventionally used.
  • one such switching element may hold a voltage which would normally require a plurality of such switching elements connected in series or fewer such switching elements connected in series may be used than when using such switching elements of conventional materials for holding very high voltages.
  • both SiC and diamond are stable at very high temperatures, well up to 1 000 K, which may be very useful when high electric powers are to be handled.
  • the switching element is a photoconductive element. This constitutes an easy way to control the switching element.
  • said second electric switch comprises a plurality of said switching element connected in series, which means that the device may function well when breaking very high voltages.
  • the device comprises a plurality of quick mechanical electric switches first mentioned connected in series and having each a second electric switch connected in parallel therewith. Such a device may be used for handling very high electric powers, and the quick mechanical electric switches will then advantageously be controlled simultaneously, as well as the second electric switches of the device.
  • At least one varistor is connected in parallel with the first electric switch and the switching element. Overvoltages which would be generated when breaking an inductive load induce a current in said varistor, in which the magnetic energy is absorbed. Accordingly, the varistor is used to absorb magnetic energy possibly stored in the interrupted circuit.
  • an electric switching device according to any embodiment of the in- vention mentioned above is used for connecting and disconnecting objects in an electric power plant to and from, respectively, an electric power network or another equipment included in the electric power plant.
  • the invention also comprises a method for performing electric disconnection of a load, especially for disconnecting high electric powers, by means of a quick mechanical electric switch, in which a second electric switch connected in parallel with the first mechanical electric switch and comprising an irradiation source and a switching element sensitive to irradiation, is brought to form an electrically well conducting current path by-passing the first electric switch through irradiation thereof by the irradiation source after the contacts of the first electric switch have been moved a substantial part of their way from the closed position to the fully spaced-apart position, so that the switching element is then brought to go from an electrically insulating state to an electrically conducting state and the first electric switch is de-ionised during the period of time of conduction of said switching element.
  • This method has the advantages discussed above with respect to the possible irradiation sources and the low energy needed for appropriately controlling the switching elements by irradiation thereof mentioned above.
  • Fig 1 is a very schematic view illustrating the most essential parts of an electric switching device according to a first preferred embodiment of the in- vention
  • Fig 2 is a very schematic view of a part of the switching device according to fig 1 used to explain the function of the switching device according to the invention in association with fig 3-9,
  • Fig 3 is a diagram illustrating the distance x between two contacts in a mechanical electric switch in the electric switching device according to fig 1 versus time when disconnecting
  • Fig 4 is a diagram illustrating the electric conductivity of the photoconductive switching element in the device according to fig 1 versus time when the electric switching device disconnects a load
  • Fig 5 is a diagram illustrating the current through the mechanical electric switch of the device according to fig 1 versus time when disconnecting a load
  • Fig 6 is a diagram illustrating the current l 2 through the switching element of the device according to fig 1 versus time when disconnecting a load
  • Fig 7 is a diagram illustrating the current l 3 through the
  • Fig 8 is a diagram illustrating the returning voltages that an electric mechanical switch may withstand
  • Fig 9 is a diagram illustrating a change of the returning voltage acceptable without jeopardising the inter-
  • Fig 10 -13 are schematic views of electric switching devices according to second, third, fourth and fifth embodiments, respectively, of the present invention.
  • An electric switching device 1 according to a first preferred em- bodiment of the invention is very schematically illustrated in fig 1 .
  • This device is arranged in an electric power plant having a switched object 2, such as a generator.
  • This object is through a line 3 connected to an external electric power supply network 4.
  • the electric switching device is arranged to switch the object, i.e. con- nect and disconnect the object 2 and the power network 4.
  • said switching of the object may take place with respect to any other part of the electric power plant.
  • the disconnection of the object 2 with respect to the network may either take place for protecting the object against fault currents from the network or the equipment or for protecting the network/ equipment against voltage and operation disturbances that would result from a high fault current towards the object.
  • the switching device comprises a first electric switch 5 in the form of a quick mechanical switch having two contacts controlled to move apart for breaking and into contact with each other for closing the switch.
  • This mechanical switch is in the present case a switch capable of being quickly de-ionised after extinction of an electric arc created therein upon separation of the contacts of the switch, and this switch is in this embodiment a vacuum interrupter.
  • a second electric switch 6 is connected in parallel with the first switch 5 and comprises a switching element in the form of a photo- conductive element 7.
  • the second electric switch also comprises an irradiation source 8 adapted to irradiate the element 7 for bringing it into a conducting state as long as it is irradiated.
  • the switching element is controlled by means, the irradiation source, electrically separated from said element.
  • the device has also a control unit 9 adapted to control the light source 8 and the mechanical switch 5. This unit is connected to a sensor 10 adapted to detect parameters indicating the presence of an overcurrent in the line 3.
  • a varistor 1 1 is connected in parallel with the mechanical switch 5, and the function thereof will be explained further below.
  • the electric switching device is very fast with respect to a conven- tional circuit breaker, which means that the fault current in the line 3 will not rise to the maximum level. It is also desired to minimize the inductances in the commutation circuit and the commutation time as much as possible by a suitable design of the commutation circuit.
  • Fig 3-7 illustrates what's happening when an overcurrent has been detected by the sensor 10 and the control unit 9 controls the switching device to disconnect the object 2 from the network/ equipment 4.
  • the vacuum interrupter is controlled to start to separate the contacts, and these move apart according to the line in fig 3 indicating the distance between the two contacts. Accordingly, the fully spaced-apart position of the contacts is reached at a point of time t 2 , which may be approxi- mately 1 ms later than t-
  • Fig 5 illustrates how the current l-i (see also fig 2) continues to flow between the contacts in the vacuum interrupter in the form of an electric arc also after the separation has been started (t-i).
  • the light source 8 is controlled to start to irradiate the switching element 7 at a point of time t 3 at which the contacts of the vacuum interrupter have moved a substantial part of the way to the maximum distance x-i therebetween.
  • t 3 is located at the very end of the movement of the contacts apart, namely during the last 10 ⁇ s of this movement.
  • fig 4 how the electrical conductivity ⁇ of the switching element is changed as a consequence of said irradiation thereof
  • fig 6 illustrates the current l 2 through the switching element 7 versus time.
  • Fig 7 illustrates the current l 3 through the varistor 1 1 versus time, and it may be seen that the varistor is conducting a short period of time after the irradiation of the switching element has ceased, and the interruption is completed when l disappears.
  • the period of time necessary for obtaining a disconnection by irradiation of the switching element 7 is short, since this means that a small amount of energy is required to control the irradiation source 8.
  • This also means that the thermal stress on the irradiation source is reduced, and that new types of irradiation sources being able to only irradiate a short period of time may be used, which means that additional costs may be saved.
  • Fig 8 illustrates how the maximum voltage U returning across a gap after de-ionising thereof without any reignition of an electric arc is dependent upon the distance x between two contacts defining said gap for a gap of air a, a gap of SF 6 b and a gap of vacuum c as in a vacuum interrupter. It may be seen that this voltage with- stand of the gap will increase much more rapid for a gap of vacuum in the beginning of the movement of the contacts apart. On the other, this means that this voltage will have an acceptable level earlier than in the case of air or SF 6 , so that it will be possible to obtain an interruption at a point of time t 2 being closer to the point of time for the detection of an overcurrent, so that any negative consequences thereof may be reduced.
  • a part of an electric switching device is very schematically illustrated in fig 10, and this differs from that shown in fig 1 and 2 by the fact that there are two switching elements 7, 7' connected in series in parallel with one mechanical switch 5.
  • An irradiation source 8, 8' is arranged for each switching element. This means that the breakdown voltage of the switching elements will not restrict the ability of the switching device to hold high voltages. It will of course be possible to connect as many switching elements as desired in se- ries for improving the ability to hold high voltages.
  • a RC-circuit 1 1 ' is preferably connected across each switching element for absorbing magnetic energy and for ensuring 1hat the two switching elements 7, 7' will share the power and the voltage developed upon disconnecting equally.
  • This RC-circuit may just as well be replaced by a varistor. It should be mentioned, that a disconnecter may be arranged between the switching elements 7 and the network/equipment 4 and be controlled to disconnect the network/ equipment 4 from the switching element/elements after the discon- nection of the object 2 from the network/equipment for achieving galvanic separation from the switching elements in the disconnected state.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1 1 .
  • two mechanical electric switches 5, 5' are connected in series and one switching element 7 is connected across these mechanical switches.
  • This embodiment may be interesting when the material of the switching element has a very high breakdown voltage, as in the case of using intrinsic diamond, so that very high vol- tages may be hold by the switching element.
  • FIG. 12 Another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 12, and this differs from that shown in fig. 10 by the fact that one single irradiation source 8 is used to irradiate two switching ele- ments 7, 7'. It would of course also be possible to arrange an irradiation source to irradiate more than two switching elements.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in fig 13.
  • two mechanical electric switches 5, 5' are connected in series, and two switching elements 7, 7' are connected across each mechanical switch. Accordingly, this device is suitable for handling higher voltages.
  • the switching performances of the individual switching elements depend upon the material used therefore, and it may be mentioned that the use of "wide band gap materials", such as SiC, intrinsic diamond, AIN, GaN or BN in these switches will result in switches able to hold much higher voltages, perhaps in the region of 10 kV or higher each. Accordingly, the number of switching elements connected in series, the complexability of the equipment controlling them and by that costs may then be reduced. Si may also be used as material for such a switching element.
  • the irradiation source may be of any type utilising for instance visible light, UV-light, IR-light, or any form of coherent radiation (e.g. from a laser), electron beams, ion beams, x-ray radiation and so on.
  • the switching device according to the invention is not only suited to be used for interrupting overcurrents but it may also be used to interrupt and establish a current path at normal operation conditions.

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  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de commutation électrique comprenant un commutateur électrique mécanique instantané (5) et une source de rayonnement (8), ainsi qu'au moins un élément de commutation (7) sensible à un rayonnement et adapté de manière à créer une trajectoire de courant à bonne conduction électrique, contournant le commutateur électrique mécanique s'il est soumis à un rayonnement provenant de la source de rayonnement, mais présentant un état d'isolation électrique en l'absence de rayonnement. Ce commutateur électrique mécanique peut être rapidement déionisé après extinction d'un arc électrique résultant d'une séparation des contacts du commutateur mécanique.
PCT/SE1998/002274 1997-12-15 1998-12-10 Dispositif de commutation electrique et procede de mise hors circuit electrique d'une charge WO1999031693A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98963699A EP1040497A1 (fr) 1997-12-15 1998-12-10 Dispositif de commutation electrique et procede de mise hors circuit electrique d'une charge
JP2000539500A JP4532735B2 (ja) 1997-12-15 1998-12-10 負荷の電気的非接続を実行するための電気スイッチング・デバイスおよび方法
AU18969/99A AU1896999A (en) 1997-12-15 1998-12-10 An electric switching device and a method for performing electric disconnection of a load

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9704685-8 1997-12-15
SE9704685A SE9704685L (sv) 1997-12-15 1997-12-15 Kopplingsanordning och -förfarande
SE9803934-0 1998-11-18
SE9803934A SE9803934D0 (sv) 1997-12-15 1998-11-18 An electric switching device and a method for performing electric disconnection of a load

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999031693A1 true WO1999031693A1 (fr) 1999-06-24

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PCT/SE1998/002274 WO1999031693A1 (fr) 1997-12-15 1998-12-10 Dispositif de commutation electrique et procede de mise hors circuit electrique d'une charge

Country Status (5)

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EP (1) EP1040497A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4532735B2 (fr)
AU (1) AU1896999A (fr)
SE (1) SE9803934D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999031693A1 (fr)

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WO2001018880A1 (fr) * 1999-09-06 2001-03-15 Abb Ab Utilisation d'un dispositif a semi-conducteur, procede de commande de l'etat d'un commutateur a semi-conducteur et d'un agencement electrique

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JP6202304B2 (ja) * 2013-06-07 2017-09-27 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 アーク発生防止装置
DE102016216331B3 (de) 2016-08-30 2018-01-18 Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh Trennvorrichtung zur Stromunterbrechung, Schutzschalter mit einem Sensor und einer Trennvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Trennvorrichtung
WO2018042516A1 (fr) * 2016-08-30 2018-03-08 株式会社 東芝 Procédé de test de commutateur mécanique et son dispositif de test

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US4240088A (en) * 1979-08-08 1980-12-16 Semicon, Inc. Semiconductor high-voltage switch
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US4626884A (en) * 1983-12-20 1986-12-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Optically-sensitive semiconductor devices
US4760483A (en) * 1986-10-01 1988-07-26 The B.F. Goodrich Company Method for arc suppression in relay contacts
US4825061A (en) * 1987-08-07 1989-04-25 Center For Innovative Technology Optically controlled bulk semiconductor switch not requiring radiation to sustain conduction
US4782222A (en) * 1987-09-03 1988-11-01 Power Spectra Bulk avalanche semiconductor switch using partial light penetration and inducing field compression
US5002034A (en) * 1987-09-18 1991-03-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh High-voltage switch
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001018880A1 (fr) * 1999-09-06 2001-03-15 Abb Ab Utilisation d'un dispositif a semi-conducteur, procede de commande de l'etat d'un commutateur a semi-conducteur et d'un agencement electrique

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SE9803934D0 (sv) 1998-11-18
EP1040497A1 (fr) 2000-10-04
JP2002509335A (ja) 2002-03-26
AU1896999A (en) 1999-07-05
JP4532735B2 (ja) 2010-08-25

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