WO1999010528A1 - Verfahren zur charakterisierung disseminierter und mikrometastasierter krebszellen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur charakterisierung disseminierter und mikrometastasierter krebszellen Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999010528A1 WO1999010528A1 PCT/EP1998/005360 EP9805360W WO9910528A1 WO 1999010528 A1 WO1999010528 A1 WO 1999010528A1 EP 9805360 W EP9805360 W EP 9805360W WO 9910528 A1 WO9910528 A1 WO 9910528A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/112—Disease subtyping, staging or classification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for characterizing these infected and micrometastatic cancer cells on the basis of RNA and / or DNA, the use of this method for the in-vitro diagnosis of cancer and the use of cancer cells characterized according to the invention for testing active substances for antineoplastic activity and means for carrying out the Procedure.
- tumors cancerous tumors
- carcinomas carcinomas
- systemic haematological malignancies cancerous tumors
- time-consuming and cost-intensive imaging processes therefore generally only serve as orientation aids for the further, often direct, procedure, usually a tissue extraction.
- the latter measure means an invasive intervention in the patient's body, which, depending on the location and nature of the tumor, can be very uncomfortable or even dangerous for the patient.
- a tumor is diagnosed on the basis of such tissue extraction, further examinations usually follow, which are intended, for example, to describe the spreading potential, ie the metastasis, of this tumor.
- 20 to 30 lymph nodes are usually removed from the patient concerned and the number of lymph nodes that have cancer cells is determined.
- the prevailing opinion assumes that the patient's chance of survival decreases with increasing number of affected lymph nodes.
- more recent findings indicate that the occurrence of such lymph node metastases is a measure of the age rather than the aggressiveness or the metastatic potential of the tumor.
- cancer cells express characteristic markers, on the basis of which they should be distinguished from undegenerated cells and should therefore be identified as cancer cells.
- characteristic markers on the basis of which they should be distinguished from undegenerated cells and should therefore be identified as cancer cells.
- Immunoassays designed to help diagnose cancer by detecting certain markers.
- markers are the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the fetoprotein (AFP) or the prostate specific antigen (PSA).
- CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
- AFP fetoprotein
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- EP 0 747 705 recently proposed that only the 90 kDa glycofor of a group of proteins (NCAs) in the blood structurally related to CEA be investigated, since apparently only this glycoform is released into the blood stream.
- NCAs group of proteins
- WO 96/21862 states that the measurement of the concentration of A protein in the blood would allow the diagnosis of cancer, but also states that the hopes placed in markers examined up to that point, such as CEA, AFP or PSA , have not been fulfilled.
- WO 93/04200 suggests isolating DNA from a patient's blood sample to assess a predisposition to breast cancer, restricting this DNA in a certain way and making a corresponding diagnosis based on the restriction pattern.
- WO 96/02671 also describes a method with which genomic DNA or cDNA from neoplastic tissue, blood or another body fluid can be detected solely by sequence analysis (sequencing or hybridization)
- WO 94/10343 also describes a method for diagnosing cancer, namely for the detection of prostate cancer micrometastases, in which the blood of a patient is examined for RNA which codes for the prostate-specific antigen.
- RNA which codes for the prostate-specific antigen.
- so-called false-positive answers are obtained in about two thirds of the cases, since inflammation or injuries to the prostate gland also increase the concentration of the protein in the blood.
- 30% of cancers may still go undetected.
- a a similar procedure is chosen in US 5,601,990 for the diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer.
- the method should also enable the testing of active substances for antineoplastic effects.
- This object is achieved according to the invention by a method for characterizing disseminated and micrometastatic cancer cells using DNA and / or RNA, wherein cells obtained from body fluid of an individual are examined for at least one cancer-specific gene using mRNA; and / or cancer cells separated from the body fluid of an individual are examined for at least one cancer-specific gene using DNA and / or mRNA, and the same investigation is carried out with non-cancer cells of the same individual for comparison.
- characterization is understood to mean all those measures which can be carried out on cells of mammals and in particular of humans by one, two, three, four, five, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 or more cancer-specific and / or cancer-associated genes of these cells qualitatively or quantitatively.
- the cells can then be identified on the basis of the results obtained by the characterization.
- this includes not only the qualitative detection of circulating cancer cells, but also their quantification and / or information about their origin and Behavior, for example with regard to the formation of metastases or with various, for example cytotoxic, therapeutic approaches.
- circulating cancer cells include above all those cancer cells which have detached from the primary tumor, i.e. disseminated and micrometastatic cancer cells.
- circulating cancer cells for the purpose of simplification. Since the spread of these cells is usually related to the vascularization of the primary tumor, circulating cancer cells can be found in the blood in particular, bone marrow and lymph nodes also being suitable. Accordingly, body fluids such as blood, lymph, urine, bone marrow and various organ rinsing fluids such as bronchial lavage, pancreatic or bladder rinsing fluid are examined according to the invention.
- cancer-specific in the sense of the invention are those genes by means of which a circulating cancer cell can be recognized as such.
- cancer-associated genes are not specific for cancer cells. They can also be expressed in healthy cells or in a variety of other diseases, such as inflammation. However, their expression in cancer cells can be characteristically modulated compared to non-cancer cells, so that further conclusions can be drawn about the type and behavior of the cancer cells.
- a certain gene can contribute to both cancer-specific and cancer-associated characterization.
- a gene may have a mutation which leads to the abnormal expression of a cell cycle regulating protein and consequently to the degeneracy of the affected cell.
- This mutated gene is therefore cancer-specific and Examination according to the invention for the detection of this mutated gene is used for cancer-specific characterization.
- an analysis of the abnormal expression of this gene can also contribute to cancer-associated characterization, since the type or amount is corresponding
- a gene according to the invention can thus be examined at the DNA level, at the RNA level and / or at the protein level.
- genomic DNA is preferably examined for mutations, amplifications, LOHs, translocations and / or polymorphisms.
- Expression products are examined at the RNA level and at the protein level, namely preferably transcription products such as mRNA or translation products such as proteins.
- Preferred are methods by means of which the involvement of a gene in the state of circulating cells at the time of the examination can be assessed, e.g. the investigation of mRNA in particular with regard to the amount of a particular mRNA present in a cell. If the method according to the invention includes an examination of a body fluid for proteins, it is in particular those that are expressed by the cancer-specific and / or cancer-associated genes. Unless otherwise stated, the following speaks extensively of an investigation or analysis of the genes according to the invention.
- the specific genes listed in the following description are often designated by abbreviations or codes which are usually used and are therefore known to the person skilled in the art.
- the glossary inserted at the end of the present description can be used for explanation.
- the cancer-specific genes according to the invention include, in particular, two classes of genes which play an essential role in the development of cancer: oncogenes which arise from mutation from so-called proto-oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes. In their normal form, both direct the life cycle of a cell: proto-oncogenes promote cell growth, tumor suppressor genes slow it down.
- Oncogenes are cancer-friendly because they stimulate the cell to proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer if they are inactivated by mutation and the cell consequently loses a growth brake that normally prevents it from growing inappropriately.
- oncogenes code for growth factors and their receptors, signal proteins, transcription factors and a large number of other proteins, some of which play an important role in apoptosis, for example.
- the oncogenes include, for example, genes such as the bcl-2 family, mdm2, c-abl, the myc family, for example c-, N-, R-, L- and B-myc, the ras family, for example H -, K- and N-ras, erb-B2, which is also called new, erb-B, PDGF, RET and viral oncogenes of various tumor viruses, such as Papova viruses, for example SV40, polyoma and papilloma viruses, such as HPV, adenoviruses, certain herpes viruses, pox viruses, hepatitis B viruses (HBx gene), hepatitis C viruses, HTLV-1, E1A fusion transcript in adenoviruses, E6 and E7 fusion transcripts in HPV and EBV in Burkitt's lymphoma.
- genes such as the bcl-2 family, mdm2, c-abl, the
- Preferred oncogenes according to the invention are genes from the ras family, erb-B2, erb-B, c-myc, mdm2, bcl-2, hepatitis B virus (HBx gene), hepatitis C virus, HTLV1, E1A fusion transcript for adenoviruses, E6- and E7-
- the tumor suppressor genes include, for example, the genes of the APC family (FAP), DCC, DPC4, NF-1, NF-2, MTS1, RB, p53, WT1, BRCA1, BRCA2, VHL, MSH2, MLH1 and WAF1.
- Tumor suppressor genes preferred according to the invention are p53, RB, APC, DCC, BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2, MLH1 and WAF1.
- P53, RB, APC, DCC and DPC4 are very particularly preferred.
- the cancer-specific genes also include the next
- Oncogenic and mutant tumor suppressor genes also genes that are switched off in non-cancer cells in body fluids examined according to the invention, i.e. not or only in insignificant amounts are expressed. Therefore, if transcription and / or translation products of these genes are detected in a body fluid, for example blood, this indicates the presence of circulating cancer cells in the body fluid in question.
- hCG hCG
- hTG calcitonin
- albumin surfactant proteins
- telomerase various translocations
- Stat ⁇ a variants of steroid receptors ( ⁇ R, AR)
- progesterone receptor various genes that indicate a LOH, CEA, PSM, PSA , AFP, tyrosinase, MAGE3, Mucl ⁇ , MUC1, cytokeratins, in particular CK20 and CK19,
- Tyrosinase MAGE3, MUC18, tumor-specific splice variants of the estrogen and androgen receptor, and EGP.
- Such genes also include the tissue-specific genes listed below, which contribute to the cancer-associated characterization according to the invention due to their tissue specificity, but can also be used for cancer-specific characterization due to the peculiarity of the object under investigation, namely cancer cells circulating in a body fluid and detached from the primary tumor.
- prognostic oncoproteins such as anti-p53, pan p53, p53 or c-erb-B2 can also be cancer-specific Investigation can be used.
- a body fluid is examined for at least one cancer-specific gene and at least one cancer-associated gene.
- cells obtained from the body fluid of an individual are additionally examined for at least one cancer-associated gene which is essentially not expressed in non-cancer cells of the body fluid examined; and / or if cancer cells separated from the body fluid of an individual are additionally examined for at least one cancer-associated gene and the same investigation is carried out with non-cancer cells of the same individual for comparison.
- the cancer-associated genes encompass a wide range of functions. Tissue-specific, i.e. organotypic genes (morphogens), which allow statements about the origin of the circulating cancer cells, so that the localization of the primary tumor, the litter source, can be concluded; Genes that characterize the ability of cancer cells to metastasize; Genes coding for steroid hormone receptors so that statements about the receptor status of the cancer cells are possible; Chemoresistance genes; or genes, the expression of which with the organotypic genes (morphogens), which allow statements about the origin of the circulating cancer cells, so that the localization of the primary tumor, the litter source, can be concluded; Genes that characterize the ability of cancer cells to metastasize; Genes coding for steroid hormone receptors so that statements about the receptor status of the cancer cells are possible; Chemoresistance genes; or genes, the expression of which with the
- Modulation of the immune response as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis of circulating cancer cells correlated.
- the expression of these cancer-associated genes can be modulated in a characteristic manner in cancer cells, so that the resulting expression pattern can also indicate cancer.
- Cancer-associated tissue-specific genes often code for organotypic markers, ie proteins or antigens, on the basis of which the origin of the cell expressing the gene can be deduced. These include, for example, liver-specific genes, such as albumin or AFP; Prostate-specific, such as AR, PSM, hK2 or PSA; Breast, ovary and / or cervical specific ones such as ß-hCG, ⁇ R, PR, SCCA-1, Maspin or BA46; Colorectal-specific, such as CCK, Enteroglucagon, GIP, Gastrin, Motilin or PYY; Pancreas-specific such as PYY; Melanoma-specific, such as MAGE1, MAGE3, Mucl ⁇ or tyrosinase; Thyroid-specific, such as hTG; Lung-specific, such as SF, SF-R, surfactant proteins, for example SP-A and SP-C, CC10, N-CoR or RARß2; Bladder-
- Oncogenic and / or mutant tumor suppressor genes can be used if they indicate certain forms of cancer. Examples of this are tumor-associated mutations, such as translocation 14; 18 (bcl-2) for lymphoma, translocation 9; 22 (BCR / ABL) for chronic myeloid
- Synovial sarcomas BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 for breast cancer, DPC-4 for pancreatic cancer, erb-B for glioblastoma, MLH-1 and MSH-2 for HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer), NF-2 for neurofibromatosis-1, NF-1 for Neurofibromatosis, RET for thyroid cancer, RB for retinoblastoma, VHL for
- Renal carcinoma for kidney tumors
- k-ras for colon carcinomas.
- the characterization of the ability of metastasis of circulating cancer cells takes a special one
- the cells are examined in particular for genes which code for angiogenesis, growth and motility factors, matrix degradation factors, such as proteases and their inhibitors, or adhesion factors, such as Adhaerine.
- the angiogenesis factors include, for example, aFGF and bFGF and their receptors aFGF-R and bFGF-R, VEGF and its receptors VEGF-Rl and VEGF-R2, and GD-AIF.
- the growth factors include, for example, TGF- and TGF-ß, IGF, IGF-BP3, erb-B (EGF-R), PDGF and EGF.
- Migration-stimulating motility factors include, for example, the scatter factor SF-L and its receptor SF-R (c-met).
- proteases and their inhibitors include, for example, matrix hydrolases, such as MMP's (matrix metalloproteases), MT-MMP, UPA (urokinase-like plasminogen activator) or their inhibitors, such as PAI1 and PAI2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) or TIMP's (tissue inhibitors from Metalloproteases).
- matrix hydrolases such as MMP's (matrix metalloproteases), MT-MMP, UPA (urokinase-like plasminogen activator) or their inhibitors, such as PAI1 and PAI2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) or TIMP's (tissue inhibitors from Metalloproteases).
- Adhaerins include adhesion proteins such as cadhaerins, for example E-cadhaerin, catenins, for example j ⁇ -catenin, selectins, for example E-, P- and L-selectin and their receptors, CD44 (standard and splice variants), integrins and ICAM's .
- Genes preferred according to the invention for characterizing the ability to metastasize are angiogenesis factors (bFGF and bFGF-R; VEGF and VEGF-R's), proteases (UPA; PAI; MMP's; TIMP's), adhaerins (E-cadherin; ⁇ -catenin; / 3-catenin;
- chemoresistance genes of circulating cancer cells is also of particular importance according to the invention, since cancer cells are often resistant to therapeutic agents, sometimes even several times, and a characterization of these genes to evaluate the chances of success of certain ones Cancer therapies can contribute.
- chemoresistance genes are MDR1, which codes for the P-glycoprotein, nm23, hMLHl, gpl70, MRPl, the topoisomerase gene, the glutathione-S-transferase-pi gene, the LRP gene and genes for Code ⁇ or ⁇ tubulin.
- Chemoresistance genes which are preferably investigated according to the invention are MDR1, MRPl, the topoisomerase II gene, the LRP gene, the ⁇ -tubulin gene and the glutathione-S-transferase-pi gene.
- NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity a modulation of the immune response
- ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- H1 / TH2 and CD8 cells on the one hand and circulating cancer cells on the other hand for example on the TNF- ⁇ gene (tumor necrosis factor), genes which code for interferons, for example a- and ⁇ -IFN, FAS- Examine ligand and FAS receptor genes, perforinl, bcl-2, bax and granzyme.
- TNF- ⁇ gene tumor necrosis factor
- FAS- Examine ligand and FAS receptor genes perforinl, bcl-2, bax and granzyme.
- FAS-R and FAS-L, perforin and granzymes are preferred.
- the proliferation and apoptosis properties of circulating cancer cells are investigated according to the invention using genes which correlate with the proliferation and apoptosis status of cells, in particular cancer cells. These include, among others, some of the above-mentioned oncogenes or proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor or mutant tumor suppressor genes, which - via the cancer-specific
- p53 for example, is activated transcriptionally by p53 in a sequence-specific manner (Bax; FAS-L and -R; Cycline A, Bl, Dl, D2, D3, E or G; GADD45; GD-AIF; HIC1; IGF-BP3; mdm2; p21) and inactivated genes (bcl-2; c-myc; bFGF, c-fos; HSP70; IL-6; MDR1; PCNA), genes expressed at the beginning of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (except p53 still TNF- ⁇ , TNF-Rl, TNF-R2, DPC-4, IFN-y and FAS-L and - R) as well as genes that occur in unregulated growth, such as erb-B2, EGF and other autocrine growth factors (TGF - ⁇ ; PDGF).
- a sequence-specific manner Bax; FAS-L and -R; Cycline A, Bl, D
- Bax, FAS, Cycline, mdm2, p21, pl6, bcl-2, c-myc, FGF, MDRI, TNF-o:, IFN-y, erb-B2, EGF and other autocrine growth factors are preferred.
- cyclins for tumor biological examination, i.e. to characterize a modulation of the immune response, the proliferation and apoptosis properties, cyclins, in particular the cyclins B1, D1 and E, Ki67, FAS-L, FAS-R, bax and / or bcl-2 are preferably examined.
- a body fluid can be examined using known immunological methods. These include, for example, immunoprecipitation and competition experts, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical staining methods, Western blotting, flow cytometry, ELISA and others. as well as mass spectrometric methods. Since immunological methods generally focus on specific antigen-antibody interactions, such methods are preferably used to examine the body fluid for proteins, in particular proteins which are expressed by the genes described above. Possibly needed for this purpose
- Antibodies are either known to the person skilled in the art or can be obtained by customary methods.
- immunological methods are preferably used to examine blood and in particular bone marrow.
- immunological methods e.g. analyze the following proteins: P53, ERB-B2 and tumor antigens using ELISA and similar methods; FAS ligand and FAS receptor, phosphatidylserine, cytokines, perforin, cytokeratins and cyclins with the help of immunophenotyping.
- nucleic acid analysis A preferred possibility for the examination of body fluids according to the invention is provided by nucleic acid analysis.
- nucleic acid analysis include, for example Investigation of DNA or RNA, in particular mRNA, using techniques that are known to the person skilled in the art, such as sequencing techniques, hybridization techniques, for example Northern or Southern blotting, hybridization on microchips, in particular methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are based and also techniques in which the DNA or RNA to be examined is first transcribed and / or translated in vitro.
- every body fluid can be examined with the aid of a nucleic acid analysis. It is advantageous to use blood, particularly when examining mRNA.
- a combination of different nucleic acid analyzes can of course also be used to examine a gene.
- a combination of immunological methods and nucleic acid analyzes can also be advantageous.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- cDNA oligonucleotides or immobilized streptavidin and biotinylated oligonucleotides.
- MRNA, cDNA or double-stranded PCR products are hybridized onto these.
- primer extension by labeled dNTP and ddNTP The detection principle is selected according to the marking: radioactivity, fluorescence, chemiluminescence or other methods known to the person skilled in the art for this purpose.
- RT-PCR reverse transcription
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- the mRNAs examined are quantified using various internal controls, preferably in the form of cell equivalents or cloned cDNAs or cRNAs using fluorescence-labeled primers, by "real-time" PCR or by RNA hybridization on microchips.
- the cell-specific quantification of genes takes place via internal standards, in particular RNA (cDNA) which is independent of the cell type and which codes, for example, for GAPDH, jS microglobulin, L32 or ⁇ -actin.
- cDNA RNA which is independent of the cell type and which codes, for example, for GAPDH, jS microglobulin, L32 or ⁇ -actin.
- the specificity is ensured by extensive controls, such as mis atch samples or the sequencing of the cDNA.
- the cancer-specific genes which are preferably characterized on the basis of mRNA analyzes on body fluids, are in particular the genes described above, which are essentially not expressed in the body fluid examined in the case of non-cancer cells.
- Cancer-associated genes are usually characterized using mRNA analyzes on body fluids.
- bFGF bFGF-R
- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGF-R's MMP's
- TIMP's TIMP's
- MDRI MRP
- LRP topoisomerase II
- glutathione S-transferase progesterone receptor
- Bax bcl-2
- FAS -L FAS-R
- mdm2 p21
- pl6, c-myc TNF-, IFN-y, erb-B2 and EGF.
- a DNA analysis in particular the sequence analysis of genomic DNA, is generally preferred for the examination for oncogenes and / or mutated tumor suppressor genes and can be particularly advantageous when characterizing the following genes: p53, ras family, erb-B2, c-myc, mdm2, BRCA1, BRCA2, APC, DCC, RB MSH2, MLHl, RET and LOH studies in different chromosome sections by numerous Microsatellites.
- Body fluids can be analyzed in the state in which they were obtained.
- the samples are generally first prepared for the subsequent examination by measures known per se, in that cells or cell-containing concentrates or cell-containing liquids are obtained from the body fluid.
- cells or cell-containing concentrates or cell-containing liquids are obtained from the body fluid.
- nucleic acid analyzes For example, instead of blood, certain cell-containing liquids or cell concentrates derived therefrom, for example the so-called buffy coat or cell fractions after density centrifugation, can advantageously be used.
- the cells obtained from body fluid can then be examined in particular for genes which are essentially not expressed in non-cancer cells of the body fluid examined.
- cancer cells separated from the body fluid are generally investigated according to the invention.
- Known methods can be used to separate cancer cells, for example physical methods such as micro-filtration or density gradient centrifugation, or antigen-specific immunoadsorption methods in which specific antibodies mark the cancer cells in such a way that they can subsequently be sorted out.
- suitable physical methods such as micro-filtration or density gradient centrifugation, or antigen-specific immunoadsorption methods in which specific antibodies mark the cancer cells in such a way that they can subsequently be sorted out.
- Antibodies are provided, for example, with fluorescent and in particular magnetic markers, so that when such a cancer cell-specific antibody is labeled, cancer cells can be isolated after binding such antibodies in so-called cell sorters.
- cell sorters To select suitable antibodies for the isolation of certain cancer cells one can rely on the characterization and identification of these cancer cells without prior isolation To fall back on.
- the cancer cells are preferably isolated in a viable and in particular reproductive state. In particular, the mRNA should be intact for the studies described above.
- RNA which is specific for MNCs (mononuclear cells) (Perforin, CD45).
- fraction A MNC including the tumor cells
- fraction B MNC after removal of the tumor cells
- fraction C purified tumor cells
- individual cancer cells are separated from the body fluid and also examined individually.
- a changed genome of a single degenerate cell can be analyzed by a so-called single cell PCR by genome amplification.
- the isolation of circulating cancer cells is advantageously carried out for genomic studies and for the examination of genes which are also expressed by non-cancer cells in the body fluid being examined, e.g. following genes:
- DNA p53, ras family, erb-B2, c-myc, mdm2, RB, APC, DCC, LOH examinations in different chromosome sections by numerous microsatellites:
- RNA bFGF, bFGF-R, VEGF-R's, MMP's, TIMP's, MDRI, MRP, LRP, topoisomerase, glutathione-S-transferase, Bax, bcl-2, FAS, mdm2, p21, pl6, c-myc, FGF, MDRI, TNF-, IFN-y and EGF, AR, ⁇ R, EGP and SF.
- Certain tests according to the invention are preferably carried out on cell cultures.
- the circulating cancer cells can be isolated in the manner described above and then cultivated under suitable conditions.
- statements about tumor biology (e.g. the modulation of the immune response by cancer cells or the proliferation) of these cells can be made on in vitro cultures.
- Genes which are advantageously characterized in cancer cells cultured in vitro are e.g. following: Bax, FAS, Cycline, mdm2, p21, pl6, bcl-2, c-myc, FGF, MDRI, TNF- ⁇ , IFN-y, erb-B2 and EGF.
- the method according to the invention can be used regardless of the stage of a cancer. It can be used alone or in combination with other cancer diagnostic methods, such as imaging or conventional tumor marker-based methods.
- the method according to the invention can be used for prevention, when the first warning signs of cancer appear, or, for example, after cancer therapy for early recurrence detection. It is suitable for the characterization and identification of all forms of cancer, provided that corresponding circulating cancer cells are present in the body fluids examined. These include, for example, abdominal cancer, anal cancer, pelvic cancer, bile duct cancer, uterine cancer, endometrial cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, lip cancer, oral cancer, kidney cancer,
- Parotid cancer tongue cancer, groin cancer, soft tissue cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple leukemia, and preferably breast cancer, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, bladder cancer
- lymph node-free forms of cancer Gastric carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphone and chronic myeloid leukemia.
- the use of the method according to the invention in lymph node-free forms of cancer is particularly interesting, since in this case conventional methods based on the examination of lymph nodes fail. If circulating cancer cells are detected in NO tumors (for example a breast or colon carcinoma), specific statements about the choice of therapy can be made based on the special constellation. In these cases, adjuvant-curative therapy is preferably indicated, in the case of advanced tumors possibly with a subsequent additional immunomodulatory therapy.
- a first application of the method according to the invention is aimed at the detection of circulating cancer cells.
- the expression of cancer-specific genes is preferably measured.
- Multiparameter expression analyzes of genes which are switched off in non-cancer cells of the body fluid being examined are particularly preferred. These analyzes can include up to about 40 genes. As a rule, up to about 25 genes, preferably about 2 to 10 genes and in particular about 3 to 7 genes, are examined. The corresponding mRNAs are preferably analyzed, in particular by RT-PCR.
- Particularly effective combinations include the genes CEA and CK20, the analysis of the corresponding mRNAs being preferred. These combinations can, if necessary, by a
- Such studies are particularly useful for the detection of circulating cancer cells of the carcinoma type.
- gynecological carcinomas such as ovarian, breast or various uterine carcinomas, colon carcinomas, lung carcinomas, gastric carcinomas, thyroid carcinomas, bladder carcinomas, endometrial carcinomas and prostate carcinomas are preferred.
- the examination can be carried out without prior separation of the cancer cells.
- the MNC fraction is preferred for blood tests.
- the expression analyzes mentioned above can be supplemented by further detection methods of cancer-specific genes.
- tests for oncogenes and / or mutated tumor suppressor genes are preferably carried out, it being possible in particular to use the genes of this type which are preferred according to the invention and which are mentioned above.
- Such analyzes in particular for the detection of mutations, amplifications, LOH's, translocations or
- Polymorphisms are advantageously at the DNA level, for example by DNA sequencing or
- Particularly effective combinations include the genes p53 and / or erb-B2.
- P53 is preferably examined for mutations and / or LOH and erb-B2, preferably at the DNA level, for amplifications using the corresponding cDNA.
- These combinations can optionally be carried out by tests on c-myc and / or K-ras, c-myc preferably on the DNA level is examined for amplification and K-ras for mutations, and / or advantageously supplemented by tests for RB, APC, DCC and / or DPC4, preferably using LOHs.
- This first application can be supplemented by examining the circulating cancer cells for genes that allow statements about their origin, i.e. allow an organ localization of the scattering source. This can also be done in the form of multi-parameter expression analyzes in which organotypic morphogens are measured.
- Analyzes can include up to approximately 36 genes. As a rule, up to about 14 genes, preferably about 1 to 8 and in particular 2 to 5 genes, are examined.
- Particularly effective combinations include the maspin and / or PR genes, in particular for the detection of breast cancer, the corresponding mRNAs preferably being analyzed.
- This combination can advantageously be supplemented by tests for ß-hCG and / or ⁇ R. The same applies to the detection of ovary and cervical
- Carcinomas in which case an examination for SCCA can advantageously be added.
- PSM and / or PSA genes in particular for the detection of prostate carcinomas, the corresponding mRNAs preferably being analyzed. This combination can be advantageously supplemented by tests on hK2.
- Gastrin gene in particular for the detection of colon carcinomas, the corresponding mRNA preferably being analyzed.
- a combination of GIP and / or Motilin also offers an effective means of detecting colon carcinomas.
- SP-A and SP-C especially for the detection of lung cancer, preferably the corresponding mRNA is analyzed.
- This combination can be advantageously supplemented by tests for ßhCG.
- EGF-R and ßhCG especially for the detection of bladder cancer.
- Another application of the method according to the invention relates to the creation of a risk profile of detected circulating cancer cells, on the basis of which a prognosis can be made.
- the metastatic properties of these cancer cells are preferably assessed.
- the risk potential of the tumor can also be described by analyzing mutations and amplifications and / or increased / decreased expression of certain genes that influence the growth behavior of cancer cells (e.g. c-myc, c-erb-B2, c-fos, erb- B, mdm2, nm23, pl6, p21).
- genes that influence the growth behavior of cancer cells e.g. c-myc, c-erb-B2, c-fos, erb- B, mdm2, nm23, pl6, p21.
- Tumor sensitivity to immunological attacks on the affected organism Many effector mechanisms cause apoptosis of the target cell (tumor cell). If a tumor resists these defense mechanisms, it is a huge advantage for them. Genes relevant to apoptosis can indicate to what extent a tumor is resistant or sensitive to the attacks of the defense cells, or may even be able to even attack the effector cells (e.g. perforin, granzyme, bax, bcl-2, fas, fas-L, GADD45 , p53, TNF-Rl, TNF-R2).
- perforin, granzyme, bax, bcl-2, fas, fas-L, GADD45 , p53, TNF-Rl, TNF-R2 e.g. perforin, granzyme, bax, bcl-2, fas, fas-L, GADD45 , p53, TNF-Rl, TNF
- the quantification of tumor cells in the blood is just as important. It is crucial whether the number of circulating tumor cells differs before and after surgery or therapy.
- a quantification of the cancer cells using the cancer-specific genes specified above using longitudinal standards allows such a statement.
- Multiparameter expression analyzes are preferred for creating such a risk profile. These can include up to about 50 genes. As a rule, up to about 25 genes, preferably about 2 to 15 genes and in particular about 4 to 12 genes, are examined.
- the assessment of the metastatic properties is particularly preferred for risk assessment; it is preferably based on the ability of the cancer cells to matrix degradation and to control angiogenesis.
- the angiogenesis factors and / or proteases mentioned above and their opponents are used in particular.
- Particularly effective combinations for characterizing the metastatic properties include bFGF, bFGF-R, VEGF-Rl and / or VEGF-R2, if appropriate together with VEGF, the corresponding mRNAs preferably being examined.
- These combinations can optionally be supplemented by tests for MMPs, in particular MMP2, and / or TIMPs, in particular TIMP3, with the corresponding mRNAs also preferably being examined here.
- Effective combinations for tumor biological investigation include the FAS-L and FAS-R genes, which are preferably examined using the corresponding mRNAs.
- This combination can advantageously be supplemented by tests for cyclins, in particular cyclin B1, DI and E, Ki67, bax and / or bcl-2.
- a particular advantage of the method according to the invention is that individual risk profiles can be created for individual patients. Since the method is particularly suitable for continuous use, ie it can be repeated at any time, valuable changes can be made about the development of cancer for an individual patient by changing such risk profiles. Another advantage is that it is not based on statistics must be used, which are generally based on surveys in which patients with very different conditions are averaged.
- Another application of the method according to the invention relates to the therapy of a proven cancer. This makes it possible to make statements about the choice, control and resistance of therapy.
- cytostatics that lead to programmed cell death (apoptosis) can be tested for their effectiveness by examining genes associated with apoptosis.
- the analysis of various mRNAs of the apoptosis-associated genes described above are particularly suitable for this purpose. These tests are preferably performed on circulating cancer cells that are cultivated in vitro. No cytostatics need to be administered to the patient.
- the present invention is therefore also an object
- all anti-cancer therapies can be evaluated with the method according to the invention.
- These include, for example, vaccines, immunomodulation, molecular therapies such as gene replacement, antisense nucleotides, ribozy e, monoclonal antibodies, MMP inhibitors and attenuated viruses, e.g. E1B-attenuated viruses for cytolysis are p53wt deficient
- the method according to the invention is based on molecular biology Research is based, it is ideally suited to provide information regarding the choice of therapy, which are adapted to the molecular equipment of the investigated cancer cells.
- EGP antibody against epithelial antigen
- c-erb-B2 c-erb-B2
- cytostatic therapy with microtubule-stabilizing taxanes (eg taxol) can be predicted by detecting the RNA expression of the monomeric target molecules ( ⁇ - and ⁇ -tubulins), the assembly of which is prevented under taxol.
- cytostatics eg cispaltin
- DNA repair genes eg hMLHl
- Particularly effective combinations for assessing a possibly existing chemoresistance include the genes MDRI, MRP, topoisomerase II and glutathione-S-transferase-pi, for example by measuring the corresponding mRNAs.
- ß-tubulin mutations and MDRI amplification can also be examined.
- MDRI test the analysis of the MDRI pump gpl70 and / or the MDRI efflux doxorubicin test is often used.
- a particular advantage of the method according to the invention is that therapy-refractory cells (minimal residual disease; MRD) can be characterized and identified and, based on this, a therapy approach which has already been carried out can be expanded in a risk-adapted manner in order to completely eliminate the residual cancer cells.
- MRD minimal residual disease
- the present invention also relates to means for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- Means should be easy to handle and essentially ready to use. Means are advantageously used to carry out the method according to the invention in kit form, for example as a test and / or diagnostic kit.
- kit form for example as a test and / or diagnostic kit.
- a kit contains at least one compartment, for example a vial or test tube, in which the means for the investigation according to the invention for the above genes are contained in aliquoted amounts, if possible.
- the kit contains several compartments, whereby one compartment can be assigned to the examination for a specific gene, but can also comprise means that can be used to examine several genes. Under certain circumstances, several compartments can also be assigned to the examination for a specific gene.
- the kit may also include a further compartment for taking the body fluid sample. The contact of the body fluid sample with the means for carrying out the method according to the invention can optionally take place in a further compartment. The choice of agents depends on the genes examined and the method chosen.
- Diagnostic and / or test kits can include means for preparing the body fluid sample, for example means for enriching cells from body fluids, such as density gradients and / or filters, means for isolating and purifying DNA and / or RNA from cells, in particular systems based on guanidine isothiocynate, Spin columns with suitable solid phases and / or oligo-dT systems; Means for performing reverse transcription (RT), for example reverse transcriptase, RT buffer, RNase inhibitor, suitable primers and / or dNTPs; Means for performing the PCR, for example thermostable polymerase, PCR buffer, MgCl 2 and / or dNTPs; Means for performing restriction-enzymatic digestions
- RT reverse transcription
- PCR buffer for example thermostable polymerase, PCR buffer, MgCl 2 and / or dNTPs
- RV Restriction enzyme and RV buffer
- RV Restriction enzyme
- / or means for analyzing the products obtained by RT, PCR, and / or RV e.g. Contain gels or agents for the preparation of suitable gels, ELISAs etc.
- kits according to the invention preferably provide suitable primers, probes and / or negative / positive controls and, if appropriate, further aids. Preference is given to kits or supplementary kits according to the invention which enable the examination for the gene combinations described above to be effective.
- kits are used with the aim of detecting cancer in general, localizing primary tumors, making a risk and prognosis assessment or making statements with regard to therapy. For a comprehensive assessment of cancer, such kits can be combined in a kind of modular system.
- kits according to the invention can also contain agents which enable examinations for genes for cancer-specific and cancer-associated characterization of a specific type of cancer.
- a melanoma-specific kit can have at least means for examination
- Tyrosinase and bFGF a colon-specific kit containing at least agents for testing for CK20, bFGF and MMP2 and a breast-specific kit for at least agents for testing for CK19, bFGF, MMP2 and PR.
- MNC mononuclear cells
- a centrifuge tube (50 ml) is filled with 15 ml density gradient medium (DGM) 1.077 (RT) and carefully overlaid with 30 ml blood / PBS (heparinized or EDTA blood). After centrifugation for 30 minutes (800 g, RT), all interphase cells (MNC) are transferred with a Pasteur pipette into a new centrifuge tube (15 ml. Filled with 6 ml PBS / Zus (PBS + BSA 0.2%, sodium azide 0.02%, EDTA 1 mM) ) transferred. From here, all steps are carried out under cooling (4 ° C). It is centrifuged (10 min.
- DGM density gradient medium
- PBS heparinized or EDTA blood
- MNC interphase cells
- RNA / DNA isolation is then removed for RNA / DNA isolation, the cells contained therein are centrifuged (400 g, 3 min), the resulting pellet is resuspended in 600 ⁇ l RLT-Me buffer (from RNEasy Blood Kit Quiagen) and stored at -80 ° C. Finally, 10% FC blocking reagent is added.
- Anti-epithelial beads (40 ⁇ l / 0.5 ml) are washed twice with 800 ⁇ l PBS / Zus in a magnetic strip.
- 40 ⁇ l / 0.5 ml of washed beads are placed in an Eppendorf reaction vessel, the reaction vessel is rotated in a rotor for 25 min at 4 ° C., and it is then placed in a reaction vessel stand, and the suspension is removed from the reaction vessel. The lid is placed in the reaction vessel.
- the reaction vessel is placed in MPC for 1 min, the cell suspension is discarded, the magnetic strip is removed (or the vessel is removed), 800 ⁇ l PBS / add are added and carefully resuspended. The last sequence of steps is repeated 6 times, the last being resuspended in PBS / lmM EDTA (without BSA).
- reaction vessel is placed in MPC for 1 min and the supernatant is completely removed.
- the resulting beads with attached cells form fraction C. This is used for the
- RNA / DNA isolation resuspended in 200 ⁇ l trizole and stored at - 80 ° C.
- Perforin mRNA can be measured as the purity marker of fraction C.
- the evaluation is carried out via the determination of tumor-associated and tumor-specific RNA and via the determination of the RNA of the epithelial glycoprotein by means of quantification of the GAPDH-RNA.
- Reference example 3 DNA / RNA isolation
- the DNA / RNA isolation is carried out in a manner known per se.
- the content of is used to detect epithelial cells in the blood
- CK20-mRNA determined by molecular biology with a sensitivity of more than 1 cell to 10 6 leukocytes organ-selectively (ovary, colon> Ma ma). The CEA mRNA content is also examined. This detection of cells which form the oncogenic Adhaerin CEA was carried out with a sensitivity of one cancer cell to 10 6 leukocytes.
- RNA-Guard 38950 U / ml
- random primer 500 ⁇ g / ml
- 0.5 ⁇ l dNTP-Mix (20 mM each)
- 0.5 ⁇ l M-MLV 200 U / ⁇ l
- RNA approximately 1 ⁇ g isolated from mononuclear cells (5 ml of blood) are denatured for 1 min at 70 ° C., immediately cooled on ice for 3 min, mixed with 10 ⁇ l RT mix without air bubbles, incubated for 60 min at 37 ° C. , Incubated for 3 min at 95 ° C, immediately cooled on ice for 3 min and either fed directly to the PCR or frozen at - 20 ° C.
- PCR The following reagents are added to each PCR mix ( ⁇ l):
- the PCR is carried out on the ABI 7700 Seqence Detector (TaqMan).
- a two-stage PCR method is used.
- the following temperature profile is used: for CK20:
- CEA Lymphocytes from a normal donor Primer
- the yield of the PCR reaction in progress is measured online for each cycle round in the Seqence Detector.
- the recorded curve of the course of the reaction serves as the basis for determining the amount of the cDNA to be analyzed as the equivalent of the mRNA.
- the basis is the determination of the transition of the PCR reaction to the exponential phase.
- Reference example 5 MUCl mRNA analysis using RT-PCR
- the MUCl-RNA is determined in order to assess the carcinoma-specific mucin transcription.
- RNA approximately 1 ⁇ g isolated from mononuclear cells (5 ml of blood) are added to the RT mix, 10 min at room temperature, 15 min at 42 ° C., 5 min at 99 ° C. and 5 min at 5 ° C incubated.
- PCR PCR is carried out on the Perkin Elmer 9600 or 2400 thermal cycler. The following temperature profile is used:
- the PCR mixture is cooled to 4 ° C.
- the peak areas of the PCR products (336 bp and 309 bp) are determined for evaluation.
- the quotient is formed between the peak area of the 336 bp splice variant and the 309 bp splice variant (0.2 is normal, up to 0.7 corresponds to a weak expression and> 0.7 to a strong expression).
- the reverse transcription (RT) is carried out according to reference example 4.
- the PCR is carried out on the ABI 7700 Seqence Detector (TaqMan) carried out.
- a two-stage PCR method is used, the following temperature profile is used: for GST-pi:
- MNC GST-pi: The limit of normal expression is determined by means of the CT value of the MNC control.
- MMP-2 COLO-320 Neg.
- MMP-2 SW403; Lymphocytes from a normal donor Primer:
- Primer and probe sequences for FAS were designed according to GenBank Accession # M67454; Primer and probe sequences for FAS-L were designed according to GenBank Accession # U08137.
- Reference example 7 bFGF-R, bFGF, VEGF-R2 mRNA analysis by means of RT-PCR
- the reverse transcription (RT) is carried out according to reference example 1.
- the PCR is carried out on the Perkin Elmer 9600 or 2400 thermal cycler. The following temperature profile is used: 95 ° C 5 min
- the PCR mixture is cooled to 4 ° C.
- BFGF-R ES-2 (ovarian carcinoma); NB-4 (ApML); MCF-7
- VEGF-R2 ovarian cancer
- Colo 829 melanoma
- VEGF-R2 lymphocytes (normal donors); NCI-H508
- Primer A Primer B bFGF-R bFGF-R-sense bFGF-R-antisense bFGF-L bFGF-L-sense bFGF-L-antisense VEGF-R2 VEGF-R2-sense VEGF-R2-antisense
- the reverse transcription (RT) is carried out according to reference example 1.
- the PCR mixture is cooled to 4 ° C.
- 10 ⁇ l PCR product and 1.1 ⁇ l sample buffer together with 10 ⁇ l 100 bp conductor are subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis at a running voltage of 150 volts and a running time of 20 min.
- the evaluation is carried out under a UV lamp at 254 nm or 312 nm.
- the PCR product after the first round has a size of 284 bp.
- the PCR product after the second round has a size of 207 bp.
- the 100 bp conductor is used as the length standard.
- the erb-B2, c-myc and mdrl genes or the ⁇ -globin gene are labeled using fluorescein
- Oligonucleotide primers co-amplified.
- the amplificates are separated by capillary electrophoresis. Test procedure:
- the PCR is carried out on a thermal cycler Perkin Elmer 2400, 9600 or 9700.
- the following temperature profile is used:
- PCR products are applied to a 2% agarose gel.
- capillary electrophoresis gene analyzer ABI 310
- the quotient of erb-B2-c-myc or mdrl surface integral and ⁇ -globin surface integral is formed for each patient sample and the controls.
- An erb-B2-c-myc or mdrl amplification is present in a patient sample if the quotient is "significantly" greater than that of the normal control or of samples measured at the same time.
- the PCR is carried out on the Perkin Elmer 9600 or 2400 thermal cycler.
- the following temperature profile is used:
- the PCR mixture is cooled to 4 ° C.
- Sample buffers with bromophenol blue are applied to a 2% agarose gel (10 ⁇ l ethidium bromide stock solution 10 mg / ml on 100 ml gel) in 1 ⁇ TBE buffer.
- the electrophoresis is carried out 160 to 170 V at constant voltage.
- Cancer cells indicates performed. A successful analysis can only take place if the patient is heterozygous for both alleles of a marker.
- the alleles differ in size by at least 4 bp.
- the PCR is carried out on the Perkin Elmer 9600 or 2400 thermal cycler.
- the following temperature profile is used:
- the PCR mixture is cooled to 4 ° C.
- Primer A Primer B p53 (175) FAM-p53 175-S p53 6-2 p53 (245) FAM-p53 245-A p53 245-S p53 (248) FAM-p53 7-1 p53 8-2 p53 (249) FAM-p53 7-1 p53 8-2TET-p53 8-2 p53 (273) p53 273-S TET-p53 8-2 k-ras k-ras-sense FAM-labeled K-105 anitsense
- the electrophoresis is carried out 160 to 170 V at constant voltage.
- Restriction enzyme and 10 ⁇ l PCR product (for codon 245, 249 and 273: 7.5 ⁇ l H 2 0 (bidest), 2.0 ⁇ l lOx buffer, 0.5 ⁇ l restriction enzyme and 10 ⁇ l PCR product; for codon 248: 7.75 ul H 2 0 (bidest), 2.0 ul lOx buffer, 0.25 ul restriction enzyme and 10 ul PCR product) are incubated at 37 ° C for 1 hour.
- the evaluation is carried out using a 4% metaphor gel or using ABI 310.
- Sample buffers with bromophenol blue are applied to a 4% metaphor agarose gel (10 ⁇ l ethidium bromide stock solution 10 mg / ml on 100 ml gel) in 1 ⁇ TBE buffer.
- the Electrophoresis is carried out at 160 to 170 V at constant voltage.
- the uncut PCR product of any sample is also applied to each gel.
- the patient was able to detect hematogenously circulating cells, which may be of the carcinoma type. It was possible to detect cancer-cell-specific cells that increasingly transcribed the cancer-specific splice variant of the mucinl gene. CEA and CK20 mRNA were also expressed by these cells. Since these expression characteristics are found in breast cancer, the cells most likely originated from the breast, which was confirmed by the expression of maspin.
- the tumor cells could be enriched in fraction C (MUC1) without lymphocytic contamination (perforin negative).
- MUC1 fraction C
- the detected cells also already showed signs of metastatic ability, since they expressed the bFGF and VEGF receptor as well as VEGF, all of them prerequisites of neoangiogenesis.
- the cells strolling in the blood expressed the progesterone receptor.
- hematogenously scattering cells that only transcribed the tumor-specific splice variant of the MUCl gene and CK20 and were therefore attributable to the carcinoma type. They were enriched in fraction C.
- the hematogenously scattering cells certainly originated from the colon, since in contrast to the prostate-specific PSM mRNA, gastrin mRNA could be detected.
- the point-mutated oncogene k-ras was also found, as is typical for colon carcinomas.
- the detected cells also already showed Evidence of metastatic ability as they expressed the bFGF receptor, a prerequisite of neoangiogenesis.
- the patient to be examined had a malignant melanoma in the postoperative state (Clark II-III). A blood sample was taken. b) Question
- Angiogenesis factors bFGF receptor, VEGF receptor 1 and VEGF as well as the ability of the circulating cells to matrix degradation (MMP2 mRNA detected).
- MMP2 mRNA detected A protein-relevant mutation of the oncogene p53 in exon 5 was found in fraction C.
- the cells only expressed FAS ligand, but not FAS receptor; they may not have been amenable to cell-mediated cytotoxicity (apoptosis). Lymphocytic contamination of fraction C was excluded because perforin could not be detected.
- the patient was able to detect hematogenously circulating cells, which could be of the carcinoma type. It was possible to detect cancer-cell-specific cells that increasingly transcribed the cancer-specific splice variant of the mucinl gene. CEA and CK20 mRNA were also expressed by these cells. Since these expression characteristics in When breast cancer was found, the cells were most likely from the breast, which was confirmed by the expression of maspin.
- the detected cells also already showed signs of metastatic ability, since they expressed the bFGF and VEGF receptor as well as VEGF, all of them prerequisites of neoangiogenesis.
- a p53 mutation in exon 8 was also detected in the tumor cell fraction. This is also a typical finding for breast cancer.
- the patient was able to detect hematogenously circulating carcinoma-type transcripts that transcribed the cancer-specific splice variant of the MUCl gene.
- the expression of CEA and CK20 could also be demonstrated.
- Example 5 The patient was the same as that described in Example 5. Based on the findings according to Example 5, the patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and with tamoxifen. Blood was drawn from the patient again after chemotherapy was completed. b) Question
- lymphocytes were unable to accumulate doxorubicin. It was not possible to determine efflux.
- ABS Nonspecific antibody binding capacity
- the patient was able to detect hematogenously circulating cancer cells of the carcinoma type, which increasingly transcribed the cancer-specific splice variant of the MUCl gene.
- the patient to be examined was suspected of having breast cancer due to a suspicious breast finding (walnut-sized tumor with inconspicuous mammography). There were three cases of breast neoplasia in the family, two of them in patients under 50 years of age and one case of ovarian neoplasia. There was therefore an inherited predisposition to tumors. A blood sample was taken. b) Question
- AFP is the main plasma protein in the fetus. In adults, the expression of AFP is very low, unless there is a tumor, such as a hepatoma or a teratoma. Lit .: Gibbs et al .; Biochemistry 26: 1332-1343, 1987.
- Albumin is used to identify hepatoma cells circulating in the blood.
- Prostate cancer cells are dependent on the growth-stimulating effects of AR.
- mutations of the androgen receptor have been detected, some of which lead to a constitutively active receptor.
- bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor
- bFGF is overexpressed and can therefore be regarded as a factor in the ability to metastasize become .
- the bcl-2 product heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homologue, the BAX, which makes the programmed
- the bcl-2 gene was discovered in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell lymphomas). BCL-2 can block apoptosis.
- the BRCAl gene is a tumor suppressor gene. 5-10% of breast cancer patients have an inherited disposition, which is often associated with a predisposition to ovarian cancer. Mutations in the BRCAl gene are associated with 45% of breast cancers with an inherited component. Mutations in the BRCAl gene also affect ovarian cancer. Lit .: Smith T.M., et al. ; Genome Res. 6, 1029-1049, 1996.
- the BRCAl gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in this gene are thought to be responsible for a high proportion of early hereditary breast tumors.
- Calcitonin Calcitonin (32 amino acids), like "Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 37 amino acids)", is encoded by a gene called calc-1. Calcitonin can inhibit the growth of a gastric carcinoma cell line and the neurohormone CGRP can act as autocrine growth factor act for murine carcinoma cell lines.
- CC10 (Clara cell 10 kD protein)
- CC10 is only expressed in alveolar epithelial cells type 2 and in Clara cells of the lung epithelium and is involved in the formation of the "epithelial lining fluid". Lit .: Am. L. Physiol. 268: L565 (1995).
- CCK is a brain and intestinal hormone. CCK is also expressed by some sarcoma neuroepitheliomas cell lines. Lit .: Friedman, J.M. et al .; PNAS 89: 5819-5823, 1992.
- the CD44 glycoprotein is a cell adhesion molecule. Certain splicing variants of CD44 play a role in the metastasis process of tumors.
- CEA carcinoembryonalic antigen
- CEA is expressed in gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer, but also in various solid tumors, such as breast cancer, in the fetal colon, but not in normal lymphocytes. Because of this expression profile, the detection of CEA-positive cells in the blood is used to diagnose circulating tumor cells. Furthermore, CEA immunoassays are important diagnostic methods when observing cancer patients, especially in the case of colon carcinomas. Lit .: Zimmermann et al .; Proc. Natl. Acad. Be. USA 84: 2960-2964, 1987.
- Malignant cells usually retain the pattern of keratins and this can accordingly be used to relocate the tumor cells to an epithelium. Since CK20 is not expressed by cells of the peripheral blood, but mainly by cells of the gastrointestinal tract, this cytokeratin is used for the detection of tumor cells of this origin circulating in the blood.
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are essential for the control of the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells.
- the measurement of the cyclins correlates with the cell cycle.
- Cyclin Gl and Cyclin G2 are two recently identified cyclins that play a role in the cell cycle.
- DCC Deleted in colorectal carcinomas
- the expression of the DCC gene is greatly reduced in most colorectal carcinomas.
- the loss of the 18q region is associated with a poor forecast.
- the status of the DCC gene can be determined using microsatellite markers and PCR from formalin-fixed material. Lit .: Frank C.J., et al .; Cancer Res. 57, (5), 824-827, 1997.
- pancreatic carcinoma Approximately 90% of human pancreatic carcinomas show an allele loss on chromosome 18. It is a tumor suppressor gene. Also have been found in breast and ovarian cancer
- E-cadherin in conjunction with associated catenins ( ⁇ -catenin; ⁇ -catenin), is important for the organogenesis and histogenesis of epithelial tissue and plays a central role in the metastasis process of carcinomas.
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- HMGF human milk growth factor
- PGF prostatic growth factor
- EGF is involved in embryonic development (ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal cells) and controls / stimulates the proliferation of epidermal and epithelial cells in vitro. EGF can also act as an angiogenic and chemotactic factor. Lit .: Carpenter: EGF; Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 5: 261-264, 1993.
- EGF-R EGF receptor
- EGF-R is overexpressed, which also correlates with tumor aggressiveness; a poor prognosis results from the coexpression of EGF-R with either c-erb-B2 or TGF-alpha.
- EGP epidermaal glycoprotein
- the epithelial glycoprotein can serve as an epithelial-specific marker for the detection of carcinomas. Lit .: Simon, B. et al. ; PNAS 87: 2755-2759, 1990; Szala, S. et al .; PNAS 87: 3542-3546, 1990. Enteroglucagon
- Enteroglucagon is a peptide that is produced by the cells of the Jejuno ileum. Lit .: Bell, G.I. et al .; Nature 304: 368-371, 1983.
- the erb-B gene codes for the receptor (EGF-R) of the epidermal growth factor (EGF). This gene is amplified in approximately 50% of advanced human glioblastomas.
- c-erb-B2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2; NGL (neuroblastoma or glioblastoma-derived); New; tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER2; TKR1
- Erb-B2 encodes a tumor antigen, P185, which is serologically related to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Overexpression converts the gene for a normal growth factor receptor, erb-B2, into an oncogene. Amplification of erb-B2 is observed in adenocarcinomas, in breast and ovarian cancer. Erb-B2 is also involved in the development of acute promyeloid leukemia (APL) because the gene is located in band q21.1 of chromosome 17, where the translocation breakpoint is located between chromosome 15 and 17 (tl5: 17). Lit .: Slamon et al .; Science 244: 707-712, 1989.
- APL acute promyeloid leukemia
- the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis coli, an autosomal-dominant disease, is the fap. Lit .: Groden j. et al .; Cell 66: 589-0, 1991.
- FAS-R FAS-L (CD95, CD95-L)
- FAS belongs to the group of factors that trigger apoptosis. Lit .: Alderson MR; J. Exp. Med. 181, (1), 71-77, 1995; Itoh N .; Cell 66, (6), 233-243, 1991.
- FGF receptors
- c-fos The c-fos and c-jun genes are of central importance in the context of growth regulation.
- Gadd45 is a growth arrest gene and a gene induced by DNA damage, which is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
- GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase This gene is expressed in all cells. The expression of this gene correlates with the cell number and is used for the quantitative and qualitative determination of the cDNA. Lit .: Allen, R.W. et al .; J. Biol. Chem. 262 (2), 649-653, 1987.
- GAS Gastrin
- Gastrin is primarily produced by mucosal cells in the stomach and D cells in the pancreas.
- GD-AIF Glaoma-Derived Angiogenesis Inhibitory Factor
- the GD-AIF is one of the endogenous negative regulators of angiogenesis.
- the extent to which the negative regulators decrease during the switchover phase to the angiogenic phenotype of tumorigenesis determines whether a primary tumor grows slowly or rapidly and whether metastases are formed. Lit ..: Folkman J.; Nat. Med. 1 (1995) 27-31.
- GIP Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptides
- Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide This hormone is primarily produced by cells in the upper small intestine.
- GST-pi codes for a detoxifying enzyme and therefore plays a role in the development of chemoresistant tumors. After chemotherapy, an increase in expression in tumors was observed, which is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and chemoresistance. Lit .: Morrow et al .; Gene 75: 3-11, 1989.
- the main function of the granzymes is the lysis of tumor cells and virus-infected cells by apoptotic fragmentation of the DNA.
- hCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- the ⁇ -subunit of the hCG serves as a marker for germline tumors and chorionic carcinomas and the detection of the hCG mRNA by means of RT-PCR is also useful in the diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer and malignant melanoma
- HIC-1 hypomethylated in cancer
- the HIC-1 is considered a possible tumor suppressor gene product. Under-expression occurs in tumor cells in which it is hyper ethylated. Lit .: Wales MM, et al .; Nat.Med. 1 (1995) 570-577.
- Heat shock proteins like HSP70 can play a role in the "escape mechanisms" of tumor cells.
- hTG human thyroglobulin hTG is a thyroid protein.
- Four transcripts have been identified which are the result of alternative splicing. Lit .: Bertaux et al .; Gene 156: 297-301, 1995.
- ICAM-1 CD54, ICAM1-1
- ICAM-2 CD102
- ICAM-3 The ICAM's-1, -2, and -3 are cell surface molecules and serve as ligands of the leukocyte integrins.
- IGF insulin-like growth factor
- MSA multiplication-stimulating activity
- Somatomedm Somatomedm
- NSILA non-suppressible insulin-like activity
- SF sulfation factor
- SFA sulfation factor
- SGF keletal growth factor
- IGF's act as mitogenic, autocrine and angiogenic factors.
- IGF-BP3 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3
- IGF-BP3 acts as a growth inhibitor. Lit .: Lamson; Growth factors 5: 19-28, 1991.
- Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface antigens that are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Lit .: VIth International Human Leukocyte Differentiation
- Inactivating tumor suppressor genes is a critical step in tumor development. Frequent mechanisms are both inactivating mutations and the genomic loss of the entire gene or parts of the gene.
- Normal tissue of a patient has both alleles of tumor suppression, while only one allele is detectable in the tumor.
- the two alleles are used to identify highly polymorphic c romosomal regions (microsatellite repeats) located in or near the tumor suppressor gene, which are amplified by a PCR. These are repetitions of short sequences of nucleotides (e.g. CA repeats, CGG repeats), the number of copies being different and therefore the length of the product amplified in the PCR being different.
- Lrp encodes a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine
- the MAGE1 gene codes for an antigen on the surface of melanoma cells. While MAGE1 is detectable at a high level in many tumors at the RNA level, the RNA is not found in normal tissues with the exception of the testes and ovary. This gene product is therefore extremely suitable as a marker for circulating tumor cells, in particular melanoma cells. Lit .: De Plaen et al .; Immunogenetics 40: 360-369, 1994.
- MAGE3 The gene encoding MAGE3 is transcribed in approximately 69% of melanomas. Since it has so far only been found in tumor tissue and no normal tissue apart from the testes, this gene is suitable as a marker for circulating melanoma cells. Lit .: Gaugier et al .; J. Exp. Med. 179: 921-930, 1994.
- Maspin Maspin is a tumor suppressor gene. Defects in this gene are found particularly in breast cancer cells. Lit .: Luppi et al. ; Annais of Oncol. 7: 619-624, 1996.
- ß2-microglobulin ß2-microglobulin is expressed on all nucleated cells of the vertebrates.
- FCC2 FCC2; COCA2; HNPCC (Hereditary Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Type 2)
- HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
- MMP metaloproteinase
- MMP's are Zn 2+ -binding endopeptidases that break down components of the extracellular matrix. They are involved in angiogenesis and tumor invasion. There are at least 11 MMPs.
- metalloproteinases Overexpression of metalloproteinases promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. Some of these metalloproteinases are increasingly expressed by tumor cells both on the cell surface and at the mRNA level. Lit .: Freije et al .; J. Biol. Chem. 269: 16766-16773, 1994; Sato et al .; Nature 370: 61-65, 1994.
- Motilin is a hormone produced by cells in the small intestine. Lit .: Daikh, D.I et al .; DNA 8: 615-621; 1989.
- MRPl Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein-1
- the MRP gene codes for a chemotherapeutic efflux pump located in the plasma membrane with similarities to the "ATP-binding casette” super family of transport systems, which also includes MDRI and the "cystic fibrosis transmembrane” conductance regulator ".
- MDR1 overexpression which was due to genomic amplification of the gene, was detected in a chemoresistant cell line of the small cell lung carcinoma. Lit .: Cole et al .; Science 258: 1650-1654, 1992.
- MSH2 Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein-1
- HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
- MUCl urinary
- the MUCl gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that is formed by tumor cells to protect against cytotoxic immune cells and to promote metastasis.
- MUCl is synthesized by normal tissues and cells, but also by malignant cells and tissues. For example, Breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and adenocarcinoma cells show one
- Mucl8 codes for glycorein, the expression of which is restricted to advanced primary and metastatic melanomas and to cell lines of the neuroectodermal line.
- An mRNA expression is found in about 80% of the melanomas, the expression correlating with the state of metastasis of the cells. The presence of cells in the blood that express this mRNA is a good indicator of circulating tumor cells from advanced or metastatic melanoma.
- ⁇ tyc synonym proto-oncogene homologous to the myelocytomatous virus; c-myc
- N-CoR is a co-repressor protein for the retinoic acid receptor ß. Lit .: Soderstrom et al .; Mol. Endocrinol. 11: 682 (1997).
- Neurotensin is a small neuropeptide located in the catecholamine-containing neurons. Lit .: Bean, A.J. et al .; Neurosience 50: 259-268, 1992.
- NF-1 The NFl gene is a tumor suppressor gene.
- the product of the neurofibromatosis 1 gene is the neurofibromin or NFl-GAP.
- NF-1 mutations were found in 10 families with neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease). Lit .: Marchuk D.A. , et al .; Genomics 11, 931-940, 1991.
- Type II neurofibromatosis an inherited malignancy with bilateral tumors of the 8th cranial nerve, neurofibro- men, meningiomas, gliomas or schwannomas and also in sporadic meningiomas, schwannomas and, moreover, in melanomas and breast cancer. Lit .: Trofatter et al .; Cell 72: 791-800, 1993.
- the nm23-HI gene is a potential metastasis suppressor.
- the expression is negatively proportional to the formation of lymph node metastases.
- the estrogen receptor plays in the
- the mdrl gene codes for an efflux pump for cytostatics located in the apical membrane.
- an "ulti drug resistance" against many structurally different therapeutic agents often occurs simultaneously.
- An amplification of the mdrl locus was observed experimentally under the influence of chemotherapeutic agents.
- An increased expression of this gene was found in cell lines with existing chemoresistance. Lit .: Gros et al .; Cell 47: 371-380, 1986.
- MTS1 P16 is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Deletions in a large number of tumors are characteristic of mtsl. Both deletions and mutations of this gene have been discovered in melanoma.
- Frequency of deletions of the CDKN2 gene in tumor cells indicates a tumor suppressor gene.
- the P21 affects the human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.
- mutations in the p53 gene are among the most common genetic changes in malignant tumors. Most of these tumors contain the loss of an allele of the p53 gene (breast carcinoma (32-64%), ovarian carcinoma (44-66%); gastric carcinoma (> 60%); bladder carcinoma (38-58%); pancreatic carcinoma (70%); lung cancer (20%); prostate cancer (59%); cervical cancer (50%)).
- the mutations are distributed over the entire length of the protein, with an accumulation in exons 5 to 8 and a number of exons being affected in many ways (codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273). The frequency of these hotspot mutations varies depending on the organ of origin of the tumor. Mutations in codon 175 are found e.g. in 6% of breast cancers, 14% of colorectal tumors and 4% of ovarian cancers. It is almost exclusively point mutations that occur in a wide range of the gene.
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF is a local, autocrine and paracrine, chemotactic growth factor, potent vasoconstrictor and angiogenesis factor.
- PYY is synthesized endocrine from cells of the small intestine, colon and pancreas.
- Perforin-1 belongs to a class of cytolytic proteins that permeate the membranes of target cells. Lit .: Ojcius and Young; TIBS 16: 225-229, 1991.
- progesterone receptor in breast cancer is a prognostic marker for the response to endocrine therapy and longer survival. Accordingly, progesterone has a protective effect against breast cancer.
- the analysis of the progesterone receptor in macarcinomas is particularly interesting because the presence of the estrogen receptor can also be determined indirectly. Lit .: Misrahi er al .; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 143: 740-748, 1987.
- PSM prostate-specific membrane antigen
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- the PSA level is used in radioimmunoassays for diagnosis and
- the cellular genes of the ras gene family are named after the corresponding retroviral oncogenes. Their names are: c-Harvey-ras (c-H-ras), c-Kirsten-ras (c-K-ras) and N-ras (discovered in neuroblastomas).
- the loss or inactivation of the RB gene is crucial for the development of retinoblastomas.
- the loss of the function of the gene in both alleles leads to the development of tumors.
- Microsatellites and RFLP can be used for familial retinoblastoma for DNA diagnostics. Lit .: Friend S.H., et al .; PNAS 84, (24) 9059-63, 1987.
- the RET oncogene is often rearranged in papillary thyroid cancer and recombined with another gene.
- patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type MEN 2A as well as in patients with familial thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) were high
- SCCA-1 (Squamous Cell Carcino a Antigen-1)
- SCCA-1 protein was isolated from a metastatic cervical "squamous cell” carcinoma. SCCA-1 is used as a marker for squamous cell carcinomas, particularly the cervix, neck and neck, the lungs and the esophagus
- Selectins are transmembrane glycoproteins that are expressed on various cell types, such as platelets (P-selectin); Leukocytes (L-selectin) and endothelial cells (E- and P-Selectin).
- P-selectin platelets
- L-selectin Leukocytes
- E- and P-Selectin endothelial cells
- HGF Hepatocyte growth factor
- SF is mainly expressed by mesenchymal cells, stroma and fibroblasts and is a potent angiogenesis and motility factor that, as an autocrine factor of tumor cells, can promote their invasiveness and tumorigenesis.
- the proto-oncogene c-met plays an important role in the development of tumors.
- STATs are a family of proteins that both perform signal transduction functions and are transcription activators.
- Surfaetant protein A is, for example, only expressed by type II alveolar epithelial cells and Clara cells in the lung tissue and SP-C is exclusively expressed only by type II alveolar cells.
- surfactant proteins AI and A2, B, C and D
- the expression eg mRNA of which has been described in metastatic, micrometastatic, pulmonary and extrapulmonary adenocarcinomas, non-small cell lung carcinomas and breast carcinomas. Lit .: Betz et al. ; Cancer Res. 55: 4283-4286, 1995.
- Telomerases define the ends of chromosomes.
- TGF-alpha transforming growth factor alpha
- MDGF-2 milk-derived growth factor 2
- TGF-1 TGF-1
- TGF-alpha is transformed by a large number of carcinomas and (by viral or cellular oncogenes)
- TIMP tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- the TIMPs belong to a family of inhibitors which inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases, thus counteract tissue dissolution and also determine the invasion and metastasis of carcinoma cells into the tissue. Lit .: Apte et al .; Genomics 19: 86-90, 1994.
- TNF-alpha tumor necrosis factor alpha
- cachectin Monocyte / macrophage-derived TNF
- CX cytotoxin
- enodogenous pyrogen TNF-a
- TNF-alpha is direct cytotoxic and apoptotic
- CD120a cytotoxic TNF-R
- TNF-Rl stands for the human tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and mainly mediates cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Lit .: Loetscher H., et al .; Cell 61, 351-59, 1990.
- Topoisomerase II Synonyms: TOPO; TOP2A; Topoisomerase alpha
- DNA topoisomerases are ATP-dependent enzymes that control the topological status of DNA. Chemoresistance can be found in those tumors in which the activity of the topoisomerase is reduced, for example by reduced expression. Furthermore, a mutation of the topoisomerase gene was isolated from chemoresistant cell lines, which causes the enzyme to no longer be inhibited by the chemical other. Lit .: Hinds et al .; Cancer Research 51: 4729-4731, 1991.
- the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes become rearranged in the course of the differentiation of B cells and the T cell receptor (TCR) is rearranged during the maturation of T cells. If there is an increase in a T cell clone in the blood of a patient, this can be identified behind the polyclonal background of all remaining T lymphocytes. Lit .: Trainor et al. ; Blood, 78, 192-196, 1991.
- This translocation is the most common in human lymphomas. It is found in more than 80% of follicular lymphomas, in approximately 20% of diffuse large cell lymphomas and in approximately 50% of adult undifferentiated lymphomas. Lit .: Barker et al. ; Blood, 83, 1079-1085, 1994.
- the Philadelphia chromosome is caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, which at Approximately 90% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be observed in the tumor cells. This rearrangement is also found in lower incidence in acute lymphatic leukemia. The result is only 3 different possible fusion transcripts that can be used to detect a CML or "minimal residual disease". Lit .: Maurer et al .; The Lancet, 337, 1055-1058, 1991
- translocations (2; 13) and (1; 13) In 68% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, translocation (2; 13), which contains the genes of the transcription factors PAX3 (chromosome 2) and FKHR (chromosome 13), is a specific cytogenetic abnormality. are involved. 14% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have the translocation (1; 13), with the PAX7 gene on chromosome 1 being involved instead of the PAX3 gene on chromosome 2.
- This translocation is found in 86% of all Ewing's sarcomas and results in the formation of a fusion transcript consisting of the EWS gene (chromosome 22) and the FLI gene (chromosome 11) consists .
- ⁇ - and ⁇ -tubulin tubulins represent the monomer components of the microtubules of the cytoskeleton. Lit .: J. Biol. Chem. 272: 2534 (1997).
- Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis that is only expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells. The detection of tyrosinase-expressing cells in the blood therefore indicates the presence of circulating melanoma cells in the blood. Lit .: Giebel et al .; Genomics 9, 435-445, 1991.
- UPA urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- UPA is a proteolytic enzyme, the expression of which correlates with increased invasiveness, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis. Its activity is regulated by an inhibitor (PAI-1).
- PAI-1 an inhibitor
- VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- VPF vascular permeability factor
- vasculotropin CD (glioma-derived) -VEGF
- VEGF can occur as a result of alternative splicing of the mRNA in four forms, namely VEGF121 and VEGF165 as well as VEGF189 and VEGF206.
- VEGF appears to play an important role in controlling blood vessel formation and permeability play and also be a major regulator of tumor angiogenesis.
- VEGF-Rl VEGF receptor 1
- VEGF-R2 (VEGF Receptor-2) Synonyms: KDR; Tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor; FLK-1 receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor; FLK1; kinase insert domain receptor
- VEGF-R2 The upregulation of VEGF mRNA in tumor cells and the mRNA of its receptors in the tumor vasculature correlates with an increased aggressiveness of the tumor.
- VEGF-R2 is also used in
- VHL Volt Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
- the VHL gene product is a tumor suppressor protein that leads to kidney cancer, hemangiomas of the cerebellum and retina, pheochromocytes and ependymomas in the case of inherited mutations. Participation in the development of spontaneous tumors was also shown.
- hepatitis B and C viruses possibly also SV40, in relation to liver cell carcinomas, the HTLV-1 virus in connection with T cell lymphomas, the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in Associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngial carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease and human papilloma viruses of types 16 and 18 in connection with carcinomas in the urethro-genital area, especially the cervix.
- EBV Epstein Barr Virus
- Herpes viruses of types 4 and 6 and the HI virus are also discussed in connection with the development of tumors.
- Lymphomas non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas
- the Wilms tumors are kidney tumors of the child. It is most likely a tumor suppressor gene. Lit .: Bonetta L., et al .; Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51, 1989. Gessler M., et al .; Genomies 12, 807-813, 1992.
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EP98946419A EP1007740B1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-08-24 | Verfahren zur charakterisierung disseminierter und mikrometastasierter krebszellen |
US09/485,879 US7056660B1 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-08-24 | Method for characterizing disseminated and micrometastasized cancer cells |
AT98946419T ATE445710T1 (de) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-08-24 | Verfahren zur charakterisierung disseminierter und mikrometastasierter krebszellen |
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CA002301962A CA2301962C (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1998-08-24 | Method for characterizing disseminated and micrometastasized cancer cells |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE445710T1 (de) | 2009-10-15 |
CA2301962C (en) | 2010-01-12 |
DE59814404D1 (de) | 2009-11-26 |
US7056660B1 (en) | 2006-06-06 |
CA2301962A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
DE19736691A1 (de) | 1999-02-25 |
EP1007740B1 (de) | 2009-10-14 |
ES2334866T3 (es) | 2010-03-16 |
JP2001514012A (ja) | 2001-09-11 |
EP1007740A1 (de) | 2000-06-14 |
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