Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/02—Emulsion paints including aerosols
  • C09D5/024—Emulsion paints including aerosols characterised by the additives
  • C09D5/027—Dispersing agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/45—Anti-settling agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/05—Alcohols; Metal alcoholates
  • C08K5/053—Polyhydroxylic alcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/06—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Ortho-esters

Definitions

• the invention relates to the use of surfactants as plasticizers in water-based polymer coating compositions to reduce or eliminate the need for conventional cosolvents and to reduce the overall volatile organic compounds (VOC's) of the coating composition.
• VOC's volatile organic compounds
• VOC's volatile organic compounds
• aqueous coating compositions While the move from organic solvent-based to aqueous compositions brings environmental, safety and health benefits, aqueous coating compositions must still meet or exceed the performance standards expected from solvent-based coating compositions.
• the coatings or films must form at ambient temperatures (35° to 160°F), yet have good performance properties after curing. For example, a coating composition should exhibit good print and block resistance and yield good adhesion and tensile properties. Once cured, most applications require that the coating be unaffected by environmental conditions such as water, humidity, and end-use temperature fluctuations.
• Aqueous coating compositions may contain upwards often to twenty components which are generally identified by their function.
• an aqueous coating composition may have pigments, extenders, antisettling agents, dispersants, surfactants (such as wetting agents, defoamers, and antifoamer), rheology modifiers, coalescing solvents, plasticizers, water, glycols, catalysts, biocides, crosslinkers, and colorants.
• Glycols are components added for freeze-thaw resistance, wet edge properties and as aids in low temperature coalescence.
• Representative glycols used for these purposes include ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Because the glycols generally evaporate at ambient conditions, they contribute to VOC's found in aqueous coating formulations.
• glycols A typical contribution to VOC's by glycols would be 100 to 200 grams per liter.
• Glycols are one of the first components aqueous coating manufacturers seek to decrease or eliminate in an effort to reduce emissions. However, the resulting coating may then suffer in the desired properties of low temperature coalescence, freeze/thaw resistance and wet edge.
• Cosolvents also known as coalescing solvents
• Cosolvents are commonly employed in aqueous compositions to aid in film formation (or knitting-together) of hard latex particles. This hardness can be measured in terms of the starting film-formation temperature or of the glass transition temperature of the manufactured latex solid. As drying occurs, the cosolvents evaporate from the coating and the glass transition temperature of the coating approaches that of the starting resin. The addition of cosolvents enables the coating to behave like a softer film-forming material during drying and then perform as a harder, resistant film after drying.
• cosolvents include aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated solvents, such as alcohols, ketones and glycol ethers.
• a typical amount of cosolvent ranges from 50 to 300 or more grams per liter of coating composition.
• Coating compositions based on cosolvents are described, for example, in Paint Handbook, 1-12 to 1-24 (Harold B. Crawford & Beatrice E. Eckes eds., 1981), incorporated here by reference. Because cosolvents present in the coating formulation contribute considerably to VOC's content and tend to contribute odor to the coating, cosolvents are becoming more undesirable in aqueous coatings. However, in many aqueous coating systems, the elimination of the cosolvent(s) result in either lack of film formation or such poor film formation that the coating has poor appearance and poor resistance properties.
• plasticizers may be added to the aqueous coating formulation to replace some or all of the cosolvents.
• plasticizers are organic compounds that do not significantly evaporate at ambient conditions but remain in the coating. Examples of typical plasticizers would be chemicals from the phthalate, adipate, and benzoate families. They soften the polymer and are used to impart flexibility to an otherwise hard and brittle polymer.
• plasticizers especially at high levels, can have deleterious effects on coating performance properties. Because the coating remains soft, it can have poor block and print resistance, poor stain resistance and a tacky feel.
• surfactants are not generally volatile materials under ambient conditions and remain in the coating during the drying process. However, at the low concentrations typically used, little effect on polymer hardness or coating performance is observed. If too much surfactant is used in the aqueous coating composition, the wet coating could exhibit excessive foaming and poor thickening efficiency with thickeners while the cured coating could have problems with water sensitivity, poor exterior durability and poor block, stain and print resistance.
• surfactants are typically used in the lowest amounts necessary to achieve their beneficial properties while avoiding any detrimental effects.
• a discussed above a need exists to reduce or eliminate VOC's from aqueous coating compositions without effecting wet coating or end-use performance properties. The invention answers that need.
• surfactants can be employed at levels similar to those used by conventional cosolvents and function as a plasticizers in the coating, thus eliminating the need for conventional cosolvents and eliminate the VOC's associated with the cosolvents.
• Preferred surfactants of the invention can be used to plasticize the coating, aid in low temperature film formation and contribute to the typical properties associated with surfactants in coatings while not contributing deleteriously to the final balance of properties in the finished coating.
• the invention relates to an improved water-based polymer coating composition
• a polymer resin e.g., polyethylene glycol
• surfactant e.g., water, water and surfactant
• an anionic and/or nonionic surfactant is present in an amount effective to plasticize the coating formed from the composition.
• a water-based polymer coating composition of the invention is also substantially free from cosolvents.
• the invention also relates to a method of coating a substrate and a substrate which has been coated with a coating formulation of the invention.
• the invention relates to an improved water-based polymer coating composition
• a polymer resin water and surfactant.
• An anionic and/or nonionic surfactant is present in an amount effective to plasticize the coating formed from the composition.
• This improves prior water-based coating compositions by reducing or eliminating the cosolvent and reducing the amount of VOC's in the coating composition.
• a water-based polymer coating composition of the invention is also substantially free from cosolvents.
• the VOC of the coating is less than 250 g/1, more preferably less than 50g/l, even more preferably less than 25 g/1 and most preferably VOC's are eliminated.
• Aqueous emulsion polymers or latexes in both clear and pigmented form are well-known.
• Examples of their uses include interior and exterior architectural coatings, general metal coatings, adhesives, and the like. Examples include the aqueous coating compositions described in Technology of Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, NY 1974, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,002,998 and 5,185,397 and in GB Patent No. 2,206,591, all of which are incorporated here by reference. Water- based polymer coating compositions conventionally contain from about 10 to about 40% by volume of solids.
• Synthetic latexes are well known and can be made by emulsion polymerization techniques from styrene-butadiene copolymer, acrylate resins, polyvinyl acetate, and similar materials.
• latexes can be formed by aqueous emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as styrene, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and the like.
• Preferred latexes for use in the invention include those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,539,073 and copending applications Serial Nos. 08/861,431; 08/061,433; 60/047,324; 08/861,437; 08/861,436, all of which are incorporated here by reference.
• Water-based polymer coating compositions may comprise pigments (organic or inorganic) and/or other additives and fillers known in the art.
• a latex paint composition may comprise a pigment and one or more additives or fillers used in latex paints.
• additives or fillers include, but are not limited to, leveling, rheology, and flow control agents such as silicones, fluorocarbons, urethanes, or cellulosics; extenders; curing agents such as multifunctional isocyanates, multifunctional carbonates, multifunctional epoxides, or multifunctional acrylates; reactive coalescing aids such as those described in U.S. Patent No.
• surfactants can be employed at levels similar to those of conventional cosolvents and function as a plasticizers in the coating. This eliminates the need for conventional cosolvents and significantly reduces, or preferably eliminates, the VOC's in the coating composition, particularly VOC's associated with the cosolvents. Further, problems such as blocking, poor print and stain resistance associated with plasticizers, are eliminated.
• anionic or nonionic surfactant may be used in a water- based polymer coating composition of the invention.
• the surfactant is present in an amount effective to plasticize a coating formed from the composition, preferably ranging from about 3 to about 10% by weight of the dry polymer.
• Preferred anionic surfactants include alkali metal or ammonium salts of alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates.
• the anionic surfactant is selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium octylphenol glycolether sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryldiglycol sulfate, ammonium tritertiarybutyl phenol and penta- and octa- glycol sulfonates, sulfosuccinate salts such as disodium ethoxylated nonylphenol half ester of sulfosuccinic acid, disodium n-octyldecyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and mixtures thereof.
• AEROSOL 18 surfactant a 35% solution of disodium N-octyldecyl sulfosuccinimate in water and AEROSOL OT-75 surfactant, a 75% solution of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate in water, both available from Cytec Industries, Inc. are preferred anionic surfactants.
• the nonionic surfactant is a polyether nonionic surfactant, more preferably, an alkyl polyglycol ether, an alkyl phenol polyglycol ether or a mixture thereof, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,912,157 and 5,554,675 the disclosurex of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Preferred alkyl phenol polyglycol ethers include ethoxylation products of octylphenol, nonylphenol, diisopropyl phenol, triisopropyl phenol or mixtures thereof.
• Preferred alkyl polyglycol ethers include ethoxylation products of lauryl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol or mixtures thereof.
• Preferred nonionic surfactants include the TERGITOL 15-S-40 and TERGITOL
• NP-40 surfactants available from Union Carbide.
• TERGITOL 15-S-40 surfactant (CAS # 68131 -40-8) is a reaction product of a mixture of 11 - 15 carbon, linear secondary alcohols and ethylene oxide.
• TERGITOL NP-40 surfactant is the reaction product of a nonylphenol and about 40 moles of ethylene oxide.
• alkyl polyglycol ether is selected from compounds of the formula:
• R and R are each selected from straight and branched alkyls having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and wherein at least one of R and R, contains from 1 to 3 hydroxyl groups, and the H of each hydroxyl group is independently unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent of the formula
• n and m each range from 1 to about 50 and wherein the total of n and m is less than about 60.
• SURFYNOL® including the SURFYNOL® 104 series, SURFYNOL® 420, 440, 465 and 485, also known as the SURFYNOL® 400 series.
• SURFYNOL® 104 has the following formula:
• the SURFYNOL® 400 series have the following general formula:
• R 3 is (CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n H and wherein n is a number ranging from 1 to 30, with SURFYNOL® 420 having 1.3 moles of ethylene oxide, SURFYNOL® 440 having 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide, SURFYNOL® 465 having 10 moles of ethylene oxide and SURFYNOL® 485 having 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
• a coating formulation of the invention containing a polymer or waterborne polymer composition may then be applied to a variety of surfaces, substrates, or articles, e.g., paper, plastic, steel, aluminum, wood, gypsum board, concrete, brick, masonry, or galvanized sheeting (either primed or unprimed).
• the type of surface, substrate, or article to be coated generally determines the type of coating formulation used.
• the coating formulation may be applied using means known in the art.
• a coating formulation may be applied by spraying, brushing, rolling or any other application method to coat a substrate.
• the coating may be dried by heating but preferably is allowed to air dry.
• a coating employing a polymer of the invention may be thermally or ambiently cured.
• the invention relates to a shaped or formed article which has been coated with a coating formulation of the invention.
• TAMOL 1124 is a dispersant sold by Rohm and Haas.
• ROPAQUE OP-62LO is an opaque polymer sold by Rohm and Haas.
• ACRYSOL RM-5 is a rheology modifier (thickener) sold by Rohm and Haas.
• COBALT HYDROCURE II cobalt neodecanoate, 45% solids is a cobalt drier sold by Mooney Chemical, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
• FOAMASTER AP and VF are defoamers sold by Henkel Corporation, Ambler, PA.
• TRITON CF-10 is a surfactant sold by Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics, Corp.
• CELLOSIZE 4400 H is a rheology modifier sold by Union Carbide, Bound
• DOWICIL 75 is a preservative sold by DOW Chemical Company, Midland, MI.
• TI-PURE R-900, R-746 and R-760 are titanium dioxide pigments sold by Du Pont, Wilmington, DE.
• OMYACARB UF is a calcium carbonate pigment, sold by Omya Inc., Proctor,
• RHEVOIS CR2 is a rheology modifier sold by Allied Colloids, Suffolk, Virginia.
• TAFIGEL PUR 45 is a rheology modifier distributed by King Industries, Norwalk, CT.
• TREM LF-40 is a polymerizable surfactant sold by Henkel Corporation, Ambler,
• HITENOL HS-20 is a polymerizable surfactant available from Daiichi Kogy Seiyaku.
• POLYMIN-G is a ⁇ oly(alkyl ethylenimine) available from the BASF Corporation.
• TERGITOL 15-S-40 and TERGITOL NP-40 are surfactants available from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics, Corp.
• AEROSOL 18 and AEROSOL OT-75 are anionic surfactants available from Cytec, Industries, Inc.
• PROXEL GXL is a preservative sold by Zeneca Biocides, Wilmington, DE.
• DURAMITE is a calcium carbonate pigment sold by ECC America, Atlanta, GA.
• NYTAL 300 is a talc pigment sold by RT Vanderbilt, Norwalk, CT.
• MFFT Minimum Film Forming Temperature
• Minimum film forming temperature is determined by casting a wet latex film with a 4-mil applicator on an MFFT bar set at a temperature range in which the film will coalesce during drying, visually observing the film on the MFFT bar after 30 minutes, and recording the temperature at which the film appears to have coalesced and is free of cracks and film defects.
• Tensile tests are performed in the CTH room on a on a United Tensile Tester, which has constant rate of elongation machine.
• Film samples are obtained by casting the sample on release paper with a 7 mil bird bar, drying the film for the desired time at the stated conditions, and cutting a dogbone-shaped thin-film sample with a 1" wide die. The film is measured for film thickness, mounted in the tensile tester grips and tested at a cross head speed of 1 "/minute using a 5 lb-force load cell.
• Ten samples are run and the five samples with the greater breaking stress are averaged for all tensile values reported according to ASTM Glass Transition:
• Blocking resistance was determined using 6 mil (wet) films on Leneta 2B opacity paper according to ASTM 4946 Test Method for Blocking Resistance of Architectural Paints using 1 psi pressure after film dried to designated times. Heated block resistance was determined in a forced air oven at 120°F with the painted surfaces face-to-face under 1 psi pressure for 30 minutes. The tests were numerically rated where a rating of 10 represents 100% pass where painted surfaces lift apart with no noise; a rating of 9-4 represents the degree of noise when painted surfaces are separated; a rating of 3-1 represents degree of destruction of the painted surfaces when the two surfaces are separated; and a rating of 0 represents 100% fail where the painted surfaces flow completely together and complete destruction of the films occurs upon separation. Print Resistance:
• Print resistance was determined using 6 mil (wet) films on Leneta 2B opacity paper according to ASTM D 2064 - 91 Test Method for Print Resistance of Architectural Paints using a 4 pound weight placed on top of a #6 black rubber stopper which was placed on four layers of cheesecloth after film dried to designated times. Heated print resistance was determined in a forced air oven at 120°F with folded cheesecloth (as above) under a pressure of 4 pounds for 30 minutes. The tests were numerically rated as per ASTM D2064-91. Scrub Resistance:
• Scrub resistance was determined following ASTM D2486 Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Architectural Coating.
• the coating is applied at 7 mil wet on Scrub Test Charts Form P 121-1 ON and allowed to dry for the specified period of time.
• the panel is placed in a Gardco Scrub Machine, Model D-10V, 10 g of Standardized Scrub Medium (abrasive type) for ASTM D2486 and D3450 is placed on the scrub brush, the panel is wet with 5 ml DI water, the test machine counter is zeroed, and the test is run at the maximum test speed on the machine.
• test paint is then cross-hatched with a razor and submerged in water for 30 minutes.
• the paint film is inspected for blistering and scratched with the fingernail to gauge the adhesion. While still wet, the panel is placed on a "Gardner" scrub machine.
• Ten ml of five percent "LAVATM” soap slurry are added, and the Nylon scrub brush (WG 2000NB) is passed over the scored paint film area. Water is added as needed to keep the paint film wet (flooded). The number of brushing cycles for initial peel and ten percent peel are noted. The number of cycles for complete removal of the film is often noted also.
• initiator charge composed of 60.8 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 343.4 g of demineralized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsified monomer mixture composed of 2597.7 g of water, 65.56 g of TREM LF-40, 57.2 g of TERGITOL NP-40, 849.5 g of methyl methacrylate, 1402.8 g of styrene, 1636.6 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 7.8 g of trimethylolpropane triacrylate followed by 100 g line flush of demineralized
• an initiator charge composed of 607.5 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 3433.6 g of demineralized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsified monomer mixture composed of 2597.7 g of water, 655.6 g of TREM LF-40, 572.1 g of TERGITOL NP-40, 8494.7 g of methyl methacrylate, 14027.8 g of styrene, 16365.9 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 77.9 g of trimethylolpropane triacrylate followed by 1000 g line flush of demineralized water, was fed over 125 minutes.
• an initiator solution composed of 343.4 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 8848.5 g of deionized water was fed in over 255 minutes After the flush, a second emulsion feed composed of 15178.5 g of water, 1210.1 g of AEROSOL 18 (35% solution in water), 481.6 g of TERGITOL NP-40 (70%), 22764.2 g of styrene, 16547.5 g of 2- ethylhexyl acrylate, 3782.2 g of allyl methacrylate, 1891.1 g of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 401.9 g of 2-ethylhexyl 3-mercaptopropionate, 3782.2 g of ROHAMER 6852-0 (50% solution in water) and 132.1 g of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (50% in water) triacrylate followed by 1000 g line flush of demineralized water, was
• an initiator charge composed of 60.8 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 343.4 g of demineralized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsified monomer mixture composed of 2597.7 g of water, 65.56 g of TREM LF-40, 57.2 g of TERGITOL NP-40, 849.5 g of methyl methacrylate, 1402.8 g of styrene, 1636.6 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 7.8 g of trimethylolpropane triacrylate followed by 100 g line flush of demineralized water, was fed over 125 minutes.
• an initiator solution composed of 34.3 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 884.9 g of deionized water was fed in over 255 minutes
• a second emulsion feed composed of 1631.1 g of water, 121.0 g of AEROSOL 18 (35% solution in water), 48.2 g of TERGITOL NP-40 (70%), 2276.4 g of styrene, 1654.7 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 378.2 g of allyl methacrylate, 189.1 g of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 40.2 g of 2- ethylhexyl 3-mercaptopropionate, and 378.2 g of ROHAMERE 6852-0 (50% solution in water) was fed into the reactor over 71 minutes.
• an initiator charge composed of 531.7 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 3005.0 g of demineralized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsified monomer mixture composed of 23973.4 g of water, 237.4 g of AEROSOL OT-75 (75% solution in water), 705.4 g of TERGITOL NP-40, 8212.4 g of methyl methacrylate, 13562.1 g of styrene, 15823.9 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 7.52 g of trimethylolpropane triacrylate followed by 899.7 g line flush of demineralized water, was fed over 95 minutes.
• an initiator solution composed of 300.5 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 7744.6 g of deionized water was fed in over 255 minutes
• a second emulsion feed composed of 15334.5 g of water, 754.0 g of AEROSOL 18 (35% solution in water), 351.3 g of TERGITOL NEMO (70%), 20347.6 g of styrene, 14202.6 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 3244.3 g of allyl methacrylate, 1619.5 g of dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, 345.0 g of 2-ethylhexyl 3-mercaptopropionate, and 1622.2 g of ROHAMERE 6852-0 (50% solution in water) was fed into the reactor over 95 minutes.
• an initiator charge composed of 6.164 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 34.84 g of deionized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsion feed at 5.248 g/minute composed of 208 g of water, 2.752 g of AEROSOL OT-
• an initiator charge composed of 6.032 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 34.84 g of deionized water were added to the reactor.
• An emulsion feed at 5.248 g/minute composed of 158.4 g of water, 15.72 g of AEROSOL OT-75, 11.004 g of TERGITOL 15-S-40 (68%), 107.81 g of methyl methacrylate, 148.70 g of styrene, 111.53 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 3.72 g of trimethylolpropane triacrylate was begun.
• an initiator solution composed of 3.41 g of sodium persulfate dissolved in 87.2 g of deionized water was fed in at 0.336 g/min. After the first emulsion feed was completed, 60 g of water was fed through the monomer feed line at 52.48 g/minute and the reactor was held at temperature for 25 minutes.
• a second emulsion feed composed of 138.4 g of water, 9.72 g of AEROSOL 18, 6.99 g of TERGITOL 15-S-40 (70%), 191.90 g of styrene, 43.25 g of methyl methacrylate, 143.93 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 95.95 g of acetoacetyl methacrylate, and 9.448 g of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (50% in water) was fed into the reactor at 5.248 g/min.
• This resin blend was prepared by adding 556.5 g of Resin G to a glass resin kettle. At ambient temperature with stirring, first 199.5 g of Resin I, then 10.5 g of 0.3 molar solution of ammonium carbonate in water was added.
• SURFYNOL® 104 was added to Resin A as shown in Table 1 below at increasing percentage levels based on weight of surfactant per weight of resin solid.
• SURFYNOL® 104 is a solid at room temperature and had to be warmed to 140°F to liquefy before adding to the latex.
• the depression in both minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) and glass transition (Tg) are characteristic of plasticization behavior.
• Plasticization can also be demonstrated using tensile properties of emulsion films. As shown in Table 3 below, when SURFYNOL® 104 was added to Resin A (3.4% weight of surfactant solid per weight of resin solid) there was a reduction in break, work and modulus along with an increase in elongation. This is typical of a change in 5 performance observed in a plasticized film.
• VOC. Grind 5 A 15 gallon grind (Grind 1) was prepared using a Premier disperser, as below, and a portion of the grind was used to letdown each specified paint.
• the batch was dispersed at high speed until the dispersion passed 7 on a Hegman gauge, then 19 lb of water was added. The bath was then filtered through a Fulflo filter and stored.
• Paint Letdown weight in gV. Paint Sample (see Table 4): 1 2 3 4
• Resin B 819 234 234 234 FOAMASTER AP Premix 7.2 1.0 1.0 1.0
• FOAMASTER AP ⁇ 1.15 FOAMASTER VF — 1.0
• Table 11a Block Resistance Properties of Coating Formulations with and without Surfactant:
• Examples 4 and 5 demonstrate that the addition of SURFYNOL® 104 or 420 at 3.6% or higher on resin nonvolatile content to very low VOC paints (11 g/1 calculated) resulted in the following balance of paint properties; pass low temperature coalescence (Tables 5 and 9), improved scrub resistance (Table 5 and 9), and higher gloss with no significant loss in block, print, wet adhesion or stain resistance properties (Tables 5-11).
• a coating composition containg SURFYNOL® 420 at 5.6% was compared on containing cosolvent blend Eastman EB Solvent/Eastman DB Solvent.
• the substitution of SURFYNOL® 420 at 5.6% on resin nonvolatile content to make a very low VOC paint (less than 25 g/1 VOC) in sample 8 for a cosolvent-containing paint (Eastman EB Solvent/Eastman DB Solvent at 100 g/1 VOC) found in sample 7 resulted in the following balance of paint properties; sample 8 passes low temperature coalescence over a range of relative humidities whereas sample 7 does not (Table 13), and equivalent scrub resistance (Table 14), block resistance, print resistance, and wet adhesion (Tables 14, 15 and 16).
• surfactants function as a plasticizers in the coating, thus eliminating the need for conventional cosolvents and eliminate the VOC's associated with the cosolvents.
• surfactants function to plasticize a coating, aid in low temperature film formation and contribute to the typical properties not previously known for surfactants in coatings while not contributing deleteriously to the final balance of properties in the finished coating.

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• 1998
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