WO1998058970A1 - Polymere a ramification en etoile et a noyau dendrimere - Google Patents

Polymere a ramification en etoile et a noyau dendrimere Download PDF

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WO1998058970A1
WO1998058970A1 PCT/US1998/012838 US9812838W WO9858970A1 WO 1998058970 A1 WO1998058970 A1 WO 1998058970A1 US 9812838 W US9812838 W US 9812838W WO 9858970 A1 WO9858970 A1 WO 9858970A1
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star
polyisoolefin
pib
polymeric material
polyisobutylene
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PCT/US1998/012838
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WO1998058970B1 (fr
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Shah A. Haque
Pawan K. Agarwal
Jean M. J. Frechet
Hsien-Chang Wang
Yu F. Wang
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Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
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Publication of WO1998058970A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998058970A1/fr
Publication of WO1998058970B1 publication Critical patent/WO1998058970B1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
    • C08G83/002—Dendritic macromolecules
    • C08G83/003—Dendrimers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/26—Removing halogen atoms or halogen-containing groups from the molecule
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/46—Reaction with unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof, e.g. maleinisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
    • C08G81/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers at least one of the polymers being obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
    • C08G81/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers at least one of the polymers being obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C08G81/024—Block or graft polymers containing sequences of polymers of C08C or C08F and of polymers of C08G
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
    • C08G83/001—Macromolecular compounds containing organic and inorganic sequences, e.g. organic polymers grafted onto silica
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
    • C08F2810/30—Chemical modification of a polymer leading to the formation or introduction of aliphatic or alicyclic unsaturated groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
    • C08F2810/40—Chemical modification of a polymer taking place solely at one end or both ends of the polymer backbone, i.e. not in the side or lateral chains

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing polyisoolefins having exclusive 'exo' terminal double bond chain ends, the polyisoolefins having exclusive 'exo' terminal double bonds, a method for preparing a star-branched polymeric material from the polyisoolefin and a dendrimer, and the functionalized polyisobutylenes and the star-branched polymeric materials prepared by these methods.
  • the present invention also relates to blends of polyolefins and the star-branched polymer, and films and fibers made from these blends.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for preparing star-branched polymeric material from a polyolefin and a hydrolytically stable dendrimer and the star branched material prepared by this method.
  • Dendrimers are well defined globular molecules. These are generally prepared by stepwise or reiterative reaction of multifunctional monomers to obtain a branched structure.
  • U.S. Patent 5,530,092 for example, the repetition of double Michael addition of acrylonitrile starting with a primary diamine followed by hydrogenation obtains two primary amines for each initial amine. This doubles the number of primary amine groups.
  • the first generation dendrimer (Gl) has four primary amines; the second generation (G2) has eight primary amines; the third generation (G3) has sixteen primary amines; the fourth generation (G4) has thirty-two primary amines; the fifth generation (G5) has sixty-four primary amines in the outer shell, and so on.
  • polyamine dendrimers are said to be stable to degradation through hydrolysis reactions.
  • Amine-terminated polyamidoamine, polyethyleneimine and polypropyleneimine dendrimers are also known, for example, from U.S. Patents 5,393,797; 5,393,795; 5,560,929; and 5,387,617, all to Hedstrand et al.
  • Patent 5,316,973 discloses telechelic olefin polymers such as telechelic diolefin polyisobutylene prepared by refluxing dihalogen polyisobutylene in tetrahydrofuran with a strong base such as potassium t-butoxide. This is said to produce a product which has 1H NMR spectroscopy at 60 MHz consistent with a terminal vinylene functionality of 2.0.
  • Boerzel et al., U.S. Patent 4,152,499 discloses polyisobutylene said to contain a proportion of double bonds reactive with maleic anhydride of from 60 to 90 percent of the double bonds present in the polyisobutylene.
  • the polyisobutylenes are prepared using a boron trifluoride polymerization initiator with a short polymerization time.
  • Bronstert et al., U.S. Patent 4,599,433 discloses the preparation of polyisobutylene-succinic anhydrides with titanium, zirconium or vanadium alkoxides as catalysts which are said to isomerize polyisobutylene during the reaction making it more reactive with the maleic anhydride.
  • the polyisobutylene- succinic anhydride adduct is in turn reacted with a polyamine to obtain a lubricating oil additive.
  • the present invention arises, in part, from a method for preparing polyisobutylene having reactive terminal vinylidene groups.
  • the process involves dehydrohalogenating halogen-terminated polyisobutylene in a hydrocarbon solvent using a metal alkoxide soluble in the hydrocarbon solvent.
  • This method does not require tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • This method avoids the use of the undesirable tetrahydrofuran as a solvent.
  • the present invention comprises a method for preparing a polyisoolefin having double bond chain ends exclusively in the 'exo' form.
  • the method includes the step of dehydrohalogenating the halogen-terminated polyisoolefin in a hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of hydrocarbon-soluble alkoxide.
  • the halogen-terminated polyisoolefin is generally obtained by carbocationically polymerizing the isoolefin in the presence of a halogenating initiator according to techniques well known in the art to obtain halogen- terminated polyisoolefin.
  • the preferred alkoxides are represented by the formula RO-M wherein R is alkyl of at least 5 carbon atoms and M is alkali metal.
  • the polyisoolefin obtained from the carbocationic polymerization process can be telechelic, or in one embodiment is monohalogen-terminated.
  • the isoolefin preferably has from 4 to about 12 carbon atoms, and more preferably is isobutylene.
  • the alkoxide is preferably a branched alkoxide, more preferably tertiary-pentoxide (t-pentoxide), and the alkali metal can be one of lithium, sodium, cesium, rubidium, preferably potassium.
  • the solvent should be essentially free of tetrahydrofuran.
  • the method thus effected in accordance with the invention obtains polyisobutylene having a terminal double bond chain end in 'exo' form, essentially free of 'endo' form.
  • the invention comprises a method for preparing a star- branched polymeric material having a hydrophilic dendrimer core and hydrophobic polyolefin branches.
  • the method includes reacting polyisoolefin-succinic anhydride with a dendrimer having primary amine functionality.
  • the polyisoolefin-succinic anhydride is preferably polyisobutylene-succinic anhydride (PIBSA), most preferably prepared by the steps of: (1) carbocationically polymerizing isobutylene in the presence of a halogenating initiator, such as 2,4,4- trimethylpentyl chloride, to obtain monohalogen-terminated polyisobutylene; (2) dehydrohalogenating the monohalogen-terminated polyisobutylene in a hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of soluble alkoxide represented by the formula RO-M.
  • a halogenating initiator such as 2,4,4- trimethylpentyl chloride
  • the star-branched polymer preparation preferably includes preparing the dendrimer by the steps of: (1) forming the double Michael addition product of acrylonitrile or methyacrylonitrile with a primary polyamine; (2) hydrogenating the double Michael addition product from step (1) to form primary polyamine functionality; and (3) optionally, repeating steps (1) and (2) using the product from step (2) to obtain higher generations of dendrimers.
  • the primary polyamine in the initial step (1) is preferably a diamine, such as, for example, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane or the like.
  • the invention also includes terminally monomaleated polyisobutylene essentially free of unmaleated polyisobutylene, preferably less than 10 percent by weight of the polyisobutylene.
  • the invention also embraces the star-branched polymeric material prepared by the method described above which is essentially free of unreacted polyisobutylene.
  • the branches on each dendrimer core can have mixed lengths.
  • the present invention includes star branched polymeric material comprising a hydrophilic dendrimer core with mixed branches of functionalized polyolefin and the polyisoolefin.
  • the polyolefin branches can be a polymer or copolymer of ethylene, propylene, butylene or the like.
  • the polyisoolefin is polyisobutylene.
  • the present invention includes star branched polymeric material comprising a hydrolytically stable dendrimer core with branches of polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, and the like.
  • the polyolefin is preferably polypropylene made with a metallocene catalyst.
  • the present invention also provides a composition
  • a composition comprising a blend of polyolefin, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers and the like, with a star-branched polymer comprising a dendrimer core and polyisoolefin branches or the mixed branches.
  • the polyolefin is preferably polypropylene, more preferably polypropylene made with a metallocene catalyst.
  • the blend has particular utility in films with improved tear and puncture resistance and controlled moisture/oxygen permeability. Description of the Invention
  • One aspect of the invention comprises a method for preparing polyisoolefin such as polyisobutylene which has a reactive 'exo' terminal double bond chain end, and is essentially free of the non-reactive 'endo' terminal double bond chain end.
  • the method has particular advantage in functionalizing polyisobutylene to form substantially exclusive 'exo' reactive unsaturated groups, and to use hydrocarbon solvents for the functionalization reactions. Accordingly, polyisobutylene is referred to below for illustrative purposes only and as a preferred embodiment.
  • Halogen-terminated polyisoolefins are conventionally prepared by carbocationically polymerizing isoolefins having from 4 to about 12 carbon atoms in the presence of a halogenating agent according to techniques well known in the art. Briefly, the isoolefin is polymerized using halogenating initiators such as 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl chloride with a Friedel-Crafts acid co-initiator such as BC1 3 or TiCU in appropriate halohydrocarbon solvent such as methyl chloride, methylene chloride or the like.
  • halogenating initiators such as 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl chloride with a Friedel-Crafts acid co-initiator such as BC1 3 or TiCU
  • appropriate halohydrocarbon solvent such as methyl chloride, methylene chloride or the like.
  • the polyisobutylene can be monohalogenated, but di-halogenated or telechelic polyisobutylene is also known for example, from U.S. Patent 4,316,973 to Kennedy which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • dehydrohalogenation of the halogen- terminated polyisobutylene is conducted in the presence of a strong base represented by the formula RO-M wherein R represents an alkyl group having at least 5 carbon atoms and M is an alkali metal.
  • the preferred base is potassium t-pentoxide, and is referred to below for illustrative purposes only and as a preferred embodiment.
  • the dehydrohalogenation reaction is preferably conducted in an aliphatic solvent such as hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane or the like.
  • Solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) are not employed because of the potential for this solvent to form peroxides and produce undesirable side reactions.
  • the dehydrohalogenation generally proceeds under reflux for a period of time sufficient to substantially convert the halogen-terminated polyisobutylene to vinylidene-terminated polyisobutylene (PIB-U), typically a period of several hours.
  • the reaction can be allowed to cool to room temperature, washed with aqueous mineral acid to remove potassium hydroxide, then with acetone/water, preferably in a volume ratio of from 1 :4 to 9:1, until neutral to remove t-pentanol.
  • the product can be dried with a hygroscopic material such as CaCl 2 . Residual solvent can be evaporated, for example, at elevated temperature under vacuum.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the PIB-U can range from about 500 to about 500,000 and greater depending upon the desired end use.
  • the PIB preferably has a molecular weight up to
  • the PIB-U is functionalized for reactivity with amine.
  • the PIB-U can have the reactive terminal unsaturation converted, for example, to succinic anhydride. Succinic anhydride groups are preferred, and thus conversion of the PIB-U to succinic anhydride-terminated PIB
  • PIB-SA is preferred. PIB-SA is referred to below for illustrative purposes only and as a preferred embodiment.
  • the PIB-U is converted to PIB-SA by heating a mixture of PIB-U and maleic anhydride in approximately stoichiometric proportions, typically with a slight excess of maleic anhydride, generally to a temperature from 170° to 250°C.
  • This ene reaction can also be effected at elevated pressure with or without a conventional ene catalyst.
  • the PIB-SA can be grafted to any dendrimer core having primary amine- terminated branches.
  • a preferred dendrimer core is the dendritic macromolecule described in U.S. Patent 5,530,092 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, the dendrimer core is prepared by reacting functional groups of a primary diamine with acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile, reducing the incorporated nitrile groups to amine groups, and if desired, reacting the amine groups with further acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile units in a reiterative fashion to prepare succeeding generations in the branches emanating from the core.
  • 1,2-diaminoethane or 1,4 diaminobutane are reacted with acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile to form the cyanide-terminated double Michael addition reaction product.
  • This product is then hydrogenated to obtain a first generation product (Gl) having 4 terminal amine groups.
  • second, third and fourth generation products G2, G3, G4 can be obtained which will respectively have 8, 16, and 32 terminal amine groups and so on.
  • the PIB-SA is grafted onto the amine groups in the outer shell of the dendrimer by condensation at elevated temperature to form succinimide linkages, with or without a solvent.
  • the PIB-SA and dendrimer are heated to the boiling point of the solvent, such as toulene, for a sufficient length of time to obtain a majority of succinimide linkages, but with some succinamic acid linkages.
  • the solvent such as toulene
  • the star-branched polymer comprising the dendrimer core and the PIB branches via succinimide linkages has a number of uses, including, for example, a viscosity modifier in organic liquid, as a pour point depressant in diesel fuel, as a motor oil additive, as a rheology modifier or processing aid in thermoplastic compositions, as an adhesion promoter between polar and nonpolar surfaces (especially by leaving some unreacted terminal amine groups in the dendrimer core by using substoichrometric amounts of the PEB), and the like. Since the star- branched polymer is generally free of unreacted PIB, it has a greater effectiveness per mass unit and less likely to have adverse effects otherwise due to the presence of substantial amounts of unreacted PIB. Using mixed-molecular weight PIB results in branches of varying lengths.
  • Using a mixture of hydrolytically stable dendrimer cores results in varying core sizes and a varying number of branches, e.g. Gl with G2 and/or G3 dendrimers.
  • the properties of the star-branched polymer can be further altered to tailor the star-branched polymer for use in a wider range of systems, e.g. as a processing aid in polyethylene, polypropylene and/or ethylene-polypropylene copolymer compositions.
  • Mixed-branch star polymers are prepared, for example, by reacting the dendrimer core with a mixture of PIB-SA and maleated polyethylene, polypropylene and/or ethylene-polypropylene copolymer.
  • the star branched polymer can also comprise the hydrolytically stable dendrimer core and branches of polyolefins.
  • the star-branched polymer is particularly effective in blends with polyolefins as a means of controlling the transmission of moisture and gases through films made from the blends.
  • the polyolefin can be polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-polypropylene copolymer, polyisobutylene or the like.
  • the star-branched polymer is used in a blend with polypropylene made with a metallocene catalyst.
  • the blend can contain up to about 20 parts by weight of the star-branched polymer, preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polypropylene.
  • the type and amount of star-branched polymer in the blend can be adjusted to obtain the desired balance between physical properties on the one hand, and moisture and oxygen permeability on the other.
  • a higher generation star-branched polymer e.g. PIB-G2 versus PIB-G1
  • the polypropylene blends have markedly enhanced large strain energy absorbing properties which are important in tear and puncture resistance.
  • the blends also have high elongation properties suitable for polypropylene fiber applications.
  • the blends can be prepared by solution or melt mixing using conventional equipment. Melt mixing can be achieved by adding the star-branched polymer to the polypropylene in the final pellitization/granulation extrusion. Post-granulation blending can also be done on conventional melt mixing equipment such as a Banbury or Brabender mixer. The polypropylene is preferably melted prior to addition of the star-branched polymer. The blends are formed into films or fibers using conventional equipment and techniques.
  • Example 1 Preparation of Exclusive 'exo* Double bonded Monochlorine-terminated polyisobutylene (PIB-C1) was modified to obtain terminal succinic anhydride groups (PIB-SA). The PE3-C1 had Mn of 5000 and Mw of 6050.
  • PIB-U1 of Mn 1000; PIB-U2 of Mn 2300 are prepared by carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene using BF 3 -OEt 2 catalyst, which yield 85% 'exo' and 15% 'endo' unsaturation, in both cases.
  • Example 3 Preparation of PIB-SA
  • the PIB-U of Example 1 (22.5g) and 5g of maleic anhydride were placed in a 2-neck flask swept with nitrogen.
  • the flask was heated to 190°-200°C in a heating mantle with a magnetic stirrer under nitrogen atmosphere for 36 hours, and cooled to room temperature.
  • Dry cyclohexane (200 ml) was added, heated with stirring for 30 minutes, and then filtered.
  • the filtrate was evaporated to about 70 ml, and 300 ml acetone was added while stirring.
  • the mixture was warmed to 45°- 50°C while stirring for 30 minutes, cooled to room temperature and acetone was decanted off. This acetone wash procedure was repeated twice.
  • Example 4 Preparation of Star Branched Polymer
  • the PIB-SA of Example 3 was reacted with dendrimer (Gl) obtained from DSM to prepare a star- branched polymer.
  • Gl dendrimer
  • Ten grams of the PIB-SA was dissolved in 90 ml toluene (dried over molecular sieve) in a 2-neck flask fitted with a gas bubbler. The solution was clear. Then 0.145 g of the Gl dendrimer was dissolved in 5 ml toluene in a vial and transferred to the 2-neck flask. The vial was rinsed with an additional 5 ml toluene which was also transferred to the 2-neck flask. The solution was gently refluxed overnight while stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Example 3 The PIB-SA (6 g) of Example 3 was dissolved in 60 ml dry toluene, and 0.12g of G2 dendrimer obtained from DSM was added. The solution was refluxed for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solvent was distilled off. FTIR analysis indicated complete amine-anhydride reaction with a majority of ring closure with some succinamic acid. The product was dissolved in 60 ml cyclohexane, washed twice with water and the cyclohexane was distilled off. The slight brown product was washed twice with hot 60 ml acetone.
  • the Ma-PP used in the experiment was an Exxon Chemical product sold under the Trade name Exxelor. Its MFR was 54 as determined by the standard ASTM test. The Mw and MWD of Ma-PP were about 110,000 and 2.3, respectively, as determined by GPC.
  • the G-3 dendrimer used is made by DSM Netherlands. Its molecular weight is reported to be 1684 g/mole. Its chemical nomenclature is DAB(PA)16- 16 cascade: 1,4 diamino butane[4]: (1- azabuitylidene) 12: propylamine. Physical properties of the parent Ma-PP are compared (Table 2) with that of its reaction product with G-3 dendrimer.

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  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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Abstract

Polyisobutylène (PIB) qui est fonctionnalisé avec une insaturation réactive terminale. Du PIB à terminaison monohalogène et à polymérisation carbocationique est déshydrohalogéné dans un solvant hydrocarbure à l'aide d'un alcoxyde de formule RO-M dans laquelle R est alkyle ayant au moins 5 atomes de carbone et M est un métal alcalin. Le PIB obtenu possède une insaturation terminale de 100 % dans la forme 'exo' réactive qui peut être convertie en groupes anhydride succinique (PIB-SA) par la réaction d'un composé en ène avec de l'anhydride maléique. Le PIB-SA réagit avec les dendrimères fonctionnels amine, ce qui permet d'obtenir un polymère ramifié en étoile ayant un noyau dendrimère et des ramifications PIB jointes par des liaisons succinimide. Des mélanges dudit polymère à ramification en étoile avec du polypropylène améliorent les propriétés d'absorption d'énergie et une perméabilité à l'humidité et à l'oxygène pouvant être régulée, utiles dans des films.
PCT/US1998/012838 1997-06-25 1998-06-19 Polymere a ramification en etoile et a noyau dendrimere WO1998058970A1 (fr)

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Cited By (4)

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WO2001021678A1 (fr) * 1999-09-21 2001-03-29 Northwestern University Composes s'auto-assemblant et leur utilisation pour promouvoir l'ordre dans les supports organiques
WO2001070832A2 (fr) * 2000-03-20 2001-09-27 Fmc Corporation Macromonomeres presentant la fonction d'olefine terminal
WO2002098957A1 (fr) * 2001-06-04 2002-12-12 Bridgestone Corporation Gel polymerique comportant des dendrimeres
US7253004B2 (en) 2001-07-19 2007-08-07 Sony Deutschland Gmbh Chemical sensors from nanoparticle/dendrimer composite materials

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001021678A1 (fr) * 1999-09-21 2001-03-29 Northwestern University Composes s'auto-assemblant et leur utilisation pour promouvoir l'ordre dans les supports organiques
WO2001070832A2 (fr) * 2000-03-20 2001-09-27 Fmc Corporation Macromonomeres presentant la fonction d'olefine terminal
WO2001070832A3 (fr) * 2000-03-20 2002-04-04 Fmc Corp Macromonomeres presentant la fonction d'olefine terminal
WO2002098957A1 (fr) * 2001-06-04 2002-12-12 Bridgestone Corporation Gel polymerique comportant des dendrimeres
US7253004B2 (en) 2001-07-19 2007-08-07 Sony Deutschland Gmbh Chemical sensors from nanoparticle/dendrimer composite materials

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