Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
  • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
  • G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
  • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
  • G21K1/10—Scattering devices; Absorbing devices; Ionising radiation filters

Definitions

• X-ray examination apparatus including a filter
• the invention relates to an X-ray examination apparatus which includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector and an X-ray filter which is arranged between the X-ray source and the X-ray detector and comprises a plurality of filter elements whose X-ray absorptivity can be adjusted by controlling a quantity of an X-ray absorbing liquid in individual filter elements.
• the X-ray examination apparatus forms an X-ray image of an object to be examined, for example a patient to be radiologically examined.
• the X-ray source irradiates the object by means of an X-ray beam and an X-ray image is formed on the X-ray detector due to local differences in X-ray absorption within the object.
• the X-ray filter ensures that the range of brightness values of the X-ray image remains limited.
• the X-ray filter is adjusted so that on the one hand parts of the X-ray beam which are only slightly attenuated by the object are slightly attenuated by the X-ray filter and that, on the other hand, parts of the X-ray beam which are substantially attenuated by the object are transmitted by the X-ray filter substantially without attenuation. Because the brightness values of the X-ray image lie in a limited range, further processing of the X-ray image so as to achieve a clear reproduction of small details of low contrast, is very well possible.
• the X-ray filter of the known X-ray examination apparatus comprises a very large number of glass capillary tubes, one end of each of which communicates with the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• the adhesion of the X-ray absorbing liquid to the inner wall of such a capillary tube is dependent on the electric voltage applied to the relevant capillary tube.
• the contact angle enclosed by the X-ray absorbing liquid relative to the inner v/all of such a capillary tube is dependent on the electric voltage difference between the inner wall and the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• the contact angle When the contact angle is larger than 90°, the X-ray absorbing liquid hardly enters such a capillary tube; when the contact angle is less than 90°, such a capillary tube is filled with a quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid which is dependent on the magnitude of the electric potential difference.
• the quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid in each of the capillary tubes is controlled on the basis of the electric voltages applied to the capillary tubes.
• the manufacture of the X-ray filter of the known X-ray examination apparatus is an intricate and hence expensive operation, because it is difficult to bundle a very large number of capillary tubes in a regular pattern. It is an object of the invention to provide an X-ray examination apparatus having an X-ray filter which can be more simply manufactured.
• the separating members bound the filter elements parallel to the plane of the plates, transversely of the plane of the plates, parts of the plates between neighboring separating members bound the filter elements. Pairs of adjacently situated plates automatically form filter elements which are always situated in a row parallel to the plates. Regular distances between the separating members on the plates provide a regular recurrence of filter elements in a row; regular distances between parallel plates provide a regular recurrence of rows of filter elements.
• the manufacture of such a construction is simple and hence inexpensive and the filter elements are arranged in a regular pattern with narrow tolerances.
• the distances between the separating members on such a plate and the spacing of adjacently situated plates are chosen so that the filter elements constitute capillary tubes.
• One end of the filter elements communicates with an X-ray absorbing liquid. The quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid in the filter elements can be controlled, notably by application of an electric voltage to the individual filter elements.
• An embodiment of an X-ray examination apparatus is characterized in that the filter elements are formed by substantially parallel corrugated plates.
• a flat plate can readily be provided with corrugations.
• the flat plates can be provided with corrugations by pressing in a mould or by injection moulding.
• the corrugated plates are, for example plates provided with smooth corrugations or acute folds.
• a plurality of corrugated plates are arranged adjacent one another in such a manner that spaces between concave sides of oppositely situated corrugations of respective plates constitute the filter elements.
• the convex sides of the corrugations constitute the separating members.
• the corrugated plates preferably constitute filter elements in the form of capillary tubes.
• An embodiment of an X-ray examination apparatus according to tne invention includes filter elements having an essentially hexagonal cross-section. In that case there is hardly any or even no wasted space between the hexagonal capillary tubes.
• the X-ray absorption can be adjusted across substantially the entire cross- section of the X-ray filter by control of the quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid in the hexagonal capillary tubes.
• comparatively thick corrugated plates can be used to form the hexagonal capillary tubes. Plates of this kind have a thickness of, for example some tens of micrometers.
• the parallel plates in an embodiment of an X-ray examination apparatus according to the invention are provided with partitions which project transversely from the plane of the plate.
• the partitions are separating members which bound filter elements, notably capillary tubes, in the direction along the plates.
• Parts of the plates which are situated between neighboring partitions bound filter elements in the direction transversely of the plates.
• Flat plates can be readily provided with regularly spaced partitions.
• Such plates with partitions can be easily manufactured by means of wet chemical or plasma etching or by powder blasting with glass or a synthetic material.
• An embodiment of an X-ray examination apparatus includes adjacently situated plates which are interconnected between neighboring filter elements. Because neighboring plates are interconnected between neighboring filter elements, the filter elements, for example capillary tubes, are suitably separated from one another so that the X-ray absorbing liquid cannot, or only hardly, leak from one capillary tube to the other. Therefore, the quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid in individual capillary tubes can be very readily controlled independently of one another. Neighboring plates can be interconnected between the capillary tubes by attaching the plates to one another between the capillary tubes, preferably near the separating members, for example by bonding or fusion. A rigid construction is thus obtained for the X-ray filter.
• an electrically conductive layer is provided between the separating members.
• the electric voltage is applied to the electrically conductive layer in order to control the quantity of X-ray absorbing liquid in the relevant capillary tube.
• the conductive layer is preferably situated on the inner wall of the relevant capillary tube in the X-ray filter.
• respective conductive layers of neighboring capillary tubes are electrically insulated trom one another by the separating members, so that the electric voltage applied to one capillary tube is independent of the electric voltage applied to another capillary tube.
• the material for the corrugated plates can in principle be chosen arbitrarily; it is notably not necessary to use a conductive material for the corrugated plates.
• the corrugated plates, or the plates with partitions, are preferably made of a plastic foil or a glass foil.
• an electrically conductive layer is provided on a concave side of the relevant corrugation.
• the electrically conductive layer on the concave side of the corrugation is situated on the inner wall of the capillary tube constituted by the relevant corrugation. Consequently, the electric field caused by the electric voltage applied to the conductive layer can suitably penetrate the X-ray absorbing liquid. This electric field influences the adhesion of the X-ray absorbing liquid to the inner wall.
• an electrically insulating layer is provided on the electrically conductive layer and possibly a hydrophobic coating layer is provided on the electrically conductive layer.
• the electrically insulating layer ensures that the electrical capacitance between the X-ray absorbing liquid and the electrically conductive layer is sufficiently low so as to enable a fast X-ray filter response.
• the electrically insulating layer is preferably impermeable to the X-ray absorbing liquid so that breakdowns between the electrically conductive layer and the X-ray absorbing liquid are counteracted.
• the electrically insulating layer can be coated with an sealing layer so as to avoid breakdowns.
• a dielectric layer is preferably used as the electrically insulating layer.
• the hydrophobic coating layer ensures that whenever no electric voltage is applied to the relevant electrically conductive layer, the contact angle enclosed by the X- ray absorbing liquid relative to the coating layer is substantially larger than 90°.
• the X-ray absorbing liquid and the wall of the filter elements notably in the form of capillary tubes
• the applied electric voltage changes the electric potential difference between the electrically conductive part and the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• Application or variation of an electric voltage reduces the contact angle; in the case of an adequate electric voltage the contact angle is reduced to a value below 90°, the filter element then being at least partly filled with the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• the capillary tubes which do not receive an electric voltage are not filled with the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• the contact angle is reduced to a value of less than 90°, so that the hydrophoby is cancelled and the relevant capillary tube is filled with the X-ray absorbing liquid. If no electric voltage is applied to a filter element, the X-ray absorptivity of the relevant filter element is negligibly small.
• the conductive layer, the electrically insulating layer and the hydrophobic coating layer can be readily provided on the corrugated plates before their assembly so as to form the capillary tubes. It is even possible to provide such layers on flat plates or foils and to corrugate the plates or foils subsequently. It is also possible to provide the hydrophobic and electrically insulating layers after assembly of the plates; this offers the advantage that distortion of these layers due to the corrugation operation is avoided.
• Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically an X-ray examination apparatus in which the invention is used
• Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically an X-ray filter in which the invention is used
• Fig. 3 is a plan view of the X-ray filter of Fig. 2
• Fig. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of an X-ray filter used in an X-ray examination apparatus according to the invention.
• Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically an X-ray examination apparatus 1 according to the invention.
• the X-ray source 2 emits an X-ray beam 3 for irradiating an object 4. Due to differences in X-ray absorption within the object 4, for example a patient to be radiologically examined, an X-ray image is formed on an X-ray-sensitive surface 15 of the X-ray detector 5 which is arranged opposite the X-ray source 2.
• a hign-voitage power supply 51 applies an electric high voltage to the X-ray source 2.
• the X-ray detector 5 of the present embodiment is formed by an image intensifier pick-up chain which includes an X-ray image intensifier 16 for converting the X-ray image into an optical image on an exit window 17, and a video camera 18 for picking up the optical image.
• the entrance screen 19 acts as the X-ray-sensitive surface of the X ray image intensifier which converts incident X-rays into an electron beam which is imaged on the exit window by means of an electron-optical system 20.
• the incident electrons form the optical image on a phosphor layer 21 of the exit window 17.
• the video camera 18 is coupled to the X-ray image intensifier 16 by means of an optical coupling 22, for example a lens system or an optical fiber coupling.
• the video camera 18 extracts an electronic image signal from the optical image, which image signal is applied to a monitor 23 in order to visualize the image information in the X-ray image.
• the electronic image signal can also be applied to an image processing unit 24 for further processing.
• the X-ray filter 6 for local attenuation of the X-ray beam.
• the X-ray absorptivity of individual filter elements 7 of the X-ray filter 6 is adjusted by means of an adjusting unit 50.
• the adjusting unit 50 is coupled to the high-voltage power supply 51, thus enabling the X-ray filter 6 to be adjusted on the basis of the intensity of the X-ray beam 3 emitted by the X-ray source.
• Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically an X-ray filter of an X-ray examination apparatus according to the invention.
• the X-ray filter includes a number of substantially parallel corrugated plates 8 which constitute the filter elements 7. Neighboring corrugated plates are arranged in such a manner that concave sides of the corrugations of respective plates are always situated opposite one another. Concave sides of respective plates each time constitute a capillary tube. For the simplicity of the drawing only four plates 8 are shown, each plate comprising a few corrugations. Convex sides of these corrugations project approximately transversely with respect to the concave sides of the adjacent corrugations. The convex projecting sides act as the separating members 10 which separate neighboring filter elements 7 from one another.
• the X-ray filter has, for example lateral dimensions (relative to the direction of the X-ray beam) of approximately 5 cm x 5 cm.
• the capillary tubes have a length of approximately 1 cm.
• the corrugations in the embodiment shown are formed by acute folds with angles of approximately 120°, thus forming capillary tubes having a substantially hexagonal cross-section.
• the capillary tubes have a diameter of, for example 300 ⁇ m. Corrugated plates can also be used to form capillary tubes having a round or elliptical cross-section.
• Suitable materials for the plates are, for example plastic foils and glass foils having a thickness of between 2 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m; suitable results are obtained notably by means of a thin plastic or glass foil of a thickness of approximately 5 ⁇ m.
• Suitable plastic foils are notably polyethene, polyether sulphon or polyether terephtalate foils and the like.
• a suitable X-ray absorbing liquid is, for example a solution of a lead salt such as lead perchlorate (Pb(ClO 4 ) 2 ) in demineralized water.
• a lead salt such as lead perchlorate (Pb(ClO 4 ) 2
• Pb(ClO 4 ) 2 lead perchlorate
• the capillary effect is caused by adhesion between the X-ray absorbing liquid and the inner wall of the capillary tubes. This adhesion can be controlled on the basis of the electric voltage applied to the capillary tubes.
• Fig. 3 is a plan view of the X-ray filter used in an X-ray examination apparatus according to the invention.
• Respective electrically conductive layers 9 are provided on the inner wall of the concave sides of the corrugations of the plates 8. An electrically conductive layer 9 is thus formed on the inner wall of the capillary tubes 7. It is ensured that electrically conductive layers 9 of different capillary tubes are suitably electrically insulated from one another. The electric voltages are applied to the electrically conductive layers of respective capillary tubes 7 via voltage leads 32.
• electrically conductive layer is suitable materials for forming the electrically conductive layer, because these materials can be readily provided on the plates by vapor deposition.
• electrically conductive layer can also be formed by indium tin oxide (ITO) and silicon which could also be doped.
• the electrically insulating layer 42 is provided on the electrically conductive layer 9.
• the electrically insulating layer is preferably a dielectric layer which electrically isolates the X-ray absorbing liquid from the electrically conductive layer 9 in order to maintain the electric potential difference between the electrically conductive layer 9 and the X-ray absorbing liquid 30.
• the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric layer is preferably comparatively large and the dielectric layer must be comparatively thin in order to ensure that the electric field caused by the charge on the electrically conductive yer suitably penetrates the dielectric layer.
• the electrical capacitance of the dielectric layer must be comparatively low so as to enable a fast variation of the charge on the electrically conductive layer.
• parylene-n having a relative dielectric constant of 2.65
• parylene-c having a relative dielectric constant of 3.15
• parylene-c and notably parylene-n are suitably capable of withstanding electric breakdowns.
• Particularly parylene-n can be readily deposited by making the monomer polymerize on the surface of the electrically conductive layer. It is even possible to provide a parylene-n layer on the electrically conductive layer after corrugation of the plates and formation of the capillary tubes.
• a hydrophobic coating layer 43 is provided on the electrically insulating layer 42.
• the coating layer 43 may be very thin; if necessary, the coating layer may be a molecular monolayer.
• Suitable hydrophobic properties are offered by coating layers whose surface is composed of CH 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 or CF 2 terminated silanes, siloxanes or other hydrocarbons.
• paraffin and polyfluoro hydrocarbons such as Teflon are also suitable hydrophobic coating layers. Such coating layers can be easily and nevertheless accurately deposited by vapor deposition from the gaseous phase.
• the electrically conductive layer 9, the electrically insulating layer 42 and the hydrophobic coating layer 43 are provided on an as large as possible part of the inner side of the relevant capillary tube; it is thus achieved that only a very short period of time is required to fill the capillary tube with the X-ray absorbing liquid to a substantial extent.
• Fig. 4 is a plan view of a further embodiment of an X-ray filter used in an X-ray examination apparatus according to the invention.
• the substantially parallel plates 8 are provided with partitions 10 which act as separating members. Parts of the plates 8 between neighboring partitions 10 constitute capillary tubes 7. On parts of the plates between the partitions an electrically conductive layer is provided on the side facing the inner side of the capillary tubes; on said electrically conductive layer there is provided the dielectric layer which is covered by the hydrophobic coating layer.
• the partitions are also covered with an electrically conductive layer on which an electrically conductive layer and a nydropnooic coating layer are provided, an as large as possible part of the inner side of the capillary tubes will be covered by said layers.
• Separate voltage leads 32 are provided for individual plates 8.
• the electrically conductive parts are electrically coupled to the relevant voltage lead via respective switches 33.
• ⁇ -Si thin-film MOS transistors are suitable switches for controlling the X-ray filter.
• the voltage leads 32 are coupled to an electric voltage source 35 via a column driver 34.
• the column driver provides the distribution of desired electric voltages among the electrically conductive parts 9 of individual plates 8.
• electric voltages are used in the range of from 30 V to 100 V; in that case switches in the form of ⁇ - Si thin-film transistors can be used.
• Control lines 36 for control of the thin-film transistors 33 are provided per row of electrically conductive parts of individual plates 8, said control leads being electrically coupled to the respective gate contacts 37 of the thin- film transistors 33.
• Each of the thin-film transistors 33 is connected, by way of its source contact 38, to the relevant voltage lead 32 whereas its drain contact 39 is coupled to the respective electrically conductive track 9.
• the respective thin- film transistors 33 are closed, i.e. electrically turned on, by applying a control signal to the relevant control lead.
• the control signals are supplied by a row driver 40. By closing the relevant thin-film transistor 33 by means of a control signal and by applying at the same time an appropriate voltage via the corresponding control lead, the voltage on the relevant electrically conductive track is adjusted to the desired value.
• the hydrophobicity of the plate 8 is cancelled and the area in the vicinity of said electrically conductive track is filled with the X-ray absorbing liquid.
• the degree of filling is dependent on the applied electric voltage.
• the row driver 34, the column driver 40 and the electric voltage source 35 form part of the adjusting unit 50.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
• X-Ray Techniques (AREA)

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• 1998
  • 1998-04-30 WO PCT/IB1998/000655 patent/WO1998052468A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1998-04-30 DE DE69819451T patent/DE69819451T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-04-30 JP JP52944398A patent/JP3982839B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-04-30 EP EP98915035A patent/EP0918484B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-05-21 US US09/083,692 patent/US6118855A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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