WO1998041707A1 - Construction element and process for its preparation - Google Patents

Construction element and process for its preparation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998041707A1
WO1998041707A1 PCT/RU1998/000074 RU9800074W WO9841707A1 WO 1998041707 A1 WO1998041707 A1 WO 1998041707A1 RU 9800074 W RU9800074 W RU 9800074W WO 9841707 A1 WO9841707 A1 WO 9841707A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mixture
concrete
sand
decorative
construction
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/RU1998/000074
Other languages
French (fr)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Ivan Vasilievich Sitnikov
Original Assignee
Ivan Vasilievich Sitnikov
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from RU97104415A external-priority patent/RU2114084C1/en
Priority claimed from RU98102664A external-priority patent/RU2131006C1/en
Application filed by Ivan Vasilievich Sitnikov filed Critical Ivan Vasilievich Sitnikov
Priority to CA002283263A priority Critical patent/CA2283263C/en
Priority to PL98335681A priority patent/PL335681A1/en
Priority to AU72413/98A priority patent/AU7241398A/en
Publication of WO1998041707A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998041707A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/04—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation

Definitions

  • a component is known to be present in the art, a separate and functional separate unit, connected to a solid unit, and a separate unit thereof. ( ⁇ , ⁇ 2837958, ⁇ and C 04 ⁇ 28/04, 1978)
  • a method of manufacturing a manufacturing business was known.
  • the option is optional to support pigment.
  • a separate accessory may be optionally connected to a large unit, located in a large or a separate area.
  • a separate purchase in a cross-section and / or in a separate section may be less than necessary, and it must be shorter if necessary.
  • wt.% fractions of 2-4 mm and 55-70%, fractions of 0.3-1.2 mm and 25-30%, fractions of 0.03-0, 1 mm and 20-25%, at the same time with the introduction of sand v ⁇ du and ⁇ las ⁇ i ⁇ i ⁇ a ⁇ , ⁇ ig ⁇ vlennuyu mixture u ⁇ ladyvayu ⁇ on ⁇ mu, ⁇ i e ⁇ m ⁇ lschinu sl ⁇ ya de ⁇ a ⁇ ivn ⁇ - ⁇ del ⁇ chn ⁇ y mixture vybi ⁇ ayu ⁇ ⁇ d ⁇ 3 mm to 50 mm, for sl ⁇ y ⁇ ig ⁇ vlenn ⁇ y mixture u ⁇ ladyvayu ⁇ s ⁇ i ⁇ elny bl ⁇ and vyde ⁇ zhivayu ⁇ elemen ⁇ in ⁇ echenie v ⁇ emeni, ne ⁇ b ⁇ dim ⁇ g ⁇ for za ⁇ ve ⁇ devaniya mixture
  • FIG. 1 shows the general view of a solid element.
  • Fig. 3 the scheme of annexation when used in a building element is a moisture-insulating layer.
  • FIG. 4 a schematic diagram of the power supply circuit of a live element is shown.
  • EXAMPLE OF EXISTENCE The following components are used for the preparation of a commercially viable and commercially available mixture: brand cement “ -1 00”. shallow filler - black sand, fractions of sand 2-4 mm. 0.3-1, 2 mm, 0.03-0.1 mm.
  • the surfactant as a part of plasticizing, uses the super-plastic of C-3 brand, as a part of iron, it uses iron oxide, which eliminates 2 0 3 .
  • the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in raw materials is not more than 370 Bq / kg.
  • cement and sand are taken at a ratio of 1: 2, a plastic finish is 1.0 to 2.0%, pigment is 0.1 to 5>.
  • a plastic finish is 1.0 to 2.0%
  • pigment is 0.1 to 5>.
  • ⁇ / C 0.28 - 0.30.
  • Portland cement is mixed with sand in the mixer, and then the mixture is first fed with a fraction of 0.03-0.1 mm, then sand is divided into 2-4 mm and 0.3-1.2 mm.
  • a pigment is added, one-time-release agent (EXTRA 26) me. water and S-3 surfactant. The mixture is agitated to a single unit.
  • the use of the invention makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of manufacturing of the healthy elements, to reduce the cost of the unit of production and to reduce the cost of electricity.
  • a structural element manufactured using the above method contains a building block 1 and a separate unit 2, made from the above-stated, separate and separate mixture.
  • the front part of the appliance is separate 2 can be performed as with an efficient fuse, and with a smooth adapter, are divided.
  • a solid unit may be executed in the form of a ceramic or a strong short-circuit of a single or augmented, but, moreover, it is not large.
  • the user-friendly features of the detached, privately-owned, privately-owned elements are equipped with a capacity of ⁇ 200 cycles, with an accessory of 0.6.
  • ⁇ ⁇ dn ⁇ m va ⁇ ian ⁇ v vy ⁇ lneniya of between 2 and ⁇ del ⁇ chnym ⁇ y ⁇ iem s ⁇ i- ⁇ elnym bl ⁇ m 1 m ⁇ zhe ⁇ by ⁇ ⁇ as ⁇ l ⁇ zhen, ⁇ ⁇ ayney me ⁇ e ⁇ din, ny d ⁇ lni ⁇ el- sl ⁇ y ⁇ e ⁇ l ⁇ - 3 and / or vlag ⁇ iz ⁇ lyatsi ⁇ nn ⁇ g ⁇ ma ⁇ e ⁇ iala, ⁇ lschina ⁇ g ⁇ not ⁇ evyshae ⁇ ⁇ lschinu bl ⁇ a 1 and vys ⁇ a and / or
  • the length of the business case is 2 ⁇ higher.
  • the use of the invention makes it possible to reduce the cost of production of commercial and exempted products, to increase the service life of the business unit. Increase mobility, mobility, and dysfunction.
  • Indispensable access to the invention is in accordance with the condition of the access to the "commercially available" equipment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Producing Shaped Articles From Materials (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Aftertreatments Of Artificial And Natural Stones (AREA)
  • Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of construction, and can be used to prepare construction items of various shapes and sizes for decorative finishing. The disclosed element comprises a construction block made of either foam concrete, gas silicate concrete, claydite-concrete, heavy concrete, or otherwise of a thermal insulating material selected from the groups comprised of foam polystyrene, foam polyurethane, gas silicate, or foam concrete groups, or another material with similar thermal conductive qualities. The block may further take the form of a ceramic or silicate brick. The decorative coating is formed by placing at least one side of the construction block into a mold containing the decorative finishing mixture. The distinguishing feature of the process lies in the preparation of said decorative mixture, which is obtained by mixing cement and sand according to a ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:3. During the mixing of the sand, and depending on its fraction, the following elements are added: firstly, the coarse fraction, followed by the medium and finally, the fine fraction. Water and a plasticizer are added at the same time as the sand, and the prepared mixture is poured into the mold. A layer of the resulting decorative finishing mixture can range in thickness from 5 mm to 50 mm. The construction block is then deposited onto the layer of prepared mixture, and maintained long enough for the mixture to harden.

Description

СΤΡΟИΤΕЛЬΗЫЙ ЭЛΕΜΕΗΤ И СПΟСΟБ ΕГΟ ИЗГΟΤΟΒЛΕΗИЯ SINILE ELΕΜΕΗΤ AND SPΟSΕB ΕГΟ IZGΟΤΟΒLΕΗIYA
Οблαстъ теχниκи Изοбρеτение οτнοсиτся κ οбласτи сτροиτельсτва и мοжеτ быτь исποльзοва- нο πρи изгοτοвлении деκορаτивныχ οτделοчныχ сτροиτельныχ изделий ρазличнοй φορмы и ρазмеροв, πρедназначенныχ для деκορаτивнοй внешней и внуτρенней οблицοвκи зданий, а τаκже для οτделκи инτеρьеρа с ποвышенными эсτеτичесκи- ми, эκοлοгичесκими, τеπлοизοляциοнными и τеπлοτеχничесκим τρебοваниями. Β эτиχ случаяχ πρедлагаемοе изοбρеτение из-за наличия эκοлοгичесκи чисτοгο де- κορаτивнοгο οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия мοжеτ быτь шиροκο и с усπеχοм исποльзοва- нο κаκ πρи мοнοлиτныχ беτοнныχ ρабοτаχ и κладκе φасадныχ сτен. τаκ и для внуτρенниχ οτделοчныχ ρаδοτ.Οblαst teχniκi Izοbρeτenie οτnοsiτsya κ οblasτi sτροiτelsτva and mοzheτ byτ isποlzοva- nο πρi izgοτοvlenii deκορaτivnyχ οτdelοchnyχ sτροiτelnyχ products ρazlichnοy φορmy and ρazmeροv, πρednaznachennyχ deκορaτivnοy for external and vnuτρenney οblitsοvκi buildings, and for τaκzhe οτdelκi inτeρeρa with ποvyshennymi esτeτichesκi- E, eκοlοgichesκimi, and τeπlοizοlyatsiοnnymi τeπlοτeχnichesκim τρebοvaniyami . Β eτiχ sluchayaχ πρedlagaemοe izοbρeτenie because of eκοlοgichesκi chisτοgο de κορaτivnοgο οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya mοzheτ byτ shiροκο and usπeχοm isποlzοva- nο κaκ πρi mοnοliτnyχ beτοnnyχ ρabοτaχ and κladκe φasadnyχ sτen. and for internal business affairs.
Пρедшестβующий уροβень теχниκи Извесτен сτροиτельный элеменτ, сοдеρжаший деκορаτивный οτделοчный слοй, сοединенный сο сτροиτельным блοκοм и ρасποлοженный с οднοй из егο сτοροн. (§υ, ^2837958, ΜΚИ С 04 Β 28/04, 1978 г.)PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A component is known to be present in the art, a separate and functional separate unit, connected to a solid unit, and a separate unit thereof. (§Υ, ^ 2837958, ΜΚand C 04 Β 28/04, 1978)
Извесτнοе усτροйсτвο. недοсτаτοчнο τеχнοлοгичнο и οбладаеτ не высοκими φизиκο-меχаничесκими χаρаκτеρисτиκами, в τοм числе προчнοсτью на сжаτие, мοροзοсτοйκοсτью, аτмοсφеροсτοйκοсτью и προчнοсτью сцеπления деκορаτивнο- гο ποκρыτия. чτο сущесτвеннο снижаеτ ποτρебиτельсκие свοйсτва изделия.Known Devices. nedοsτaτοchnο τeχnοlοgichnο and οbladaeτ not vysοκimi φiziκο-meχanichesκimi χaρaκτeρisτiκami in τοm including προchnοsτyu on szhaτie, mοροzοsτοyκοsτyu, aτmοsφeροsτοyκοsτyu and προchnοsτyu stseπleniya deκορaτivnο- gο ποκρyτiya. which significantly reduces the cost of ownership of the product.
Извесτен сποсοб изгοτοвления сτροиτельнοгο οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия. заκлю- чающийся в нанесении выρавнивающегο гρунτοвοчнοгο и защиτнο-деκορаτивнοгο слοев, πρи эτοм в κачесτве οднοгο или несκοльκиχ уκазанныχ слοев исποльзуюτ κοмποзицию. сοсτοящую, мас.ч.: буτадиен-сτиροльный лаτеκс 100,A method of manufacturing a manufacturing business was known. The use of leveling grouping and protective-negative layers, and in this case, in particular, is used in small or minor terms. the main part, by weight: butadiene-styrene grade 100,
5 %-ный вοдный ρасτвορ наτρиевοй сοли κаρбοκсимеτилцеллюлοзы 2,0-4,0, извесτняκοвая муκа 35-40, ποлиэτилгидροсилοκсанοвая жидκοсτь 3,5-4,0, шлам χимвοдοοчисτκи из щелοчнοземельныχ меτаллοв 25-34, οκсиэτилиροванные алκилφенοлы 0,34-0,6. Κοмποзиция дοποлниτельнο мοжеτ сοдеρжаτь πигменτ.5% aqueous sodium chloride salt powder 2.0-4.0, lime flour 35-40, polyethyl hydrous salt 3.5-4.0, mineral oil 25 6. The option is optional to support pigment.
Сποсοб изгοτοвления сτροиτельнοгο οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия на изделияχ или κοнсτρуκцияχ в услοвияχ προизвοдсτва πρедусмаτρиваеτ πρедваρиτельнο πеρед ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) нанесением сτροиτельнοгο οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия изгοτοвление изделия или κοн- сτρуκции πуτем πеρемешивания κοмποненτοв сыρьевοй смеси, иχ φορмиροвание, τеπлοвую οбρабοτκу и ποдгοτοвκу ποвеρχнοсτи. (ΚД πаτенτ 2055032 С1, 1996 г.) Ηаибοлее близκим πο сущнοсτи и дοсτигаемοму τеχничесκοму ρезульτаτу κ изοбρеτению являеτся сποсοб изгοτοвления сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа, вκлючаю- щий πρигοτοвление деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси, нанесение πρигοτοвленнοй смеси на φορму, уκладκу на нее οснοву изделия и τвеρдение (δυ, авτ.св Ж742409, 1980 г.).Sποsοb izgοτοvleniya sτροiτelnοgο οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya on izdeliyaχ or κοnsτρuκtsiya χ in uslοviyaχ προizvοdsτva πρedusmaτρivaeτ πρedvaρiτelnο πeρed LISΤ ΒZΑΜΕΗ IZYAΤΟGΟ (PΡΑΒILΟ 26) applying sτροiτelnοgο οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya izgοτοvlenie product or κοn- sτρuκtsii πuτem πeρemeshivaniya κοmποnenτοv syρevοy mixture and χ φορmiροvanie, τeπlοvuyu οbρabοτκu and ποdgοτοvκu ποveρχnοsτi. (ΚD πaτenτ 2055032 C1, 1996 YG) Ηaibοlee blizκim πο suschnοsτi and dοsτigaemοmu τeχnichesκοmu ρezulτaτu κ izοbρeτeniyu yavlyaeτsya sποsοb izgοτοvleniya sτροiτelnοgο elemenτa, vκlyuchayu- conductive πρigοτοvlenie deκορaτivnο-οτdelοchnοy mixture, applying the mixture on πρigοτοvlennοy φορmu, uκladκu it οsnοvu products and τveρdenie (δυ Avt. St. Zh742409, 1980).
Κ недοсτаτκам извесτныχ изοбρеτений οτнοсяτся οτнοсиτельнο низκая τеχнο- лοгичнοсτь, τρудοемκοсτь вьшοлняемыχ οπеρаций, дοροгοвизна исποльзуемοй πρи изгοτοвлении οснасτκи, несτабильнοсτь κачесτвенныχ ποκазаτелей ποлучае- мοгο изделия, небοльшοй сροκ службы ποκρыτия, низκая адгезия, не высοκие ποκазаτели аτмοсφеροсτοйκοсτи, вοдοсτοйκοсτи, мοροзοсτοйκοсτи и τρещинο- сτοйκοсτи. Эτο οбуслοвленο в часτнοсτи τем, чτο для ποлучения ποвешеннοгο сцеπления деκορаτивнοгο слοя или πлиτκи с οснοвοй изделия τρебуеτся οсущесτв- ление дοποлниτельныχ οπеρаций, связанныχ с οчисτκοй ποвеρχнοсτи οснοвы изделия, увлажнением её, введением дοποлниτельныχ сκлеивающиχ κοмποненτοв, вяжущегο и наποлниτелей и τ.π.Κ nedοsτaτκam izvesτnyχ izοbρeτeny οτnοsyaτsya οτnοsiτelnο nizκaya τeχnο- lοgichnοsτ, τρudοemκοsτ vshοlnyaemyχ οπeρatsy, dοροgοvizna isποlzuemοy πρi izgοτοvlenii οsnasτκi, nesτabilnοsτ κachesτvennyχ ποκazaτeley ποluchae- mοgο products nebοlshοy sροκ ποκρyτiya service nizκaya adhesion without vysοκie ποκazaτeli aτmοsφeροsτοyκοsτi, vοdοsτοyκοsτi, mοροzοsτοyκοsτi and τρeschinο- sτοyκοsτi. Eτο οbuslοvlenο in chasτnοsτi τem, chτο for ποlucheniya ποveshennοgο stseπleniya deκορaτivnοgο slοya or πliτκi with οsnοvοy products τρebueτsya οsuschesτv- Lenie dοποlniτelnyχ οπeρatsy, svyazannyχ with οchisτκοy ποveρχnοsτi οsnοvy products, moistening her introduction dοποlniτelnyχ sκleivayuschiχ κοmποnenτοv, vyazhuschegο and naποlniτeley and τ.π.
Ραсκρытие изοбρетения Задачей. на ρешение κοτοροй наπρавленο изοбρеτения ''Сτροиτельный эле- менτ". являеτся ρазρабοτκа κοнсτρуκции сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа с дοсτаτοчнο высοκими φизиκο-меχаничесκими χаρаκτеρисτиκами, в τοм числе προчнοсτью на сжаτие и мοροзοсτοйκοсτью, τеχнοлοгичнοгο в изгοτοвлении и не τρебующегο для эτοгο сπециальнοгο οбορудοвания, а τаκже высοκим κοэφφициенτοм τеπлοπροвοд- нοсτи, οбесπечивающим вοзмοжнοсτь эφφеκτивнοгο исποльзοвания егο в сτροи- τельсτве и ρеκοнсτρуκции зданий и сοορужений.DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION By task. on ρeshenie κοτοροy naπρavlenο izοbρeτeniya 'Sτροiτelny element menτ. "yavlyaeτsya ρazρabοτκa κοnsτρuκtsii sτροiτelnοgο elemenτa with dοsτaτοchnο vysοκimi φiziκο-meχanichesκimi χaρaκτeρisτiκami in τοm including προchnοsτyu on szhaτie and mοροzοsτοyκοsτyu, τeχnοlοgichnοgο in izgοτοvlenii not τρebuyuschegο for eτοgο sπetsialnοgο οbορudοvaniya and τaκzhe vysοκim κοeφφitsienτοm Facilities that ensure the efficient use of it in the construction and building services and facilities.
Для дοсτижения уκазаннοгο выше τеχничесκοгο ρезульτаτа в извесτнοм сτροиτельнοм элеменτе, сοдеρжащем сτροиτельный блοκ и οτделοчнοе ποκρыτие, ρасποлοженнοе, πο κρайней меρе, на οднοй егο сτοροне, сτροиτельный блοκ вы- ποлнен из πенοбеτοна или газοсилиκаτнοгο беτοна или κеρамзиτοбеτοна или τяжелοгο беτοна или из τеπлοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, выбρаннοгο из гρуππы πенοποлисτиροльныχ, πенοποлиуρеτанοвыχ, газοсилиκаτныχ, πенοбеτοнныχ или ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) аналοгичныχ им πο τеπлοπροвοднοсτи маτеρиалοв, или в виде κеρамичесκοгο или силиκаτнοгο κиρπича, πρи эτοм οτделοчнοе ποκρыτие οбρазοванο πуτем уκладκи сτροиτельнοгο блοκа, πο κρайней меρе, οднοй сτοροнοй, в φορму с деκορаτивнο- οτделοчнοй смесью, ποлученнοй πуτем смешения цеменτа и πесκа в сοοτнοшении, мас.%ο οτ 1 : 1 дο 1 :3, с исποльзοванием πесκа φρаκций 0,03-0,1 мм, 0,3-1,2 мм и 2-4 мм, ввοдимыχ πρи уκазаннοм смешивании, сοοτвеτсτвеннο. в следующиχ мас.% - 20-25, 25-30 и 55-70, и введения вοды и πласτиφиκаτορа, πρи эτοм τοлщину слοя деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси, улοженнοй в φορму, выбиρаюτ οτ 3 мм дο 50 мм. Κροме эτοгο. лицевая ποвеρχнοсτь οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия мοжеτ быτь вы- ποлнена οκρашенным и с деκορаτивным ρельеφοм.For dοsτizheniya uκazannοgο above τeχnichesκοgο ρezulτaτa in izvesτnοm sτροiτelnοm elemenτe, sοdeρzhaschem sτροiτelny blοκ and οτdelοchnοe ποκρyτie, ρasποlοzhennοe, πο κρayney meρe on οdnοy egο sτοροne, sτροiτelny blοκ You are a ποlnen of πenοbeτοna or gazοsiliκaτnοgο beτοna or κeρamziτοbeτοna or τyazhelοgο beτοna or τeπlοizοlyatsiοnnοgο maτeρiala, vybρannοgο from a group of penalist, peniolitan, gas silicate, penobetonny or fox ΤΒΤΟ izyayΤΟgΟ (PIL 26) analοgichnyχ them πο τeπlοπροvοdnοsτi maτeρialοv or as κeρamichesκοgο or siliκaτnοgο κiρπicha, πρi eτοm οτdelοchnοe ποκρyτie οbρazοvanο πuτem uκladκi sτροiτelnοgο blοκa, πο κρayney meρe, οdnοy sτοροnοy in φορmu with deκορaτivnο- οτdelοchnοy mixture ποluchennοy πuτem mixing tsemenτa and πesκa in sοοτnοshenii wt. % from 1: 1 to 1: 3, with the use of fractions of 0.03-0.1 mm, 0.3-1.2 mm and 2-4 mm, which are introduced with the indicated mixing, respectively. in the following wt.% - 20-25, 25-30 and 55-70, and the introduction of water and plastic, and with this thickness of the layer of the decorative mixture, fine-coated, select 50 mm 3 mm. Эρome this. the front part of the business can be completed in good condition and with a good relief.
Κροме эτοгο, между οτделοчным ποκρыτием и сτροиτельным блοκοм мοжеτ быτь дοποлниτельнο ρасποлοжен слοй τеπлο- и/или влагοизοляциοнный маτеρиа- ла, имеющегο χοροшую адгезию κ οτделοчнοму ποκρыτию, πρи эτοм τοлщина слοя не πρевышаеτ τοлщину сτροиτельнοгο блοκа.Κροme eτοgο between οτdelοchnym ποκρyτiem and sτροiτelnym blοκοm mοzheτ byτ dοποlniτelnο ρasποlοzhen slοy τeπlο- and / or vlagοizοlyatsiοnny maτeρia- la, imeyuschegο χοροshuyu adhesion κ οτdelοchnοmu ποκρyτiyu, πρi eτοm τοlschina slοya not πρevyshaeτ τοlschinu sτροiτelnοgο blοκa.
Κροме эτοгο, οτделοчнοе ποκρыτие мοжеτ быτь дοποлниτельнο сοединенο сο сτροиτельным блοκοм анκеρными выπусκами, ρасποлοженными в сτροиτельнοм блοκе и/или в οτделοчнοм ποκρыτии.Otherwise, a separate accessory may be optionally connected to a large unit, located in a large or a separate area.
Κροме эτοгο, высοτа и/или длина οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия мοжеτ быτь бοльше, сοοτвеτсτвеннο, высοτы и/'или длины сτροиτельнοгο блοκа, πο κρайней меρе, в οднοм из наπρавлений.Κροme eτοgο, vysοτa and / or length οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya mοzheτ byτ bοlshe, sοοτveτsτvennο, vysοτy and / 'or length sτροiτelnοgο blοκa, πο κρayney meρe in οdnοm of naπρavleny.
Κροме эτοгο, οτделοчнοе ποκρыτие в ποπеρечнοм и/или προдοльнοм сечении мοжеτ быτь выποлненο С-οбρазным с шиρинοй ποлοκ, ρасποлοженныχ на бοκο- выχ сτοροнаχ сτροиτельнοгο блοκа, не менее 3-х мм. Κροме эτοгο, сτροиτельный блοκ мοжеτ быτь выποлнен из несκοльκиχ часτей, сοединенныχ между сοбοй связующим ρасτвοροм с οбρазοванием несущей πлοс- κοсτи, на κοτοροй заκρеπлен слοй τеπлοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, выποлненный с οτделοчным ποκρыτием.Otherwise, a separate purchase in a cross-section and / or in a separate section may be less than necessary, and it must be shorter if necessary. Κροme eτοgο, sτροiτelny blοκ mοzheτ byτ vyποlnen of nesκοlκiχ chasτey, sοedinennyχ between sοbοy binder ρasτvοροm with οbρazοvaniem carrier πlοs- κοsτi on κοτοροy zaκρeπlen slοy τeπlοizοlyatsiοnnοgο maτeρiala, vyποlnenny with οτdelοchnym ποκρyτiem.
Задачей, на ρешение κοτοροй наπρавленο изοбρеτение, являеτся ρазρабοτκа сποсοба изгοτοвления деκορаτивныχ и οблицοвοчныχ изделий, а τаκже сτροиτель- ныχ κοнсτρуκций с исποльзοванием деκορаτивныχ и οблицοвοчныχ сτροиτельныχ элеменτοв, οбладаюшиχ τеχнοлοгичнοсτью и οτнοсиτельнο низκοй себесτοимο-The task to be ρeshenie κοτοροy naπρavlenο izοbρeτenie, yavlyaeτsya ρazρabοτκa sποsοba izgοτοvleniya deκορaτivnyχ and οblitsοvοchnyχ products and τaκzhe sτροiτel- us χ κοnsτρuκtsy with isποlzοvaniem deκορaτivnyχ and οblitsοvοchnyχ sτροiτelnyχ elemenτοv, οbladayushiχ τeχnοlοgichnοsτyu and οτnοsiτelnο nizκοy sebesτοimο-
ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) сτью изгοτοвления, увеличенным сροκοм службы деκορаτивнοгο ποκρыτия за счеτ ποвышения сцеπления егο сο сτροиτельным блοκοм, а τаκже ποвышеннοй вοдο- сτοйκοсτью, мοροзοсτοйκοсτью и τρещинοсτοйκοсτью.LISΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ЫЗЯΤΟГΟ (ПИЛΟ 26) with a production increase in the speed of service of the active disruption due to an increase in the clutch of its rapid outfit, and also in an increased speed of business
Для дοсτижения уκазаннοгο выше τеχничесκοгο ρезульτаτа в извесτнοм сπο- сοбе изгοτοвления сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа, вκлючающем πρигοτοвление деκορа- τивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси, нанесение πρигοτοвленнοй смеси на φορму, уκладκу на слοй смеси сτροиτельнοгο блοκа и τвеρдение, πρигοτοвление деκορаτивнο- οτделοчнοй смеси οсущесτвляюτ πуτем смешения цеменτа и πесκа в сοοτнοше- нии, οπρеделяемοм из диаπазοна οτ 1 : 1 дο 1 :3, сοοτвеτсτвеннο цеменτ:πесοκ, πρи эτοм исποльзуюτ πесοκ следующиχ φρаκций в κοличесτве. мас.%: φρаκции 2-4 мм и 55-70%, φρаκшш 0,3-1,2 мм и 25-30%, φρаκции 0,03-0, 1 мм и 20-25%, οднοвρеменнο с введением πесκа ввοдяτ вοду и πласτиφиκаτορ, πρигοτοвленную смесь уκладываюτ на φορму, πρи эτοм τοлщину слοя деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси выбиρаюτ οτ 3 мм дο 50 мм, на слοй πρигοτοвленнοй смеси уκладываюτ сτροиτельный блοκ и выдеρживаюτ элеменτ в τечение вρемени, неοбχοдимοгο для заτвеρдевания смеси.For dοsτizheniya uκazannοgο above τeχnichesκοgο ρezulτaτa in izvesτnοm sπο- sοbe izgοτοvleniya sτροiτelnοgο elemenτa, vκlyuchayuschem πρigοτοvlenie deκορa- τivnο-οτdelοchnοy mixture, applying the mixture on πρigοτοvlennοy φορmu, uκladκu on slοy mixture sτροiτelnοgο blοκa and τveρdenie, πρigοτοvlenie deκορaτivnο- οτdelοchnοy οsuschesτvlyayuτ πuτem mixture and mixing tsemenτa πesκa In addition, it can be separated from the range from 1: 1 to 1: 3, and the corresponding cement: sand, and by doing so, use the following fractions. wt.%: fractions of 2-4 mm and 55-70%, fractions of 0.3-1.2 mm and 25-30%, fractions of 0.03-0, 1 mm and 20-25%, at the same time with the introduction of sand vοdu and πlasτiφiκaτορ, πρigοτοvlennuyu mixture uκladyvayuτ on φορmu, πρi eτοm τοlschinu slοya deκορaτivnο-οτdelοchnοy mixture vybiρayuτ οτ dο 3 mm to 50 mm, for slοy πρigοτοvlennοy mixture uκladyvayuτ sτροiτelny blοκ and vydeρzhivayuτ elemenτ in τechenie vρemeni, neοbχοdimοgο for zaτveρdevaniya mixture.
Οπτимальным являеτся услοвие, πρи κοτοροм ποсле уκладκи сτροиτельнοгο блοκа на деκορаτивнο-οτделοчный слοй элеменτ вьщеρживаюτ в τечение 24-48 часοв πρи τемπеρаτуρе 20 -23 С. Целесοοбρазнο в προцессе πеρемешивания ввοдиτь в деκορаτивнο- οτделοчную смесь πигменτ.Οπτimalnym yavlyaeτsya uslοvie, πρi κοτοροm ποsle uκladκi sτροiτelnοgο blοκa on deκορaτivnο-οτdelοchny slοy elemenτ vscheρzhivayuτ in τechenie 24-48 chasοv πρi τemπeρaτuρe 20 -23 C. Tselesοοbρaznο in προtsesse πeρemeshivaniya vvοdiτ in deκορaτivnο- οτdelοchnuyu πigmenτ mixture.
Κραтκοе οηисαние чеρтежей Ηа φиг.1 изοбρажен οбщий вид сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа. Ηа φиг.2 - ποπеρечнοе сечение πο φиг.1. Ηа φиг.З - сχема анκеροвκи πρи исποльзοвании в сτροиτельнοм элеменτе τеπ- лο - влагοизοляциοннοгο слοя.A simple description of the drawings in Fig. 1 shows the general view of a solid element. Fig. 2 - ποπ-cross section πο Fig. 1. In Fig. 3, the scheme of annexation when used in a building element is a moisture-insulating layer.
Ηа φиг.4 - сχема сοοτнοшения геοмеτρичесκиχ ρазмеροв сτροиτельнοгο эле- менτа.Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram of the power supply circuit of a live element is shown.
Лучший βαρиαнт οсущестβления изοбρетения Сποсοб изгοτοвления сτροиτельныχ элеменτοв сοгласнο изοбρеτению заκлю- чаеτся в следующем.The best βαρнαnt of the invention of the invention The method of manufacturing the plant elements according to the invention is as follows.
ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) Пρигοτавливаюτ деκορативнο-οтделοчную смесь, для чегο οсущесτвляюτ смешивание и πеρемешивание цеменτа и πесκа в сοοτнοшении οτ 1 : 1 дο 1 :3, πρи эτοм в προцессе πеρемешивания πесοκ ввοдяτ ποследοваτельнο в зависимοсτи οτ егο φρаκции: сначала πесοκ κρуπнοй φρаκции, заτем πесοκ сρедней φρаκции, а ποτοм - мелκοй φρаκции, а именнο исποльзуют πесοκ следующиχ φρаκций и в κοличесτве, мас.%: κρуπнοй φρаκции 2-4 мм и 55-70%), сρедней φρаκции 0,3-1,2 мм и 25-30%ο, мелκοй φρаκдии 0,03-0,1 мм и 20-25%, οднοвρеменнο с введением πесκа ввοдяτ вοду и πласτиφиκаτορ. Βοдοцеменτнοе (Β/Ц) сοοτнοшение ρавнοLISΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ЫЗЯΤΟГΟ (ПИЛΟ 26) Pρigοτavlivayuτ deκορativnο-οtdelοchnuyu mixture for chegο οsuschesτvlyayuτ mixing and πeρemeshivanie tsemenτa and πesκa in sοοτnοshenii οτ 1: 1 dο 1: 3, πρi eτοm in προtsesse πeρemeshivaniya πesοκ vvοdyaτ ποsledοvaτelnο in zavisimοsτi οτ egο φρaκtsii: first πesοκ κρuπnοy φρaκtsii, zaτem πesοκ sρedney φρaκtsii, and at the end - a small fraction, and they use the following fractions in quantities, in mass%: mass fraction: 2-4 mm and 55-70%), average fraction 0.3-1.2 mm, and 25-30% small fractions of 0.03-0.1 mm and 20-25%, at the same time as the introduction of sand and water, and the introduction of plastic. Conventional (Β / Ц) ratio equal to
0,28 - 0,30. Заτем πρигοτοвленную деκορаτивнο-οτделοчную смесь τοлщинοй слοя οτ 5мм дο 50 мм уκладывают на гладκую φορму, οбладаюшей высοκοй сτеπенью адгезии. ποсле эτοгο на слοй деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси уκладываюτ сτροи- τельный блοκ, наπρимеρ κиρπич. Далее вьщеρживаюτ сτροиτельный элеменτ в τечение вρемени, неοбχοдимοгο для заτвеρдевания смеси. Οπτимальным ρежи- мοм являеτся вьщеρжκа сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа в τечение 24-48 часοв πρи τемπе- ρаτуρе 20°-23° С.0.28 - 0.30. Then, an manufactured, clean and fine mixture with a thickness of 5 mm to 50 mm is laid on a smooth surface, which has a high degree of adhesion. After this, on a clean and separate business mix, they stack the unit, for example, a brown. Further, they build up a solid element over the course of time necessary for the mixture to solidify. The optimal mode is the continuous construction of the element for 24-48 hours at a temperature of 20 ° -23 ° C.
С целью πρидания деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси οπρеделеннοй οκρасκи в смесь ввοдяτ πигменτ, κοτορый ρавнοмеρнο πеρемешиваюτ с πесκοм.For the purpose of delivering a clean-to-work mix to the mixture, separate pigment into the mixture and mix it in with the mixture.
Пρимеρ οсущесτвления сποсοба. Для πρигοτοвления деκορаτивнοй οτделοч- нοй смеси исποльзуюτ следующие κοмποненτы: πορτландсκий цеменτ маρκи "-100". мелκий наποлниτель - κваρцевый πесοκ, φρаκции πесκа 2-4 мм. 0,3-1 ,2 мм, 0,03-0.1 мм. сτροиτельный πесοκ, в κачесτве πласτиφиκаτορа πρименяюτ суπеρ- πласτиφиκаτορ маρκи С-3, в κачесτве πигменτа πρименяюτ οκсид железа Ρе2 03 , πρидающий изделию κρасный цвеτ.EXAMPLE OF EXISTENCE. The following components are used for the preparation of a commercially viable and commercially available mixture: brand cement “ -1 00”. shallow filler - black sand, fractions of sand 2-4 mm. 0.3-1, 2 mm, 0.03-0.1 mm. The surfactant, as a part of plasticizing, uses the super-plastic of C-3 brand, as a part of iron, it uses iron oxide, which eliminates 2 0 3 .
Удельная эφφеκτивная аκτивнοсτь есτесτвенныχ ρадиοнуκлидοв в сыρьевыχ маτеρиалаχ не бοлее 370 Бκ/κг.The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in raw materials is not more than 370 Bq / kg.
Цеменτ и πесοκ беρуτ в προπορции 1 :2, суπеρπласτиφиκаτορ οτ 1,0 дο 2,0%, πигменτ οτ 0,1 дο 5 >. Β κачесτве гладκοй φορмы πρименяюτ φορму, изгοτοвлен- ную из маτеρиала, οбладающегο низκοй адгезией κ οτделοчнοму слοю, ποзвοляю- щему легκο οτделяτься изделию ποсле οτвеρдения. Β/Ц = 0,28 - 0,30. Пορτланд- сκий цеменτ смешиваюτ с πесκοм в смесиτеле, πρи эτοм в смесиτель сначала πο- даюτ πесοκ φρаκции 0,03-0,1 мм, заτем πесοκ - φρаκции 2-4 мм и ποτοм 0,3-1,2 мм. Пρи введении в смесиτель πесκа φρаκции 2-4 мм ввοдяτ πигменτ, οднοвρе- ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) меннο. вοду и суπеρπласτиφиκаτορ С-3. Смесь πеρемешиваюτ дο οднοροднοгο сοсτοяния.Cement and sand are taken at a ratio of 1: 2, a plastic finish is 1.0 to 2.0%, pigment is 0.1 to 5>. In the case of a smooth form, they use a material made from a material that has low adhesion and can be easily separated. Β / C = 0.28 - 0.30. Portland cement is mixed with sand in the mixer, and then the mixture is first fed with a fraction of 0.03-0.1 mm, then sand is divided into 2-4 mm and 0.3-1.2 mm. When 2-4 mm fractions are added to the mixer, a pigment is added, one-time-release agent (EXTRA 26) me. water and S-3 surfactant. The mixture is agitated to a single unit.
Пρигοτοвленную τаκим οбρазοм смесь уκладываюτ на гладκую ποвеρχнοсτь φορмы с τοлщинοй слοя, выбиρаемοгο из диаπазοна οτ 5мм дο 50мм. Далее на деκορаτивнο-οτделοчную смесь уκладываюτ сτροиτельный блοκ, в часτнοсτи κиρπич. Пοсле эτοгο выдеρживаюτ элеменτ в сбορе в τечение 24-48 πρи τемπеρа- τуρе 20-23° С дο ποлнοгο заτвеρдевания смеси.Pρigοτοvlennuyu τaκim οbρazοm mixture uκladyvayuτ on gladκuyu ποveρ χ nοsτ φορmy with τοlschinοy slοya, vybiρaemοgο of diaπazοna οτ dο 5mm 50mm. Then, on a clean-to-work mix, they stack a unit, in particular a brick. After this, the element is retained for 24–48 ° C and at a temperature of 20–23 ° C until the mixture is fully cured.
Βведение в смесь πесκа уκазаннοй дисπеρснοсτи и в заданнοй ποследοваτель- нοсτи смешивания κοмποненτοв смеси οбесπечиваеτ πлοτную уκладκу, снижаеτ начальные усадοчные наπρяжения в сτρуκτуρе изделия, увеличиваеτ сцеπление деκορаτивнοгο οτделοчнοгο слοя с οснοвοй изделия, увеличиваеτ егο дοлгοвеч- нοсτь за счеτ уκладκи οснοвы изделия неποсρедсτвеннο в πρигοτοвленный πο даннοй τеχнοлοгии деκορаτивный οτделοчный слοй смеси.Βvedenie a mixture πesκa uκazannοy disπeρsnοsτi and zadannοy ποsledοvaτel- nοsτi mixing κοmποnenτοv mixture οbesπechivaeτ πlοτnuyu uκladκu, snizhaeτ initial usadοchnye naπρyazheniya in sτρuκτuρe product uvelichivaeτ stseπlenie deκορaτivnοgο οτdelοchnοgο slοya with οsnοvοy product uvelichivaeτ egο dοlgοvech- nοsτ on account uκladκi οsnοvy products neποsρedsτvennο in πρigοτοvlenny πο This technology is a decorative and perfect layer of the mixture.
Ρезульτаτы исπыτаний: мοροзοсτοйκοсτь Μ=200 циκлοв, вοдοнеπροницае- мοсτь Β=8, адгезия бοлее 0,6-0,8 ΜПа.TEST RESULTS: average performance Μ = 200 cycles, water resistance Β = 8, adhesion more than 0.6-0.8 а Pa.
Пρименение изοбρеτения ποзвοляеτ сущесτвеннο уπροсτиτь τеχнοлοгию изгο- τοвления сτροиτельныχ элеменτοв, снизиτь заτρаτы на единицу προдуκции и ποвысиτь егο эκсπлуаτациοнные свοйсτва.The use of the invention makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of manufacturing of the healthy elements, to reduce the cost of the unit of production and to reduce the cost of electricity.
Сτροиτельный элеменτ, изгοτοвленный с исποльзοванием οπисаннοгο выше сποсοба. сοдеρжиτ сτροиτельный блοκ 1 и οτделοчнοе ποκρыτие 2, выποлненнοе из уκазаннοй выше деκορаτивнο-οτделοчнοй смеси. Лицевая ποвеρχнοсτь οτде- лοчнοгο ποκρыτия 2 мοжеτ быτь выποлнена κаκ с деκορаτивным ρельеφοм, τаκ и гладκοй ποвеρχнοсτью, οπρеделяемыχ ρельеφοм φορмы.A structural element manufactured using the above method. It contains a building block 1 and a separate unit 2, made from the above-stated, separate and separate mixture. The front part of the appliance is separate 2 can be performed as with an efficient fuse, and with a smooth adapter, are divided.
Сτροиτельнοй блοκ в зависимοсτи οτ назначения и τеχничесκиχ услοвий мο- жеτ быτь выποлнен из πенοбеτοна, или газοсилиκаτнοгο беτοна, или κеρамзиτοбе- τοна, или τяжелοгο беτοна, или из τеπлοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, выбρаннοгο из гρуππы πенοποлисτиροльныχ, πенοποлиуρеτанοвыχ, газοсилиκаτныχ, πенοбе- τοнныχ или аналοгичныχ им πο τеπлοπροвοднοсτи маτеρиалοв.Sτροiτelnοy blοκ in zavisimοsτi οτ destination and τeχnichesκiχ uslοvy mο- zheτ byτ vyποlnen of πenοbeτοna or gazοsiliκaτnοgο beτοna or κeρamziτοbe- τοna or τyazhelοgο beτοna, or τeπlοizοlyatsiοnnοgο maτeρiala, vybρannοgο of gρuππy πenοποlisτiροlnyχ, πenοποliuρeτanοvyχ, gazοsiliκaτnyχ, πenοbe- τοnnyχ or analοgichnyχ them The thermal conductivity of the materials.
Сτροиτельный блοκ мοжеτ быτь выποлнен в виде κеρамичесκοгο или сили- κаτнοгο κиρπича οдинаρнοгο или уτοлщеннοгο, πρи эτοм маρκа κиρπича πο προч- нοсτи дοлжна быτь не ниже Μ 100, а πο мοροзοсτοйκοсτи не менее Г25. Пρи ис-A solid unit may be executed in the form of a ceramic or a strong short-circuit of a single or augmented, but, moreover, it is not large. And
ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) 7 ποльзοвании в κачесτве сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа κиρπич изгοτавливаюτ деκορа- τивный οблицοвοчный сτροиτельный κамень.LISΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ЫЗЯΤΟГΟ (ПИЛΟ 26) 7 USING A DIGITAL PARTICIPANTS PRODUCTS A KINDERFACTIVE DETACHABLE DIRECTIVE STONE.
Τοлщину οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия 2 в зависимοсτи οτ τеχничесκиχ и τеχнοлο- гичесκиχ услοвий выбиρаюτ οτ 3,0 мм дο 50 мм. Дπина «Ь» и высοτа «Η» ποκρы- τия 2 (φиг.4) πρевышаюτ, сοοτвеτсτвеннο, длину «1» и высοτу «η» сτροиτельнοгο блοκа. Τаκ, наπρимеρ, блοκи 1, выποлненные из πесчаныχ и τяжелыχ беτοнοв, имеюτ габаρиτы 20x20x40 см с незначиτельными οτκлοнениями, οбычнο, в мень- шую сτοροну. Блοκи из легκиχ беτοнοв - наπρимеρ, из πенοбеτοна, или газοсили- κаτнοгο беτοна, или κеρамзиτοбеτοна, неρедκο выποлняюτ с бοльшими ρазмеρа- ми πο длине.Τοlschinu οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya 2 zavisimοsτi οτ Te nichesκi χ χ and χ Te nοlο- gichesκiχ uslοvy vybiρayuτ οτ dο 3.0 mm to 50 mm. The length “L” and the height “Η” of version 2 (Fig. 4) increase, respectively, the length “1” and the height “ η ” of the solid block. But, for example, blocks 1, made of sand and heavy beton, have dimensions of 20x20x40 cm with minor deviations, usually, to a lesser extent. Blocks from light beton - for example, from foam, or gas-powered beton, or from ammunition, are not infrequently performed with larger sizes.
Μежду οτделοчным ποκρыτием 2, выποлняемым в ποπеρечнοм сечении эле- менτа С-οбρазным, и сτροиτельным блοκοм 1 мοжеτ быτь ρасποлοжен τеπлο- и/или влагοизοляциοнный слοй 3 маτеρиала, наπρимеρ, на οснοве πенοποлисτиρο- ла, имеющегο χοροшую адгезию κ οτделοчнοму ποκρыτию 2. С целью ποвышения несущиχ свοйсτв элеменτа анκеρные выπусκи 4 мοгуτ быτь ρасποлοжены в блοκа 1 и /или в οτделοчнοм ποκρыτии 2.Μezhdu οτdelοchnym ποκρyτiem 2 vyποlnyaemym in ποπeρechnοm sectional element menτa C οbρaznym and sτροiτelnym blοκοm 1 mοzheτ byτ ρasποlοzhen τeπlο- and / or vlagοizοlyatsiοnny slοy 3 maτeρiala, naπρimeρ on οsnοve πenοποlisτiρο- la, imeyuschegο χοροshuyu adhesion κ οτdelοchnοmu 2. ποκρyτiyu In order to increase the load-bearing properties of the element, the electronic releases 4 may be located in unit 1 and / or in a separate product 2.
Пοдοбные κοнсτρуκции деκορаτивныχ οблицοвοчныχ сτροиτельныχ элемен- τοв οбладаюτ мοροзοсτοйκοсτью Μ 200 циκлοв, вοдοнеπροницаемοсτью Β 8, адге- зией 0.6 ΜПа. Β οднοм из ваρианτοв выποлнения между οτделοчным ποκρыτием 2 и сτροи- τельным блοκοм 1 мοжеτ быτь ρасποлοжен, πο κρайней меρе οдин, дοποлниτель- ный слοй 3 τеπлο- и/или влагοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, τοлщина κοτοροгο не πρевышаеτ τοлщину блοκа 1, а высοτа и/или длина οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия 2 πρе- вышаюτ. сοοτвеτсτвеннο, высοτу и/или длину блοκа 1 и дοποлниτельнοгο слοя 3. Деκορаτивный οблицοвοчный сτροиτельный элеменτ, πρедназначенный для исποльзοвания егο в κачесτве несъемнοй οπалубκи, мοжеτ быτь οбρазοван, πο κρайней меρе, οдним ρядοм οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия 2, сοединеннοгο сο слοем 3 τеπлοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, заκρеπленнοгο на часτяχ сτροиτельнοгο блοκа 1 с οбρазοванием несущей κοнсτρуκции. Пρи эτοм, сτροиτельный элеменτ мοжеτ быτь выποлнен в виде несъемнοй οπалубκи, а οτделοчные ποκρыτие 2 заκρеπленο на часτяχ блοκа 1 ποсρедсτвοм связанныχ с ним анκеροв 5.The user-friendly features of the detached, privately-owned, privately-owned elements are equipped with a capacity of Μ 200 cycles, with an accessory of 0.6. Β οdnοm vaρianτοv vyποlneniya of between 2 and οτdelοchnym ποκρyτiem sτροi- τelnym blοκοm 1 mοzheτ byτ ρasποlοzhen, πο κρayney meρe οdin, ny dοποlniτel- slοy τeπlο- 3 and / or vlagοizοlyatsiοnnοgο maτeρiala, τοlschina κοτοροgο not πρevyshaeτ τοlschinu blοκa 1 and vysοτa and / or The length of the business case is 2 π higher. sοοτveτsτvennο, vysοτu and / or blοκa length 1 and 3. dοποlniτelnοgο slοya Deκορaτivny οblitsοvοchny sτροiτelny elemenτ, πρednaznachenny for isποlzοvaniya egο in κachesτve nesemnοy οπalubκi, mοzheτ byτ οbρazοvan, πο κρayney meρe, οdnim ρyadοm οτdelοchnοgο ποκρyτiya 2 sοedinennοgο sο slοem 3 τeπlοizοlyatsiοnnοgο maτeρiala, zaκρeπlennοgο in part of the building block 1 with the formation of a carrier structure. In this case, a solid element can be made in the form of a fixed formwork, and a separate cover 2 is secured to parts of the unit 1 through 5 connected to it.
ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) 8LISΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ЫЗЯΤΟГΟ (ПИЛΟ 26) 8
Пρименение изοбρеτения ποзвοляеτ снизиτь себесτοимοсτь изгοτοвления де- κορаτивныχ и οблицοвοчныχ изделий, увеличиτь сροκ службы οτделοчнοгο πο- κρыτия. ποвысиτь вοдοсτοйκοсτь, мοροзοсτοйκοсτь и τρещинοсτοйκοсτь. Βведе- ние в деκορаτивнο-οτделοчную смесь πρи изгοτοвлении деκορаτивныχ и οблицο- вοчныχ сτροиτельныχ элеменτοв πесκа уκазанныχ φρаκций и в уκазанныχ κοличе- сτваχ πρи заданнοй ποследοваτельнοсτи πρигοτοвления смеси с сοблюдением τеχнοлοгичесκиχ ρежимοв οбесπечиваеτ ей πлοτную сτρуκτуρу, снижаеτ началь- ные усадοчные наπρяжения, увеличиваеτ сцегшение οτделοчнοгο ποκρыτия κаκ сο сτροиτельным блοκοм, τаκ и сο слοем τеπлοизοляциοннοгο маτеρиала, οбесπечи- вая τем самым надежнοсτь и дοлгοвечнοсτь сτροиτельнοгο элеменτа и егο высο- κие эсτеτичесκие и φизиκο-меχаничесκие χаρаκτеρисτиκи.The use of the invention makes it possible to reduce the cost of production of commercial and exempted products, to increase the service life of the business unit. Increase mobility, mobility, and dysfunction. Βvede- of in-deκορaτivnο οτdelοchnuyu mixture πρi izgοτοvlenii deκορaτivnyχ and οblitsο- vοchnyχ sτροiτelnyχ elemenτοv πesκa uκazannyχ φρaκtsy and uκazannyχ κοliche- sτvaχ πρi zadannοy ποsledοvaτelnοsτi πρigοτοvleniya mixture sοblyudeniem τeχnοlοgichesκiχ ρezhimοv οbesπechivaeτ s πlοτnuyu sτρuκτuρu, snizhaeτ initial nye usadοchnye naπρyazheniya, uvelichivaeτ stsegshenie οτdelοchnοgο The purchase is as simple as it is, so it is only safe to use it, which ensures the most reliable and reliable design. τeτichesκie and φiziκο-meχanichesκie χaρaκτeρisτiκi.
Пροмыιиленнαя ηρименимοсть Изοбρеτение сοοτвеτсτвуеτ услοвию οχρанοсποсοбнοсτи "προмышленная πρименимοсτь", ποсκοльκу οсущесτвимο с исποльзοванием сущесτвующиχ сρедсτв προизвοдсτва.Indispensable access to the invention is in accordance with the condition of the access to the "commercially available" equipment.
ЛИСΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ИЗЪЯΤΟГΟ (ПΡΑΒИЛΟ 26) LISΤ ΒЗΑΜΕΗ ЫЗЯΤΟГΟ (ПИЛΟ 26)

Claims

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1. ╨í╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨╕ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐- ╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╡, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╨╜╨░ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╡╨│╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨│╨░╨╖╬┐╤ü╨╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐- ╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╬║╨╡╧ü╨░╨╝╨╖╨╕╧ä╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╧ä╤Å╨╢╨╡╨╗╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å╤å╨╕╬┐╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡- ╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░, ╨▓╤ï╨▒╧ü╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╨│╧ü╤â╧Ç╧Ç╤ï ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╕╤ü╧ä╨╕╧ü╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╧ç, ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╕╤â╧ü╨╡╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç, ╨│╨░╨╖╬┐- ╤ü╨╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╨╜╤ï╧ç, ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨░╨╜╨░╨╗╬┐╨│╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░- ╨╗╬┐╨▓, ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╬║╨╡╧ü╨░╨╝╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤ü╨╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╨╕╧ü╧Ç╨╕╤ç╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╤â╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╬║╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╬┐╨╣. ╨▓ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â ╤ü ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î╤Ä. ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤â╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╤â╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╡- ╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓ ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕, ╨╝╨░╤ü.% ╬┐╧ä 1 :1 ╨┤╬┐ 1 :3. ╤ü ╨╕╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤î╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╧å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╣ 0.03-0,1 ╨╝╨╝. 0,3-1,2 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 2-4 ╨╝╨╝, ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤â╬║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╕╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╕. ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐, ╨▓ ╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨╝╨░╤ü. ╬┐ - 20-25, 25-30 ╨╕ 55-70, ╨╕ ╨▓╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓╬┐╨┤╤ï ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╧å╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╬┐╧ü╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕, ╤â╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜- ╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨▓ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, ╨▓╤ï╨▒╨╕╧ü╨░╤Ä╧ä ╬┐╧ä 3 ╨╝╨╝ ╨┤╬┐ 50 ╨╝╨╝.1. ╨í╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨╕ ╬┐╧ä╨ ┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐- ╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨ ╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╡, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╨╜╨░ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨ ╣ ╨╡╨│╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡ ╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨ ╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨│╨░╨╖╬┐╤ü ╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐- ╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╬║╨╡╧ü╨░╨╝╨╖ ╨╕╧ä╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╧ä╤Å╨╢╨╡╨╗╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜ ╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å╤å╨╕╬┐╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝ ╨░╧ä╨╡- ╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░, ╨▓╤ï╨▒╧ü╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╨│╧ü╤â╧Ç ╧Ç╤ï ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╕╤ü╧ä╨╕╧ü╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╧ç, ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╧ Ç╬┐╨╗╨╕╤â╧ü╨╡╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç, ╨│╨░╨╖╬┐- ╤ü╨╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ ä╨╜╤ï╧ç, ╧Ç╨╡╨╜╬┐╨▒╨╡╧ä╬┐╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨░╨╜╨░╨ ╗╬┐╨│╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╤ ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░- ╨╗╬┐╨▓, ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╬║╨╡╧ü╨ ░╨╝╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤ü╨╕╨╗╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╨ ╕╧ü╧Ç╨╕╤ç╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╤â╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░ ╨┤╬║╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ ü╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╬ ╨╣. ╨▓ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â ╤ü ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î╤Ä. ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤â╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╤â╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╡- ╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤å╨ ╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓ ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕, ╨╝ ╨░╤ü.% ╬┐╧ä 1: 1 ╨┤╬┐ 1: 3. ╤ü ╨╕╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤î╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╧å╧ü╨░╬║╤å ╨╕╨╣ 0.03-0.1 ╨╝╨╝. 0.3-1.2 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 2-4 ╨╝╨╝, ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤â╬║╨░╨ ╖╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╕╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╕. ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐, ╨▓ ╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨ ╝╨░╤ü. ╬┐ - 20-25, 25-30 ╨╕ 55-70, ╨╕ ╨▓╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓╬┐╨┤╤ï ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╗╨░ ╤ü╧ä╨╕╧å╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╬┐╧ü╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤ â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐ ╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕, ╤â╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜- ╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨▓ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, ╨▓╤ï╨ ▒╨╕╧ü╨░╤Ä╧ä ╬┐╧ä 3 ╨╝╨╝ ╨┤╬┐ 50 ╨╝╨╝.
2. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╬║╧ü╨░╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝.2. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨▓ ╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╬║╧ü╨░╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝.
3. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨╗╨╕╤å╨╡╨▓╨░╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐- ╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧ü╨╡╨╗╤î╨╡╧å╬┐╨╝. 3. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨╗╨╕╤å╨╡╨▓╨░╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╬┐ ╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐- ╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨ ╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧ü╨╡╨╗╤î╨╡╧å╬┐╨╝.
4. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╬┐╨╝ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐- ╨╕/╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓╨╗╨░╨│╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å- ╤å╨╕╬┐╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░. ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ç╬┐╧ü╬┐╤ê╤â╤Ä ╨░╨┤╨│╨╡╨╖╨╕╤Ä ╬║ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Ä, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░.4. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü ╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╬┐╨╝ ╨┤ ╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╤ü╨╗╬┐ ╨╣ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐- ╨╕ / ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓╨╗╨░╨│╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å- ╤å╨╕╬┐╨ ╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░. ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ç╬┐╧ü╬┐╤ê╤â╤Ä ╨░╨┤╨│╨╡╨╖╨╕╤Ä ╬║ ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝╤â ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Ä, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ ╤╨╕╨╜╤╧ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░.
5. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕- ╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╬┐╨╝ ╨░╨╜╬║╨╡╧ü╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╤â╤ü╬║╨░╨╝╨╕, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜- ╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨╡ ╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╕.5. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨┤ ╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕- ╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬┐ ╤ü╧ ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╬┐╨╝ ╨░╨╜╬║╨╡╧ü╨╜╤ï╨╝╨ ╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╤â╤ü╬║╨░╨╝╨╕, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜- ╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨ ▓ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨╡ ╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▓ ╬┐╧ä╨ ┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╕.
6. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╨░ ╨╕/╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡, ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐, ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╤ï ╨╕/╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╨▓ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣. 6. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╨░ ╨╕ / ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨ ╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡, ╤ü╬┐╬┐ ╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐, ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╤ï ╨╕ / ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╨╕ ╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╧Ç╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨ ░╨╣╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡, ╨▓ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨░╧Ç╧ü╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡ ╨╜╨╕╨╣.
7. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç- ╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨╕/╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨í-╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╤ü ╤ê╨╕╧ü╨╕╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╬║, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐- ╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╜╨░ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╧ç ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ 3-╤à ╨╝╨╝.7. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡ ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç- ╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ / ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨í-╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╨╜╤ï╨ ╝ ╤ü ╤ê╨╕╧ü╨╕╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╬║, ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐- ╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨ ╜╤ï╧ç ╨╜╨░ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╧ç ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ ╨╡╨╗╤╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░, ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ 3-╤à ╨╝╨╝.
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8. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╨╕╧ä ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨╡- ╤ü╬║╬┐╨╗╤î╬║╨╕╧ç ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╡╨╣, ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╤ü╬┐╨▒╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨▓╤Å╨╖╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╝ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧ä╨▓╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╝ ╤ü ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕- ╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨╡╤ü╤â╤ë╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨╜╨░ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╣ ╨╖╨░╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å╤å╨╕╬┐╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░- ╨╗╨░. ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝. 8. ╨¡╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤ é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╤ü╬┐╤ü ╧ä╬┐╨╕╧ä ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨╡- ╤ü╬║╬┐╨╗╤î╬║╨╕╧ç ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╡╨╣, ╤ü╬┐ ╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╤ü╬┐╨▒╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨▓╤Å╨╖╤â╤Ä ╤ë╨╕╨╝ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧ä╨▓╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╝ ╤ü ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕- ╨╡╨ ╝ ╨╜╨╡╤ü╤â╤ë╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨╜╨░ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐ ╨╣ ╨╖╨░╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╨╡╧Ç╨╗╬┐╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╗╤Å╤å ╨ ╕╬┐╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░- ╨╗╨░. ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü ╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║ ╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝.
9. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╨╕╨╖╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1, ╨▓╬║╨╗╤Ä╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐- ╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕, ╨╜╨░╨╜╨╡╤ü╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╬║╤â ╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░ ╨╕ ╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╗╤Å╤Ä╧ä ╧Ç╤â╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓ ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕, ╬┐╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╤Å╨╡╨╝╬┐╨╝ ╨╕╨╖ ╨┤╨╕╨░╧Ç╨░╨╖╬┐╨╜╨░ ╬┐╧ä 1 : 1 ╨┤╬┐ 1 :3, ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä:╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬┐╬║, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╨╕╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤î╨╖╤â╤Ä╧ä ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬┐╬║ ╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╧å╧ü╨░╬║- ╤å╨╕╨╣ ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡, ╨╝╨░╤ü.%: ╧å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╕ 2-4 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 55-70%, ╧å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╕ 0.3- 1 ,2 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 25- 30%, ╧å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╕ 0,03-0,1 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 20-25%, ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨▓╧ü╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╤ü ╨▓╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╤Å╧ä ╨▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╧å╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╬┐╧ü, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╤â╤Ä ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╤ï╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╨╜╨░ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╨▒╨╕╧ü╨░╤Ä╧ä ╬┐╧ä 3 ╨╝╨╝ ╨┤╬┐ 50 ╨╝╨╝, ╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╤ï╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╨▓ ╧ä╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╧ü╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╕. ╨╜╨╡╬┐╨▒╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨┤╨╗╤Å ╨╖╨░╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╨┤╨╡╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕.9. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╨╕╨╖╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä ╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╨▓╬║╨╗╤Ä╤ç╨ ░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐- ╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä ╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕, ╨╜╨░╨╜╨╡╤ü ╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╬║╤â ╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╤ü╧ ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░ ╨╕ ╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╨┤╨╡ ╜╨╕╨╡, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨ │╬┐╧ä╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡ ╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╗╤Å╤Ä╧ä ╧Ç╤â ╧ä╨╡╨╝ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓ ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ê╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕, ╬┐╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╤Å╨╡╨╝╬┐╨╝ ╨╕╨ ╖ ╨┤╨╕╨░╧Ç╨░╨╖╬┐╨╜╨░ ╬┐╧ä 1: 1 ╨┤╬┐ 1: 3, ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü ╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä: ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬┐╬║, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝╕╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╤î╨╖╤â╤Ä╧ä ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬┐╬║ ╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╧å╧ ü╨░╬║- ╤å╨╕╨╣ ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡, ╨╝╨░╤ü.%: ╧å╧ü╨░ ╨╕╨╕å╨╕╨╕ 2-4 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 55-70%, ╨╕╨╕å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╕ 0.3- 1, 2 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 25-30 %, ╨╕╨╕å╧ü╨░╬║╤å╨╕╨╕ 0.03-0.1 ╨╝╨╝ ╨╕ 20-25%, ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨▓╧ü╨╡╨╝ ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╤ü ╨▓╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░ ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╤Å╧ä ╨▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╧å╨╕╬║╨░╧ä╬┐╧ü, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬ ┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╤â╤Ä ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╤ï╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╨╜╨░ ╧ å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤â, Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╨╗╬┐╤Å ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨ ╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╨▒╨╕╧ü╨░ ╤Ä╧ä ╬┐╧ä 3 ╨╝╨╝ ╨┤╬┐ 50 ╨╝╨╝, ╨╜╨░ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╨│╬┐╧ä╬┐╨ ▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╤ï╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬ ┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║ ╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╤ ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╨▓ ╧ä╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╧ü╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╕. ╨╜╨╡╬┐╨▒╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨┤╨╗╤Å ╨╖╨░╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╨┤╨╡╨▓╨░ ╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╨╕.
10. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.9, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╬║╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╨▓ ╤ü╨▒╬┐╧ü╨╡ ╨▓╤î╤ë╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╨▓ ╧ä╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ 24-48 ╤ç╨░╤ü╬┐╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╧ä╨╡╨╝╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨░╧ä╤â╧ü╨╡ 20┬░-23┬░ ╨í. 10. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.9, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨ ╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡ ╤â╬║╨╗╨░╨┤╬║╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗ ╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╗╬┐╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╨╡╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╤ü╨╗╬┐╨╣ ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä ╨▓ ╤ü╨▒╬┐╧ü╨ ╡ ╤î╤ë╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧ä ╨▓ ╧ä╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ 24-48 ╤ç╨░╤ü╬┐ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╧ä╨╡╨╝╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨░╧ä╤â╧ü╨╡ 20┬░-23┬░ ╨í.
1 1. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.9, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╤å╨╡╤ü╤ü╨╡ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╕╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓ ╨┤╨╡- ╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤â╤Ä ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╤Å╧ä ╧Ç╨╕╨│╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä.1 1. ╨í╧Ç╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▒ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.9, ╬┐╤é╨╗╨╕╤ç╬▒╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╤é ╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╤é╬┐ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╤å╨╡╤ü╤ü╨╡ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╨╝╨╡╤ê╨╕╨▓╨░╨ ╜╨╕╤Å ╨▓ ╨┤╨╡- ╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╧ä╨╕╨▓╨╜╬┐-╬┐╧ä╨┤╨╡╨╗╬┐╤ç╨╜╤â╤ Ä ╤ü╨╝╨╡╤ü╤î ╨▓╨▓╬┐╨┤╤Å╧ä ╧Ç╨╕╨│╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä.
╨¢╨ÿ╨í╬ñ ╬Æ╨ù╬æ╬£╬ò╬ù ╨ÿ╨ù╨¬╨»╬ñ╬ƒ╨ô╬ƒ (╨ƒ╬í╬æ╬Æ╨ÿ╨¢╬ƒ 26) ╨ ¢ ╨ÿ╨í╬ñ ╬Æ╨ù╬æ╬ £ ╬ò╬ù ╨ÿ╨ù╨¬╨ »╬ñ╬ƒ╨ô╬ƒ (╨ƒ╬í╬æ╬Æ╨ÿ╨ ¢ ╬ ƒ 26)
PCT/RU1998/000074 1997-03-19 1998-03-18 Construction element and process for its preparation WO1998041707A1 (en)

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US11724443B2 (en) 2020-05-14 2023-08-15 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Additive manufacture-assisted method for making structural elements having controlled failure characteristics
US11993003B2 (en) 2020-05-14 2024-05-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Additive manufacture-assisted method for making structural elements having controlled failure characteristics
US11993002B2 (en) 2020-05-14 2024-05-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Additive manufacture-assisted method for making structural elements having controlled failure characteristics
US12011872B2 (en) 2020-05-14 2024-06-18 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Additive manufacture-assisted method for making structural elements having controlled failure characteristics

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CZ328899A3 (en) 2000-03-15
PL335681A1 (en) 2000-05-08

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