Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
  • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
  • D21H23/04—Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
  • D21H21/20—Wet strength agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
  • D21H17/55—Polyamides; Polyaminoamides; Polyester-amides

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to a method for enhancing the strength of cellulosic paper products without significant adverse effect on their repulpability It is also directed to the novel resulting products. It is particularly applicable but not limited to products in which significant amounts of secondary fiber are used in the furnish
• Paper mills through the country are presently using increasing amounts of secondary fiber in their products This has in part resulted from more efficient collection of waste paper products, e g , by businesses and by curbside recycling, and in part from improved technology that has enabled acceptable primary products to be made from what were formerly waste products
• An additional impetus has come following the realization that well over half of the volume of waste going into municipal landfills was paper-based. There has been significant political and environmental pressure to reduce this volume Many customers and consumers now demand paper products with a significant amount of post -consumer recycled fiber
• Certain additives are commonly used to augment wet and dry strength Cationic starches have long been used in linerboard to increase dry strength
• Small quantities, e.g., 0 1-0 7%, of cationic polyamide-epichlorohydrin reaction products (PAE resins) are well known to increase both wet and dry strengths They are routinely used in products such as facial tissues and paper towels They are also used in a small percentage of the linerboard used for the manufacture of wet strength-type corrugated board products Tissue and towels normally do not enter the recycle stream although much of the wet strength corrugated board does. There it presents a problem because of very poor repulpability.
• PAE and other wet strength resins have not heretofore been considered as suitable for general use in increasing strength of the huge volumes of cellulosic paper products that will return to enter the recycle stream While it is known that repulpable wet strength resins are at a developmental stage these products have not yet achieved any significant commercial use
• the present invention describes a method by which PAE resins and other types of papermaking additives normally used for imparting wet strength may be used for increasing dry strength and other properties of papers without adversely affecting repulpability.
• the method involves separating from about 5-40% of the fiber from the bulk of the furnish. This is treated in aqueous suspension with about 0.5-5.0% by weight of a cationic crosslinking type wet strength resin additive and held for a sufficient period of time for the resin to attach or bond to the fiber surface. It is then recombined with the untreated bulk of the furnish and thoroughly and uniformly mixed with it From this point the mixed furnish is sheeted and dried in the normal manner.
• the resins employed are sufficiently cationic to permit ionic bonding to anionic sites on the cellulose fibers. It is further necessary that they be types that will chemically crosslink. Crosslinking normally occurs in the dryer section of the paper machine and will usually continue for some time thereafter. These are characteristics of all the commercially available resins intended for wet strength development. Examples are the cationic polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins noted earlier, as well as cationic urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) condensation products The PAE resins are preferred because they are useable over a relatively wide pH range, up to about pH 8-8.5, while the others must be used under acidic conditions.
• PAE cationic polyamide-epichlorohydrin
• a preferred range of fiber diverted for the cationic resin pretreatment is about 10-30%. Repulpability tends to suffer somewhat when more or less fiber is pretreated.
• the hold time for reaction of the resin with the fiber need not be long. At least 30 seconds is usually required and longer times, preferably in the range of 5 minutes to an hour, are preferred.
• a sufficient amount of resin is used with the pretreated fiber to achieve about 0. 1-0.6% by weight usage in the ultimate product More typically 0.2-0.4% would be used.
• the invention is believed operable with any of the many paper types commercially made. While it is particularly useful in increasing strength of papers containing significant amounts of secondary fiber, there are instances when it can be used to advantage with products made of all virgin fiber. Normally, strength enhancement will not be as great with virgin fiber products as with those using significant amounts of recycled fiber.
• the method is particularly useful when the furnish is totally secondary fiber Preparation of unbleached linerboard for corrugated container board is expected to be a major application. However, other uses with bleached fine papers and newsprint also appear to be attractive. The method appears to be equally applicable where there are significant amounts of mineral additives; e.g.. fillers or pigments, present in the papermaking furnish.
• virgin fiber is meant a predominance of cellulosic fiber that has never been dried after the pulping process. It will be understood that small amounts of previously dried fiber may be included since low percentages; e.g., usually no more than about 1-5%, of mill broke such as trimmings, scrap from sheet breaks, and off specification material, are almost always reworked into otherwise virgin material.
• secondary fiber is meant fiber that has been at least once dried Recycled material is always considered to be secondary fiber, whether from post consumer sources or various internal mill sources.
• the method enables improvement of dry strength properties without any serious adverse effect on repulpability. Although it is not the primary goal of the invention, there will also normally be some increase in wet strength as well. In some products this may be quite significant When the entirety of the stock is treated with the cationic resins in the usual manner, similar dry strength improvements occur as well as the desired wet strength improvement Unfortunately, repulpability suffers very significantly. This has, in the past, inhibited the use of the crosslinking cationic resins to very specific applications where increased wet strength was the paramount property gain required. However, for the great bulk of the paper products produced dry strength is the property considered most essential. High wet strength for these products is not of significant importance.
• FIG 1 is a block diagram showing the process of the present method
• FIG 2 is a graph showing percent screen rejects V the percent of pulp pretreated at three levels of cationic resin usage
• FIG 3 is a graph showing the amount of cationic resin retained vs the amount of resin introduced at various pretreatment levels
• FIG 4 is a graph showing the effect of pretreatment temperature on cationic resin retention
• handsheets were prepared, they were made by running about 50 g of fiber through a Valley Beater refiner to the desired freeness as measured bv the Canadian Standard Freeness (CFS) test Consistency was then adjusted to 0 3% Handsheets were then made conventionally using a Noble and Wood sheet mold that produced sheets 203 X 203 mm Formed sheets were pressed initially on a pneumatic press at 275 kPa This was followed by a second pressing at approximately 690 kPa to achieve linerboard density.
• CFS Canadian Standard Freeness
• the product to be tested was cut into strips about 13 X 150 mm and a 25 g air dried sample of the strips was used The sample was soaked for 30 minutes in 1500 mL of water at 60°C and stirred in a large blender on low speed for 4 minutes.
• the blender was equipped with a clover leaf impeller lacking sharp edges
• the mixture was then transferred to a British Disintegrator with 500 mL rinse water and run for 5 minutes
• This suspension was then screened on a Valley flat screen having 0 006 inch (0.15 mm) slots and a drain connected to a 100 mesh screen box Residual material on the screen was collected, placed in an aluminum dish and dried at 105°C for 24 hours Dried samples were then weighed and percent rejects calculated While the test does not give identical results in absolute terms to those found in a given mill there appears to be an excellent correlation.
• Constant load edgewise creep in a changing humidity environment is determined by first forming a test cylinder 1 inch (25 4 mm) in diameter and 1 inch high from a strip 78 mm in the machine direction and 50 mm in the cross machine direction The samples are preconditioned 24 hours at 20% R H. and 23°C and then conditioned and stored until use at 50% R.H.
• Test cylinders have glueless seams that require additional support This is provided in part by an inner fluorocarbon plastic support 0.962 inches (24 4 mm) in diameter The outside of the seam is opposed by a restraint system consisting of a fluorocarbon plastic block with a 0 5 inch ( 12 7 mm) radius face, an aluminum plate, and two extension springs The fluorocarbon block has slots machined at a 45° angle across the face to facilitate moisture absorption In the test cylinder, moisture absorption occurs at the outer surface Completed specimens are conditioned in the test fixture at 40% R H and 23 ⁇ C for i6-l 7 hours prior to testing Cylinders are then loaded at 1.
• Ring crush is run by TAPPI Test Method T 818 om-87 A 12 7 X 152 4 mm strip is formed into a cylinder 49.2 mm in diameter This is placed in a grooved sample holder and top to bottom compression is applied between parallel plates until failure occurs
• Untreated pulp furnish to be sheeted is split into two portions
• the portion to be pretreated will comprise about 5-40%, preferably 10-30%, of the total furnish
• the balance of the furnish is handled conventionally
• a cationic crosslinking wet strength resin is then added to the portion diverted to be pretreated in an amount of about 0.5-5 0%
• the exact amount used will depend somewhat on the particular percentage of the total fiber being pretreated. In general it should be sufficient to comprise about 0.1-0 6% of the total furnish weight
• the pretreated portion is then recombined with the untreated portion of the furnish and thoroughly mixed From this point the recombined furnish is handled conventionally in all respects
• PAE #1 ⁇ 2) 0.25 2 63 ⁇ 0.13 44
• PAE #2 (3) 0.25 2 83 ⁇ 0.10 41 4
• PAE #2 0.5 2 84 ⁇ 0.13 57.5
• Exemplary cationic PAE resins can be obtained From Hercules, Inc .
• Example 3 The amount of the fiber to be pretreated with the cationic wet strength resin can vary widely Specific amounts will be determined in part by the particular environment in the mill in which the process is carried out From about 5% to 40% gives generally satisfactory results However, there is a broad optimum from the standpoint of minimizing screen rejects on repulping in the range of about 10% to 30% of the fiber pretreated Again, the fiber was once dried western softwood kraft intended for ultimate use as linerboard This is shown graphically in FIG 2 for treatment levels of 0 25%.
• FIGS 3 and 4 Once dried fiber was treated with a cationic PAE wet strength resin in amounts varying between 1% and 6% These amounts would be equivalent to the resin required at various pretreatment levels in order to achieve 0 3% in the recombined product After a 5 minute hold time handsheets were made in the usual manner The resulting sheets were analyzed for nitrogen using the Kjeldahl method and the measured nitrogen content related to the amount of original resin present FIG 3 shows that at a very high 6% initial resin usage, corresponding to a 5% pretreatment level, almost half of the original resin is lost in the white water during sheeting This would have been available to the untreated fiber after the two portions were recombined At only 1% initial usage, equivalent to a 30% pretreatment level, virtually all of the resin was bonded to the fiber
• Example 4 Pretreatment retention time is another variable with some effect on the improvement noted in dry strength of the ultimate product This factor is another that will be influenced somewhat by individual mill configurations However, suitable products can normally be made with as little as 30 seconds hold time before the pretreated fiber is recombined with the balance of the furnish Somewhat longer times are preferred. Normally the hold time after pretreatment should be at least 5 minutes A small additional effect is seem when holding times are increased to 1-2 hours but little or no further benefit is obtained when holding times are longer than this. The effect of pretreatment time on the amount of screening rejects and short span compression strength is given in the following table
• Fiber was mid-continent recycled corrugated containers sheeted using recycled white water Resin usage was 0.3% PAE based on total fiber weight
• Example 5 One of the very important advantages of the present invention is that the method permits a reduction in sheet basis weight while maintaining dry strength equivalent to products made conventionally using a significant percentage of recycled fiber. This is seen in the data presented in the following table Table 4
• Example 6 One more advantage of the process of the present invention is that it enables achievement of a given level of dry strength at a reduced level of refining Refining is a major energy consumer in a paper mill Any means by which it can be reduced will represent a significant cost savings in paper production costs Sheets made from a fiber obtained from recycled corrugated containers were made with and without resin pretreatment at three refining levels In the examples of pretreated fiber, 20% of the furnish was treated with 1 5% PAE resin, sufficient to achieve a level of 0 3% in the recombined pulp Results are given in following Table 5 Table 5 Effect of Refining on Short Span Compression Strength
• Burst strength was at one time a major test for evaluating material for corrugated containers Recently emphasis has been directed more to tests that will be indicative of top-to-bottom compression strength such as ring crush and short span compression strength
• burst strength is still a property considered extremely important by many customers
• fiber from recycled corrugated containers was continuously sheeted on a Noble and Wood pilot scale paper machine
• Wet and dry burst strength was determined among the other tests that were run
• 20 % of the fiber was pretreated with 2.25% PAE resin by weight, sufficient to achieve a level of 0 45% in the recombined furnish.
• Mill white water typically contains fine particles from broken fibers and other papermaking materials of an anionic nature which are collectively referred to as "anionic trash"
• anionic trash Depending on the particular mill and furnish being processed, it is sometimes necessary to use a cationic charge neutralizer so that this material does not itself remove and reduce the efficiency of subsequent cationic additives intended as fiber substituents
• charge neutralizers are quite conventional papermaking chemicals Other than improving efficiency of other cationic additives they effect little or no change in properties of the paper itself As noted in the following table, they were used in the quantities listed in preparation of the test samples All samples were made to equivalent basis weights.
• linerboard furnish is a mixture of virgin and recycled fiber, e.g., old corrugated containers and other recycled paper products
• virgin and recycled fiber e.g., old corrugated containers and other recycled paper products
• dry strength improvements are seen in products made from all virgin fiber as well as in mixtures as the following table will show-
• Example 10 Along with dry strength improvement, it has been noted that there is often a significant improvement in wet strength as well This was apparent in the data of Table 6 but is seen better in the following test Recycled east coast corrugated containers were repulped and treated with PAE resin at a level of 0 4% based on total fiber Resin treatment was carried out on 20% and 100% of the fiber at ambient temperature and at 49°C The pulp was refined to a freeness of 500 csf prior to treatment Pretreatment time was 5 minutes before recombination with the untreated fiber Handsheets were prepared as described previously at 0 3% consistency using fresh water for pulp dilution Basis weight was 200 g/m 2 and sheet density about 650 kg/m 1 Both dry and wet tensile index were measured Results of the tests are seen in the following Table Table 1 1

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• 1996
  • 1996-09-18 US US08/718,103 patent/US5830320A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1997
  • 1997-09-18 CN CNB971980217A patent/CN1167848C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-09-18 EP EP97941713A patent/EP0927280B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-09-18 WO PCT/US1997/016728 patent/WO1998012384A1/en not_active Ceased
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  • 1997-09-18 KR KR10-1999-7002318A patent/KR100496224B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1997-09-18 DE DE69709664T patent/DE69709664T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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