WO1997048646A1 - Appareil de dessalement et procede de mise en oeuvre de cet appareil - Google Patents
Appareil de dessalement et procede de mise en oeuvre de cet appareil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997048646A1 WO1997048646A1 PCT/JP1997/002098 JP9702098W WO9748646A1 WO 1997048646 A1 WO1997048646 A1 WO 1997048646A1 JP 9702098 W JP9702098 W JP 9702098W WO 9748646 A1 WO9748646 A1 WO 9748646A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- evaporator
- raw water
- heat
- desalination apparatus
- water tank
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/138—Water desalination using renewable energy
- Y02A20/142—Solar thermal; Photovoltaics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
- Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
- Y10S159/16—Vacuum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
- Y10S159/901—Promoting circulation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
- Y10S159/902—Concentrating evaporators using natural heat
- Y10S159/903—Solar
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
- Y10S203/01—Solar still
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
- Y10S203/11—Batch distillation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a desalination apparatus that obtains fresh water from raw water such as seawater, salt-containing groundwater (brine water), and industrial wastewater by distillation using solar energy, and an operation method thereof.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional desalination apparatus using solar energy, called a basin-type solar still.
- the desalination plant in Fig. 17 has a basin 102 that holds raw water 101 such as seawater, and an air shield 103 that covers the basin 102 and that can pass solar energy 104.
- the outer surface of the air shield 103 is used as a heat radiator 106.
- the raw water 101 in the basin 102 is heated by the solar energy 104 to generate steam 105, and the steam is generated on the inner surface of the air shield 103.
- 105 is cooled and condensed to obtain distilled water 107.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and has a solar energy desalination apparatus capable of sufficiently understanding the characteristics of solar energy and effectively utilizing solar energy to obtain fresh water from raw water. And an operation method thereof.
- a detailed object of the present invention is to provide a desalination apparatus capable of obtaining a large amount of distilled water at a low temperature using a reduced pressure state.
- Another object of the present invention is to extend the service life of a solar collector by using a circulating heat medium.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-effect vaporizer that can utilize the heat energy obtained by a solar heat collector with high efficiency. It is to provide a desalination device having a combination of a can and a condenser.
- a desalination apparatus includes a solar heat collector that heats a heat medium with solar energy, such that heat is exchanged between the heat medium and raw water in an evaporator to generate steam in the evaporator.
- a heat exchanger that cooperates with the evaporator, a condenser that cooperates with the raw water tank to receive steam in the evaporator, exchange heat with the raw water in the raw water tank, and cool and convert it into distilled water.Distillation that stores distilled water.
- a water tank, vacuum means for evacuating and reducing the pressure in the evaporator so as to promote generation of water vapor in the evaporator, and raw water supply means for supplying raw water to the evaporator are provided.
- the vacuum means reduces the pressure inside the evaporator and the condensing space and the distilled water storage space communicating therewith.
- the desalination apparatus of the present invention preferably comprises a plurality of evaporators in series, i.e., a multiple effect relationship, and a condenser cooperating with the evaporators.
- the heat exchanger is configured to cooperate with the first evaporator and generate steam in the first evaporator, and the condenser cooperating with the raw water tank converts the last evaporator water vapor. Configured to accept.
- the condenser cooperating with the evaporator receives the water vapor in the front evaporator and cools it with the raw water in the rear evaporator to be distilled water, and also heats the raw water in the rear evaporator to generate water vapor.
- the heat exchanger cooperates with the front evaporator, generates water vapor in the front evaporator, and condenses with the raw water tank.
- the vessel is configured to receive the steam in the rear evaporator and cool it to distilled water by the raw water in the raw water tank. Then, the steam in the front evaporator is received and cooled by the raw water in the rear evaporator to become distilled water, and at the same time, the raw water in the rear evaporator is heated to cooperate with the evaporator to generate water vapor.
- a condenser is arranged.
- the heat exchanger cooperates with the first evaporator and the condenser cooperates with the raw water tank receives the steam in the third evaporator and cools it with the raw water in the raw water tank to produce distilled water. It is composed of Then, the steam in the first evaporator is received and cooled by the raw water in the second evaporator to form distilled water, and at the same time, the raw water in the second evaporator is heated and cooperated with the evaporator to generate steam.
- the steam in the third evaporator is cooled by the raw water in the third evaporator into distilled water while receiving the steam in the second evaporator, and the raw water in the third evaporator is heated to generate water vapor.
- a condenser cooperating with the evaporator is arranged.
- N evaporators N is an integer of 4 or more
- N-1 sets of front and rear evaporators are formed, and N-1 condensers cooperating with the evaporator are used. used.
- the desalination apparatus of the present invention preferably has the following configuration.
- (A) The circulation of the heat medium is performed by the action of a thermosiphon, which is generated by heating the heat medium in the solar heat collector to become steam and then cooling it to liquid in the first evaporator.
- the heat medium is water.
- the desalination device has an air shield covering the raw water tank, the inner surface of the air shield has a structure for cooling water vapor and collecting it as distilled water, and the outer surface of the air shield serves as a heat radiator. .
- the energy collecting part of the solar heat collector will be located on the outer surface above the air shield in the sunlight.
- the solar heat collector is placed so as to cover the top of the whole desalination plant and block the light going to other parts of the desalination plant.
- the heat exchanger includes a heat transfer tube extending in a substantially horizontal direction in the evaporator, a heat medium is passed through the heat transfer tube, and a heating section of raw water and a heat source are provided between the inner surface of the evaporator and the outer surface of the heat transfer tube.
- An evaporator is formed.
- the condenser in the evaporator is provided with a heat transfer tube extending in a substantially horizontal direction in the evaporator, and water vapor is passed through the heat transfer tube, and the raw water is heated between the inner surface of the evaporator and the outer surface of the heat transfer tube.
- the heat transfer tube is slightly inclined with respect to the horizontal direction so that the inlet side of the heat medium or steam is higher than the outlet side.
- the condenser cooperating with the raw water tank is provided with a heat transfer tube adjacent to the bottom surface of the raw water tank and extending almost parallel to the bottom surface.
- the raw water tank is capable of storing raw water at a depth where thermal stratification occurs.
- K Raw water, The tank has a diffuser that supplies air bubbles into the raw water. Preferably, the air diffuser is arranged to supply air bubbles into the raw water near the raw water surface.
- the desalination plant is equipped with solar power generation equipment and is driven by electric power supplied from the solar power generation equipment.
- the desalination apparatus of the present invention can selectively have the following configuration.
- (N) The heat transfer tubes are arranged so as to extend almost parallel to the bottom surface at a half or less of the height of each evaporator.
- (O) The water source for the raw water tank is set so that the temperature rise due to cooling of the water vapor is 10 ° C or less per day.
- the desalination apparatus is disposed in a solar heat collector that heats a heat medium by solar energy, a plurality of evaporators, a raw water tank, a distilled water tank, and a raw water tank.
- the method of operating the desalination apparatus includes a step of operating a raw water supply means to supply a predetermined amount of raw water into the evaporator, operating the vacuum means to exhaust the evaporator and exhaust the evaporator to a predetermined vacuum.
- the solar energy is transferred from the solar collector to the raw water of the first evaporator via the heat medium, and the raw water of the first evaporator is vaporized.
- Steam is cooled by the raw water in the rear evaporator, condensed and collected as distilled water in the distilled water tank, and steam is generated in the rear evaporator.
- the water vapor generated in the last evaporator is converted into water in the raw water tank.
- the method includes the steps of cooling and condensing with raw water to collect distilled water as distilled water, collecting the distilled water collected in the distilled water tank, and discharging the concentrated raw water in the evaporator.
- the operation method of the present invention preferably has the following configuration.
- P The step of supplying a predetermined amount of raw water into the evaporator and the step of activating the vacuum means to exhaust the evaporator to a predetermined degree of vacuum inside the evaporator start at the same time. Thereby, the power consumption of the vacuum means can be reduced.
- Q Removing distilled water collected in the distilled water tank, discharging concentrated raw water in the evaporator, and operating the raw water supply means to supply a predetermined amount of raw water into the evaporator.
- the step of activating the vacuum means and evacuating the evaporator to set the inside of the evaporator to a predetermined degree of vacuum is performed and completed one time before sunrise.
- the operation method of the present invention can selectively have the following configuration. ( ⁇ ) If the amount of distilled water collected in the distilled water tank during operation of the desalination unit exceeds a predetermined amount, or if it becomes necessary to remove distilled water, the communication between the distilled water tank and the condenser must be established. Shut off, open the distilled water tank to the atmosphere, take out distilled water, depressurize the empty distilled water tank with a vacuum pump, and then communicate with the condenser.
- the following preparation steps are performed before the desalination apparatus starts the distilled water production operation.
- the distilled water flows out from the distilled water tank, and the raw water remaining in the evaporator is discharged.
- the opening to the atmosphere, the outlet of the distilled water tank, and the raw water discharge port of the evaporator are closed, the internal space is closed, and the internal space is evacuated by operating the vacuum means, and the pressure is reduced to a predetermined level.
- the raw water supply means is operated to supply a predetermined amount of raw water in the raw water tank into the evaporator.
- the raw water flows into the evaporator, and the reduced pressure state in the evaporator degass the raw water in the evaporator.
- the raw water supply port is closed.
- the degree of decompression of the internal space of the device is determined in consideration of the power required for decompression and the efficiency of steam generation by a low-temperature heat source. After the internal space has been reduced to the specified pressure, cut off the communication between the internal space and the vacuum means and do not stop the operation of the vacuum means.
- the heat medium is heated by solar energy in the solar heat collector and is preferably turned into heat medium vapor.
- the raw water in the evaporator is heated by a heat medium via a heat exchanger to generate steam.
- the water vapor in the evaporator is cooled and condensed by the raw water in the raw water tank via the condenser cooperating with the raw water tank, and collected as distilled water in the distilled water tank.
- N evaporation If multiple cans are used, N-1 sets of evaporators before and after the cans are used.
- the steam in the front evaporator is cooled by the raw water in the rear evaporator into distilled water through the condenser cooperating with the evaporator, and is distilled in the rear evaporator. Is heated to generate steam.
- the water vapor in the last evaporator is introduced into the condenser arranged in the raw water tank and cooled to become distilled water, which is collected in the distilled water tank.
- FIGS. 1 to 4 are diagrams each showing a basic configuration example of a desalination apparatus using solar energy according to the present invention.
- 5 to 8 are diagrams each showing a basic configuration example of an evaporator used in the desalination apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a thermosiphon effect.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 are diagrams each showing a basic configuration example of a basin-type solar still used in the desalination apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a state of a basin of a basin-type solar still.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a basic configuration of a basin-type solar still having an air pump.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an arrangement of a multiple-effect desalination apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the appearance of a multiple-effect desalination apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing another basic configuration example of the evaporator used in the desalination apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of a basic configuration of a conventional desalination apparatus using solar energy.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing a first basic configuration example of a desalination apparatus using solar energy according to the present invention.
- the desalination apparatus 1 includes a solar heat collector 10, an evaporator 60, and a raw water tank 72.
- Solar heat collector 10 is an energy collection unit 1 2 that collects solar energy 1 1 It converts the solar energy 11 collected by the collection unit 12 into heat energy and heats the heat medium 13.
- the energy collecting unit 12 includes a light absorbing plate made heat-exchangeable with a heat medium, and an outer shell that covers the light absorbing plate and prevents heat radiation from the light absorbing plate.
- the sunlit side of the outer shell is composed of a transparent panel through which sunlight can pass.
- the outer shell can be made of, for example, a vacuum glass tube having high heat insulation.
- the pressure in the can body 61 is reduced by vacuum means such as a vacuum pump (not shown).
- the raw water 62 in the evaporator 60 is heated by the high-temperature heat medium 13 via the heat exchanger 92, and is converted into steam 63 under reduced pressure.
- the water vapor 63 in the can 61 is introduced into a condenser 98, which exchanges heat with the raw water 71 in the raw water tank 72, and is cooled and condensed by the raw water 71 to form distilled water 76.
- Raw water 7 1 is heated.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a second basic configuration example of a desalination apparatus using solar energy according to the present invention.
- a basin-type solar still 70 covers a raw water tank 7 2 holding raw water 7 1 with an air shield 7 3 through which most of solar energy 11 passes, and applies solar energy 11 to raw water 7 1. It absorbs directly, heats the raw water 71, uses the outer surface of the air shield 73 as a radiator 73 ', and condenses the water vapor 74 evaporated from the raw water on the inner surface to obtain distilled water 75. .
- the water vapor 63 in the can body 61 of the evaporator 60 is introduced into a condenser 98 cooled by raw water 71 of a basin-type solar still 70, and cooled and condensed by distilled water 7 by raw water 71. 6 and the raw water 7 1 is heated.
- the evaporator 60 is preferably incorporated into the air shield 73 in order to prevent heat loss from the evaporator 60 and to save space.
- the energy collecting unit 12 of the solar heat collector 10 is installed so as to cover a part or the whole of the upper part of the outer surface of the air shield 73, which is exposed to sunlight.
- the energy collector 12 is integrated with the air shield 73 or a part of the air shield 73 is also used as the energy collector 12.
- the evaporator 60 is incorporated in a basin-type solar still 70, and the raw water 62 of the evaporator 60 is heated by the heat medium 13 heated by the solar collector 10.
- the steam 63 generated in the evaporator 60 serves as a heating source for the raw water 71 in the raw water tank 72 and is condensed into distilled water 76.
- Steam generated from raw water 7 1 in raw water tank 7 2 7 4 The outer surface of the air shield 73 is condensed on the inner surface as a heat radiating portion 73 'to become distilled water 75.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a third basic configuration example of a desalination apparatus using solar energy according to the present invention.
- the desalination apparatus shown in Fig. 3 has a configuration in which a gap 14 is provided between the energy collecting section 12 and the heat radiating section 7 3 'of the air shield 73, and outside air 15 passes through the gap 14 due to a chimney effect. Except for, it is the same as Fig. 2. By allowing the outside air 15 to pass through the gap 14, the heat radiation of the heat radiating portion 7 3 ′ can be promoted.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a fourth basic configuration example of a desalination apparatus using solar energy according to the present invention.
- the desalination apparatus in FIG. 4 includes a plurality of stages of evaporators 60, 60 ′, ⁇ , and the first-stage evaporator 60 includes a heating medium 13 of the solar heat collector 10 and its raw water.
- the second evaporator 60 ' is used as the heating source for the raw water 62, and the steam evaporator 63 generated in the evaporator 60 is used as the heating source for the raw water 62.
- the evaporators 60, 60 ′,... are multi-utilized so that the water vapor 6 3 ′ generated in the evaporator 60 ′ is used as a heating source for the raw water 62. Although not shown, it is preferable that at least the heating and evaporating section of the plurality of evaporators 60, 60 ′,... Be incorporated in the air shield 73.
- the heat medium 13 of the solar heat collector 10 can be used as a heating source of the raw water 71 of the base-type solar heat distiller 70.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a first basic configuration example of an evaporator.
- the evaporator 60 has at least one or more heat transfer tubes 6 4 extending in a substantially horizontal direction in a horizontally installed can body 6 1, and heat transfer tubes 6 4 are attached to both ends of the heat transfer tubes 6 4.
- the inside is a radiating portion of a heat medium or a condensing portion of water vapor
- the outside of the heat transfer tube 64 is a heating / evaporating portion of raw water.
- the structure of the evaporator can be simplified, and high performance can be obtained even with a small temperature difference. In addition, it can be easily integrated into a Sun-type solar still.
- Heat transfer tubes 6 4 withstand vacuum pressure, Another shape having good heat transfer characteristics can be obtained.
- the evaporator 60 having the configuration shown in FIG. 5 is disposed so as to be entirely inclined so that the condensed water in the heat transfer tube 64 is easily discharged, and an outlet 68 8 of the heat medium or the condensed water is provided. May be located below the heat medium or steam input ⁇ 67.
- the condensed water in the heat transfer tube 64 is discharged from the outlet ⁇ 68 without stagnation.
- the heating medium is used in the liquid phase, the high temperature ripening medium liquid inlet ⁇ 67 ′ can be set at the bottom, and the low temperature heating medium liquid outlet 68 ′ can be set at the top.
- the high-temperature heat medium from the solar heat collector is introduced into the heat transfer tube 64 through the inlet 67 or the high-temperature heat medium liquid inlet 67 ', and the heat medium radiated is the outlet 68 or the low-temperature heat medium liquid. It is discharged from exit 6 8 'and returned to the solar collector.
- the steam 63 generated in the evaporator 60 in the preceding stage is introduced into the heat transfer tube 64 from the inlet 67, and distilled water is discharged from the outlet 68.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a second basic configuration example of the evaporator. Components common to FIG. 5 are denoted by common reference numerals.
- the heat transfer tubes 64 in the can body 61 in FIG. 6 are arranged horizontally or inclined with respect to the bottom of the evaporator, and the outlet 68 is located below the inlet 67. Also in the steam can of FIG. 6, when the heat medium is used in the liquid phase, the heat medium liquid inlet 6 7 ′ can be set to the lower side, and the heat medium liquid outlet 6 8 ′ can be set to the upper side.
- the condensed water in the heat transfer tubes 64 is discharged through the outlet 68 without staying.
- the evaporation area can be maximized by arranging the heat transfer tube 64 in the lower half of the diameter D of the can body 61 and setting the liquid level of the raw water 22 almost at the center of the can body 61. Therefore, high quality distilled water without mist entrainment can be obtained.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a third basic configuration example of the evaporator. Components common to those in FIGS. 5 and 6 are denoted by common reference numerals. At least one set of heat transfer tubes 6 4 is disposed in the evaporator 60 in a horizontally installed can body 61, and a room for attaching the heat transfer tubes 64 at the center of the can body 61. 6 9 is provided, and rooms 65, 66 are provided on both sides inside the can body 21 for attaching heat transfer tubes 6 4 together, and a heat medium or steam inlet 6 9 a is provided in the room 69 in the center. The outlets 28, 28 of the heating medium or distilled water are provided in the rooms 65, 66 on both sides, respectively. Structure of evaporator 60 in Fig. 7 According to the configuration, even when the can body 61 of the evaporator 60 is long and the heat transfer tube 64 is long, the pressure loss on the condensation side is not increased, and the heat medium or distilled water is easily discharged. Can be issued.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a fourth basic configuration example of the evaporator. Components common to those in FIGS. 5 to 7 are denoted by common reference numerals.
- the heat transfer tubes 64 and 64 are arranged inclined with respect to the horizontal direction, and the outlet 68 is located below the room 69 communicating with the central inlet 69 a. Is done.
- the heat transfer tube 64 is disposed in the lower half of the diameter D of the can body 61.
- the inside of the can body 61 and the heat transfer tube 64 is reduced to a low pressure by a vacuum means equipped with a vacuum pump or the like before the operation of producing distilled water. It is maintained at low pressure and promotes the generation of steam.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the principle that the heat medium of the solar heat collector 10 circulates by a thermosaphon effect.
- the heat medium heated by the solar energy 11 collected by the energy collecting section 12 of the solar heat collector 10 becomes steam 110, which is sent to the condensing means 1 1 1 and is condensed by the condensing means 1 1 1 1
- the condensed liquid 113 is cooled and condensed by the cooling medium 112 composed of the cooling liquid, and flows to the energy collecting part 112.
- the heat medium is evaporated and condensed to generate heat circulation (thermosiphon action), and is circulated without using any special power.
- Thermosiphons have good heat-following properties and have excellent heat transfer performance due to phase change in the heat transfer section, and can be operated with a small temperature difference.
- the heat medium can be forcedly circulated using a pump without phase change, or can be naturally circulated by a temperature difference.In this case, low efficiency operation is required because pump power is required.
- disadvantages such as the need for a means for preventing heat loss due to circulation of the heat medium when there is no heat.
- organic heat medium such as fluorocarbon, which is often used in refrigeration cycles.However, considering the safety and environmental impact of the heat medium leak, water Optimal.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a first basic configuration example of a basin-type solar still.
- Book The basin-type solar still 70 has an air shield (for example, a metal plate such as a thin aluminum plate or a thin stainless steel plate) that has good thermal conductivity and blocks light around the entire raw water tank 72. It is a configuration covered by 3. By doing so, the heat transfer characteristics of the heat radiating surface 73 'can be improved. In addition, the heat radiation area that is not exposed to direct sunlight without significantly impairing the heat insulation of the water basin 72 is dramatically increased compared to the conventional example. At the same time, the shading increases the living organisms in the raw water in the raw water tank 72 (algae, etc.). The occurrence of aquatic plankton) can be suppressed.
- an air shield for example, a metal plate such as a thin aluminum plate or a thin stainless steel plate
- the heat radiation area can be further increased.
- the fins 78 are preferably arranged to guide the airflow upward.
- the fins 38 may be provided on the inner surface of the air shield 73.
- the air shield 33 can be formed of a flat plate or a corrugated plate.
- the depth of the raw water tank 72 is preferably equal to or greater than the depth at which the temperature stratification of the evaporation layer L1 and the heat radiation layer L2 is formed in the raw water 71. That is, the heat exchange section 77 is arranged at the bottom of the raw water tank 72, and the heat medium from the solar heat collector 10 and the water vapor from the evaporator 60 are sent to radiate heat (radiation layer L 2). It is sufficient if the depth is such that the range where the solar energy 11 is absorbed, the raw water is heated, and evaporation is performed (evaporation layer L 1). The depth at which the thermal stratification is formed depends on the size of the raw water tank 72, but is required to be at least 100 mm or more, and preferably 600 mm.
- the size of the raw water tank 72 is such that the amount of raw water held there is increased by the heat supplied from the raw water heating source.
- the temperature is below 10 ° C.
- the heated raw water 71 is cooled and becomes a cooling source again.
- the raw water in the evaporator is preferably supplied with raw water 71 in a raw water tank 72.
- the raw water in the raw water tank 72 of the basin-type solar still 70 is constantly or regularly discharged from the lower part by a fixed amount at the same time, and at the same time, the raw water 71 is supplied to the outside so that the water level is constant. Low-temperature raw water is supplied to the raw water tank 72 near the bottom of the tank. It is configured to be.
- the basin-type solar still 70 is provided with a fan (not shown) to promote the convection of the gas phase inside the basin-type solar still 70, and to reduce the convective heat transfer accompanying the evaporation of the raw water 71 in the basin-type solar still 70.
- FIG. 13 shows a basic configuration example of the basin-type solar still
- the basin-type solar still 70 in FIG. 13 is provided with an air diffuser 80 at the bottom of the raw water tank 72, and the air pump 81 is used to move the upper part of the basin-type solar still 70.
- the air is sent to the air diffuser 80 and air bubbles 42 are diffused into the raw water 71.
- the air bubbles 82 into the raw water 71 is agitated and convection is promoted.
- Gas bubbles released from the water surface also promote convection in the gas phase, increasing the evaporation of raw water 71 As a result, the amount of distilled water recovered can be increased and the temperature rise of the raw water 71, which is a low heat source, can be suppressed.
- the surface area can be increased by reducing the surface roughness, and the amount of water vapor generated can be increased.
- the desalination equipment is installed in remote areas where power cannot be supplied, such as deserts and remote islands, by supplying the power required for the operation of vacuum means, operation valves, control devices, etc., to solar power generation equipment. It is possible to do. In this case, it is desirable that the electric equipment be driven by a DC power supply.
- the desalination unit comprises a rainwater recovery facility.
- FIG. 14 is a layout view of a multiple-effect desalination apparatus according to the present invention
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing its appearance.
- the desalination unit 8 is surrounded by an air shield 42 composed of a front plate 52, a rear plate 53, a side plate 54, a bottom plate 55, etc.
- a solar heat collector 10 inclined at a predetermined angle is arranged.
- a solar cell 17 is arranged above the desalination unit.
- Inside the air shield 4 2 below A raw water tank 56 is installed, and a vacuum distillation apparatus 20 described later is arranged above the raw water tank 56.
- the power generation control panel 18 and the device control panel 19 can be integrated by incorporating the battery 18a.
- a radiation fin 52 a is provided on the front plate 52.
- the back plate 53 is provided with heat radiating fins 32a
- the bottom plate 55 is provided with heat radiating fins 55a.
- the vacuum distillation apparatus 20 shown in FIG. 14 includes three evaporators 21, 22, and 23 arranged at the top of a raw water tank 56. As will be described later, the evaporators 21, 22, and 23 have heat transfer tubes 21-1, 22-1, and 23-in the can body 21-2 and 22-2.2 23-2, respectively. 1 is provided. Heated with the energy collected by the solar heat collector ⁇ The evaporated heat medium vapor is led to the heat transfer tube 21-1 of the evaporator 21 through the pipe 24, and radiated by the heat transfer tube 21-1. The liquid itself is returned to the solar heat collector through the buffer pipe 25 and the pipes 26 and 38 as a heat transfer liquid. The heating medium is water.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a fifth arrangement of the evaporator used in the desalination apparatus of the present invention.
- the evaporator 21 in Fig. 16 has at least one set of heat transfer tubes 2 1-1 in a horizontally installed can body 2 1-2, and transfers the heat to the center of the can body 2 1-2.
- Room 2 1—3 is provided for installing heat pipes 2 1—1 together, and rooms 2 1—4 and 2 1 are provided for installing heat transfer tubes 2 1—1 on both sides of can body 2 1—2.
- -4 is provided, and the heat medium vapor inlet is provided in the center room 21-3, and the condensed heat medium outlet is provided in each of the rooms 21-4 and 21-4 on both sides.
- the heat transfer tube 21-1 is arranged so that the heat medium inflow side thereof is inclined above the heat medium discharge side. Further, the heat transfer tube 21-1 is arranged so as to be located below half of the diameter D of the can body 21-2. With this arrangement, even when the can body 2 1-2 of the evaporator 21 is long and the heat transfer tube 2 1-1 is long, the pressure loss is small. Further, the heat medium can be easily discharged without staying in the heat transfer tubes 21_1.
- the water vapor generated in the can body 21-2 of the evaporator 21 is introduced into the heat transfer tube 22-1 of the evaporator 22 through the pipe 27.
- Heat release ⁇ Condensed and collected in distilled water tank 31.
- the water vapor generated in the can body 22-2 of the evaporator 22 is guided to the heat transfer tube 23-1 of the evaporator 23 through the pipe 28, where it is radiated and condensed and collected in the distilled water tank 32. .
- the water vapor generated in the can body 2 3-2 of the evaporator 2 3 It is guided through a pipe 29 to a condenser (heat transfer tube) 30 arranged in a raw water tank 56, where it is radiated and condensed and collected in a distilled water tank 33.
- a condenser heat transfer tube
- the condenser 30 has one or more sets of heat transfer tubes 30-1, and a room 30-3 for mounting the heat transfer tubes 30-1 together is provided at the center, and the heat transfer tubes 30-0 are provided on both sides. Rooms 30-4 and 30-4 are provided for installing 1 together, with a steam inlet in room 30-3 in the center and a condensate outlet in rooms 30-4 and 30-4 on both sides. This is the configuration provided. Similar to the inclined mounting of the heat transfer tubes of the evaporator, it is desirable to arrange the heat transfer tubes 30-1 so that the steam inflow side of the heat transfer tubes 30-1 is located above the condensed water discharge side.
- the distilled water in the distilled water tanks 31, 32, 33 is collected in a distilled water collecting tank 34.
- Raw water containing salt, etc., pumped from the sea or wells, etc. is pre-treated and held in a raw water supply tank 36.
- the amount of raw water held in the raw water supply tank 36 is always kept constant. It is desirable that each of these raw water pretreatment devices and supply devices be equipped with a photovoltaic power generation device, or each photovoltaic device independently, and be operated using the generated electricity as a power source.
- the raw water is supplied from the raw water supply tank 36 to the raw water tank 56 of the desalination apparatus 8 using a height difference so as to have a predetermined water level.
- a ball tap (float valve) 37 is used.
- an inlet for supplying raw water from the supply tank is provided near the condenser 30 installed at the bottom of the raw water tank 56. It is convenient to complete the preparatory steps, such as the supply of raw water, before the coldest temperature is said.
- the inside of the system where the evaporation and distillation are performed that is, the inside of the can body 21-2 of the evaporator 21 (outside of the heat transfer tubes 21-11) and the heat transfer tubes 22-1 of the evaporator 22 and the evaporator 23
- the inside of the heat transfer tube 2 3-1, the heat transfer tube 30-1 of the condenser 30 and the inside of the distilled water tank 31, 32, 33, and the piping connecting them, are evacuated to the specified vacuum level by the vacuum pump 35. It is evacuated.
- the vacuum pump 35 can be replaced with another method such as an ejector.
- the valves SV31, SV32 and SV33 are opened, and the raw water is discharged from the raw water tank 16 using the vacuum. After filling the specified amount in 23-3, close the valves SV31, SV32 and SV33.
- the raw water supply is detected by a liquid level detector installed at a predetermined position on the can bodies 21 -2.2.22-2 and 23-2 of the evaporators 21, 22 and 23.
- the upper limit level of the liquid level is determined from the upper limit of the concentration of raw water to be concentrated and the liquid holding capacity determined by the amount of evaporation, and the approximate center of the can body 21-2 and 22-2. 23-2 to prevent mist entrainment.
- the lower limit level is also determined from the final liquid holding volume at the upper concentration limit, but at the same time, so that the heat transfer tubes 21-1, 22-1, 23-1 do not dry up (expose from the liquid surface).
- the valve SV21 connects the solar heat collector that collects solar energy and evaporates water in the system, which is a heat medium, and the heat transfer tube 21-1 of the evaporator 21 that condenses the vapor by piping.
- This valve is used to evacuate and evacuate the system when water, which is the heating medium, is sealed in the thermosiphon system. This operation is not necessary unless air leaks into the thermosiphon system and performance is reduced.
- the evaporator 21 and the buffer pipe 25 need to be installed above the steam outlet at the upper end of the solar collector.
- the water surface in the circulation system is lower than the heat transfer surface of the evaporator 21, and the heat collection surface of the solar heat collector 10 is set to be always below the water surface. If the capacity in the circulation system is sufficiently large, the buffer pipe 25 serving as a cushion tank is unnecessary.
- the condensed water flowing down from the buffer pipe 25 passes through the pipe 26, passes through the pipe 38 provided below the solar heat collector 10, and returns to the solar heat collector again. This forms a closed circulation of the thermosiphon.
- heat exchange is performed near the water surface of the raw water tank 56. This is to promote the use of heat by children.
- the raw water held in the can body 2 1-2 is heated and evaporates at the same time, and steam is generated.
- the water vapor is supplied to the inside of the heat transfer pipe 22-1 (heating section) of the next evaporator 22 through the pipe 27.
- the water vapor enters the heat transfer tube 22-1 from the room 22 13 provided in the center and becomes a heating source, and itself condenses into distilled water.
- the raw water held in the can body 2-2 is heated and evaporates at the same time as evaporating, generating steam, which is then distributed to the piping After passing through 28, it is supplied to the inside of the heat transfer tube 23-1 (heating section) of the next evaporator 23.
- the steam enters the heat transfer tube 23-1 from the steam inlet of the room 23-3 provided in the center and becomes a heating source, and condenses itself. It becomes distilled water and flows down from the condensed water outlets of the rooms 23-4 and 23-4 provided on both sides of the heat transfer tube 23-1, and flows down the piping 40 connected to the distilled water tank 32. Steaming Collected in the retention tank 32.
- the raw water held in the can 23-2 is heated and at the same time evaporation starts to generate steam. It is supplied to the condenser 30 installed at the bottom of the raw water tank 56 through the inside.
- the water enters the heat transfer pipe 30-1 from the steam inlet of the room 30-3 provided in the center and becomes a heating source of the raw water in the raw water tank 56.
- Room 30-4 provided on both sides of 1 30-4. The water flows down from the condensed water outlet of 30-4 and is collected in the distilled water tank 33 while flowing down the pipe 41 connected to the distilled water tank 33.
- the solar energy is efficiently and reliably absorbed by the solar heat collector 10 while following the fluctuations in the amount of solar radiation, and distillation is continued in the evaporators 21, 22, and 23. Is done.
- the following operations (1) to (3) are performed in order to reliably follow the fluctuations in the amount of solar radiation and perform distillation efficiently.
- the operation (1) may be performed simultaneously with each of the systems of the evaporators 22 and 23 and the condenser 30, or may be performed independently for each system.
- the extraction line is provided in the distilled water tanks 31, 32, and 33 because the non-condensable gas in the system is collected together with the evaporative steam in the condensing section, where the water vapor is almost condensed. This is to collect non-condensable gas more efficiently and to extract air.
- SV2 and SV3 shut off the side communicating with the evaporators 22 and 23 and the condenser 30 to maintain the inside of the system at a vacuum, and connect the open-air side to the distilled water tanks 31, 32 and 33, and Open the water tanks 31, 32, 33 to the atmosphere.
- the raw water in 2, 23 will be concentrated and the stock will decrease. For this reason, the lower limit level is detected by the liquid level detector installed in the canisters 21-2, 22-2.23-2 of the evaporators 21, 22, and 23.
- the valves SV31, SV32 and SV33 are opened, and the raw water in the raw water tank 56 is discharged using the degree of vacuum to the can bodies 21—2, 22-2.23—2 of the evaporators 21, 22, and 23. After supplying a predetermined amount into the valve, close the valves SV31, SV32 and SV33. These operations can be carried out for each system as needed.
- the raw water in the raw water tank 56 has a convection due to the heating from the thermosiphon system, which performs heat exchange near the water surface as described above, and the heat supplied from the condenser 30 installed at the bottom of the raw water tank 56.
- the resulting water surface temperature rises. This promotes evaporation at the water surface of the raw water tank 56, shuts off the flow with the outside air, and at the same time, air the air (water vapor) of the desalination unit 8 covered with the air blocker (cover) 42 that also serves as a heat radiator to the atmosphere.
- convection heat is generated in the air (evaporator) of the desalination unit 8.
- the air shield (cover) 42 which also functions as a heat radiating part
- moisture in the air part (evaporating part) condenses and forms dew on the inner surface due to heat radiation to the atmosphere.
- the condensed water that has condensed flows down the inner wall of the air shield (cover) 42, flows down the pipe 43, is collected in the distilled water collection tank 34, and is collected as distilled water.
- the temperature rise of the raw water in the raw water tank 56 which is a cooling source, is suppressed as much as possible by evaporation, and In this case, distilled water can be recovered from the raw water in the raw water tank 56.
- the amount of heat released here is not sufficient because the convective heat transfer between air and water vapor is dominant, and the amount of distilled water recovered is smaller than that of evaporators 21, 22 and 23.
- the solar radiation stops, and at the same time the temperature starts to fall rapidly, increasing the radiant cooling to the sky. Therefore, the amount of heat radiated from the air shield (cover) 42 also serving as the heat radiating portion of the desalination device 8 rapidly increases.
- the raw water in the desalination unit 8 warmed by the sun releases the retained heat by evaporating and cools, but the vapor evaporated at the same time is recovered as distilled water without waste as described above.
- the raw water in the raw water tank 56 which was warmed during the day and did not release heat sufficiently due to evaporation, had a large amount of stored water, and naturally had a large amount of heat. Can be collected. In addition, since it is sufficiently cooled, it can be effectively used as a cooling source for the condenser 30 on the next day.
- the three-way valves SV1, SV2, and SV3 are set to the atmosphere open side, and communicate with the distilled water tanks 31, 32, and 33 to open the insides of the respective distilled water tanks 31, 32, and 33 to the atmosphere. After opening to the atmosphere, open valves SVI1, SV12 and SV13 and discharge the distilled water in each distilled water tank 31, 32, 33 down to the distilled water tank 34.
- the three-way valves SV1, SV2 and SV3 may of course be used as a set of two two-way valves.
- valve SV 51 is a valve for discharging the concentrated raw water in the raw water tank 56 as necessary.
- the bypass valve V-1 of the valve SV 51 is opened and discharged, and a small amount of raw water is discharged. It is hardly operated because it is constantly replaced.
- the bypass valve V-1 may not always drain water.
- an oil rotary vacuum pump is used for the vacuum pump 35.
- the oil-water separator 4 4 is used to prevent oil deterioration.
- the valve SV 52 is a drain valve of the drain separated by the oil / water separator 44.
- the desalination unit such as the vacuum pump 35, the operation valve, and the control unit, which is the source of vacuum
- the power generation control panel 18 and the equipment control panel 19 are integrated with the desalination plant, and the entire plant is downsized.
- the capacity: S of the solar cell 17 and the battery 18 a is reduced.
- the desalination apparatus can include an automatic operation device.
- the desalination apparatus of the present invention uses solar energy as a heat source and does not use fossil fuel, it is economical and does not cause environmental pollution.
- the present invention has a long service life because raw water components do not adhere to the solar heat collector by using a heat medium.
- a large amount of distilled water can be obtained by using the solar energy as a heat source by reducing the pressure of the evaporator and the condenser and making the condenser multiple-use.
- the desalination plant can be installed and operated in desert areas, remote islands, etc.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97927387A EP0922676A4 (en) | 1996-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | DESALINATION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THEIR OPERATION |
US09/214,010 US6391162B1 (en) | 1996-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | Desalination apparatus and method of operating the same |
JP50267298A JP3698730B2 (ja) | 1996-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | 淡水化装置及びその運転方法 |
AU31900/97A AU718277B2 (en) | 1996-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | Desalination apparatus and method of operating the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP17990296 | 1996-06-19 | ||
JP8/179902 | 1996-06-19 | ||
JP17990196 | 1996-06-19 | ||
JP8/179901 | 1996-06-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997048646A1 true WO1997048646A1 (fr) | 1997-12-24 |
Family
ID=26499611
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1997/002098 WO1997048646A1 (fr) | 1996-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | Appareil de dessalement et procede de mise en oeuvre de cet appareil |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6391162B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0922676A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3698730B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1160257C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU718277B2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW401647B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1997048646A1 (ja) |
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WO1999033751A1 (en) * | 1997-12-25 | 1999-07-08 | Ebara Corporation | Desalination method and desalination apparatus |
US6833056B1 (en) | 1997-12-25 | 2004-12-21 | Ebara Corporation | Desalination method and desalination apparatus |
JP2001526959A (ja) * | 1998-12-24 | 2001-12-25 | 株式会社荏原製作所 | 淡水化方法および淡水化装置 |
CN101525167A (zh) * | 2009-04-20 | 2009-09-09 | 郑兰普 | 一种水体蒸发装置 |
JP2011025175A (ja) * | 2009-07-27 | 2011-02-10 | Nishiken Device:Kk | 蒸留装置 |
CN101987750A (zh) * | 2010-10-22 | 2011-03-23 | 西安交通大学 | 废有机物的超临界水处理用预脱盐器 |
JP5667722B1 (ja) * | 2014-07-31 | 2015-02-12 | 鈴木 洋一 | 飲料水化装置 |
CN107416933A (zh) * | 2017-05-25 | 2017-12-01 | 白惠中 | 太阳能海水淡化装置及方法 |
CN113292125A (zh) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-08-24 | 海南大坤环保科技有限公司 | 一种多功能污水处理装置 |
CN113292125B (zh) * | 2021-05-24 | 2023-01-13 | 海南大坤环保科技有限公司 | 一种多功能污水处理装置 |
CN114249373A (zh) * | 2021-12-28 | 2022-03-29 | 内蒙古工业大学 | 一种基于管式疏水陶瓷膜的太阳能淡化水装置及方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU3190097A (en) | 1998-01-07 |
EP0922676A4 (en) | 2000-02-09 |
EP0922676A1 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
AU718277B2 (en) | 2000-04-13 |
TW401647B (en) | 2000-08-11 |
CN1228750A (zh) | 1999-09-15 |
CN1160257C (zh) | 2004-08-04 |
JP3698730B2 (ja) | 2005-09-21 |
US6391162B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
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