WO1997044474A2 - Particules virales masquees ou demasquees vis-a-vis du recepteur cellulaire - Google Patents
Particules virales masquees ou demasquees vis-a-vis du recepteur cellulaire Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997044474A2 WO1997044474A2 PCT/FR1997/000870 FR9700870W WO9744474A2 WO 1997044474 A2 WO1997044474 A2 WO 1997044474A2 FR 9700870 W FR9700870 W FR 9700870W WO 9744474 A2 WO9744474 A2 WO 9744474A2
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Definitions
- the invention relates to recombinant viral particles comprising a peptide having masking and unmasking properties vis-à-vis a biological mechanism, in particular vis-à-vis a cellular interaction mechanism.
- the invention also relates to the application of the above viral particles, in particular to cell targeting of gene transfer.
- Retroviruses and therefore retroviral vectors initiate their infectious cycle by recognizing specific cell surface molecules, called retroviral receptors, with envelope glycoproteins expressed on the surface of retroviral particles. This recognition then leads to the fusion between the viral and cellular membranes, a complex and poorly understood process which is also mediated by a second function of the envelope glycoprotein.
- one-step targeting that is, approaches where the primary interaction has aim to directly lead to the continuation of the infectious cycle, without the intervention of auxiliary processes.
- Retroviral vectors are currently the most widely used vectors for gene transfer and in particular for gene therapy, when integration and stable expression of the transgene are sought.
- Other gene transfer vectors exist (adenovirus-vectors, liposomes, vectors derived from the herpes virus, or vectors derived from AAV), but do not allow the stable and efficient integration of the transgene. If most of the gene therapy protocols explored so far using retroviral vectors are based on the explantation of the patient's cells, their transgenesis and expansion in vitro, followed by their reimplantation, it would be highly desirable to be able to transferring a therapeutic gene into the in vivo context through retroviral vectors.
- the retroviral particle which carries the therapeutic gene should be endowed with certain additional characteristics, and more particularly, that of being able to recognize very specifically the target cells for genetic transfer.
- the surface molecules naturally recognized by retroviruses for the initiation of infection are expressed very widely on most cells. This does not allow precise discrimination of the cells into which it is desired to carry out a gene transfer.
- retroviral vectors capable of performing gene transfer in vivo, by direct inoculation of the recombinant retroviral particles.
- the object of the invention is to propose means making it possible to discriminate target cells from gene therapy. It is essential, for certain applications in gene therapy, to guarantee that the gene transfer will have taken place only in the cells to be treated and not in other cell categories. For example, when it is desired to confer a selective advantage on normal cells with regard to chemotherapy, it is imperative that the transferred gene conferring this advantage has not been introduced into cancer cells.
- the subject of the invention is a two-stage mechanism, in which the second stage is conditioned by the performance of the first stage.
- the subject of the invention is an interesting alternative in terms of targeting performance, in particular since it combines the specific recognition of the target cell and the entry into the target cell associated with a natural retro-viral mechanism known for its effectiveness.
- the invention more particularly relates to a targeting mechanism with two steps: - the first step allowing the recognition of a targeted surface molecule via the new N-terminal binding domain, inserted into an envelope glycoprotein ,
- the second step allowing the conditional recognition of a normal retroviral receptor via a domain specific to the initial envelope glycoprotein and thus, authorizing a relay in the process of entry of the viral particle into the cell, the term "conditional" meaning that the relay in the entry mechanism can only be carried out if the viral particle has previously interacted with the initial surface molecule which, in turn, guarantees that the infection is actually targeted.
- the subject of the invention is new peptides allowing the realization of the first step in a two-step mechanism and playing the role of "masking" with respect to the second step, as long as the first step has not had place and allowing the second stage, i.e. playing the role of unmasking with regard to the second step if, and only if, the first step has taken place.
- the present invention also relates to the construction of chimeric envelope glycoproteins using these new peptides.
- the invention relates to the use of a peptide for the transfer of genes into a target eukaryotic cell, which peptide has from approximately 10 to approximately 200, in particular from approximately 15 to approximately 150 amino acids, and advantageously approximately 20 amino acids, in which at least 30% of the amino acids consist of proline residues, which proline residues are regularly arranged so as to induce folds of the polypeptide chain at approximately 180 ° (" ⁇ -turn” or "reverse- turn "), these folds being regularly spaced and assembling in a polyproline helix with folding type ⁇ (" polyproline ⁇ -turn helix "), in a polypeptide construction containing, on the N-terminal side (upstream) of said peptide, an N-terminal (upstream) protein domain capable of recognizing a targeted surface molecule or an antigen expressed on a cell surface, in particular an appropriate receptor (targeted receptor) located on said cell
- this ⁇ -folded polyproline helix contains 4 ⁇ folds and therefore 4 turns, and is moreover incompatible with a secondary structure in ⁇ -helix or in ⁇ sheet.
- the ⁇ -folding polyproline helix placed between the two domains of the chimeric protein (N-terminal domain and auxiliary domain) intrinsically has, 1) an elastomeric force, 2) the property of self-assembling with other polyproline helices, probably in relation to the trimeric nature of the envelope, 3) the property of transmitting to the auxiliary domain a deformation induced by the binding of the N-terminal domain with its receptor, causing activation of the auxiliary domain .
- the invention generally also relates to any two-step mechanism, the second step being able to be carried out only if the first step has taken place, and relates for example to an enzymatic mechanism involving a chimeric protein and which should only intervene if the chimeric protein has been able to recognize its substrate.
- N-terminal (upstream) protein domain capable of recognizing a targeted surface molecule, or an antigen expressed on a cell surface means that:
- the interaction between this N-terminal protein domain and the targeted surface molecule can be characterized by a dissociation constant (of the order of nanomolar with regard to the interaction of wild retroviral envelope glycoprotein and receptor retroviral);
- the soluble form of this N-terminal protein domain (that is to say not associated in the construction of the chimeric envelope glycoprotein) has binding characteristics similar to this same protein domain when it is inserted in position N-terminal in the chimeric envelope glycoprotein;
- the chimeric envelope glycoprotein containing the N-terminal protein domain can be characterized according to conventional techniques in virology (example: binding test, cf. "Examples").
- binding test cf. "Examples”
- examples as an example of a targeted surface molecule or of antigen expressed on a cell surface, there may be mentioned:
- markers for differentiation of the various hematopoietic lineages in particular markers expressed on early cells and / or hematopoietic stem cells (example: CD34), - markers expressed on tumor cells (example: carcinoembryonic antigens),
- markers specifically present on various differentiated tissues (example: receptor for growth factors, peptide hormones).
- a targeted surface molecule As an example of a targeted surface molecule, mention may be made in particular of a receptor which will hereinafter be designated as a targeted receptor.
- targeted receptor will be understood to include any targeted surface molecule or any antigen expressed on a cell surface.
- C-terminal protein domain (downstream) capable of recognizing an appropriate receptor (auxiliary receptor) means that the C-terminal protein domain can interact with the auxiliary receptor, this interaction being characterized by a dissociation constant which is the order of the nanomolar if the C-terminal protein domain is derived from a retroviral envelope glycoprotein and if the auxiliary receptor is the retroviral receptor used by this same glycoprotein, this interaction making it possible to trigger the fusiogenic process in a mechanism strictly similar to the natural process, that is to say outside the context of a chimeric envelope glycoprotein.
- the peptide which is the subject of the invention is such that, placed between two protein domains, (an N-terminal protein domain with respect to said peptide and a C-terminal protein domain with respect to said peptide), it can induce the function of the C-terminal protein domain (for example the binding if this is the function of this C-terminal domain) if, and only if, the N-terminal protein domain has been mobilized in its function (for example the binding).
- the non-induction of the function of the C-terminal protein domain by the peptide of the invention corresponds to the "masking" mechanism of the peptide of the invention, while the induction of the function of the C-terminal protein domain by the peptide of the invention corresponds to the mechanism of
- the invention relates to the use of a peptide according to the invention, in the construction of a glycoprotein with targeting and fusiogenic activity, essentially intact, carried by a recombinant viral or non-viral gene transfer vector capable of infecting a eukaryotic cell, said eukaryotic cell comprising a targeted receptor and an auxiliary receptor making it possible to facilitate the entry of the aforesaid viral or non-viral vector into the eukaryotic cell, the aforementioned glycoprotein comprising:
- glycoprotein with targeting and fusiogenic activity designates a glycoprotein: 1) capable of being efficiently incorporated into (retro) viral particles carrying a transgene,
- substantially intact refers to a viral glycoprotein which retains all of its determinants necessary for preserving the post-translational processes, if necessary, the oligomerization, the viral incorporation and fusion properties.
- certain alterations can be made to the glycoprotein without significantly affecting these functions and the glycoproteins containing such minor modifications are considered to be substantially intact for the purposes of the invention.
- the glycoprotein may lack a few amino acids (e.g. about 1 to 10), especially at the N-terminus, but will generally be the same size as the wild type protein and has essentially the same biological properties than wild protein.
- non-viral recombinant gene transfer vector denotes macromolecular complexes associating the DNA containing the transferred gene, its expression regulation sequences, and molecules belonging to the class of lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins. , which have functional properties capable, 1) of targeting the deposition of DNA on the surface of the target cell, 2) of introducing this DNA into the target cell, and 3) of introducing this DNA into the nucleus of the target cell.
- cellular entry process of the viral recombinant gene transfer vector is meant the set of events leading to the introduction of the gene carried into the cytoplasm of the targeted cell following initial contact between the surface of this cell and the gene transfer vector.
- retroviral vectors as a function of a defined cellular target for which a "targetable" surface molecule (that is to say sufficiently specific with respect to other tissues) and a ligand for is known.
- this surface molecule ligand or monochain antibody
- An expression vector for this chimeric molecule is inserted into a “semi-transcomplementing” cell line expressing the gag and pol proteins of the MLV virus (coding for the retroviral capsid and the replication enzymes of the retrovirus).
- a “transcomplementing” line is obtained which can then be used to produce retroviral vectors if there is introduced, in addition, a plasmid carrying this retroviral vector, as occurs for conventional transcomplementing lines expressing normal retroviral envelopes.
- a subject of the invention is also the use of a peptide according to the invention, in the construction of an essentially intact (retro) viral envelope glycoprotein, carried by a recombinant (retro) viral particle capable of infecting a eukaryotic cell, said envelope glycoprotein advantageously being in polymeric form, in particular in trimeric form, each monomer of the polymeric form itself being in the form of heterodimer, said eukaryotic cell comprising a targeted receptor and an auxiliary receptor making it possible to facilitate the entry of the above particle
- the envelope glycoprotein comprising:
- the (retro) viral envelope glycoproteins are trimers of hetero-dimers of surface subunit (SU) and transmembrane subunit (TM). This notion of trimerization is fundamental for the functionality of the (retro) viral envelope.
- the envelope glycoproteins of the invention are advantageously in trimeric form.
- the N-terminal (upstream) protein domain is chosen from the following polypeptides:
- the C-terminal (downstream) protein domain corresponds to a (retro) viral envelope glycoprotein, essentially intact, comprising the natural binding domain, the fusion and anchoring functions of the wild envelope glycoprotein from which the envelope glycoprotein carried by the recombinant (retro) viral particle is derived.
- the peptide comes from the envelope glycoprotein of type C retroviruses, and in that the virus is advantageously chosen from: the ecotropic MLV virus, the amphotropic MLV virus, the MLV virus xenotropic, MLV MCF virus, MLV 10A1 virus, GALV (Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus), SSAV (Simian Sarcoma
- FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus
- FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus
- the peptide is chosen from those containing or consisting of one of the following sequences: PRO (4070A), PRO ( MoMLV), ⁇ PRO, PRO +, ⁇ PRO +, PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PR04- ⁇ , ⁇ PR04-int, ⁇ PR04-vrb, PRO ⁇ , PRO-int, PRO-vrb.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a peptide derived or adapted from bovine elastin and chosen from those containing or consisting of one of the following sequences: EL3, EL3-V, EL5.
- the subject of the invention is also peptide sequences chosen from those containing or consisting of one of the following sequences:
- PRO (4070A), PRO (MoMLV), PRO ⁇ , PRO +, ⁇ PRO, ⁇ PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PRO +, EL3, EL3-V, EL5 are masking / unmasking peptides of the invention.
- AMOPRO, AMO ⁇ PRO, AMOEL3, AMOEL3-V, AMOEL5 correspond to envelopes targeting Ram-1.
- MOAPRO, MOA ⁇ PRO correspond to envelopes targeting Rec-1.
- EMOPRO, EMOPRO ⁇ , EMOPRO +, EAPRO, EAPRO ⁇ , EAPRO +, EMO ⁇ PRO, EMO ⁇ PRO ⁇ , EMO ⁇ PRO +, EA ⁇ PRO, EA ⁇ PRO ⁇ , EA ⁇ PRO + correspond to envelopes targeting EGFR.
- a subject of the invention is also a polypeptide sequence containing a peptide of approximately 10 to approximately 200, in particular approximately 15 to approximately 150 amino acids, and advantageously approximately 20, in which at least 30% of the amino acids consist by proline residues, which proline residues are regularly arranged so as to induce folds of the polypeptide chain at around 180 ° (" ⁇ -turn” or "reverse-turn”), these folds being regularly spaced and assembling into a ⁇ -folding polyproline propeller ("polyproline ⁇ -turn helix”),
- N-terminal protein domain upstream of the above peptide, capable of reacting with an appropriate receptor (targeted receptor) located on a eukaryotic cell, which protein domain makes it possible to specifically bind a recombinant (retro) viral particle containing said protein domain N-terminal and
- the invention also relates to a recombinant (retro) viral particle capable of infecting a eukaryotic cell, which cell comprises a targeted receptor and an auxiliary receptor for the said (retro) viral particle, comprising a substantially intact envelope glycoprotein, especially under polymeric form and advantageously in trimeric form, each monomer of the polymeric form being advantageously itself in heterodimer form, containing a peptide of approximately 10 to approximately 200, in particular approximately 15 to approximately 150 amino acids, and advantageously approximately 20, in which at least 30% of the amino acids consist of proline residues, which proline residues are regularly arranged so as to induce folds of the polypeptide chain at around 180 ⁇ (" ⁇ -turn" or "reverse-turn”) , these folds being regularly spaced and assembling in a polyproline helix with folding type ⁇ ("polyproline ⁇ -turn helix”),
- the invention also relates to a recombinant (retro) viral particle characterized in that the N-terminal (upstream) protein domain is chosen from the following peptides:
- any ligand for a cell surface molecule in particular polypeptide hormones, cytokine, growth factors.
- the invention also relates to a recombinant (retro) viral particle characterized in that the C-terminal (downstream) protein domain corresponds to a polypeptide of (retro) viral origin comprising the binding, fusion and anchoring functions of the wild envelope glycoprotein from which the envelope glycoprotein carried by the recombinant (retro) viral particle is derived, and can come from natural domains comprising the functions of binding, fusion and anchoring of envelope glycoproteins derived from retroviruses
- MLV-A, GALV, FeLVB or viruses such as adenovirus, herpes virus, AAV virus (Adeno Associated Virus), or more generally viral glycoproteins derived from viruses of eukaryotic origin, in particular orthomyxovirus (such as influenza virus) or paramyxovirus (such as SV5).
- viruses such as adenovirus, herpes virus, AAV virus (Adeno Associated Virus), or more generally viral glycoproteins derived from viruses of eukaryotic origin, in particular orthomyxovirus (such as influenza virus) or paramyxovirus (such as SV5).
- the invention also relates to a recombinant (retro) viral particle characterized in that the peptide comes from the envelope glycoprotein of type C retrovirus, and in that the peptide advantageously comes from a virus chosen from: the ecotropic MLV virus , amphotropic MLV virus, xenotropic MLV virus, MLV MCF virus, MLV 10A1 virus, GALV (Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus), SSAV (Simian Sarcoma Associated Virus), FeLV A, FeLV
- FeLV C Feline Leukemia Virus
- the peptide is chosen from those containing or consisting of one of the following sequences: PRO (4070A), PRO (MoMLV), ⁇ PRO, PRO +, ⁇ PRO + , PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PR04- ⁇ , ⁇ PR04-int, ⁇ PR04-vrb, PRO ⁇ , PRO-int, PRO-vrb.
- the subject of the invention is also a recombinant (retro) viral particle characterized in that:
- the peptide comes from the envelope glycoprotein of type C retroviruses, and in that the virus is advantageously chosen from: the ecotropic MLV virus, amphotropic MLV virus, xenotropic MLV virus, MLV MCF virus, MLV 10A1 virus, GALV (Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus), SSAV (Simian Sarcoma Associated Virus), FeLV A, FeLV B, FeLV C (FeLV: Feline Leukemia Virus ), and in particular in that the peptide is chosen from those containing or consisting of one of the following sequences: PRO (4070A),
- PRO (MoMLV), ⁇ PRO, PRO +, ⁇ PRO +, PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PRO ⁇ , ⁇ PR04- ⁇ , ⁇ PR04-int, ⁇ PR04-vrb, PRO ⁇ , PRO-int, PRO-vrb.
- N-terminal (upstream) protein domain is chosen from the following peptides:
- the C-terminal protein domain corresponds to a polypeptide of (retro) viral origin comprising the binding, fusion and anchoring functions of the wild envelope glycoprotein from which the envelope glycoprotein carried by the particle is derived (retro ) recombinant viral, and can come from natural domains comprising the functions of binding, fusion and anchoring of envelope glycoproteins derived from MLV-A, GALV, FeLVB retroviruses, or viruses such as adenovirus, herpes virus, AAV virus (Adeno Associated Virus), or more generally viral glycoproteins derived from viruses of eukaryotic origin, in particular orthomyxovirus (such as influenza virus) or paramyxovirus (such as SV5).
- viruses of eukaryotic origin in particular orthomyxovirus (such as influenza virus) or paramyxovirus (such as SV5).
- the invention also relates to a recombinant (retro) viral particle characterized in that the 5 'end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the N-terminal (upstream) protein domain is contiguous with the 3' end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the signal peptide, the 3 'end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the N-terminal (upstream) protein domain is contiguous with the 5' end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide, the 3 'end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide is contiguous with the 5 ′ end of the nucleotide sequence coding for the C-terminal protein domain (downstream).
- the invention also relates to a nucleic acid coding for a peptide or for a recombinant particle according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method for the selective transfer in vitro or ex vivo of a nucleic acid into target eukaryotic cells present among other non-target cells, comprising the administration to target and non-target cells of a recombinant (retro) viral particle according to
- the invention containing the nucleic acid to be transferred.
- the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing as active substance a (retro) v ⁇ rale particle according to the invention, and also containing a gene to be transferred, in association with a physiologically appropriate pharmaceutical vehicle.
- genes to be transferred which are important for gene therapy, these are for example IFN, IL2, p53, VEGF, TNF, CFTR, HSV-TK, lacZ, GFP, various cytokine genes, other types of suicide genes including conditional suicide genes, other genes with anti-viral activity, other genes with anti-tumor activity, other marker genes and any therapeutic gene for mono- or multi-gene disease.
- the pathologies most specifically concerned are: most single and multi-gene diseases (mucovisidosis, myopathy, lysosomal diseases, various forms of cancer, viral diseases (AIDS), ...)
- envelope glycoproteins according to the invention possess, in addition to an additional recognition domain, the functions corresponding to their own domains, that is to say (see Figure 2),
- the fusion domain located in the C-terminal part of the subunit (SU) and in the transmembrane subunit (TM) of the envelope glycoprotein complex.
- the natural binding domain is functional. If the retroviral receptor it recognizes is expressed on the surface of the target cell, then this domain will recognize it, and allow the infection to continue. There will then be no possibility of specific targeting, even if a surface molecule specifically recognizing the supernumerary binding domain is also expressed.
- FIG. 1 shows the two-stage entry process of the targeting viral particle.
- the viral particles are generated (A) with targeting envelope glycoproteins composed of an N-terminal domain (ligand, monobrin antibody, etc.), of the masking / unmasking peptide, and of a C-terminal domain (B).
- the steps leading to the introduction of the virion into the targeted cell involve a mechanism coordinated by the masking / unmasking peptide (C).
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of some of the targeting envelopes studied. The position of some functional regions is shown. Vertical arrows: proteolytic cleavage sites.
- SU surface subunit
- TM transmembrane subunit
- SP signal peptide
- PRO poly-proline region
- T transmembrane domain
- Ram-1 ligand binding domain for the amphotropic receptor
- Rec-1 ligand binding domain for the ecotropic receptor
- EGF epidermal growth factor.
- Dark gray boxes sequence derived from the env gene of MoMLV
- Light gray boxes sequence derived from the env gene of MLV-4070A
- White boxes other sequences derived from MLV.
- Black boxes spacer peptides derived from the poly-proline region. All env genes are expressed from the same promoter (LTR) and polyadenylation signal (pA) from the subgenomic mRNA using the retroviral, donor (SD) and acceptor splice sites.
- LTR promoter
- SA SA with an identical intronic sequence of 190 nts containing the end of the pol gene ( ⁇ POL). The position of some restriction sites is shown.
- FIG. 3 shows the sequence of spacer peptides and the binding domains studied.
- A Sequence of spacer peptides in the AMO series. AS208 and fused with the various spacer peptides, and the assembly is fused with codon 7 of the SU of the envelope of MoMLV.
- B Sequence of spacer peptides in the MOA series. The Rec-1 binding domain is fused with the various spacer peptides, and the assembly is fused with codon 5 of the SU of the MLV-Amphotropic envelope.
- C Sequence of spacer peptides in the EMO and EA series.
- the EGF binding domain is fused with the various spacer peptides, and the whole is fused with codon 5 of the SU of the envelope of the MLV-Amphotrope or with codon 7 of the SU of the envelope of the MoMLV.
- - Figure 4 represents the detection of the membrane expression of the envelopes of the EMO series. Populations of cells transfected and selected with phleomycin are labeled with (black histograms) or without (white histograms) anti-hEGF antibodies, then with anti-mouse IgG antibodies coupled to FITC.
- FIG. 5 shows the expression and viral incorporation of the chimeric envelopes of the AMO series.
- FIG. 7 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO (4070A).
- FIG. 8 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO (MoMLV).
- FIG. 9 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO ⁇ (MoMLV).
- FIG. 10 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of
- FIG. 11 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of ⁇ PRO.
- FIG. 12 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of ⁇ PRO ⁇ .
- FIG. 13 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of ⁇ PRO +.
- FIG. 16 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of MOAPRO.
- FIG. 17 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of MOA ⁇ PRO.
- FIG. 30 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of AMOEL3.
- FIG. 31 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of EL3.
- FIG. 32 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of AMOEL3-V.
- FIG. 35 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of EL5.
- FIG. 36 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of ⁇ PR04-beta.
- FIG. 39 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO-beta.
- FIG. 40 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO-int.
- FIG. 41 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of PRO-vrb.
- Retroviruses use a number of cell surface molecules, called viral receptors, to initiate the infectious process (23). With notable exceptions, notably in the case of human immunodeficiency viruses, most of the receptors used by other retroviruses and in particular mammalian type C retroviruses are distributed on most cell types of the host organism. For example, the amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV-A) is capable of infecting most mammalian cells because its receptor, the phosphate transporter Ram-1, is expressed on almost all cells.
- MLV-A amphotropic murine leukemia virus
- Mammalian type C retroviruses are commonly used to make retroviral vectors, particularly for gene transfer in humans, in gene therapy. Certain gene therapy protocols would be facilitated if the retroviral vectors were able to recognize very precisely the actual target cells for gene transfer. To do this, a certain number of research groups, including our own, have developed various strategies aimed at modifying the recognition between the viral particle and the cell surface. This interaction essentially involves the retroviral envelope glycoprotein; it therefore seems logical to make genetic modifications to this protein in order to allow it to recognize cell surface molecules specifically expressed on target cells for gene transfer. Two types of strategies allowing such modifications have been recently developed.
- polypeptides capable of binding various cell surface molecules have been inserted at the N-terminal end of the SU subunit of the envelope glycoprotein (6) (10) (13) (15) (21).
- the study of virions generated with these various types of targeting envelopes has shown that it is possible to specifically and effectively redirect the binding of viral particles to new surface molecules.
- Some factors that limit the effectiveness of targeting have also been identified. The first seems to depend on physiological properties of the targeted surface molecule (dimerization, internalization, intracellular transport process) (6), the second is linked to the low intrinsic fusiogenicity of the glycerol of envelope chimeras generated by insertion.
- N terminal ligands (6) (21).
- the natural binding domain of the support envelope is always functional.
- this functionality of the natural binding domain does not pose problems of infection "background noise” because the ecotropic envelope of the virus is used as the support glycoprotein.
- MoMLV which does not recognize a receptor on the cells of higher mammals.
- N-terminal targeting glycoprotein and then an auxiliary mechanism to facilitate the entry of the virus specifically linked to the right cellular target through the natural retroviral receptor.
- spacer masking / unmasking peptides have also been developed, inserted between the targeting domain and the glycoprotein of support envelope, and which are capable of masking the natural binding domain as long as the viral particle has not interacted with the targeted surface molecule. The realization of this interaction induces the unmasking of the natural binding domain and the interaction between the natural binding domain and the natural retroviral receptor (auxiliary mechanism) which then takes over to introduce the virus into the cell.
- the TELCeB ⁇ cell line (7) is derived from the TELacZ line (19) by transfection and clonal selection of cells expressing the gag and pol proteins of MoMLV (Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus: Moloney murine leukemia virus).
- TELacZ cells express the retroviral vector MFGnlslacZ capable of transducing a nuclear ⁇ -galactosidase.
- TELCeB ⁇ cells allow the production of retroviral capsids (non-infectious because they lack envelopes) carrying the retroviral marker vector nlsLacZ.
- the A431 (ATCC CRL1555) and TE671 (ATCC CRL8805) cells are cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco-BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco-BRL).
- the CHO, CERD9 (9) and CEAR13 (9) cells are cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco-BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and proline (Gibco-BRL).
- the NIH-3T3 and NIH-3T3 cell lines are cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco-BRL) supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum (Gibco-BRL). Chimerical envelopes. DNA fragments encoding polypeptides recognizing either EGFR
- a DNA fragment derived from PCR amplification, encoding the 53 amino acids of human EGF (3) was generated using a template CDNA (ATCC 59957) and two oligonucleotides: OUEGF: (5 '> ATGCTCAGAGGGGTCAGTACGGCCCAGCCGGCCATGGCCAATAG TGACTCTGAATGTCC) with a restriction site Sfil and OLEGF: (5'> ACCTGAAGTGGTGGGGCCGCCGCC After digestion with Sfil and Notl, these fragments were cloned into a gene coding either for the SU protein of MoMLV in the case of the chimeric protein EMO, or SU of the virus 4070A for the chimeric protein EA (6).
- a NotI site was created at the end of the recognition domain of the receptor in the envelope 4070 A (called AS208), (2), and the nucleotide (nt) 750 (14) using a PCR fragment generated from the Xhol site (nt 594) up to nt 750 before the proline-rich region, using two oligonucleotides: 805FC (5 '> TCCAATTCCTTCCAAGGGGC) upstream of
- the chimeric envelope is formed by cloning of the Xhol / Notl PCR fragment and of the Notl / Clal fragment, isolated from the env EMO gene (coding for the SU and TM-P15E transmembrane proteins of MoMLV), between the Xhol / Clal sites of the env 4070A MLV gene.
- the resulting constructs are recovered in the form of a BglII / ClaI fragment (corresponding to positions 5408 and 7676 in MoMLV) and cloned at the BamHI and ClaI sites of an expression plasmid FBMOSALF (7) in which a selection marker gene (8) fused to the polyadenylation sequences of the PGK (phospho-glycerate kinase) gene was introduced downstream of the 3 'LTR of the MLV-C57 virus.
- a selection marker gene (8) fused to the polyadenylation sequences of the PGK (phospho-glycerate kinase) gene was introduced downstream of the 3 'LTR of the MLV-C57 virus.
- the new recognition domain was separated from the rest of the MLV envelope by a spacer peptide consisting of three alanines, provided by the Notl cloning site (15).
- spacer amino acids were introduced either after the domain of EGFR recognition (EGF), either after the Ram-1 recognition domain (AS208) as described below.
- the series of envelopes targeting Ram-1 was generated by introducing different spacers between the recognition domain of Ram-1 and the MoMLV envelope (Figure 3A).
- AMOPRO a region of 59 proline-rich amino acids from SU 4070A (amphotropic) (nucleotides 751 to 927) (14) was used.
- a shorter proline-rich region also isolated from the MLV 4070A envelope (nt 751-789) was used for AMO ⁇ PRO. This region corresponds to the 13 amino acid spacer of the v-mpl product (from the myeloproliferative leukemia virus) (18) located between its region derived from env and the equivalent of the cellular gene mpl.
- AMOl the first 208 amino acids, derived from the envelope of MLV 4070 A, were fused to amino acid 1 of the SU of MoMLV.
- AMOlFx a site of 4 amino acids corresponding to the cleavage site of blood coagulation factor Xa (Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg) (12) was inserted after the recognition domain of Ram-1 and fused to codon + 1 of MoMLV's SU. The strategy used for these constructions is described above.
- an oligonucleotide (5'-TCCAATTCCTTCCAAGGGGC-3 '), located just upstream of the Xhol site of the env gene of 4070A (nt 594) was used in combination with either one of the following two oligonucleotides providing Notl site:
- PCR fragments were subjected to digestion with Xhol and NotI and cloned into the plasmid FBAMOSALF opened in Xhol / NotI, a plasmid expressing an envelope of AMO type.
- the plasmids expressing the AMOFx, AMOl and AMOlFx envelopes were generated by cloning the NdeI / NotI fragment of FBAMOSALF (comprising the recognition domain Ram-1) in a series of plasmids (13) expressing the MoMLV envelopes modified in order to create a site Notl at codon 1 or codon 6 with (AMOlFx, AMOFx) or without (AMOl) the sequence Xa.
- Envelopes derived from AMO and containing other types of spacer peptides were constructed. All of these spacer peptides are shown in Figure 3 A.
- the MOAPRO and MOA ⁇ PRO envelopes were generated using a method similar to that of the AMOPRO and AMO ⁇ PRO envelopes.
- the plasmid FBEASALF, expressing the EA envelopes was opened in NdeI / NotI. This DNA was used to clone two fragments: the 5 'NdeI / BamHI fragment originating from the digestion of the plasmid FBMOSALF (expressing the MO, ecotropic envelopes) and containing, in addition to the LTR5' and the leader retroviral sequence, the N-terminal end of the gene env of the MoMLV virus (position 6565), (17).
- 3 'fragments were generated by PCR using the MoMLV env gene as a template, as a 5' oligonucleotide (5 '-ACTGGGGCTTACGTTTGT-3') upstream of the BamHI site, and as a 3 'oligonucleotide (5' -TATGTGCGGCCGCCGGTGGAAGTTGGGTAGGG- ') or (5' -TATGTGCGGCCGCGTCTGGCAGAACGGGGTTTGG-3 ') to build the MOAPRO and MOA ⁇ PRO envelopes, respectively.
- These PCR fragments were digested with BamHI and NotI, and co-ligated with the 5 'fragment.
- the sequence of spacer peptides for these two constructs is shown in Figure 3B.
- FBEMOSALF expressing the EMO chimeric envelopes (6)
- BssHII filling with the enzyme Klenow and digestion with NdeI.
- the resulting fragment of 1.8 Kb comprising the LTR5 ', the leader sequence, the end of the pol and human EGF gene, was isolated and inserted either into FBAMO ⁇ PROSALF or FBAMOPROSALF (plasmids expressing respectively the chimeric envelopes AMO ⁇ PRO and AMOPRO) in which the NdeI / EcoRI fragment was eliminated and the EcoRI site filled in order to generate the plasmids expressing the EMO ⁇ PRO + and EMOPRO + envelopes, respectively.
- plasmids expressing the EMOI and EMOlFx envelopes were generated.
- the sequence of spacer peptides. for these two constructions is shown in Figure 3C.
- the plasmids expressing the EAPRO + and EA ⁇ PRO + envelopes were generated by replacing the Sfil / Not fragment of the FBEASALF plasmid by the Sfil / Notl fragments derived from the plasmids expressing the EMOPRO + and EMO ⁇ PRO + envelopes.
- the virus-producing cells are lysed for 10 min at 4 ° C. in 20 mM Tris-HCL buffer (pH 7.5), containing 1% tritonXIOO, 0.05% SDS, 5 mg / ml deoxycholate, 150 mM NaCl and PMSF
- the samples (30 mg of cell lysates or 10 ml of purified virus) are mixed with a ratio of 5: 1 to 375 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.8) containing SDS 6%, b-mercaptoethanol 30%, glycerol 10% and bromophenol blue 0.06%, then boiled for 3 min and analyzed on 10% acrylamide / SDS gels. After transfer of proteins on nitrocellulose membrane; the immunological labeling is carried out in TBS (Tris base Saline, pH 7.4) in the presence of skimmed milk 5% and tween 0, 1%.
- TBS Tris base Saline, pH 7.4
- Antibodies (Quality Biotech Inc, USA) from goat anti-serum, directed against gp70-SU from RLV (Rauscher Leukemia Virus) or pL of RLV were used at a dilution of 1: 1000 or 1/10000 respectively.
- the blots were revealed by using a conjugated antibody of rabbit origin directed against the immunoglobulins of goats (DAKO, UK) using an electrochemoluminescence kit (Amersham Life Science).
- Target cells were washed with PBS and detached by incubation
- Target cells are seeded in 24-well culture plates at a density of 3.10 ⁇ cells per well.
- Different dilutions of the viral supernatants, containing polybrene at a rate of 4 mg / ml are added to the cells for 3 to 5 h at 37 ° C.
- the supernatants are subsequently replaced with fresh medium and the cells incubated for 24 to 48 h at 37 ° C.
- X-gal staining is then carried out as previously described (4).
- the viral titers are estimated as previously reported (5) in number of colonies per ml
- the target cells are incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C. in a medium containing 10 ⁇ 6 M of recombinant human EGF (236-EG, R&D Systems, UK). The cells are then rinsed and the infections carried out as previously described. In order to block the acidification of the endosomes, 100 mM of chloroquine phosphate (Sigma, UK) is added to the medium. Six hours after infection, the cells are rinsed and incubated in a normal medium. Results and discussion.
- a first envelope targeting Ram-1, AMO was constructed by N-terminal insertion of the MoMLV envelope (by fusion with codon 7) of a polypeptide recognizing Ram-1 (AS208, FIG. 3 A) and corresponding to the first 208 amino acids of the SU of MLV-A (1).
- the sequence coding for EGF was inserted into the env gene of MLV at position +6 of the SU of
- the new binding domains were separated from the recognition domain of the retroviral receptor by a spacer peptide corresponding to three alanines.
- various constructions were then generated by insertion of spacers of different sizes and structures. The protein sequences of these different spacers are reported in Figure 3 A for the envelopes targeting Ram-1 and in Figure 3C for the envelopes targeting EGFR.
- the plasmids expressing the various envelopes were transfected into the TELCeB ⁇ cell line which expresses the proteins coded by the gag and pol genes, as well as a retroviral vector nlsLacZ ( 7).
- the protein lysates of the corresponding cells were analyzed for the expression of envelopes using antibodies directed against the SU of MLV (FIG. 5) for most of the envelopes of the AMO series, not shown for the other chimeric envelopes. ).
- the precursors and the mature SU form of the envelopes could be detected at the expected size and at a level similar to wild envelopes, suggesting that these chimeric envelopes are normally produced and matured.
- Cell surface expression was determined by FACS analysis of producer cells, using antibodies against SU, or using anti-EGF monoclonal antibody.
- the cells transfected with the different envelopes can be labeled with the anti-SU antibody (not shown).
- Only cells expressing EGF fusion envelopes can be labeled using anti-EGF monoclonal antibodies ( Figure 4). This demonstrates the expression of the chimeric envelopes on the cell surface and the correct folding of the EGF on the chimeric glycoproteins.
- the supernatants of the TELCeB ⁇ cell lines transfected with the various envelopes were subjected to ultracentrifugation and the pellets of viral particles were recovered. These pellets were analyzed by immunoblots for their expression of gag gene products (CAp30) and envelope proteins (Figure 5 for most of the envelopes of the AMO series, not shown for the other chimeric envelopes).
- gag gene products CAp30
- envelope proteins Figure 5 for most of the envelopes of the AMO series, not shown for the other chimeric envelopes.
- Envelopes targeting EGFR are also capable of binding to A431 cells, over expressing EGFR ( Figure 6A). This connection seems specific since a pre-incubation of A431 cells in the presence of EGF (inducing the endocytosis of EGFR) inhibits this binding (not shown). Ram-1 and Rec-1 cooperation in infection.
- the transduction of the pseudotyped retroviral vectors by the various targeting envelopes was measured on cells expressing different types of receptors: human TE671 cells expressing the EGF receptors and
- Viruses with AMO chimeric envelopes are capable of infecting TE671 cells in a titer of 4.10 ⁇ lacZ i.u./ml (Table 1). In comparison; despite a similar receptor binding efficiency ( Figure 6B), the titers obtained with wild envelopes are 10,000 times higher. Su ⁇ renantly, the viruses expressing AMOPRO envelopes, despite good binding efficiency, have been found incapable of infecting human TE671 cells.
- the other types of spacers inserted in the AMO series envelopes allow an increase in the titles from 30 times (for AMO ⁇ PRO) to more than 100 times (for AMOlFx) allowing '' reach titers of 4.10 ⁇ lacZ iu / ml. These infections have been shown to occur via the targeted Ram-1 receptor. This was demonstrated by an interference test on target cells chronically infected with the MLV-A virus. These cells become specifically refractory to infection by viruses carrying the Ram-1 targeting envelopes (results not shown).
- Viruses carrying the chimeric envelopes in which the Ram-1 binding domain has been separated from the SU of MoMLV by different spacers prove to be very infectious on 3T3 cells.
- an increase from 200 (for AMOPRO) to more than 1000 times (for AMOlFx) of the viral titers was measured (Table 1).
- the 3T3 infection is carried out via Rec-1 or via Ram-1 (Table 1). This can be demonstrated by interference tests performed on 3T3 cells chronically infected either with MLV-A (blocker Ram-1) or with MoMLV (blocking Rec-1). Viruses expressing AMO envelopes appear to be capable of infecting 3T3 regardless of whether one or the other, or both, Rec-1 and Ram-1 receptors are available on the target cell. Compared to these AMO viruses, the viral particles containing the other envelopes capable of targeting Ram-1 are much less capable of infecting 3T3 when only one of the two receptors is available.
- the virions containing the AMO ⁇ PRO envelope can effectively infect cells when Ram-1 is expressed there alone.
- the infectivity is increased by approximately 10 times when Rec-1 is also present on the cell surface. This difference is not due to the simple fact that AMO ⁇ PRO virions preferentially use Rec-1 for infection.
- infection of cells on which only Rec-1 is available is extremely low (Table 1) or even undetectable (Table 2) compared to when Ram-1 and Rec-1 are co-expressed.
- the RecID index is less than 10 ⁇ 5 (Table 2). This also demonstrates that the two receptors can synergize the infection.
- Rec-1 ecotropic receptor binding domain is not not accessible when the AMO ⁇ PRO envelope is expressed on viral particles, and only becomes accessible if these virions interact beforehand with Ram-1. It can also be suggested that following binding with Ram-1, the Rec-1 binding domain is unmasked and recruited to facilitate the infectious process. It is possible that this masking / unmasking occurs according to an allosteric type mechanism causing a change in conformation of the chimeric glycoprotein which is induced by the interaction Ram-1 / AS208 and which involves the spacer peptide. It is likely that this mechanism is highly dependent on the amino acid composition of the spacer peptide.
- the AMO ⁇ PRO virions are compared to the virions containing the envelopes with the flexible spacers AMOlFx, AMOGIFx and AMOG2.
- the ⁇ PRO peptide is contains 5 prolines probably arranged in a polyproline type II helix, while the AMOGIFx and AMOG2 envelopes essentially contain glycines.
- virions containing AMOPRO envelopes require the simultaneous presence of both types of receptors to infect cells.
- the infectious titer in cell types co-expressing the two receptors is however lower than that which is observed with the AMO ⁇ PRO virions, without however excluding the hypothesis that the slightest inco deoration of these envelopes is responsible for this result.
- AMOPRO viruses cannot infect cells when either of the two receptors is expressed alone (Table 2).
- the two indices RamID and RecID are indeed lower than A.
- MOAPRO envelopes include the binding domain of the ecotropic envelope followed by the proline region rich in this same envelope, all fused to the N-terminal end of the amphotropic envelope ( Figure 2).
- Table 2 The results, shown in Table 2, indicate that, similarly to the virions containing the AMOPRO envelopes, the MOAPRO virions can hardly, if at all, infect cells expressing only one or the other of the Rec-1 receptors or Ram-1.
- the Ram-1 field in the MOAPRO envelope is even less accessible (Ramid less than 7xl0 "5) than the field is the Rec-1 in AMOPRO envelope (RECID less than 5, 6x10-4
- the MOAPRO envelopes can effectively infect cells expressing the two types of receptors, with titers of the order of 10 ⁇ lacZ iu / ml, suggesting that, in the case of this envelope too, the presence of the two receptors synergizes the infectious process.
- the spacer peptide inserted between the targeting domain and the rest of the retroviral envelope exerts a control on the accessibility of the domain located downstream of said peptide and on the activation of the fusion. This control depends on the peptide itself and is influenced by its length and by its biochemical composition.
- the hypothesis formulated is that the spacer peptide PRO would ultimately play the same role as the proline-rich region from which it originates and which is located, in the unmodified glycoprotein, between the receptor binding domain and the fusion domain. This role would be the masking of the downstream domain (fusion domain for the wild envelope or binding domain for the chimeric envelope) and the unmasking following the interaction of the upstream domain with its receptor.
- this unmasking would lead to activation of the fusion, while in the case of chimeric envelopes, the unmasking would lead to the accessibility of the binding domain to the viral receptor. If the receptor is expressed on the cell surface, there can then be interaction, this then triggering the activation of the fusion domain explaining why the simultaneous presence of the two receptors synergizes the infection.
- a targeting envelope in two stages for which a targeting envelope is constructed with different domains whose functions are activated and coordinated by means of specific spacer peptides containing sequences rich in proline.
- These chimeric envelope glycoproteins can be designed in the following way, with from N-terminal to C-terminal, a "targeting" domain capable of recognizing a cell surface molecule specifically expressed on the targeted tissue or cell (for example a single chain antico ⁇ s or a ligand for a surface receptor); a spacer peptide capable of masking an auxiliary domain itself capable of facilitating the penetration of the virus when it is activated.
- auxiliary domain can be an entire retroviral envelope, i.e.
- the helper domain should be masked until the virus particle has specifically interacted with the targeted surface molecule.
- the targeted surface molecule is Ram-1 while the auxiliary domain is the ecotropic envelope. EGFR and Rec-1 cooperation in infection.
- the targeting domain is EGF
- the auxiliary domain is the ecotropic envelope.
- the infection tests were carried out with cells expressing Rec-1 only (Cerd9 cells) or with cells co-expressing Rec-1 and EGFR (3T3 cells). The results of a typical experiment are reported in Table 3. As expected by the results obtained with the AMO envelopes, viruses containing the EMO envelopes can effectively infect Cerd9 and 3T3 cells, indicating that the Rec- binding domain 1 in these envelopes is not hidden. Compared to EMO viruses, viral particles containing the EMOPRO + and EMO ⁇ PRO + envelopes can only with difficulty infect Cerd9 cells (between 1,000 and 10,000 times worse than EMO viruses).
- the viral particles containing the EMOPRO + and EMO ⁇ PRO + envelopes are 20 and 60 times more infectious, respectively, compared to when Rec-1 is expressed alone.
- the masking is apparently less successful, and this results in significant infectivity on Cerd9 cells. This may be due to the fact that the spacer peptides PRO + and ⁇ PRO + are not optimized for their function, but perhaps also to the fact that the Cerd9 cells express a little EGF receptor which would help activate the EMOPRO + and EMO ⁇ envelopes PRO +.
- a percentages calculated taking as values 100 the titers obtained on 3T3 b: infection on 3T3 chronically infected with MLV-A (3T3-MLV-A) or with MoMLV (3T3-MoMLV) c: receptor available on the surface of the cell considered
- EXAMPLE 2 In order to characterize the cooperation between the Rec-1 and Ram-1 receptors, as well as the peptides capable of regulating this cooperation of receptors, a new series of AMO-type chimeric envelope glycoproteins (see previous example) a been built - in order to check whether the infection obtained with the AMOPRO and AMODeltaPRO envelopes passes, in a second step, through an interaction with Rec-1, the binding site with Rec-1 was inactivated by point mutagenesis (D84K mutation) (MacKrell et al.,]. Virology, 70: 1768-1774.
- the AMOEL3 and AMOEL5 envelopes were constructed. These envelopes respectively carry 3 and 5 turns of a type II polyproline helix characterized in the literature (Urry, Journal of Protein Chemistry 7: 1-34. (1988)).
- Retroviruses were generated with these chimeric envelopes and were characterized by infection of cells expressing either Rec-1 alone, or Ram-1 alone, or the two molecules Ram-1 and Rec-1.
- oligonucleotides elast3U (5'-TTT ATG GTC ACC GCG GCC GCA CCT GGG GTA GGG GCT CCG GGG GTA GGG GCT CCT GGG GTG GCC ATA TAA) and elast3L (5'-TTA TAT GGC CAC CCC AGG AGC CCC TAC
- the oligonucleotides UpE15 (5 * -G AT GTA CCT GGG GTA GGC GCC CCT GGA GTC GGG GCT CCT GGG GTA GGA TTC AT) and LowE15: (5 '-ATG AAT CCT ACC CCA GGA GCC CCG ACT CCA GGG GCG CCT
- the DELASTIN3-V Upper oligonucleotides (5'-GTC ACC GCG GCC GTC CCT GGG GTA GGG GTG CCG GGG GTA GGG GTG CCT GGG GTG GCC ATA TA A) and DELASTIN3-V Lower (5'-TTA TAT GGC CAC CCC AGG CAC CCC TAC CCC CGG CAC CCC TAC CCC AGG GAC GGC CGC GGT GAC) have been hybridized.
- the resulting double-stranded DNA fragment was digested with the restriction enzyme Eael and cloned into the expression plasmid FBAMOSALF previously opened in NotI. This results in the plasmid
- FBAMOEL3-VSALF (see sequence of the AMOEL3-V gene in FIG. 34) comprising the peptide EL3-V whose peptide sequence is represented in table 4 (see nucleotide sequence in FIG. 35).
- FBAMOEL3-ISALF comprising the peptide EL3-I whose peptide sequence is represented in table 4.
- the oligonucleotides UpXhoD84K (5'-AGG CTG CTC GAG AA ⁇ ATG CGA AGA ACC TTT AAC CTC CC) and LoXhoD84K: (5 '-ATT TTC TCG AGC AGC CTG GGC TGC TGC CCC C) were synthesized. From the oligonucleotides 805FC and LMOADeltaPR03 (see sequence above), the pairs 805FC / LoXhoD84K or UpXhoD84K / LMOADeltaPR03 were used independently to amplify by PCR two DNA fragments - from the FBAMOSALF template.
- Expression and viral inco ⁇ oration of chimeric envelopes Expression plasmids for the envelopes AMO, AMODeltaPRO, AMOPRO, AMOEL3, AMOEL5, AMOEL3-V, AMOEL3-I, AMOIFX, AMOG1X, AMOD84K, AMODeltaPROD84K, AMOPROD84K, AMOG1XD84K, AMODeltaPR02
- DeltaPR02, DeltaPRO, DeltaPR04, or PRO Since the peptides derived from elastin (AMOEL3-V and AMOEL3) are arranged in a polyproline helix of the type
- the "AMOPRO” retrovirus can potentially interact with the targeted "primary” receptor (the Ram-1 molecule ), but cannot directly interact with the auxiliary receptor (the Rec-1 molecule). This masking seems to be due to a first property of the Pro spacer peptide.
- Ram-1 the targeted "primary” receptor
- the Rec-1 molecule the auxiliary receptor
- This masking seems to be due to a first property of the Pro spacer peptide.
- a local conformation change occurs at the level of the Pro spacer peptide which will make the Rec-1 binding site accessible. This change in conformation is due to a second property of the Pro spacer peptide.
- Rec-1 receptor if the Rec-1 receptor is present on the surface of the same cell which has Ram-1 and on which the virus has bound, then, in a second step, this receptor will serve as an entry molecule for the virus .
- AMOEL3-V NVG A ⁇ VPGVGVPGVGVPGVAA PHQV +++ + -
- a peptide inserted between the binding domain for Ram-I and the MoMLV envelope "PHQV” represents amino acids 7 to 10 of the MoMLV envelope and " NVG 'represents the last 3 amino acids of the Ram- binding domain 1 b relative titers obtained on the cells indicated Cearl 3, expressing the Ram-I and Rec-1 receptors, CHO-Ram-1, expressing Ram-I alone, Cerd9, expressing Rec-I alone EXAMPLE 3.
- human MHC class I molecule Ixs binding domains for these two surface molecules are either growth factors (EGFR), or a single-stranded antico ⁇ s (CMH-I).
- EGFR growth factors
- CMH-I single-stranded antico ⁇ s
- DNA fragments coding for the spacer peptides DeltaPro2, DeltaPro3, DeltaPro4, and Pro were generated by PCR using as DNA template the env 4070A gene, in 5 'the oligonucleotide PRO-5-NE ( 5'-ATC GAG GTC ACC GCG GCC GCG GGA CCC CGA GTC CCC ATA GGG CCC) which is the same for the 4 PCR fragments and as 3 'oligonucleotides the AMODPRO sequences (-H -fPA): (5 * -TAT GAG CGG CCG GGT TGG GCC CTA TGG GGA C), DPro3: (5'-TTA TAC GGC CGT GTC GGG TAA TAC TGG), AMODPRO (+ H + SA): (5'-TAT GTG CGG CCG AGG AAG GGA GTC TTT GGT C ) and PRO-3-NE: (5'ATA ATC GGC CGG GGG TGG CTGTGG GAC).
- the corresponding DNA fragments were digested with the enzyme EagI and separately inserted into the plasmid FBEASALF (expressing the chimeric envelope glycoproteins EA) (Cosset et al., Journal of Virology 69: 6314-6322.
- the viruses produced with the chimeric envelopes of the various groups were used to infect cells expressing only the amphotropic receptor and not the targeted surface molecule.
- the results of the titration of these viruses are shown in Table 5.
- pept ⁇ de a ligand for "sequence name EGFR MHC-I
- the binding domain for Ram-1 is indeed a fragment of retroviral envelope (from the amphotropic envelope) which is naturally located immediately upstream of the proline-rich region.
- chimeric envelopes were associated associating a targeting domain with the amphotropic envelope and, inserted between these two polypeptides, various peptides tested for their cooperating effect containing in particular the proline-rich region (or a fragment of this region) combined with peptide fragments from the N-terminal domain of the amphotropic envelope.
- UPro-int (5'-ATG CTG GCG GCC GCG AAC CCT CTA GTC CTA GAA TTC ACT GAT GC)
- UPRO-vrb (5 '-ATG CTG GCG GCC GCG GAA ACC ACC GGA CAG GCT TAC TGG AAG CCC), respectively (see figs 39 to 41).
- amphotropic virus receptor is a second member of the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 21: 1168-1172.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP09541705A JP2000511051A (ja) | 1996-05-20 | 1997-05-16 | 細胞受容体に関してマスキングされているか又は非マスキング(unmasked)されたウイルス粒子 |
CA002253874A CA2253874A1 (fr) | 1996-05-20 | 1997-05-16 | Particules virales masquees ou demasquees vis-a-vis du recepteur cellulaire |
EP97925095A EP0953053A2 (fr) | 1996-05-20 | 1997-05-16 | Particules virales masquees ou demasquees vis-a-vis du recepteur cellulaire |
AU30356/97A AU725632B2 (en) | 1996-05-20 | 1997-05-16 | Viral particles which are masked or unmasked with respect to a cell receptor |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9606234A FR2748747B1 (fr) | 1996-05-20 | 1996-05-20 | Particules virales recombinantes comportant un peptide ayant des proprietes de masquage et de demasquage vis-a-vis d'un mecanisme biologique |
FR96/06234 | 1996-05-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997044474A2 true WO1997044474A2 (fr) | 1997-11-27 |
WO1997044474A3 WO1997044474A3 (fr) | 1998-03-05 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR1997/000870 WO1997044474A2 (fr) | 1996-05-20 | 1997-05-16 | Particules virales masquees ou demasquees vis-a-vis du recepteur cellulaire |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0953053A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2000511051A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU725632B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2253874A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2748747B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997044474A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2773561A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-15 | 1999-07-16 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation d'une sequence riche en proline pour augmenter le caractere fusogenique d'enveloppes de retrovirus |
WO2000071578A2 (fr) * | 1999-05-20 | 2000-11-30 | Cnrs Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Nouveaux polypeptides et leur utilisation pour le sauvetage de virus ou de glycoproteines virales a defaut de fusion |
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WO1989010099A1 (fr) * | 1988-04-21 | 1989-11-02 | Uab Research Foundation | Materiaux bioelastomeres adaptes pour empecher que des adherences ne se produisent sur des sites de reparation de blessure |
WO1994011524A1 (fr) * | 1992-11-09 | 1994-05-26 | The United States Government As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Particules vectorielles pouvant etre ciblees |
EP0610046A2 (fr) * | 1993-02-01 | 1994-08-10 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Vecteurs d'expression codant pour des proteins de fusion bispécifiques et méthodes pour la production de ces protéins dans des cellules de mammifèrres |
WO1995023611A1 (fr) * | 1994-03-03 | 1995-09-08 | Protein Polymer Technologies, Inc. | Produits comprenant des substrats capables de reticulation enzymatique |
WO1996000294A1 (fr) * | 1994-06-27 | 1996-01-04 | Medical Research Council | Ameliorations relatives a l'apport d'acides nucleiques |
WO1996003427A1 (fr) * | 1994-07-22 | 1996-02-08 | Resolution Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Chelateurs a radionucleides, derives de peptides |
-
1996
- 1996-05-20 FR FR9606234A patent/FR2748747B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-05-16 CA CA002253874A patent/CA2253874A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1997-05-16 WO PCT/FR1997/000870 patent/WO1997044474A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-16 AU AU30356/97A patent/AU725632B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-05-16 EP EP97925095A patent/EP0953053A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-05-16 JP JP09541705A patent/JP2000511051A/ja active Pending
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WO1994011524A1 (fr) * | 1992-11-09 | 1994-05-26 | The United States Government As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Particules vectorielles pouvant etre ciblees |
EP0610046A2 (fr) * | 1993-02-01 | 1994-08-10 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Vecteurs d'expression codant pour des proteins de fusion bispécifiques et méthodes pour la production de ces protéins dans des cellules de mammifèrres |
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WO1996000294A1 (fr) * | 1994-06-27 | 1996-01-04 | Medical Research Council | Ameliorations relatives a l'apport d'acides nucleiques |
WO1996003427A1 (fr) * | 1994-07-22 | 1996-02-08 | Resolution Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Chelateurs a radionucleides, derives de peptides |
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COSSET F -L ET AL: "RETROVIRAL RETARGETING BY ENVELOPES EXPRESSING AN N-TERMINAL LIGAND" CANCER GENE THERAPY, vol. 2, no. 3, septembre 1995, page 237 XP000613600 cité dans la demande * |
NILSON B H K ET AL: "TWO-STEP TARGETING OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS" JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE, vol. 74, no. 4, 18 avril 1996, page B09 XP000613835 * |
NUSSBAUM, O. ET AL.: "Sequences determinig the pH dependence of viral entry are distinct from the host range-determining region of the murine ecotropic and amphotropic retrovirus envelope proteins" JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY., vol. 67, no. 12, décembre 1993, ICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY US, pages 7402-7405, XP002045867 * |
OTT, D. ET AL.: "Sequence analysis of amphotropic and 10A1 Murine Leukemia viruses: close relationship to Mink Cell Focus-inducing viruses" JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY., vol. 64, no. 2, février 1990, ICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY US, pages 757-766, XP002045868 cité dans la demande * |
VALSESIA-WITTMANN S ET AL: "IMPROVEMENT OF RETROVIRAL RETARGETING BY USING AMINO ACID SPACERS BETWEEN AN ADDITIONAL BINDING DOMAIN AND THE N TERMINUS OF MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS SU" JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, vol. 70, no. 3, mars 1996, pages 2059-2064, XP000613624 * |
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VALSESIA-WITTMANN, S. ET AL.: "Receptor co-operation in retrovirus entry: recruitment of an auxiliary entry mechanism after retargeted binding" EMBO JOURNAL., vol. 16, 1997, EYNSHAM, OXFORD GB, pages 1214-1213, XP002045869 cité dans la demande * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2773561A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-15 | 1999-07-16 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation d'une sequence riche en proline pour augmenter le caractere fusogenique d'enveloppes de retrovirus |
WO1999036561A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-15 | 1999-07-22 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Utilisation d'une sequence riche en proline pour augmenter le caractere fusogenique d'enveloppes de retrovirus |
WO2000071578A2 (fr) * | 1999-05-20 | 2000-11-30 | Cnrs Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Nouveaux polypeptides et leur utilisation pour le sauvetage de virus ou de glycoproteines virales a defaut de fusion |
WO2000071578A3 (fr) * | 1999-05-20 | 2001-07-05 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Nouveaux polypeptides et leur utilisation pour le sauvetage de virus ou de glycoproteines virales a defaut de fusion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2253874A1 (fr) | 1997-11-27 |
AU3035697A (en) | 1997-12-09 |
EP0953053A2 (fr) | 1999-11-03 |
JP2000511051A (ja) | 2000-08-29 |
FR2748747A1 (fr) | 1997-11-21 |
WO1997044474A3 (fr) | 1998-03-05 |
FR2748747B1 (fr) | 1998-08-07 |
AU725632B2 (en) | 2000-10-19 |
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