Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
  • C25B3/20—Processes
  • C25B3/29—Coupling reactions
  • C25B3/295—Coupling reactions hydrodimerisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C55/00—Saturated compounds having more than one carboxyl group bound to acyclic carbon atoms

Definitions

• This invention relates to an electrolytic pro ⁇ cess for the preparation of tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylates from dialkyi maieates.
• the products are useful as precursors of the corresponding free acid, 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid.
• Con- version of the tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylates into the corresponding free acid can be effected as described and claimed in com ⁇ monly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,298,653. This refer ⁇ ence is herein incorporated by reference.
• the corresponding free acid, 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylic acid has been found by the U.S.
• Electrolytic reductive couplings of various activated olefins have been investigated and reported in the art. Much of this work involved aqueous sys- terns in a divided cell, and often with a supporting electrolyte salt with a very negative discharge poten ⁇ tial, such as a quaternary ammonium salt. In addi ⁇ tion, however, to the desired reductive coupling reac ⁇ tion, other undesired side reactions such as, for example, simple reduction and polymerization frequent ⁇ ly occur. Various parameters of such reactions have been discussed, including the use of various support ⁇ ing electrolytes. See Organic Ele rrochemisrry.
• Electrolytic hydrodi erization also referred to as electrohydrodimerization
• electrohydrodimerization of diethyl maleate has been reported by Baizer et al, Journal of thp Electro ⁇ chemical Society. 111(10), 1024-1025 (1967) .
• the electroly ⁇ ses were carried out using a catholyte of water and dimethylformamide in a divided electrolysis cell.
• the reference further indicated that, all other conditions being equal, more hydrodimerization occurs in the presence of tetraethylammonium ion than of sodium ion.
• the electrolyses were carried out for three (3) hours, generally resulting in about 50% conversions, and specified amounts of hydrodimer, and other products.
• Electrohydimerization of dialkyi maieates is known in the art.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,244,546 a process is described for the electrolytic reductive coupling of dialkyi maieates to yield tetraalkyl 1, 2, 3 ,4-butanetetracarboxylates.
• the electrohydrodimerization is carried out by subjecting an electrolysis medium comprising a substantial concentration of the dialkyi maleate in a substantially anhydrous alkanol, and a supporting electrolyte to electrolysis in an undivided electroly ⁇ sis cell.
• the reaction reportedly results in good yields of tetraalkyl 1, 2 , 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylates .
• the instant invention is directed to an electro ⁇ lytic hydrodimerization preparative process for tetraalkyl 1,2, , 4-butanetetracarboxylates .
• the primary object of the instant invention is to provide an improved electrohydrodimerization pro ⁇ cess for the electrolytic hydrodimeric coupling of dialkyi maieates in an alkanol-containing liquid elec ⁇ trolysis medium.
• tetraalkyl 1, 2, 3, -butanetetracarboxylates obtained in the process of the instant invention can be readily recovered by any of a number of convention- al and well-known recovery procedures known in the art. Worthy of particular note are procedures de ⁇ scribed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,248,396, which reference is herein incorporated by reference . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• Electrolytic hydrodimeric coupling of dialkyi maieates in alkanol solutions containing an alkanol- soluble alkali metal alkoxide/quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate mixed supporting electrolyte pro- vides excellent selectivities to, and yields of, tetraalkyl 1,2, 3 , 4-butanetetracarboxylates .
• an electric current is passed through a substantially anhydrous liquid electrolysis medium containing the dialkyi maleate, an alkanol correspond- ing to the alkyl groups of the dialkyi maleate, and an alkanol-soluble alkali metal alkoxide/quaternary ammo ⁇ nium tetrafluoroborate mixed supporting electrolyte contained in an electrolysis cell fitted with a graph ⁇ ite anode and a graphite cathode to cause hydrodimeric coupling of the dialkyi maleate to yield the corre ⁇ sponding tetraalkyl 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylate .
• the process generally involves use of a liquid elec- trolysis medium having a very substantial concentra ⁇ tion of the dialkyi maleate reactant and use of fairly substantial electrical current in the electrolysis, and obtaining substantial amounts of the corresponding tetraalkyl 1, 2, 3 ,4-butanetetracarboxylate product in a reasonable reaction time.
• the process of the instant invention can be conducted with dialkyi maieates in general. But, for practical considerations, only the dialkyi maieates wherein the alkyl groups of the ester functionalities are lower alkyl groups, for example, alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, are likely to be of significant interest. In addition, it will be noted that since there are two alkyl groups contained in the ester functionalities of the dialkyi maieates, the alkyl groups can be the same or different. But, again for practical considerations, it is preferred that both such alkyl group be the same. In such manner, the choice of a suitable alkanol solvent is resolved with- out undue additional considerations.
• dimethyl maleate is the preferred reactant, and is used herein to exempli ⁇ fy the process of the instant invention.
• diethyl maleate, di-n-propyl maleate, diisopropyl maleate, di-n-butyl (and isomers thereof) maleate, di- n-pentyl (and isomers thereof) maleate, and di-n-hexyl (and isomers thereof) maleate are also suitable for use in the process of the instant invention. It is recognized, however, that electrical resistance tends to increase with increasing alkyl size, whether in the ester or in the alkanol solvent, thereby making elec ⁇ trical power usage less efficient.
• a further disad ⁇ vantage of high molecular weight alkanols is that they tend to be solids at ambient temperatures, thereby requiring elevated temperatures to provide a liquid electrolysis medium.
• the term "and isomers thereof” following the names of various alkyl groups of the ester functional ⁇ ities of the dialkyi maieates is employed herein to designate the isomers of the preceding alkyl group.
• "and isomers thereof" following "di-n- butyl” designates isomeric butyl groups (other than the expressly named n-butyl) , such as isobutyl , sec- butyl, and tert-butyl.
• di-n-butyl (and isomers thereof) maleate designates di-n-butyl maleate, diisobutyl maleate, di-sec-butyl maleate, and di-tert-butyl maleate.
• Alkanols suitable for use in the process of the instant invention are those which contain an alkyl group corresponding to the alkyl group of the dialkyi maleate. This requirement avoids the difficulty asso ⁇ ciated with ester interchange with the dialkyi maieates. For practical reasons, however, as with the dialkyi maieates, only alkanols wherein the alkyl group is a lower alkyl group, for example, alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, are likely to be of significant interest.
• alkanols are methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol (isopro ⁇ pyl alcohol) , 1-butanol, 2-butanol (sec-butyl alco ⁇ hol) , 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutyl alcohol) , 2-meth- yl-2-propanol (tert-butyl alcohol) , 1-pentanol, 2- pentanol (sec-amyl alcohol) , 3-pentanol, 3-methyl-l- butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol , 2,2- d ⁇ methyl-1-propanol , and the like.
• methanol is generally preferred in that it (a) has the highest dielectric constant of the simple alcohols, (b) is the least expensive of the simple alcohols, (c) gives higher current efficiencies than do the higher simple alcohols, (d) is a liquid at ambient temperatures and thereby readily provides a liquid electrolysis medium, (f) facilitates the use of dimethyl maleate as the dialkyi maleate of choice, and (f) is relatively easily separated from the desired tetraalkyl 1, 2 , 3 ,4-butanetetracarboxylate product, tetramethyl 1,2,3, -butanetetracarboxylate .
• Reactions (1) , (2) , and (3) show the reactions involved, the reaction of di ⁇ methyl maleate in methanol to prepare tetramethyl 1, 2 , 3 , 4-butanetetracarboxylate being used for purposes of illustration.
• Methoxymethanol the presumed reaction product at the anode, is the hemiacetal of formaldehyde.
• the presence of formaldehyde in the product mixture has been confirmed, but it may be formed by the disassoci- ation of methoxymethanol.
• Additional possible inter ⁇ mediates include * CH 2 0H and * CH 2 0H in the anode reac- tion, and methanol from protons and methoxide ion
• alkoxides e.g., methoxide (CH,0 " or MeO ' )
• alkanol e.g., CH 3 0H or MeOH
• an undivided electrolysis cell is advantageous, as it permits protons generated at the anode to move very freely throughout the electrolysis medium to protonate alkoxide, e.g., methoxide, ions generated in conjunc ⁇ tion with the hydrodimerization at the cathode, there ⁇ by avoiding possible interfering reactions of the alkoxide ions and polymerization.
• alkoxide e.g., methoxide
• ions generated in conjunc ⁇ tion e.g., methoxide, ions generated in conjunc ⁇ tion with the hydrodimerization at the cathode, there ⁇ by avoiding possible interfering reactions of the alkoxide ions and polymerization.
• electrolytic hydrodimerization reaction is carried out effectively and efficiently with a mixed supporting electrolyte.
• the alkanol-based electrolysis medium must have sufficient conductivity to conduct the required electric current. And although media of less than ideal conductivity can be employed, it is preferred from an economic viewpoint not to have too high a resistance, thereby avoiding substantial inef ⁇ ficiencies in electric current usage. Having in mind the desire to minimize inefficiencies in electric usage, the conductivity of the electrolysis medium is enhanced by the addition of suitable supporting elec ⁇ trolytes, e.g., electrolyte salts having sufficiently high discharge potentials, to the alkanol-based elec ⁇ trolysis medium.
• suitable supporting elec ⁇ trolytes e.g., electrolyte salts having sufficiently high discharge potentials
• supporting electrolyte is employed herein to mean an electrolyte capable of carrying electric current but not discharging under electroly ⁇ sis conditions. It will be recognized, however, that discharge potentials will vary with electrode materi- als and their surface conditions and various materials in the electrolysis medium.
• salt is employed in its generally recognized sense to mean a compound composed of a cation and an anion, e.g., the reaction product of an acid and a base.
• the mixed supporting electrolyte comprises an alkali metal alkoxide and a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate.
• the alkali metal alkoxide/quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate mol ratio is between about 0.5/1 to about 5/1, with a mol ratio of about 1/1 being pre ⁇ ferred.
• suitable cations include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, with lithium, sodium, and potassium being preferred, and sodium generally being most preferred.
• Suitable alkoxide anions include those containing lower alkyl groups, for example, alkyl groups of 1-6 carbon atoms. Exemplary of the alkoxide anions are methoxide, ethoxide, n-propoxide, isopropoxide, n- butoxide (and isomers thereof) , n-pentoxide (and iso ⁇ mers thereof) , and n-hexoxide (and isomers thereof) . As a practical matter, however, it is preferred to employ an alkoxide anion which corresponds to the alkanol solvent.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable quaternary ammonium cations of the quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborates include the tetraalkylammonium cations, e.g., tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammoni ⁇ um, tetra-n-propylammonium, tetraisopropylammonium, tetra-n-butylammonium, tetraisobutylammoniuum, tetra- tert-butylammonium, and the like, heterocyclic and alkylarylammonium cations, e.g., phenyltriethylammonium and the like, with the tetraalkylammonium cations being generally preferred in that the quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborates exhibit good solubility and conductivity m the elec ⁇ trolysis medium and are difficultly reduced.
• the electrolysis is carried out over a broad range of electrolysis conditions, including a wide range of strengths of applied electric currents and current densities at the electrodes.
• the process is operable at very low current densities, such as less than 5 milliamperes per square centimeter (mA/cm 2 ) to more than 100 or 200 mA/cm 2 .
• mA/cm 2 milliamperes per square centimeter
• high current densities are advanta ⁇ geously employed in order to maximize electrolysis cell utilization.
• Preferred current densities will generally be in the range of from about 15 mA/cm 2 to about 50 mA/cm 2 , with current densities of from about 20 mA/cm 2 to about 25 mA/cm 2 being most preferred.
• the process of the instant invention can be carried out over a broad range of concentrations for the components of the electrolysis medium.
• the con ⁇ centration of the dialkyi maleate for example, is not narrowly critical; it is limited only by the solubili- ty of the dialkyi maleate m the alkanol of the elec ⁇ trolysis medium. It is recognized, however, that the electrical resistance of the electrolysis medium tends to increase with increasing concentrations of compo- nents contained in the electrolysis medium. Thus, concentrations of dialkyi maleate from less than about 5% by weight to more than 50% by weight are suitable and result in high selectivities to, and yields of, the desired hydrodimeric product, tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylate.
• concentrations of dialkyi maleate are from at least about 15% by weight to about 40% by weight of the electrolysis medium. Concentrations in the same range of the re ⁇ sultant hydrodimeric product (upon completion of the electrolytic hydrodimeric coupling reaction) also are su taole and preferred.
• the concentration of the mixed supporting elec ⁇ trolyte is not narrowly critical and can vary to a substantial degree. Usually, however, it is unneces- sary to have more than dilute concentrations for con ⁇ ductivity. Higher concentrations will improve conduc ⁇ tivity, but supporting electrolytes of the type suit ⁇ able for use in the process of the instant invention, m general , are not very soluble in alkanols of the type suitable for use in the process of the instant invention. And there is no advantage in employing amounts of supporting electrolytes in excess of their solubility in the alkanol of choice.
• Suitable concen ⁇ trations of the mixed supporting electrolyte will often be in the range of from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight of the electrolysis medium, prefer ⁇ ably from about 1.0% by weight to about 3.5% by weight, all at the previously noted alkali metal alkoxide/quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate mol ratio of from about 0.5/1 to about 5/1.
• the indicated concentration ranges for the dialkyi maleate reactant are, n general, initial concentrations, as the concentration will change dur ⁇ ing the electrolysis process, which will generally oe conducted as a batch reaction, or a series of batch reactions, although the process is not limited only to such batch reaction (s) and can be conducted m a con ⁇ tinuous mode.
• a continuous mode of operation can involve recirculation of a flowing electrolyte stream between the electrodes, with continuous or intermittent sa - plmg of the stream for product removal.
• the electrolysis medium can be augmented by repler.isnmg depleted components continuously or in ⁇ termittently, as appropriate, to maintain the ⁇ esired concentrations of such components.
• the electrolysis reaction will ordinarily be conducted at fairly high conversions, e.g., greater tnan 75% conversion of the dialkyi maleate because selectivity to the desired hydrodimeric product is very good at high conversions.
• hign conversions avoid unnecessary steps, handling, and expense in separating unreacted dialkyi maleate from the hydrodimeric product for recycle.
• the electrolysis is conducted at a dialkyi maleate conversion of about 90% conversion or higher It has been found, however, that continued electroly ⁇ sis with little cr no dialkyi maleate being present in the electrolysis medium results in increased electrode degradation.
• dialkyi maleate contact t me is to use an electrolysis cell which is large, particu ⁇ larly with respect to electrode surface area, compared to the amount of material in the reaction system and dialkyi maleate reactant.
• Still another approacr. is to employ a constant stirred tank reactor with a con ⁇ tinuous feed and discharge where the dialkyi maleate concentration is maintained low to diminish the chetni- cal driving force for the undesired competing chemical side reaction.
• reaction time can be expressed :r. terms of electrical current supply.
• the conversion of a particular amount of dialkyi maleate reactant requires a corresponding number of ampere-hours (A-hr) of current, and the time to accumulate a requisite number of A-hr m an electrolysis can be varied by changing the current and/or the number or size of the electrolysis cell(s) .
• a 16-cell aggregate will accumulate A-hr at a rate twice that of an eight (8) -cell aggregate.
• the greater the number of electrolysis cells contained in the multiple-cell aggregate the higher will be the voltage required to attain equivalent current.
• the particular type of electrolysis cell em ⁇ ployed in the process of the instant invention is not critical.
• the electrolysis cell can consist of a glass container having one or more anodes and cathodes connected to a source of direct electrical current.
• the electrolysis cell also can consist of the two electrodes separated by an insulator such as a rubner or other non-conducting gasket or spacer.
• an electrolysis cell which is conveniently described as a "sandwich-type" electrolysis cell, the electrolysis medium is preferably flowed past the (two) parallel electrodes (cathode and anode) in a recirculating system.
• Electrolysis cells for large scale production are contemplated as using at least 5 A, and oftentimes IC cr more A. Taking into consideration tne amperage and number of electrolysis cells employed, tne instant process will ordinarily use current and dialkyi male- ate amounts sucr. that no more than 100 grams (g> of dialkyi maleate are present per cell-A, and preferably less than 50 g, or possibly even less than 25 g
• cell-A The terir "cell-ampere" (cell-A) is employed herein to mean tne numner of cells x amperes, and is equivalent to ampere-hours per hour [ (A-hr) /hr]
• the electrolytic process of the instant inven ⁇ tion is effected using graphite (plate, felt, rods, fibers, and the like) electrodes, i.e., both cathode and anode, with graphite plate and felt being particu- larly advantageous for flow-through sandwich-type electrolysis cell configurations.
• Additional advan ⁇ tages which are realized from the use of graphite as tne electrodes of cnoice includes high conversions of the dialkyi maleate reactant, as well as h gh selectivities tc, and high yields of, the desired hydrodimeric coupled product, tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylate .
• graphite is muc less expensive than many other known and commonly used electrode materials, such as platinum or even lead or cadmium electrodes and it does not add heavy metals to the electrolysis medium via corrosion.
• the temperature at which the process of the instant invention is conducted is not narrowly criti ⁇ cal. However, it may be desirable to avoid excessive ⁇ ly high or elevated temperatures in that increased production of undesirable by-products may result. Also, it may be desirable to avoid elevated tempera ⁇ tures when a volatile alkanol, e.g., methanol, is employed as a solvent in the electrolysis medium in order to avoid loss of such materials, and various cooling means can be used for this purpose.
• a volatile alkanol e.g., methanol
• Cooling to ambient temperatures is generally sufficient, but, if desired, temperatures down to 0 °C or lower can be employed so long as the desired hydrodimeric coupling reaction occurs with reasonable efficiency.
• a convenient maximum temperature is about 60 C C.
• temperatures of from about 15 °C to aoout 50 C C are preferred, with temperatures of from about 20 °C to about 40 °C being most preferred.
• the process of the instant invention can be conducted at atmospheric pressure, superatmospheric pressures, and subatmospheric pressures. However, for practical reasons and reasons of economy and construc ⁇ tion of equipment, it is preferred to conduct the instant process at approximately atmospheric pressure.
• the process of the instant invention can be carried out effectively and efficiently with an alkanol, e.g , methanol, as the only material employed as carrier for the dialkyi maleate reactant and mixed supporting electrolyte.
• an alkanol e.g , methanol
• Ordinary industrial grades of the alkanol of choice which are substantially water- free, are very suitable for use. Traces of water picked up from contact with the atmosphere will not ordinarily be sufficient to adversely affect results. For example, 2000 parts per million (ppm) of water in the electrolysis medium has negligible effect. How ⁇ ever, the presence of more than traces of water will preferably be avoided, as even a small percentage of water can cause a decline in selectivity, and the presence of more than, say 5% by weight, of water is very undesirable.
• ppm parts per million
• co-solvents can be employed along with the alkanol, particularly such aprotic solvents as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulf- oxi e, acetonitrile, and mixtures thereof. It is noted, however, that the use of co-solvents generally will not be desirable, although there may be particu ⁇ lar circumstances where solubility or other factors would make the use of co-solvents worthwhile and advantageous .
• the tetraalkyl 1, 2, 3 , 4-butanetetracarboxylate product is present in solution in the electrolysis medium, e.g., at a concentration of about 25% by weight .
• Recovery of the tetraalkyl 1, 2 , 3 , 4-butanetetracarboxylate from the electrolysis medium is effected by cooling the resultant reaction mixture to induce as complete crys ⁇ tallization as possible of the tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylate product, followed by separation by techniques well known in the art, e.g., filtration, centrifugation, and the like.
• the crys ⁇ tallization is effected by cooling the resultant reac ⁇ tion mixture, e.g., to less than 0 °C, usually between about 0 °C and -10 °C.
• the precipitated crystals are separated from the supernatant liquid by filtration, washed, preferably with the alkanol of choice employed as the solvent for the electrolysis medium, and dried. Recrystallization, if desired, can be effected from a suitable solvent, e.g., the same alkanol of cnoice .
• the separation of the tetraalkyl 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarooxylate product from the resultan t reaction mixture effectively separates the product from residual dialkyi maleate reactant and undesirable by-products, e.g., dialkyi succinate and dialkyi 2- alkcxysuccmate .
• Electrolyses were conducted in a sandwich- ype undivided electrolysis flow cell of parallel plate design fitted w tn graphite plate electrodes, both cathode and anode, having a surface area for each electrode of 114.75 cm 2 , and with a gap between the electrodes of anout 1 millimeter (mm) .
• the electroly ⁇ sis cell fluid volume capacity was approximately 11 5 cm- and its flow rate was approximately 0.762 me ⁇ ter/second [m/s; 2.5 feet/second (ft/s)] .
• the elec ⁇ trolysis cell was connected to a circulating pump and a j acketed, refrigerated reservoir maintained at about 20 °C.
• the chilled reservoir was charged with the desired quantities of dimethyl maleate (DMM) , metha ⁇ nol, and supporting electrolyte.
• DMM dimethyl maleate
• the resultant solu ⁇ tion was chilled to about 20 °C and subjected to elec ⁇ trolysis while maintaining the temperature at the initial 20 °C.
• the results and parameters are tabulat ⁇ ed m Table 1.
• NaOMe is sodium methoxide.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Priority Applications (9)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=21738885

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (14)

Cited By (1)

Families Citing this family (2)

Family Cites Families (7)

• 1997
  • 1997-01-10 BR BR9706936A patent/BR9706936A/pt unknown
  • 1997-01-10 CA CA002241652A patent/CA2241652A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-01-10 DE DE69709055T patent/DE69709055T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1997-01-10 AU AU15757/97A patent/AU1575797A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-01-10 CN CN97192945A patent/CN1213413A/zh active Pending
  • 1997-01-10 IL IL12529297A patent/IL125292A0/xx unknown
  • 1997-01-10 EP EP97901975A patent/EP0873433B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1997-01-10 WO PCT/US1997/000400 patent/WO1997025452A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-01-10 US US09/101,591 patent/US6228245B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1997-01-10 AT AT97901975T patent/ATE210744T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1997-01-10 KR KR1019980705311A patent/KR19990077173A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-01-10 JP JP9525424A patent/JP2000503343A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 1997-01-10 CZ CZ982003A patent/CZ200398A3/cs unknown
• 1998
  • 1998-07-10 NO NO983176A patent/NO983176L/no unknown

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events