WO1996018231A1 - Procede et appareil de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996018231A1
WO1996018231A1 PCT/NL1995/000412 NL9500412W WO9618231A1 WO 1996018231 A1 WO1996018231 A1 WO 1996018231A1 NL 9500412 W NL9500412 W NL 9500412W WO 9618231 A1 WO9618231 A1 WO 9618231A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
accumulator
charge current
voltage
charging
time
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL1995/000412
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Machiel Saakes
Robert Jansen
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from NL9402071A external-priority patent/NL9402071A/nl
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno
Priority to JP8517506A priority Critical patent/JPH10510416A/ja
Priority to AU39958/95A priority patent/AU3995895A/en
Priority to EP95938664A priority patent/EP0796518A1/fr
Publication of WO1996018231A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996018231A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H02J7/007184—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage in response to battery voltage gradient

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the fast charging of accumulators or batteries.
  • the invention relates to charging batteries or accumulators using a charge current which is as high as possible, which batteries or accumulators do not need to have any particular construction with regard to charging with high charge currents.
  • the invention relates to the determination of the degree of charging of the accumulators or batteries during charging with high charge current, in order, on the basis of said determination, to terminate fast charging in order, for example, to change over to so- called trickle charging.
  • accumulator or battery is used to define any type of element which is capable of storing an electrical charge by electrochemical means, such as, for example, NiCd or NiMH batteries, but also the large accumulators for electrically powered traction which are customarily used in transport.
  • electrochemical means such as, for example, NiCd or NiMH batteries
  • accumulator is used, but it will be apparent that this is also used in the sense of battery.
  • DE-A 3 334 851 a method and an installation are described with which the point in time of termination of fast charging with a high charge current is determined on the basis of the change in voltage, by briefly interrupting the charge current at various successive points in time, this being known as pulse charging, in order to measure the accumulator voltage at that point in time, in order then to compare the two measurements and to switch off the high charge current as soon as either the last-measured accumulator voltage is lower than that first measured, or the difference between the two measured accumulator voltages is less than a predetermined voltage difference threshold.
  • European Patent Application 0 522 691 also describes a procedure based on the ⁇ U method, and in the preamble to the description (in particular in columns 1 to 4) gives a more detailed explanation of the problems which must be taken into account when charging electrochemical accumulators.
  • the present invention proposes a method and an installation with which, in comparison to the prior art, it is possible to come appreciably closer to meeting the desire to charge any type of accumulator, in particular an accumulator of the standard type, in as short a time as possible, that is to say using as high a charge current as possible, having regard to the usual service life and with exclusion of the risk of damage.
  • the invention proposes, to this end, using the so-called shifting segment method, to determine on the basis of the change in the charge current, or a voltage representative thereof, or the accumulator voltage, the point in time at which the accumulator is fully or essentially fully charged, in order at that point in time to remove the applied relatively high constant or pulsed charge current and, for example, to change over to trickle charging or to continue charging at an appreciably lower charge current.
  • the term "voltage representative" of the charge current indicates, for example, that the magnitude of the charge current is determined by measuring the voltage over a shunt resistor, placed in series with the accumulator. However, this is not the only way in which the charge current can be determined.
  • a constant or pulsed fast- charge current which is at least 3 C is used.
  • an accumulator of the so-called penlite type can be charged within approximately ten to twenty minutes.
  • the said charge current can also be used for accumulators of the so-called alkaline type, such as NiCd batteries, which are guaranteed by the manufacturer only for appreciably lower charge currents, as a result of which the charging time is at least two to three hours and usually about fourteen hours.
  • the method according to the present invention is suitable for charging both with a pulsed charge current and with a constant charge current.
  • Charging with a pulsed charge current is known per se.
  • the accumulator voltage is measured at the point in time when there is no charge current pulse.
  • Various trials have been carried out in an attempt to optimise the service life of an accumulator by choosing a suitable method of charging with a pulsed charge current.
  • H. Min, S. Bang, ⁇ . Kim and H. Kang Aging of nickel electrode in fast charge Ni/Cd cell during cycling", Progress in Batteries & Battery Materials, Vol. 12 (1993), ITE/JEC Press Inc. and IBA Inc., pages 88 to 93.
  • European Patent Application 0 522 691 suggests charging with a constant charge current, but not with a particularly high charge current, and does not indicate the extent to which charging using the proposed procedure leads to a significant shortening of the charging time together with retention of, or improvement in, the cycle service life. Furthermore, according to the invention it is possible, in a preferred embodiment, to monitor the change in temperature of the accumulator as well as the change in the charge current or the accumulator voltage, for example in order to prevent damage to the accumulator by circumstances which cannot be traced by means of the change in the charge current or the accumulator voltage.
  • the combined use of the change in the accumulator voltage and the accumulator temperature in a switch-off criterion is known per se from, for example, "Ultra-rapid NiCd charger", ELECTRONICS WORLD + WIRELESS WORLD, June 1990, pages 532-534.
  • the accumulator can be discharged in the conventional manner, prior to charging in accordance with the invention, if said accumulator has a residual charge which is higher than a predetermined permitted residual charge. The occurrence of the so-called memory effect can be prevented by this means.
  • the single figure shows a diagrammatic representation of an ultra-rapid charger 1 for simultaneous charging of N cells. A charge and discharge circuit 2, 3, N is shown for each accumulator 5.
  • Said circuits 2, 3, N are connected to the various inputs and outputs of a control unit 4.
  • a diode 6, a resistor 7, a temperature sensor 8, an ⁇ /D converter 9, a switch 10, which is actuated by the control unit 4, and a power supply 11 providing constant charge current are incorporated in every circuit.
  • the continuous lines show the position of the switch 0 during discharging; the broken line shows the position of the switch 10 during charging.
  • the battery 5 is incorporated in an easily removable manner in the circuit 2, 3, N in a manner known per se.
  • control unit 4 must be programmed such that the cell voltage of the accumulator 5 can be measured at successive points in time by means of the A/D converter 9, in order to determine the point in time for switching off the high charge current on the basis of the following equation:
  • V m is the measured cell voltage for an N-point segment, and where switching off takes place as soon as R falls below a predetermined threshold value.
  • switching can be carried out in such a way that after the high charge current has been switched off, the power supply 11 continues to supply an appreciably lower charge current of, for example, 0.1 C, or changes over to so-called trickle charging.
  • CV charging a constant voltage
  • the charge current, for a given charge voltage is determined by the accumulator. Consequently, the charge current is equal to the maximum permissible charge current without overcharging occurring.
  • the transition between the descending and ascending parts of the curve for the charge current when charging using constant voltage is now determined by the shifting segment method, in order thus to determine the point in time at which fast charging is terminated.
  • it can optionally be elected to restrict the charge current to a possible maximum.
  • a nickel-cadmium accumulator of AA size with a capacity of 600 mAh and a usual fast-charging time of 4 hours or more, was charged using a constant charge current of 5 C, corresponding to a charge current of 3.0 A.
  • the charging time was 12 minutes.
  • the charge capacity was 600 mAh, whilst the discharge capacity, determined on discharging at 2 C, which corresponds to 1.2 A, was 530 mAh. This gave a charge efficiency, that is to say the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity, of 88 %.
  • a maximum temperature of 31 °C was reached, which was measured on the outer wall of the nickel-cadmium accumulator. Consequently, the temperature safety cut-out, which was set for 40 °C, was not triggered.
  • This test showed that after 466 cycles the discharge capacity had fallen from 602.3 to 594.7 mAh. This corresponds to a reduction of 1.3 % in the capacity.
  • the cycle service life defined as the number of cycles in which the discharge capacity is equal to 80 % of the original capacity, is thus significantly longer than when the customary method of charging is employed using a low pulsed current of C/10 or less.
  • the maximum temperature measured on the outer wall of the accumulator, never reached the set temperature of 40 ⁇ C for the temperature safety cut-out. This test showed that after 1 037 cycles the discharge capacity had fallen from 540 to 432 mAh.
  • the cycle service life therefore corresponds to that when charging at C/10 or less.
  • a nickel-cadmium accumulator of AA size with a capacity of 600 mAh and a usual fast-charging time of 4 hours or more, was subjected to a cycle service life test in which, for every cycle, charging was carried out at 4 C, corresponding to a pulsed charge current of 2.4 A (charge pulse 1.4 s alternating with a 0.088 s pause without current) and discharging was carried out at 2 C, corresponding to a discharge current of 1.2 A.
  • Example 5 A chargeable NiCd battery of AA size, with a nominal capacity of
  • a chargeable NiCd battery of AA size with a nominal capacity of 600 mAh and a nominal charging time of 16 hours, was charged using a constant voltage (CV charging) of 1.70 V, after having first been charged and discharged three times in the conventional manner for 16 hours in the manner specified by the manufacturer.
  • the charge current starting at an initial value of about 7 A (which corresponds to charging at 12 C), showed, after a fall, a minimum after 9 minutes, after which a rise occurred. Integration of the charge current over the charging time of 9 minutes gave a charge capacity of 600 mAh.
  • the discharge capacity was 580 mAh and the charge efficiency was consequently 96.7 %.
  • the battery heats up to only a slight extent during charging according to the invention.
  • the temperature consequently remains well below the temperature for which the thermal safety cut-out is set (45 °C).
  • the voltage increase R was always calculated from seven successive accumulator voltages which were measured at equal time intervals. Using the shifting segment method, the voltage increase R can be calculated as follows:

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles selon lequel un courant de charge relativement élevé alimente l'accumulateur. Le courant de charge, une tension représentative de celui-ci ou la tension de l'accumulateur sont mesurés pour permettre le suivi de l'évolution, en cours de charge, du courant de charge, de la tension représentative de celui-ci ou de la tension de l'accumulateur. Le moment où l'accumulateur est complètement chargé ou à peu près complètement chargé est déterminé. A ce moment, il est mis fin à la charge ou le courant de charge est sensiblement réduit. Pour permettre la détermination du moment de la charge où la charge rapide prend fin, sont mesurés à plusieurs reprises le courant de charge, une tension représentative de celui-ci ou la tension de l'accumulateur. Les données concernant les N dernières mesures successives, N étant au moins égal à 3, sont utilisées pour le calcul de l'augmentation ou de la diminution, dans le temps, du courant de charge, de la tension représentative de celui-ci ou de la tension de l'accumulateur (R).
PCT/NL1995/000412 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Procede et appareil de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles WO1996018231A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP8517506A JPH10510416A (ja) 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 蓄電池または電池の急速充電を行う方法およびその装置
AU39958/95A AU3995895A (en) 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Method and installation for fast charging of accumulators or batteries
EP95938664A EP0796518A1 (fr) 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Procede et appareil de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL9402071A NL9402071A (nl) 1994-12-08 1994-12-08 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het snelladen van accu's of batterijen.
NL9402071 1994-12-08
NL1000568 1995-06-14
NL1000568A NL1000568C2 (nl) 1994-12-08 1995-06-14 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het snelladen van accu's of batterijen.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996018231A1 true WO1996018231A1 (fr) 1996-06-13

Family

ID=26642099

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NL1995/000412 WO1996018231A1 (fr) 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Procede et appareil de charge rapide d'accumulateurs ou de piles

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0796518A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH10510416A (fr)
AU (1) AU3995895A (fr)
NL (1) NL1000568C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1996018231A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111263998A (zh) * 2017-10-23 2020-06-09 本宁Cms技术公司 用于对储能器充电或放电的方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0121325A2 (fr) * 1983-03-04 1984-10-10 Electronic Designs (I.W.) Limited Charge de batteries
US5177427A (en) * 1991-03-22 1993-01-05 H. M. Electronics, Inc. Battery charging system and method for preventing false switching from fast charge to trickle charge
DE4319861A1 (de) * 1992-06-16 1993-12-23 Hitachi Koki Kk Batterieladegerät

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0121325A2 (fr) * 1983-03-04 1984-10-10 Electronic Designs (I.W.) Limited Charge de batteries
US5177427A (en) * 1991-03-22 1993-01-05 H. M. Electronics, Inc. Battery charging system and method for preventing false switching from fast charge to trickle charge
DE4319861A1 (de) * 1992-06-16 1993-12-23 Hitachi Koki Kk Batterieladegerät

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111263998A (zh) * 2017-10-23 2020-06-09 本宁Cms技术公司 用于对储能器充电或放电的方法
CN111263998B (zh) * 2017-10-23 2023-06-20 本宁Cms技术公司 用于对储能器充电或放电的方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0796518A1 (fr) 1997-09-24
NL1000568C2 (nl) 1996-09-12
NL1000568A1 (nl) 1996-07-11
AU3995895A (en) 1996-06-26
JPH10510416A (ja) 1998-10-06

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