WO1996016380A1 - Systeme et procede d'interpolation adaptative de donnees video - Google Patents
Systeme et procede d'interpolation adaptative de donnees video Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996016380A1 WO1996016380A1 PCT/US1995/013560 US9513560W WO9616380A1 WO 1996016380 A1 WO1996016380 A1 WO 1996016380A1 US 9513560 W US9513560 W US 9513560W WO 9616380 A1 WO9616380 A1 WO 9616380A1
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- inteφolation
- kernel
- image data
- kernel lookup
- image
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 abstract description 102
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012952 Resampling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000011093 media selection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002059 diagnostic imaging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformation in the plane of the image
- G06T3/40—Scaling the whole image or part thereof
- G06T3/4007—Interpolation-based scaling, e.g. bilinear interpolation
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- G06T3/10—
Definitions
- the present invention relates to image processing techniques, and, more particularly, to interpolation techniques for expansion of digital image data for presentation on output media. Discussion of Related Art
- a digital laser imager forms a visible representation of an image on imaging media, such as photosensitive film, based on a set of image data representative of the image.
- the image data contains a plurality of digital image values acquired by an input imaging device.
- the input imaging device may comprise, for example, a diagnostic device, such as a magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), conventional radiography (X-ray), or ultrasound device.
- MR magnetic resonance
- CT computed tomography
- X-ray conventional radiography
- ultrasound device ultrasound device.
- the image data may represent an image of a physiological object obtained for diagnostic purposes.
- Each of the digital image values corresponds to one of a plurality of pixels in the original image, and represents an optical density associated with the respective pixel.
- the laser imager processes the digital image values to generate laser drive values.
- Each of the laser drive values represents an exposure level calculated to reproduce, on the imaging media, the optical density of a pixel in the original image.
- the laser drive values are used to modulate the intensity of a scanning laser, thereby exposing imaging media with a particular level of exposure.
- the laser imager subsequently develops the imaging media to form the visible representation of the original image.
- the number of pixels represented by the image data can be significantly less than the resolution of the imaging media.
- laser imagers include scanning lasers capable of producing an output resolution of 300 pixels per inch on the imaging media.
- the original image may be represented by image data comprising as little as a 256 by 256 array of pixels.
- the laser imager may provide different formats that enable a user to select the number of images to be formed.
- the number of images formed on the imaging media determines the size of each image.
- a 512 by 512 pixel set of image data must be expanded by at least twenty-five percent to match the 300 pixels per inch resolution of the laser imager.
- formats requiring larger sizes it is necessary to expand the image data by much greater amounts.
- formats producing smaller sizes require that the image data be reduced.
- Expansion involves resampling of the originally sampled image data at a higher rate dependent on the amount of expansion required.
- Reduction involves resampling of the originally sampled image data at a lower rate dependent on the amount of reduction required.
- Resampling is carried out by performing interpolation on the original image data to effectively fit a curve to the original image data.
- the curve is resampled at a higher rate than the original image data to create intermediate pixel points between those available from the originally sampled image data.
- For reduction the curve is resampled at a lower rate than the original image data.
- the resampling process transforms the image data into an image having a higher spatial resolution for expansion and a lower spatial resolution for reduction.
- the resampling rates for expansion can degrade image quality by loss of high frequency information, introducing perceived blurring and other artifacts into the expanded image data.
- the ideal low-pass filter would remove replicates of the frequency introduced by the resampling.
- the implementation of an ideal low-pass filter is not feasible, however, because it would require the availability of many surrounding data points for each interpolated pixel.
- interpolation functions seek to approximate the effect of an ideal low-pass filter.
- Such interpolation functions generally fall into two categories, commonly referred to as (1) “two-point” interpolation and (2) “four- point” interpolation.
- One type of "two-point” interpolation involves "pixel replication” interpolation, whereby sample points between two adjacent original pixels are simply assigned the intensity values of the closest adjacent original pixel.
- Another type of "two-point” interpolation involves "bilinear” interpolation, whereby sample points between two adjacent original pixels are assigned linearly weighted intensity values based on distance from the closest adjacent original pixel.
- Other "two-point” interpolation techniques are implemented by third order, fifth order, seventh order, etc., polynomial kernel functions.
- “Four-point” interpolation may involve the application of a cubic spline function.
- the four-point interpolation carried out by application of the cubic spline function involves much more computation than two-point interpolation.
- the cubic spline function has been found to produce a better spatial frequency response than two-point interpolation functions in most cases, providing a closer approximation of the ideal low-pass filter spectrum.
- a cubic spline interpolation function may produce a less than optimum interpolated image, relative to two-point interpolation functions such as bilinear interpolation or pixel replication.
- United States Patent No. 5,008,752 discloses an interpolator for applying two different types of interpolation fiinctions depending on the type of image data present. This technique switches between different inte ⁇ olation functions when a difference between successive pixel values exceeds a predetermined threshold, indicating a transition from pictorial to text information.
- United States Patent No. 4,468,693 discloses an inte ⁇ olation apparatus that allows a user to manually switch between cubic spline inte ⁇ olation, bilinear inte ⁇ olation, and pixel replication inte ⁇ olation according to the user's preference.
- 327,257 discloses an apparatus that applies more than one inte ⁇ olation function to a set of image data to achieve a desired appearance.
- This apparatus creates both a sha ⁇ inte ⁇ olated image and a smooth inte ⁇ olated image by applying a cubic spline function to a set of image data, and then creating a third image by combining the sha ⁇ and smooth inte ⁇ olated images with selected weighting coefficients to produce a sha ⁇ or smooth resultant image.
- the above patent disclosures generally address the effectiveness of different types of inte ⁇ olation functions for different types of image data.
- the effect of other image processing variables has not been adequately addressed.
- the effectiveness of a particular inte ⁇ olation function may vary according to the degree of expansion required by the format of the image data on the imaging media. If a format requires a large image expansion factor for an image, it is, of course, necessary to create a greater number of intermediate pixels between adjacent original unexpanded pixels. As a result, there will be a higher chance of introducing imaging artifacts such as blurring. If the format selection calls for an smaller expansion rate, however, the blurring will be less perceptible. Hence, an inte ⁇ olation function considered inappropriate for use with larger expansion rates, due to high incidence of blurring, may nevertheless be appropriate for use with smaller expansion rates.
- the response characteristics of different imaging media can greatly affect the visible results of the inte ⁇ olation. It has been observed, for example, that dry silver film has a development speed that is significantly slower than that of conventional silver halide film, in both toe and shoulder speeds. This slower development speed can render inte ⁇ olation functions previously considered effective for silver halide films less effective for dry silver film.
- the slower development speed requires that the scanning laser transmit a higher exposing energy to the imaging media to achieve a desired maximum optical density. The higher exposing energy translates to a larger dynamic range for the scanning laser in order to expose every gradation on the imaging media.
- the available dynamic range of existing, commercially available scanning lasers may be limited for required exposing wavelengths in the infra-red regions.
- the scanning laser may be incapable of producing the desired number of gradations.
- the slower development speed of the dry silver film given the limitations of the scanning laser, can result in loss of high spatial frequencies.
- the visible manifestation of the loss of high spatial frequencies may be a loss of apparent edge sha ⁇ ness producing an undesirable blurring in high contrast areas.
- the blurring is particularly apparent in those areas involving a transition from image data representing alphanumeric text at a minimum density to image data representing pictorial information at much higher densities approaching maximum density. Therefore, an inte ⁇ olation function considered appropriate for silver halide film may produce inadequate results with a dry silver film.
- CRT monitor medium has several problems when compared to a print film for image presentation.
- a CRT monitor suffers from severe dynamic range limitations (maximum intensity to minimum intensity range). relative to film.
- the dynamic range of a CRT monitor limits perceptible image gradation presentation to about 100 - 150 levels as compared to print films, which may provide 1500-2000 levels of gradation.
- CRT monitors may suffer blurring in high contrast areas.
- inte ⁇ olation techniques generally fail to address the effect of format and/or media variations on inte ⁇ olation results. Consequently, image quality continues to be a concern for inte ⁇ olated images formed with different formats on different imaging media. Accordingly, there is a need for an inte ⁇ olation system capable of selecting inte ⁇ olation functions appropriate for particular formats and/or different imaging media.
- the present invention is directed to a system and method for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of image data.
- the system and method of the present invention are capable of selecting one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on a format selected for the image data.
- the system and method of the present invention also are capable of selecting one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on an imaging media selected for presentation of the image data.
- the system and method of the present invention enable application of an appropriate inte ⁇ olation kernel to the image data to improve visible results.
- the system and method of the present invention are capable of selecting one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables to achieve a particular appearance characteristic based on a degree of sha ⁇ ness or smoothness desired by a user.
- the present invention provides, in a first embodiment, a system for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data representing inte ⁇ olated pixels, the system comprising media selection means for selecting one of a plurality of imaging media for presentation of the image, format selection means for selecting one of a plurality of formats for presentation of the image on the imaging media, appearance characteristic selection means for selecting one of a plurality of appearance characteristics of the presentation of the image on the imaging media, a memory storing a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, inte ⁇ olation kernel selection means for selecting, based on a combination of the format selected by the format selection means, the media selected by the media selection means, and the appearance characteristic selected by the appearance characteristic selection means, one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables stored in
- the present invention provides a system for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data, the system comprising format selection means for selecting one of a plurality of formats for presentation of the image on imaging media, a memory storing a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, inte ⁇ olation kernel selection means for selecting, based on the format selected by the format selection means, one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables stored in the memory, and inte ⁇ olation means for applying the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the present invention provides a system for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data, the system comprising media selection means for selecting one of a plurality of imaging media for presentation of the image, a memory storing a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, inte ⁇ olation kernel selection means for selecting, based on the media selected by the media selection means, one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables stored in the memory, and inte ⁇ olation means for applying the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the present invention provides a method for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data representing inte ⁇ olated pixels, the method comprising the steps of selecting one of a plurality of imaging media for presentation of the image, selecting one of a plurality of formats for presentation of the image on the imaging media, selecting one of a plurality of appearance characteristics of the presentation of the image on the imaging media, selecting one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on a combination of the selected media, the selected format, and the selected appearance characteristic, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, and applying the inte ⁇ olation coefficients contained in the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the present invention provides a method for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data, the method comprising the steps of selecting one of a plurality of formats for presentation of the image on imaging media, selecting one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on the selected format, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, and inte ⁇ olation means for applying the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the present invention provides a method for performing inte ⁇ olation on image data representative of a plurality of pixels within an image to produce inte ⁇ olated image data, the method comprising the steps of selecting one of a plurality of imaging media for presentation of the image, selecting one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on the selected media, each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients, and inte ⁇ olation means for applying the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a system for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of image data, in accordance with the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a functional block diagram of an inte ⁇ olation processor for inco ⁇ oration in the system of Fig. 1, in accordance with the present invention
- Fig. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of image data, in accordance with the present invention.
- Fig. 1 is a functional block diagram of a system 10 for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of digital image data, in accordance with the present invention.
- system 10 includes a format selector 12, an appearance characteristic selector 14, an output media selector 16, an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table memory 18, an inte ⁇ olation processor 20, and a formatting processor 22.
- the system 10 further includes one or more output media provided by a cathode ray tube (CRT) display monitor 24 and a digital laser imager 26.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 receives image data, as indicated by block 28, from an input imaging device.
- the input imaging device may comprise, for example, a diagnostic device, such as a magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), conventional radiography (X-ray), or ultrasound device.
- MR magnetic resonance
- CT computed tomography
- X-ray conventional radiography
- image data 28 may represent an image of a physiological object obtained for diagnostic pu ⁇ oses.
- the image data 28 received by inte ⁇ olation processor 20 is representative of a plurality of pixels within the image.
- the number of pixels represented by image data 28 can be significantly less than the output resolution of output imaging media used for visible presentation of the image.
- the system 10 is configured to perform inte ⁇ olation on image data 28 to produce inte ⁇ olated image data representing the original pixels and inte ⁇ olated pixels.
- the system 10 selects one of a plurality of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables based on a combination of a selected format, a selected output media, and a selected appearance characteristic of the image.
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables contain inte ⁇ olation coefficients that are applied to the original pixels in image data 28 to produce inte ⁇ olated pixels, thereby transforming the spatial resolution of image data 28 to match the resolution of the output media.
- the format selector 12 selects one of a plurality of formats for presentation of an image on imaging media.
- the format selector 12 enables a system user to select a format representing a number of images to be formed on a single page of the output imaging media.
- system 10 may provide formats for as many images as can be accommodated by a single page of media or, as a practical matter, as many images as can be viewed for useful diagnostic pu ⁇ oses.
- page may refer to a sheet of photosensitive media such as film printed by laser imager 26, or a screen displayed by CRT display monitor 24.
- the format selector 12 can be realized, for example, by a user interface associated with a display panel on laser imager 26 or by a manual control panel on laser imager 26.
- the number of images specified by the selected format determines the size of each individual image to be formed on the imaging media.
- the size of each image determines the amount of expansion necessary to match the resolution of image data 28 to that of the output media.
- the appearance characteristic selector 14 selects one of a plurality of appearance characteristics of the presentation of the image on the imaging media.
- the appearance characteristics may include a plurality of degrees of apparent sha ⁇ ness of the image relative to a degree of apparent smoothness, when viewed by a human observer.
- the appearance characteristic selector 14 enables a user to select a degree of apparent edge contrast in the visible representation of the image when formed on the imaging media to provide a more pleasing or diagnostically useful appearance.
- the format selector 12 can be realized, for example, by a user interface associated with a display panel on laser imager 26 or by a manual control panel on laser imager 26.
- the media selector 16 selects one of a plurality of imaging media for visible presentation of the image represented by image data 28.
- media selector 16 enables the user to select either CRT monitor 24 or laser imager 26, and also the type of imaging media printed by the laser imager.
- laser imager 26 may be configured to print the image on either wet chemically processed silver halide film or thermographic dry silver film.
- the laser imager 26 conceivably could be configured to print images on other types of thermographic film.
- the media selector 16 can be realized, for example, by a user interface associated with a display panel on laser imager 26 or by a manual control panel on laser imager 26.
- media selector 16 may be configured to respond automatically to media selection information sent with image data 28 from an input imaging device.
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table memory 18 stores a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables.
- Each of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables contains a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients calculated according to particular inte ⁇ olation kernel functions.
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables may include, for example, at least one inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of two-point inte ⁇ olation coefficients and at least one inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of four-point inte ⁇ olation coefficients.
- memory 18 may store a variety of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables including an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of pixel replication inte ⁇ olation coefficients, an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of bilinear inte ⁇ olation coefficients, an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of third order polynomial inte ⁇ olation coefficients, an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table containing a plurality of fifth order polynomial inte ⁇ olation coefficients, and one or more inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables containing a plurality of cubic spline inte ⁇ olation coefficients.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables stored in memory 18 based on a combination of the format selected by format selector 12, the media selected by media selector 16, and the appearance characteristic selected by appearance characteristic selector 14.
- the particular inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table selected by inte ⁇ olation processor 20 produces inte ⁇ olated image data having an optimum visible appearance, given the format, media, and appearance characteristic specified by the user.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 determines a sampling increment based on the amount of pixels required by the selected format and the amount of original pixels provided by image data 28.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 then applies inte ⁇ olation coefficients contained in the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table that correspond to the sampling increment to image data 28 to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the format processor 22 receives the inte ⁇ olated image data produced by inte ⁇ olation processor 20, and prepares the inte ⁇ olated image data for presentation on a single page of output imaging media. Specifically, format processor 22 assembles the inte ⁇ olated image data produced for each of a number of images to be printed or displayed on a single page according to a format selected by the user. The format processor 22 assigns the inte ⁇ olated image data for each image to a particular area of the page, and then rasterizes the assembled image data for application to drive either display monitor 24 or laser imager 26.
- Fig. 2 is a functional block diagram of the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 shown in Fig. 1, in accordance with the present invention.
- processor 20 includes an input image data buffer 30, a row inte ⁇ olator 32, a column inte ⁇ olator 34, and an output image data buffer 36.
- the input image data buffer 30 receives image data 28 from an input imaging device.
- the row inte ⁇ olator 32 processes original pixel values along each row of image data 28 and inte ⁇ olates them based on inte ⁇ olation coefficients retrieved from the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel table, as indicated by block 38.
- the row inte ⁇ olator 32 multiplies the original pixel values by corresponding inte ⁇ olation coefficients 38, selected according to the sampling rate, and sums the product to produce inte ⁇ olated row pixel values.
- the resulting inte ⁇ olated row pixel values each correspond to an inte ⁇ olated pixel in the image, and represent an intensity of that inte ⁇ olated pixel.
- the inte ⁇ olated row pixel values create additional columns of inte ⁇ olated pixels between columns of original pixels in image data 28.
- the intensity of each inte ⁇ olated pixel is a function of the intensities of the original pixel values to which the inte ⁇ olation coefficients were applied, and the values of the inte ⁇ olation coefficients.
- column inte ⁇ olator 34 processes them to produce inte ⁇ olated column pixel values. Specifically, column inte ⁇ olator 34 inte ⁇ olates both the original row pixels and the inte ⁇ olated row pixels along a column based on inte ⁇ olation coefficients 38 retrieved from the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel table. The column inte ⁇ olator 34 multiplies the original row pixels and the inte ⁇ olated row pixels along a column by corresponding inte ⁇ olation coefficients, and sums the product to produce inte ⁇ olated column pixel values.
- the inte ⁇ olated column pixel values create additional rows of inte ⁇ olated pixels between rows of original pixels and inte ⁇ olated pixels.
- the intensity of each inte ⁇ olated column pixel is a function of the intensities of the original column pixel values to which the inte ⁇ olation coefficients were applied, and the values of the inte ⁇ olation coefficients.
- the row inte ⁇ olator 32 and column inte ⁇ olater 34 perform inte ⁇ olation of image data 28 in a well known manner.
- the following FORTRAN code is provided, however, for pu ⁇ oses of illustration.
- the code illustrates the computation involved in a four-point inte ⁇ olation process using a cubic spline inte ⁇ olation kernel function, a two-point inte ⁇ olation process using a fifth order polynomial function, and a two-point inte ⁇ olation process using bilinear inte ⁇ olation.
- c ul, u2, u3, u4 are the calculated coefficients from c Cubic Spline kernel function c In this example, a 200% inte ⁇ olation is shown.
- c c Two point inte ⁇ olation using Bilinear c
- u2(i) l-cl
- mbb(i,k) are the expanded image data
- mnb(i,k) are the unexpanded original image data.
- memory 18 stores inte ⁇ olation lookup tables containing inte ⁇ olation coefficients that represent the following inte ⁇ olation kernel functions:
- Pixel Replication Kernel Function This two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table contains inte ⁇ olation coefficients representative of a conventional pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ (x), whereby inte ⁇ olated pixels between two adjacent original pixels are simply assigned the intensity values of the closest original pixel.
- This inte ⁇ olation kernel function can be expressed as:
- K,(x) 0
- x is a variable representing a location of the inte ⁇ olated pixel relative to the original pixels.
- the pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel produces a sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- This two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table contains inte ⁇ olation coefficients representative of a conventional bilinear inte ⁇ olation kernel function K (x), whereby inte ⁇ olated pixels between two adjacent original pixels are assigned linearly weighted intensity values based on distance from the closest adjacent original pixel.
- 0 ⁇
- This bilinear inte ⁇ olation kernel function produces a smoother apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image data, relative to pixel replication.
- This two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table contains inte ⁇ olation coefficients representative of a conventional third order polynomial kernel function K 3 (x), whereby inte ⁇ olated pixels between two adjacent original pixels are assigned intensity values based on the following expression:
- This two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table contains inte ⁇ olation coefficients representative of a conventional fifth order polynomial kernel function K*(x), whereby inte ⁇ olation pixels between two adjacent original pixels are assigned intensity values based on the following expression:
- K,(x) -6
- ⁇ 1 K,(x) 0
- the fifth order polynomial kernel function produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by both the third order polynomial inte ⁇ olation kernel function K 3 (x) and the bilinear replication inte ⁇ olation kernel function K (x), but smoother than that produced by the pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ (x).
- This four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table contains inte ⁇ olation coefficients representative of a conventional cubic spline kernel function Ks(x), whereby inte ⁇ olation pixels between two adjacent original pixels are assigned intensity values based on the following expression:
- K 5 (x) (a + 2)
- 2 + 1 0 ⁇
- ⁇ 1
- Kj(x) ⁇
- Cubic Spline Function (a -1.0).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K l0 (x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ x).
- Cubic Spline Function ( - 1.2).
- This four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table corresponds to the above expression K 5 (x) with the coefficient a - -1.2 to realize an inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ (x).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function Kn(x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ 0 (x).
- Cubic Spline Function ( -1.4).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K !2 (x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function Ku(x).
- Cubic Spline Function (a -1.6).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K_ (x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ 2 (x).
- Cubic Spline Function (a -1.8).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function Ku(x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ 3 (x).
- Cubic Spline Function (a -2.0).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ s(x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function Ku(x).
- Cubic Spline Function (a -2.2).
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ 6 (x) produces an apparent edge contrast between pixels in the inte ⁇ olated image that is sha ⁇ er than that produced by the inte ⁇ olation kernel function K ⁇ s(x).
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the above inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K ⁇ -K ]6 to improve the appearance of a visible representation of the inte ⁇ olated image data based on the selected format, the selected media, and the selected appearance characteristic.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects from memory 18 the best available inte ⁇ olation kernel function K Ki 6 for the present conditions.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 first narrows the field of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables stored in memory 18 according to the format selected by format selector 12. For selected formats requiring smaller expansion rates, inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K1-K , in view of the lower incidence of blurring with small-scale expansion. Because the smaller expansion rate produces less blurring, a two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table can provide acceptable visible results. In this manner, the selection of a two-point, rather than four-point, inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table by inte ⁇ olation processor 20 reduces the amount of computational effort necessary to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K-rK ⁇ 6 .
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 thereby produces better spatial frequency when needed to avoid the higher incidence of blurring that can occur with larger expansion.
- the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel requires added computation, but is necessary to ensure a pleasing or diagnostically useful visible presentation of the inte ⁇ olated image data on the output media.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 As an example of the criteria applied by inte ⁇ olation processor 20 to select a type of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table, satisfactory visible results have been observed for the use of two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables with selected formats requiring expansion rates that do not exceed a factor of three in both horizontal and vertical directions. For selected formats that require expansion rates of greater than a factor of three in both horizontal and vertical directions, inte ⁇ olation processor 20 should be configured to select one of the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables. At expansion rates of less than a factor of three, the degree of blurring that may occur with a two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel has been found to be acceptable, particularly in view of the computational savings gained.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 After inte ⁇ olation processor 20 has narrowed the selection process to either the set of two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables or the set of four- point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables, the process turns to selection of a subset of lookup tables appropriate for the type of output imaging media selected by output media selector 16.
- Both the set of two-point inte ⁇ olation lookup tables K1-K4 and the set of four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Ks-K ]6 include inte ⁇ olation coefficients representing inte ⁇ olation kernel functions designed to produce different appearance characteristics, i.e., different degrees of sha ⁇ ness or smoothness.
- the set of two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables includes, in descending order of apparent sha ⁇ ness, the pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel table Ki, the fifth order polynomial inte ⁇ olation kernel table Id, the third order polynomial inte ⁇ olation kernel table K 3 , and the bilinear inte ⁇ olation kernel table K 2 .
- the set of four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables includes, in descending order of apparent sha ⁇ ness, cubic spline inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K 5 -K ⁇ 6 modified by the value of coefficient a to adjust sha ⁇ ness.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects a subset of appropriate inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables by considering the response characteristics of the output imaging media, which can greatly affect the visible results of the inte ⁇ olation.
- Thermographic dry silver film has a development speed that is significantly slower than that of conventional silver halide film, in both toe and shoulder speeds.
- the scanning laser in laser imager 26 may have an insufficient dynamic range to compensate for the slower development speed. Consequently, blurring can result in high contrast areas of the visible presentation of the inte ⁇ olated image data, such as those areas involving a transition from image data representing alphanumeric text at a minimum density to image data representing pictorial information at much higher densities approaching maximum density.
- a CRT display monitor suffers from severe dynamic range limitations, and therefore can also exhibit blurring in high contrast areas.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Kj-Ki ⁇ producing a relatively smooth apparent edge contrast.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table producing a relatively smooth apparent edge contrast in recognition of the faster development speed of the silver halide film, and hence the smaller dynamic range required to reproduce the desired optical densities.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables Ki-I providing a relatively smooth apparent edge contrast, such as the bilinear inte ⁇ olation kernel table K 2 .
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K 3 -Ki6 providing a relatively smooth apparent edge contrast.
- the sixth four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel table K ⁇ with coefficient a set to -0.2, provides a particularly smooth apparent edge contrast when applied to the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Ki-Ku producing a sha ⁇ er apparent edge contrast than that for silver halide film.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table producing a relatively sha ⁇ appearance in recognition of the slower development speed of the dry silver film, and hence the larger dynamic range required to reproduce the desired optical densities.
- the sha ⁇ er inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table provides a mechanism for improving the visible appearance of the presentation of the inte ⁇ olated image data on the dry silver film.
- the sha ⁇ ness produced by the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table produces an "overshoot undershoot" effect that compensates for the slower development speed of the dry silver film.
- the overshoot and undershoot are clipped in high contrast areas by the minimum density Dmin and the maximum density Dmax.
- the sha ⁇ ness of the selected inte ⁇ olating kernel lookup table increases the apparent spatial frequency of the inte ⁇ olated image data by increasing the apparent slope between adjacent inte ⁇ olated pixels.
- the selected inte ⁇ olating kernel lookup table increases the apparent slope between minimum density Dmin and maximum density Dmax in high contrast areas, such as those involving a transition from image data representing alphanumeric text at a minimum density to image data representing pictorial information at much higher densities approaching maximum density.
- the other areas of the visible presentation having varying densities also will be affected by the sha ⁇ er inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table. The effect is not readily apparent, however, for inte ⁇ olation with formats requiring smaller expansion factors.
- the four- point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables selected for formats requiring larger expansion factors conceal the effect by avoiding the introduction of a large amount of high spatial frequency artifact and aliasing.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K1-K4 providing a relatively sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast, such as the pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel table K t , the third order polynomial kernel table K , or the fifth order polynomial kernel table t.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K 5 -K ⁇ 6 providing relatively sha ⁇ er apparent edge contrasts.
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel table K ⁇ provides a very high degree of overshoot and undershoot, producing a very sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast when applied to the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the sha ⁇ er inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table provides the benefits of higher apparent slope between Dmin and Dmax, compensating for the slow development speed of the dry silver film, but does not suffer significantly from the overshoot and undershoot effect, which would ordinarily be undesirable.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Ki-Ki ⁇ producing an even sha ⁇ er apparent edge contrast than that required by the dry silver film.
- the inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects an inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table producing a relatively sha ⁇ appearance in recognition of the severely limited dynamic range of the CRT monitor.
- the sha ⁇ er inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table provides a mechanism for improving the visible appearance of the presentation of the inte ⁇ olated image data on the CRT monitor.
- the sha ⁇ ness produced by the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table produces the overshoot and undershoot effect to provide a higher apparent slope between maximum intensity and minimum intensity on the monitor.
- the overshoot/undershoot effect compensates for the limited dynamic range of the CRT monitor, but is clipped in high contrast areas by the minimum and maximum intensities.
- the sha ⁇ ness of the selected inte ⁇ olating kernel lookup table increases the apparent spatial frequency of the inte ⁇ olated image data by increasing the apparent slope between adjacent inte ⁇ olated pixels in high contrast areas, such as those involving a transition from image data representing alphanumeric text at a minimum intensity to image data representing pictorial information at much higher intensities approaching maximum intensity.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K K_ ⁇ providing a sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast.
- the pixel replication inte ⁇ olation kernel table Ki and the fifth order polynomial kernel table K «, in particular, produce inte ⁇ olated image data having sha ⁇ er apparent edge contrasts.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K 5 -K ⁇ 6 providing relatively sha ⁇ er apparent edge contrasts.
- the inte ⁇ olation kernel table Ki ⁇ provides a maximum degree of overshoot and undershoot, producing a very sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast when applied to the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the sha ⁇ er inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table provides a higher apparent slope to compensate for the limited dynamic range of CRT monitor 24, thereby improving the visible presentation of the inte ⁇ olated image data to a human viewer.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 After inte ⁇ olation processor 20 has narrowed the selection process to either the set of two-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K 1 -K or the set of four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K5-K16 based on the selected format, and to a particular subset of the inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Ki-Ki ⁇ based on the selected media the process turns to selection of a particular inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table based on the appearance characteristic selected by appearance characteristic selector 14.
- the selection by inte ⁇ olation processor 20 is largely driven by format and media considerations, it still may be desirable to allow a system user some latitude for sha ⁇ ness and smoothness.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects one of the four-point inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K5-K16 providing a sha ⁇ apparent edge contrast.
- the apparent sha ⁇ ness produced by each of inte ⁇ olation kernel tables K5-K16 increases in response to an increase in the coefficient a.
- inte ⁇ olation processor 20 selects a higher-numbered inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table having a coefficient a that corresponds to the desired sha ⁇ ness.
- Fig. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of image data, in accordance with the present invention. It will be recognized that the method of the present invention can be readily implemented by the system 10 described above. As shown in the flow diagram of Fig. 3, the method includes a step of selecting one of a plurality of formats for presentation of an image on an imaging media, as indicated by block 40. A particular imaging media is selected for presentation of an image, as indicated by block 42. Further, one of a plurality of appearance characteristics, representing sha ⁇ ness or smoothness, are selected for the presentation of the image on the imaging media, as indicated by block 44.
- one of a plurality of different inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables then is selected based on a combination of the selected format, the selected media, and the selected appearance characteristic.
- Each of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables contains a plurality of inte ⁇ olation coefficients representing the inte ⁇ olation carried by a different inte ⁇ olation kernel functions, as described above with respect to system 10.
- the inte ⁇ olation coefficients contained in the selected inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup table are applied to the image data to produce the inte ⁇ olated image data.
- the following example is provided to illustrate a system and method for adaptive inte ⁇ olation of image data, in accordance with the present invention.
- the following example illustrates one possible implementation of the selection process carried out by the system and method of the present invention.
- one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables Ki-K* is selected if the selected format requires an expansion factor of less than or equal to three in horizontal and vertical directions
- one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K 5 -K ⁇ is selected if the selected format requires an expansion factor of greater than three in horizontal and vertical direction.
- one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K 1 -K4 is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with Ki representing the sha ⁇ est appearance and K 2 the smoothest. If the selected media is silver halide and the selected format requires an expansion factor of greater than three, one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables in the subset K 5 -K 12 is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with K5 representing the smoothest appearance in the subset and K ⁇ 2 the sha ⁇ est.
- one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K 1 -K- 1 is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with K] representing the sha ⁇ est appearance and K 2 the smoothest. If the selected media is dry silver and the selected format requires an expansion factor of greater than three, one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables in the subset Kg-K ⁇ is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with Kg representing the least sha ⁇ appearance in the subset and K ⁇ 4 the sha ⁇ est.
- one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables K 1 -K4 is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with Ki representing the sha ⁇ est appearance and K the smoothest. If the selected media is CRT monitor 24 and the selected format requires an expansion factor of greater than three, one of inte ⁇ olation kernel lookup tables in the subset Kio-Ki ⁇ is selected according to the selected appearance characteristic, with K10 representing the least sha ⁇ appearance in the subset and K J6 the sha ⁇ est.
Abstract
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP8516854A JPH10509824A (ja) | 1994-11-23 | 1995-10-10 | 画像データの適応的補間のためのシステム及び方法 |
EP95938826A EP0793836A1 (fr) | 1994-11-23 | 1995-10-10 | Systeme et procede d'interpolation adaptative de donnees video |
AU40062/95A AU4006295A (en) | 1994-11-23 | 1995-10-10 | System and method for adaptive interpolation of image data |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US34456194A | 1994-11-23 | 1994-11-23 | |
US08/344,561 | 1994-11-23 |
Publications (1)
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WO1996016380A1 true WO1996016380A1 (fr) | 1996-05-30 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1995/013560 WO1996016380A1 (fr) | 1994-11-23 | 1995-10-10 | Systeme et procede d'interpolation adaptative de donnees video |
Country Status (5)
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US (1) | US5774601A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0793836A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH10509824A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU4006295A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996016380A1 (fr) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU4006295A (en) | 1996-06-17 |
EP0793836A1 (fr) | 1997-09-10 |
US5774601A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
JPH10509824A (ja) | 1998-09-22 |
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