WO1995030926A1 - Dispositif dont on peut faire varier les proprietes de transmission de la lumiere - Google Patents

Dispositif dont on peut faire varier les proprietes de transmission de la lumiere Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995030926A1
WO1995030926A1 PCT/AU1995/000263 AU9500263W WO9530926A1 WO 1995030926 A1 WO1995030926 A1 WO 1995030926A1 AU 9500263 W AU9500263 W AU 9500263W WO 9530926 A1 WO9530926 A1 WO 9530926A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cladding
optical fibre
constraining
fibre
grating
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1995/000263
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Hill
Graham Atkins
Mark Sceats
Original Assignee
The University Of Sydney
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The University Of Sydney filed Critical The University Of Sydney
Priority to AU23413/95A priority Critical patent/AU2341395A/en
Publication of WO1995030926A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995030926A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/022—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using mechanical stress, e.g. tuning by compression or elongation, special geometrical shapes such as "dog-bone" or taper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/0128—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, elasto-optic effects
    • G02F1/0131—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, elasto-optic effects based on photo-elastic effects, e.g. mechanically induced birefringence
    • G02F1/0134—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, elasto-optic effects based on photo-elastic effects, e.g. mechanically induced birefringence in optical waveguides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
    • G02F2201/30—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 grating
    • G02F2201/307—Reflective grating, i.e. Bragg grating

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of varying the properties of a light transmitting device and to a device per se when produced by or arranged to implement the method of the invention.
  • the invention may be employed in the context of varying the characteristics of an in-fibre Bragg grating and, thus, be employed in the fabrication of chirped gratings for use in dispersion compensation in long-haul, high bit-rate transmission systems.
  • the invention is introduced and described generally in the context of Bragg gratings it will be understood that it does have broader application, to the control or variation of light transmission and to the detection and/or measurement of conditions that influence the light transmitting properties of devices.
  • Post fabrication tuning enables a degree of control to be exercised over the desired centre frequency of the grating but the physical changes created in the fibre by applied forces are normally uniformly distributed along the length of the fibre.
  • the known tuning techniques do not permit the creation of a grating in which the resonant frequency or Bragg frequency is a function of position - 2 - along the length of the grating.
  • the Bragg frequency at an axial position within a grating is dependent upon the optical path length within each grating period and, thus, depends on both the period and the average refractive index. Therefore, chirped gratings may be achieved by varying either the grating period or the average refractive index or both.
  • Axial strain may be imposed to increase the local spatial Bragg period and, thereby, increase the optical path length in the period.
  • strain applied to a grating by prior art techniques results in the imposition of strain which is substantially uniform along the length of the grating, this producing a uniform Bragg frequency shift and no change in the shape of the reflection spectrum of the grating.
  • the present invention in one of its applications is directed to a method which permits post-fabrication tuning of an in-fibre grating in a manner which provides for differential variation of the spatial period and, thus, variation of the Bragg frequency with position along the length of the grating.
  • the present invention provides a method of varying the transmitting properties of a light transmitting device that exhibits strain-related transmitting characteristics.
  • the method comprises loading and, by use of a cladding, constraining the device in a manner such that the device is differentially elongated over at least a portion of the length of the device in the direction of light propagation whereby a strain gradient is induced in the device in the direction of light propagation.
  • the invention may be defined in an alternative way as providing a light transmitting device per se.
  • the device has a light transmitting portion which exhibits a strain gradient in the direction of light propagation.
  • the strain gradient is created by loading the device and, using a cladding portion of the device, constraining the light transmitting portion in a manner to effect differential elongation of at least a portion of the length of the light transmitting portion in the direction of light propagation.
  • the invention as above defined may be realised in various practical embodiments and be applied to various light transmitting devices, including optical fibres and planar waveguides.
  • a portion of the length of the fibre may be clad with an object or substance which permits constrained movement between the fibre and the cladding and, hence, causes differential elongation of the fibre in the direction of light propagation.
  • a graded constraining force i.e. a force which varies in magnitude with position along the length of the fibre
  • a strain gradient will be induced in the clad portion of the fibre.
  • the cladding which is employed to constrain the fibre may be that which clads the core of the fibre or it may be additional to that which conventionally clads the core.
  • the cladding which is used to constrain the fibre may be composed of a substance which is used to secure the optical fibre to a substrate or other support.
  • a portion of the cladding that surrounds the core of an optical fibre may be removed, for example by etching, to produce a region in which the core of the fibre is less tightly constrained than in adjacent (fully clad) regions.
  • a portion of the length of an optical fibre may be tapered so that the core of the fibre will be less tightly constrained by the core cladding at the larger end of the taper than at the narrow end of the taper. Then, here again, a strain gradient will be imposed on the core of the fibre as a consequence of the differential constraining forces that are exerted on the core of the fibre and the resultant differential elongation of the core when the core is subjected to a force which may be resolved to include a tensile component.
  • the invention in one of its applications may be defined as providing a method of varying the characteristics of an in-fibre grating and which comprises loading the fibre and, by use of a cladding, constraining a portion of the fibre that contains the grating in a manner such that the grating-containing portion of the fibre is differentially elongated in the direction of light propagation whereby a strain gradient is induced in the grating-containing portion of the fibre in the direction of light propagation.
  • the present invention also provides an in-fibre grating when produced by the above defined method.
  • the cladding substance used in constraining the fibre will be selected in terms of its properties and be deposited to a thickness and configuration to provide the degree of strain gradient required in a given application of the invention.
  • the cladding substance will typically comprise glass, a thermoplastics material, a thermosetting plastics material, a glue or a silicone rubber composition.
  • the manner of forming the cladding or modifying an existing cladding will also be determined by the strain gradient required to be imparted to the grating, the extent to which the spectral width of the grating is to be modified and, hence, the degree of constraint to be imposed on the fibre along the length of contact or at various regions along the length of contact with the cladding.
  • the load may be applied to the fibre by applying a tensile load to one end only of the fibre, with the other end being anchored either by an external anchor or by the cladding material itself.
  • the differential expansion and, thus, the strain gradient may be enhanced by applying different tensile loads to opposite ends of the fibre.
  • the present invention may also be adapted to sensor devices that are arranged to detect for and/or provide a measure of environmental conditions such as temperature or pressure.
  • a light transmitting device incorporating a grating may be clad in a manner such that a variation in a prevailing environmental condition will cause or tend to cause a change in the dimension or shape of the cladding sufficient to change constraining forces exerted on the light transmitting device by the cladding. Then, with the imposition of a differential constraining force on the device, a strain gradient will be induced in the device which varies with changes in shape or dimension of the cladding and, thus, with changes in the environmental condition.
  • a length of optical fibre containing a Bragg grating may be enveloped in part by a conically shaped or a tear-shaped cladding. Then, if the cladding is exposed to a change in environmental pressure a differential constraining force will be imposed on the clad portion of the fibre, being different at the small and large diameter ends of the ⁇ cone. Also, the dimensional variation in the cladding will cause a tensile load to be imposed on the fibre which, together with the differential constraining force, will cause differential elongation of the fibre, resulting in the creation of a strain gradient within the fibre. As indicated above, with the induction of a strain gradient, the reflectivity of the grating will change and a measure will be provided of pressure within the environment in which the device is located.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of a set-up used in the procedure
  • Figure 2 shows a graph of tensile loading applied to an optical fibre in use of the arrangement shown in
  • Figure 3 shows graphs of reflectance against wavelength characteristics for an in-fibre grating that is subjected to different tensile loadings and supported by variously formed substrates
  • Figure 4 shows a set-up similar to that of Figure 1 but with provision for applying different loads to opposite ends of the optical fibre
  • Figure 5 shows an in-fibre grating device whose transmitting properties may be varied by imposing and varying a strain gradient in the grating-containing portion of the fibre
  • Figure 6 shows in a diagrammatic way an active portion of a sensor device to be used for measuring or detecting changes in fluid pressure
  • Figure 7 shows a device which embodies the invention and which may be employed to effect phase shifting of light propagated through the device
  • Figure 8 shows a diagrammatic representation of a device of the type shown in Figure 1 and an apparatus for use in establishing a permanent strain gradient within a grating-containing portion of an optical fibre.
  • An in-fibre Bragg grating is first fabricated by holographically side-writing a length of photosensitive optical fibre in an apparatus comprising a compound beam expander and folding prism.
  • the technique employed in this process is well understood and does not form a part of the present invention.
  • the length of optical fibre 10 containing the Bragg grating is supported 3 mm above a glass base 11 and glue is applied to form a cladding 12 for the optical fibre 10.
  • the cladding 12 is additional to the conventional silica cladding that clads the core of the optical fibre.
  • the cladding/glue 12 is used also to bond the fibre 10 to the base 11.
  • the glue is applied in stages to form the cladding 12 and cover the length of fibre containing the entire grating.
  • Tension is applied to the portion of the optical fibre that contains the grating by attaching weights 13 to a cord 14 which is separately glued at position 15 to the fibre at the end of the cladding 12 that is closest to the weight 13.
  • the tension within the optical fibre is established as a consequence of the fibre being positively connected to the base 11 by way of the cladding 12, but the tensile stress within the optical fibre diminishes with distance along the length of the fibre within the cladding as a consequence of the tensile force being transferred progressively to the base 11 from the optical fibre by way of the bulk of the cladding 12.
  • the tensile stress within the fibre increases from a minimum level at the end of the cladding 12 which is remote from the weight 13 to a maximum level at the end of the cladding which is closest to the weight 13.
  • the cladding/glue 12 functions to constrain the optical fibre over the portion of the length of the fibre that is positioned within the cladding. Then, because the tensile stress within the optical fibre diminishes as a function of distance from the weight 13, the optical fibre is caused to elongate differentially over the portion of its length that is constrained by the cladding/glue 12. That is, incremental portions of the length of the optical fibre elongate by an amount different from adjacent incremental portions, so that a greater degree of elongation within the cladding occurs at a position near the weight 13 than at a portion remote from the weight.
  • the cladding/glue 12 is applied uniformly in a quantity required to produce a desired wavelength shift.
  • a semiconductor photodiode 15 and a spectrum analyser 16 are connected to the optical fibre to permit recording of the wavelength shift and, as will be mentioned below, to permit recording of the spectral profile.
  • the response of the grating in terms of providing a desired centre frequency shift is varied by changing the amount of glue uniformly applied to the optical fibre, and the required spectral profile or wavelength spread is achieved by modifying the geometrical configuration of the cladding/glue 12.
  • a required wavelength spread is then achieved by modifying the configuration of the cladding/glue 12 and, hence, modifying the constraining force exerted on the grating portion of the optical fibre 10 at axially spaced locations along the fibre within the cladding/glue.
  • the frequency shift and grating chirp are effectively controlled independently of one another.
  • a shift of 7 run has been achieved, the shift occurring at the rate of 12.8 rim per kilogram weight. This may be compared with the requirement to expose the optical fibre to a temperature of 760°C to effect the same shift using the alternative procedure of temperature tuning.
  • the graphs of Figure 3 show the results of an in-fibre Bragg grating being strained in increments from 0 to 650 gins on one side of the cladding with no tensile loading on the other side, that is with the cladding/glue itself providing the requisite resistance to the loading as a consequence of it being bonded to the base 11.
  • Figure 4 shows an alternative arrangement to that which is illustrated in Figure 1, with like reference numerals employed to identify like parts. However, the arrangement shown in Figure 4 facilitates a greater degree of control over both the centre frequency shift and spectral profile by providing for a controlled differential in the loading of the two ends of the optical fibre. Thus, the arrangement shown in Figure 4 provides for the addition of a further weight 18 attached to the optical fibre 10 by way of a cord 19 which is in turn secured to the optical fibre at a position 20 adjacent one end of the cladding 12.
  • the optical fibre 10 may be loaded at one or both ends of the cladding 12 by one or more tensioning screws connected to the optical fibre either directly or through helical tension springs.
  • an optical fibre 21 contains a Bragg grating 22 which may be post- tuned to vary the Bragg frequency as a function of position along the length of the grating.
  • the fibre 21, which is composed of a clad core, is further clad with a solid cylinder of thermoplastics material 23.
  • the cladding 23 is bonded to the fibre 21 along the full length of the cladding and, thus, relative movement between the fibre 21 and the cladding 23 is constrained.
  • the cladding cylinder 23 is positioned within and secured to the internal wall of a tubular glass cylinder 24.
  • the cylinder 24 is provided with threaded end portions and mating end caps 25 and 26 are screw- fitted to the end of the glass cylinder.
  • Mechanical couplers 27 and 28 are positioned at the ends of the cladding cylinder 23 and are connected directly to the optical fibre 21, and helical tension springs 29 are provided to connect each of the couplings 27 and 28 to the respective end caps 25 and 26.
  • Figure 6 of the drawings shows a diagrammatic representation of a device which may be employed as an integral part of a pressure sensor which is employed for measuring or detecting variations in the pressure exerted by a confined fluid.
  • the device comprises a length of optical fibre 30 which is coupled to a light source and a spectrum analyser (not shown) in a manner similar to the arrangements shown in Figures 1 and 4.
  • the fibre 30 incorporates an in-fibre Bragg grating 31 and the grating-containing portion of the fibre is located within a tear-shaped cladding 32 of thermoplastics material.
  • the cladding 32 is bound to the fibre 30 along the full length of the cladding 32 and, as in the case of the previously described embodiments, relative movement between the cladding and the fibre is constrained.
  • the cladding 32 When the cladding 32 is subjected to increasing pressure it will tend to elongate in the axial direction of the fibre and, as a consequence, will tend to elongate the fibre itself over its clad length. However, because the fibre is constrained by the cladding the tensile force imposed on the fibre will be dissipated to a greater extent into the more bulky portion of the cladding 32, so that elongation of the fibre under the influence of the tensile force will be greater at the smaller end 33 of the cladding than at the more bulky end 34. Thus, a differential elongation will be imposed on the fibre 30 in the region containing the grating and a strain gradient will be induced in the grating -region of the fibre. A measured shift in the Bragg frequency will thus provide a measure of changes in the pressure to which the device is exposed.
  • Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the invention that may be employed as a phase shifting device.
  • a length of optical fibre 35 containing an in-fibre Bragg grating 36 is embedded in a cladding 37 which is composed of three integrally formed sections 38, 39 and 40, the two outer sections of which have a larger cross-section than the inner portion 39.
  • This provides an arrangement in which, when a tensile load is applied to the fibre from one or both ends of the cladding, a strain gradient will be induced in each of the clad regions 38 to 41 but, because a lower constraining force will be exerted on the fibre 35 in the intermediate region 39, a greater degree of elongation will occur in the optical fibre in the inner region. This will result in a phase shift, that varies with load, between the period of the grating sections in the two enlarged portions 38 and 40 of the cladding.
  • Figure 8 shows schematically an arrangement in which an in-fibre grating may be post-tuned in a manner to preserve a required strain gradient in the grating after removal of an external force that is applied to establish the strain gradient.
  • an optical fibre 43 having an in-fibre grating 44 is supported upon a substrate 45 and clad with a cladding 46 which is adapted to set and be cured by application of UV radiation.
  • the arrangement is set up and loaded in substantially the same manner as that described with reference to Figure 1, but a mask 47 is interposed between the cladding 46 and a UV source 48.
  • the mask is provided with a slit 49 and the mask is moved in the direction indicated by arrow 50 to move the slit incrementally along the length of the cladding 46.
  • a tensile force F is applied to the fibre 43 for the purpose of imposing stress on and, hence, strain in the incremental portion of the fibre that is aligned with the slit 49. Then, by adjusting the load following each incremental exposure of the cladding, a strain gradient will be created in the fibre with the fibre being constrained by the cladding.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour modifier les caractéristiques de transmission de la lumière d'un dispositif tel qu'un réseau de Bragg sur une fibre. Appliqué à un réseau de Bragg (22), le procédé consiste à mettre sous tension la fibre (21), à immobiliser par un enrobage (23) une partie de la fibre (21) qui contient le réseau (22), de manière à provoquer un allongement différencié de la portion de fibre contenant le réseau dans la direction de propagation de la lumière. On introduit ainsi un gradient de tension dans la partie de la fibre contenant le réseau. On décrit également différents dispositifs de transmission de la lumière comprenant une fibre optique présentant un gradient de tension sur une portion de sa longueur dans la direction de la propagation de la lumière.
PCT/AU1995/000263 1994-05-06 1995-05-05 Dispositif dont on peut faire varier les proprietes de transmission de la lumiere WO1995030926A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU23413/95A AU2341395A (en) 1994-05-06 1995-05-05 Variable property light transmitting device

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPM5471 1994-05-06
AUPM5471A AUPM547194A0 (en) 1994-05-06 1994-05-06 Variable property light transmitting device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995030926A1 true WO1995030926A1 (fr) 1995-11-16

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Cited By (33)

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WO1997031289A1 (fr) * 1996-02-23 1997-08-28 Electrophotonics Corporation Appareil et procede de regulation de la reponse spectrale d'un reseau de bragg a guide d'ondes
EP0856753A1 (fr) * 1997-01-29 1998-08-05 Lucent Technologies Inc. Réseaux de guides d'onde optiques accordables à magnétostriction
EP0856752A1 (fr) * 1997-01-29 1998-08-05 Lucent Technologies Inc. Réseaux de guides d'onde optiques magnétiquement accordables
EP0867736A2 (fr) * 1997-03-26 1998-09-30 Jds Fitel Inc. Procédé et dispositif pour accorder la longueur d'ondes et la bande passante d'un réseau de diffraction optique
WO1998059267A1 (fr) * 1997-06-19 1998-12-30 Uniphase Fibre Components Pty, Limited Boitier pour reseau de bragg, stable en temperature et a post-reglage permettant un ajustement precis de la frequence centrale
WO1999013307A1 (fr) * 1997-09-08 1999-03-18 Cidra Corporation Manometre a fibre optique de haute sensibilite pour environnements difficiles
EP0989437A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-29 Lucent Technologies Inc. Dispositif optique de guide d'ondes avec reseau à periode modulée accordable
WO2000037969A2 (fr) * 1998-12-04 2000-06-29 Cidra Corporation Selecteur de mode de bragg et laser accordes par compression
WO2000037914A2 (fr) * 1998-12-04 2000-06-29 Cidra Corporation Sonde manometrique a reseau de bragg
AU725267B2 (en) * 1997-06-19 2000-10-12 Jds Uniphase Corporation Temperature stable bragg grating package with post tuning for accurate setting of center frequency
US6229827B1 (en) 1998-12-04 2001-05-08 Cidra Corporation Compression-tuned bragg grating and laser
US6246814B1 (en) 1997-12-31 2001-06-12 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Tunable chirped fiber grating device and method for forming chirped fiber grating
US6453108B1 (en) 2000-09-30 2002-09-17 Cidra Corporation Athermal bragg grating package with course and fine mechanical tuning
EP1249692A1 (fr) * 2001-04-12 2002-10-16 Fos Sàrl Dispositif à fibre optique pour la mesure de contraintes
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US6519388B1 (en) 1998-12-04 2003-02-11 Cidra Corporation Tube-encased fiber grating
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JP2003520978A (ja) * 1998-12-04 2003-07-08 シドラ コーポレイション 圧縮同調式のブラッグ回折格子およびレーザ
US6594410B2 (en) 2000-08-26 2003-07-15 Cidra Corporation Wide range tunable optical filter
US6594081B2 (en) 2000-12-29 2003-07-15 Cidra Corporation Actuator mechanism for tuning an optical device
US6594288B1 (en) 2000-11-06 2003-07-15 Cidra Corporation Tunable raman laser and amplifier
WO2004010185A1 (fr) * 2002-07-23 2004-01-29 Teraxion Inc. Ensemble de reglage fin destine a des reseaux optiques
US6763043B2 (en) 1998-12-04 2004-07-13 Cidra Corporation Tunable grating-based dispersion compensator
US6792009B2 (en) 1998-12-04 2004-09-14 Cidra Corporation Tunable grating-based channel filter parking device
US6810178B2 (en) 1998-12-04 2004-10-26 Cidra Corporation Large diameter optical waveguide having blazed grating therein
US6859583B2 (en) 2001-02-22 2005-02-22 Teraxion Inc. Fine-tuning assembly for optical gratings
US6865194B1 (en) 1998-12-04 2005-03-08 Cidra Corporation Strain-isolated Bragg grating temperature sensor
US6982996B1 (en) 1999-12-06 2006-01-03 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Large diameter optical waveguide, grating, and laser
US6996316B2 (en) 1999-09-20 2006-02-07 Cidra Corporation Large diameter D-shaped optical waveguide and coupler
US7386204B1 (en) 2000-08-26 2008-06-10 Cidra Corporation Optical filter having a shaped filter function
JP2016133512A (ja) * 2015-01-20 2016-07-25 晉禾企業股▲ふん▼有限公司 自己前置引張したフルスプリングを被覆する光ファイバ感知スプリング構成
US10837805B2 (en) 2014-10-08 2020-11-17 Optasense Holdings Limited Fibre optic cable with tuned transverse sensitivity
US20220334335A1 (en) * 2021-04-20 2022-10-20 Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated System for applying pre-strain to an optical sensor

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