WO1990014429A1 - An enzyme-catalyzed process for preparing n-acyl amino acids and n-acyl amino acid amides - Google Patents

An enzyme-catalyzed process for preparing n-acyl amino acids and n-acyl amino acid amides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990014429A1
WO1990014429A1 PCT/DK1990/000127 DK9000127W WO9014429A1 WO 1990014429 A1 WO1990014429 A1 WO 1990014429A1 DK 9000127 W DK9000127 W DK 9000127W WO 9014429 A1 WO9014429 A1 WO 9014429A1
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Prior art keywords
amide
decanoyl
hexadecanoyl
hexanoyl
dodecanoyl
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PCT/DK1990/000127
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French (fr)
Inventor
Sven Erik Godtfredsen
Frederik BJÖRKLING
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Novo Nordisk A/S
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Publication date
Application filed by Novo Nordisk A/S filed Critical Novo Nordisk A/S
Priority to KR1019910701679A priority Critical patent/KR920701458A/en
Publication of WO1990014429A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990014429A1/en
Priority to NO914588A priority patent/NO914588D0/en
Priority to FI915515A priority patent/FI915515A0/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P13/02—Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol or polyamides; Imides or polyimides; Urethanes, i.e. compounds comprising N-C=O structural element or polyurethanes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • A61K8/44—Aminocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. aminocarboxylic acids containing sulfur; Salts; Esters or N-acylated derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C231/02—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides from carboxylic acids or from esters, anhydrides, or halides thereof by reaction with ammonia or amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/52—Carboxylic amides, alkylolamides or imides or their condensation products with alkylene oxides
    • C11D1/528—Carboxylic amides (R1-CO-NR2R3), where at least one of the chains R1, R2 or R3 is interrupted by a functional group, e.g. a -NH-, -NR-, -CO-, or -CON- group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C11D3/32—Amides; Substituted amides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
    • A61Q5/02—Preparations for cleaning the hair

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed pro ⁇ cess for preparing N-acylated amino acid amides and N-acy- lated amino acids, and a cleaning composition and personal care composition containing an N-acyl amino acid amide.
  • Surface-active agents constitute an extremely important class of industrial chemicals which have a wide variety of uses, for instance as detergents for washing purposes, as emulsifiers in food products and as essential ingredients in various personal care products such as shampoos, soaps or moisturizing creams.
  • surface-active agents are sub- stances which are characterized by the presence of hydro- phobic and hydrophilic regions within each individual sur ⁇ factant molecule and which owe their ability to reduce surface tension to this particular structure.
  • surface-active agents are able to effect solution of otherwise water-insoluble substances in water by inter ⁇ acting with such substances at the hydrophobic region of the surfactant molecule and with water at the hydrophilic region of the surfactant molecule.
  • surfactants are based on petrochemically derived products which are attractive and owe their widespread use to their low cost.
  • certain important surface-active agents are composed of naturally occurring compounds such as fatty acids and glycerol (commercially available as mono- and diglycerides) , mainly for application as emulsifiers in food products.
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same molecule may be obtained in many different ways, for instance by combining a sulphonic acid residue, a quaternized ammonium moiety or a glycerol moiety with an alkyl chain as is the case with the linear alkyl surfac ⁇ tants, the guarternized alkyl amines or the monogly- cerides, respectively.
  • a surfactant mole ⁇ cule the detailed molecular architecture of the compounds is a major concern, care being taken to achieve a precise balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the surfactant molecules as well as to achieve a favour ⁇ able spatial arrangement of these individual regions of the molecules.
  • a- cylated amino acids also known as lipoamino acids
  • the balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties might be varied by modifying the amino acid and/or the fatty acid by adding one or more substituents.
  • Acylated amino acids may be prepared from relatively inex- pensive starting materials and have the advantage of being biodegradable into their naturally occurring constituent parts so that they do not constitute an environmental haz ⁇ ard.
  • Acylated amino acids are known to be useful as deter- gents and emulsifiers in cosmetics due to their surface- active properties.
  • acylated amino acids are prepared by organic synthesis.
  • One conventional method for producing the co - pounds (briefly referred to in GB 1 483 500) is to acylate amino acids with a higher fatty acid chloride in an aque ⁇ ous alkaline medium. This method is stated to have the disadvantage that a chloride salt is left in the reaction mixture which makes it necessary to remove the salt in or- der to preserve a good detergency of the compounds.
  • An ⁇ other method, also disclosed in GB 1 483 500, for pro ⁇ ducing N-acyl amino acids comprises reacting a mixed acid anhydride of a higher fatty acid and sulphuric acid with an amino acid in a liquid medium in the presence of a base.
  • N-acyl amino acids are also known surface-active substances for use in cosmetics, and as antioxidants and antibacterial agents, cf. JP-B 52-18691, according to which N-acyl amino acid amides are prepared by heating the corresponding N-acyl amino acids with ammonia or a primary a ine in the presence of a water-soluble acidic boron com ⁇ pound. The reaction is conducted using a hydrocarbon as solvent.
  • the corresponding amides are quite expensive to produce and, consequently, their commercial use has not become widespread.
  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of the general formula I
  • R is an alkyl group with 3-23 carbon atoms, op- tionally substituted by a branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocar- bon group
  • R 1 is hydrogen or a branched or straight- chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hy ⁇ drocarbon group, optionally substituted by alkyl with 1-20 carbon atoms, -OH, -NH 2 or SH, or an alkali metal or al- kaline earth metal salt thereof
  • R 2 is H or an alkyl group with 1-6 carbon atoms, and R is as defined above, with a compound of the general formula IV
  • the invention relates to a cleaning composition which comprises an effective amount of a com ⁇ pound of the general formula I as defined above.
  • the present invention relates to a personal care composition comprising a compound of the general formula I as defined above.
  • R is preferably an un- substituted alkyl group with 6-20 carbon atoms.
  • RCO- may suitably be selected from the group consisting of hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, dode- canoyl, tetradecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, eicosa- noyl, docosanoyl, cis-9-octadecanoyl and 9,12-octadeca- dienoyl.
  • R 1 is preferably a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethylthio, -CH 2 -CH 2 -S-CH 3 , benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, indolyl or alkylguanidine group.
  • the compound of the general formula IV is preferably an amino acid amide selected from the group consisting of alanine amide, leucine amide, phenylalanine amide, phenyl- glycine amide, lysine amide, glycine amide, valine amide, tryptophan amide, arginine amide, histidine amide, cysteine amide, iso-leucine amide, glutamine amide, as- paragine amide, aspartic acid amide, glutamic acid amide and ornithine amide.
  • Amino acid amides may be obtained from the corresponding amino nitriles by hydrolysis.
  • Amino nitriles may be prepared according to methods known in the art by means of the Strecker synthesis starting from the appropriate aldehyde cyanide and ammonia.
  • some particularly preferred compounds of the general formula I are selected from the group consisting of N- hexanoyl alanine amide, N-octanoyl alanine amide, N-deca- noyl alanine amide, N-dodecanoyl alanine amide, N-tetra ⁇ decanoyl alanine amide, N-hexadecanoyl alanine amide, N- octadecanoyl alanine amide, N-hexanoyl leucine amide, N- octanoyl leucine amide, N-decanoyl leucine amide, N- dodecanoyl leucine amide, N-tetradecanoyl leucine amide, N-hexadecanoyl leucine amide, N-octadecanoyl leucine amide, N-hexanoyl phenylalanine
  • some particularly preferred compounds of the general formula II are selected from the group consisting of N-hexanoyl alanine, N-octanoyl alanine, N-decanoyl alanine, N-dodecanoyl alanine, N-tetradecanoyl alanine, N- hexadecanoyl alanine, N-octadecanoyl alanine, N-hexanoyl leucine, N-octanoyl leucine, N-decanoyl leucine, N- dodecanoyl leucine, N-tetradecanoyl leucine, N-hexa- decanoyl leucine, N-octadecanoyl leucine, N-hexanoyl phe ⁇ nylalanine, N-octanoyl phenylalanine, N-decanoyl phenyl
  • the starting amino acid amides (IV) as well as the re ⁇ sulting compounds (I) or (II) may be in the form of a racemic mixture or in optically active form.
  • Enzymes which may be useful as catalysts in the process of the invention should be selected according to the follow ⁇ ing criteria: (a) their ability to catalyse the formation of an amide bond; (b) their ability to use a fatty acid or fatty ester as substrate; and (c) their ability to use an amino acid amide as the nucleophile. More specifically, suitable enzymes for the process of the invention are those which catalyse the hydrolysis of amide bonds or the reverse synthesis reaction, e.g. hydrolases.
  • N-long chain acyl amino acids An enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of N-long chain acyl amino acids is described by Y. Shintani et al., J. Biochem. 96, 1984, pp. 637-643, who denote it "N-long chain acyl aminoacylase". It is briefly suggested that this enzyme may also catalyse the synthesis of lipoamino acids from fatty acids and amino acids. However, there is no indication of the reaction conditions under which the synthesis takes place, nor is there any indication of the reaction times or the final yield of lipoamino acids pro ⁇ vided by the synthesis. Additionally, it appears that the enzyme described by Shintani et al. is specific to lipo- amino acids containing L-glutamate so that, apparently, it cannot be used generally in a process for producing lipoamino acids containing several different amino acid residues.
  • EP 298 796 discloses the use of acyl transferases, includ ⁇ ing lipase, to catalyse a process for preparing N-substi- tuted fatty amides from fatty acids and amines (including amino acids though no examples are actually given of this) .
  • the present process is distinguished from the process de ⁇ scribed in EP 298 796 by using amino acid amides as start ⁇ ing materials which are monoionic compounds and as such chemically distinct from amino acids which are zwitter- ionic compounds. There would be no reason to expect that an enzymatic process using amines as starting materials might also be employed using another, chemically distinct, starting material.
  • the process of the present invention is selective, i.e. that only one of the amino groups in the amino acid amide is N-acylated.
  • the present process is attractive because the starting amino acid amide may be produced on a large scale from synthetic starting materials, and because amino acid amides are more easily soluble than amino acids in organic solvents, re- suiting in higher yields of the N-acylated end products.
  • Hydrolytic enzymes for use in the present process may be lipases, peptidases (in particular non-specific pepti- dases) , esterases or proteases, in particular Upases which may be defined as enzymes catalyzing reactions in ⁇ volving ester bonds, e.g. hydrolysis, synthesis and/or ex- change of ester bonds.
  • Lipases which may be employed in the present process may be porcine pancreatic lipase or microbial lipases produced, for instance, by strains of Aspercrillus, Enterobacterium, Chromobacterium- Geotricium or Penicillium.
  • Preferred lipases for use according to the invention are those produced by species of Mucor (e.g. LipozymeTM, produced by Mucor iehei) , Humicola, Pseudo ⁇ monas or Candida (such as Candida antarctica or Candida cylindracea) .
  • Particularly preferred lipases are those produced by the following strains of microorganisms, all of which have been deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorga- nismen in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the purposes of Patent Procedure: Candida antarctica r deposited on 29 September 1986, with the number DSM 3855, and on 8 December 1986, with the num ⁇ bers DSM 3908 and DSM 3909. Pseudomonas cephacia. deposited on 30 January 1987, with the number 3959.
  • Humicola lanu ⁇ inosa deposited on 13 August 1986 and 4 May, with the deposit numbers 3819 and 4109, respectively.
  • Humicola brevispora deposited on 4 May 1987, with the de- posit number DMS 4110,
  • Humicola brevis var. thermoidea deposited on 4 May 1987, with the deposit number DSM 4111, and
  • Humicola insolens deposited on 1 October 1981, with the deposit number DSM 1800.
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
  • DSM 3855, DSM 3908 and DSM 3909 These enzymes may be produced by the process disclosed in WO 88/02775. Briefly, the Candida strains in question are cultivated under aerobic conditions in a nutrient medium containing assimilable carbon and nitrogen sources as well as essen- tial minerals, trace elements etc., the medium being com ⁇ posed according to established practice. After cultiva ⁇ tion, liquid enzyme concentrates may be prepared by re ⁇ moving insoluble materials, e.g. by filtration or centri- fugation, after which the broth is concentrated by evap ⁇ oration or reverse osmosis. Solid enzyme preparations may be prepared from the concentrate by precipitation with salts or water-miscible solvents, e.g. ethanol, or by dry ⁇ ing such as spray-drying in accordance with well-known methods.
  • salts or water-miscible solvents e.g. ethanol
  • Additional lipases may be obtained from the following strains which are publicly available without restriction from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelculturen (CBS) , American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) , Agricultural Re ⁇ search Culture Collection (NRRL) and Institute of Fermen ⁇ tation, Osaka (IFO) with the following deposit numbers: Candida antarctica. CBS 5955, ATCC 34888, NRRL Y-8295, CBS 6678, ATCC 28323, CBS 6821 and NRRL Y-7954; Candida tsukubaensis.
  • CBS Centraalbureau voor Schimmelculturen
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • NRRL Agricultural Re ⁇ search Culture Collection
  • IFO Institute of Fermen ⁇ tation, Osaka
  • lipase by recombinant DNA tech ⁇ niques, cf. for instance EP 238 023. Recombinant lipases may also be employed for the present purpose.
  • N-acyl amino acid amides produced by the process of the invention may be employed as such as surface-active agents. If, however, it is desired to produce N-acyl amino acids, it has been found possible to cleave off the NH 2 group selectively by an enzyme-catalysed process by means of an enzyme which is able to cleave amide bonds.
  • An example of such an enzyme is carboxypeptidase such as car- boxypeptidase Y, which is produced by Saccharomvces cerevisiae.
  • the enzymes When employed in step a) or b) of the process of the in ⁇ vention, the enzymes may be in a soluble state. It is, however, preferred to immobilize either or both enzymes in order to facilitate the recovery of the N-acyl amino acids or N-acyl amino acid amides produced by the present pro- cess. Immobilization procedures are well known (cf. for instance K. Mosbach, ed. , "Immobilized Enzymes", Methods in Enzymology 44. Academic Press, New York, 1976) and in ⁇ clude cross-linking of cell homogenates, covalent coupling to insoluble organic or inorganic supports, entrapment in gels and adsorption to ion exchange resins or other adsor ⁇ bent materials.
  • Suitable support materials for the immo- bilized enzyme are, for instance, plastics (e.g. poly ⁇ styrene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, latex, nylon, teflon, dacron, polyvin lacetate, polyvinylalcohol or any siutable copolymer thereof), polysaccharides (e.g. agarose or dextran) , ion exchange resins (both cation and anion exchange resins) , silicon polymers (e.g. siloxane) or silicates (e.g. glass) .
  • plastics e.g. poly ⁇ styrene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, latex, nylon, teflon, dacron, polyvin lacetate, polyvinylalcohol or any siutable copolymer thereof
  • polysaccharides e.g. agarose or dextran
  • ion exchange resins both cation and anion
  • a particularly preferred resin is a weakly basic anion ex ⁇ change resin which may be a polystyrene-, acrylic- or phenol-formaldehyde-type resin.
  • Examples of commercially available polyacrylic-type resins are Lewatit E 1999/85 (registered trademark of Bayer, Federal Republic of Ger- many) and Duolite ES-568 (registered trademark of Rohm & Haas, Federal Republic of Germany) .
  • Immobilization of en ⁇ zymes to this type of resin may be carried out according to EP 140 542. Immobilization to phenyl-formaldehyde-type resins may be conducted as described in DK 85/878.
  • Another convenient material for immobilizing enzymes is an inorganic support, such as a silicate. The enzymes may be attached to the support by adsorption or by covalent coupling, eg. as described in K. Mosbach, ed. , op.cit.
  • the reaction of the compound of the general formula III with the compound of the general formula IV in step a) of the process of the invention may advantageously proceed at a low pressure such as a pressure below about 0.05 bar, in particular below about 0.01 bar.
  • the reaction temperature is not critical, but is conveniently in the range of about 20-100°C, preferably about 30-80°C.
  • the reac ⁇ tion may suitably proceed at room temperature.
  • the choice of solvent in which the reaction of the com ⁇ pound (III) with the compound (IV) is of some importance Firstly, the polarities of the enzyme substrate (the fatty acid or fatty ester III) and the nucleophile (the amino acid amide IV) differ widely. Secondly, water-soluble or ⁇ ganic compounds may inactivate the enzyme used in the pro ⁇ cess.
  • the reaction of the compound (III) with the com ⁇ pound (IV) proceeds in a substantially non-aqueous medium, e.g.
  • a suitable organic solvent such as ethylmethyl ketone
  • a solvent which is to say that the compound (III) acts as a solvent for the compound (IV) .
  • an excess of the com ⁇ pound (III) may be added to the reaction mixture.
  • a minor amount of water may be present bound to the enzyme to ensure a satisfactory reac- tivity and half-life of the enzyme.
  • the yield of the end product (I) has also been found to be dependent on the concentration of the enzyme used in step a) of the present process in that the yield increases with increasing amounts of enzyme added to the reaction mix ⁇ ture.
  • An advantageous enzyme concentration for the present purpose is in the range of 1-50% w/w.
  • Suitable salts of the N-acylated amino acids produced by the process of the invention may be prepared in a manner known per se, such as by reacting a compound (II) with an appropriate base, e.g. an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • an appropriate base e.g. an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
  • salts are the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts, in particular the sodium salt.
  • cleaning compositions which may be for- mulated in any convenient way, such as a liquid, powder, etc.
  • cleaning compositions are laundry detergents, e.g. heavy-duty or light-duty detergents, dishwash detergents and hard surface cleaners.
  • the cleaning composition may comprise one or more other surface-active agents, such as anionic surfactants (e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, ⁇ -olefin sulfonates or soaps) , non-ionic surfactants (e.g. alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers, nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ethers, fatty acid esters of sucrose and glucose, alkyl glycoside ⁇ or esters of polyoxyethylated alkyl glycosides) , cationic surfactants and/or zwitterionic surfactants.
  • anionic surfactants e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, ⁇ -olefin sulfonates or soaps
  • non-ionic surfactants e.g. alkyl polyethylene glycol
  • Liquid and powder detergents may be formulated substan- tially as described in "Frame formulations for liquid/pow ⁇ der heavy-duty detergents" in J. Falbe, Surfactants in Consumer Products. Theory, Technology and Application, Springer Verlag, 1987, by replacing all or part of the surfactant in the detergent formulation by one or more N- acyl amino acid amides as described above.
  • a liquid heavy-duty detergent may comprise anionic surfactants, non-ionic sur ⁇ factants, suds controlling agents, enzymes, foam boosters, builders, formulation aids, optical brighteners, stabi ⁇ lizers, fabric softeners, fragrances, dyestuffs and water.
  • a powder heavy-duty detergent may comprise anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, suds con ⁇ trolling agents, foam boosters, chelating agents, ion ex- changers, alkalis cobuilders, bleaching agents, bleach ac ⁇ tivators, bleach stabilizers, fabric softeners, anti- redepo ⁇ ition agents, enzymes, optical brighteners, anti- corrosion agents, fragrances, dyestuffs and blueing agents, formulation aids, fillers and water.
  • Compounds (I) and (II) prepared by the process of the in ⁇ vention may advantageously be employed in personal care compositions of the invention are shampoos, toothpastes, shaving creams, liquid soaps, skin creams or body lotions.
  • a shampoo composition of the invention may contain the compound (I) or (II) as the main or sole surfactant, in which case it is usually pres ⁇ ent in an amount of 1-25% by weight of the composition.
  • the composition may further comprise an anionic surfactant in an amount of 5-35%, in particular 10-25%, by weight of the composition.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants for inclusion in shampoos are alkyl ether sulphonates, alkyl sulphates (e.g. with 10-22 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) , alkyl polyethoxy sulphonates (e.g. with 10-18 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) , ⁇ -olefin sulphonates (e.g. with 10-24 carbon atoms) , ⁇ -sulphocarboxylates (e.g. with 6-20 carbon atoms) and esters thereof (prepared with, e.g. , C ⁇ -C ⁇ al- cohols) , alkyl glyceryl ether sulphonates (e.g.
  • fatty acid monoglyceride sulphates and sulphonates e.g. with 8-12 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain
  • alkyl phenol polyethoxy ether sulphates e.g. with 8-12 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain
  • 2-acyloxy-l- sulphonates e.g. with 2-9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and 9-22 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety
  • 3-alkyloxy alkane sulphonates e.g. with 1-3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and 8-20 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety
  • the shampoo composition of the invention may additionally comprise a foam booster, for instance a fatty acid di- alkanol amide, an N-acyl amino acid or a betain derivative in an amount of 0.1-20% by weight of the composition.
  • a foam booster for instance a fatty acid di- alkanol amide, an N-acyl amino acid or a betain derivative in an amount of 0.1-20% by weight of the composition.
  • a suitable thickener such as, for instance, carboxy methyl cellulose or, if the anionic surfactant is an alkyl ether sulphonate, the vis ⁇ cosity may be regulated by means of a salt, e.g. NaCl.
  • the N-acyl amino acids or amides prepared by the pro ⁇ cess of the invention may contain the compounds in an amount of 1-20% by weight, in addition to conventional ingredients such as gelling agents, thickeners, abrasives, bulk agents and the like.
  • the compounds (I) or (II) prepared by the process of the invention are included in a liquid soap composition, it may contain the surface-active compounds (I) or (II) in an amount of 1-20%, in addition to conventional ingredi- ents such as anionic surfactants, foam boosters and the like.
  • a shaving cream composition may contain 1-20% by weight of the compounds (I) or (II) in addition to con- ventional ingredients.
  • a skin cream or body lotion may contain 0.1-10% by weight of the compounds (I) or (II) in addition to conventional ingredients such as oils, fatty acids and esters thereof, fatty alcohols, water, perfume, and an additional e ul- sifier.
  • Sodium salts of N-acylated amino acids were prepared by dissolving each N-acylated amino acids in the smallest possible amount of 99% ethanol (about 2 ml per gram) . When the compounds were completely dissolved, optionally with a little heating, an equivalent amount of 6 M NaOH was added. The resulting sodium salt was precipitated by the addition of acetone (about 20 ml per gram) . The precipi ⁇ tated product was filtered off and dried iji vacuo.
  • the critical micelle concentration [c c] (the concentra ⁇ tion at which surface-active compounds begin to form micelles in water; this concentration is indicative of the concentration of a surface-active compound needed to pro ⁇ quiz a detergent effect) of the test compounds was deter ⁇ mined from a plot of the surface tension against the log ⁇ arithm of the molar concentration.
  • the minimum surface tension is substantially the same for compounds containing leucine and phenyl ⁇ alanine residues.
  • the minimum surface tension is generally higher for compounds containing an alanine residue.
  • the chain length of the acyl group is of little importance to the minimum surface tension where compounds containing leucine and phenylalanine residues are concerned as is the case with compounds containing an alanine residue when the acyl group has a chain length of 12 carbon atoms or more.
  • the critical micelle concentration could not be determined for N-hexanoyl alanine, sodium salt, N-octanoyl alanine, sodium salt, N-hexanoyl leucine, sodium salt, and N- octanoyl leucine, sodium salt, as the limit of solubility of these compounds was reached before the cmc.
  • the cmc decreases with an increasing acyl group chain length, except for the N-octanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt.
  • the cmc is generally higher for compounds containing an alanine residue, whereas compounds containing a leucine or phenylalanine residue show substantially the same cmc.

Abstract

Compounds of general formula (I) or (II), wherein R is an optionally substituted alkyl group with 3-23 carbon atoms, and R1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group, are prepared by reacting a compound of the general formula (III): RCOOR2, wherein R2 is H or an alkyl group with 1-6 carbon atoms, and R is as defined above, with a compound of general formula (IV), wherein R1 is as defined above, in the presence of an enzyme capable of catalysing the formation of amide bonds, in particular a lipase. The amide group may be removed from the compound (I) by means of a second enzyme capable of selectively cleaving amide bonds, e.g. a carboxypeptidase, resulting in the compound (II).

Description

AN ENZYME-CATALYZED PROCESS FOR PREPARING N-ACYL AMINO ACIDS AND N-ACYL AMINO ACID AMIDES
FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed pro¬ cess for preparing N-acylated amino acid amides and N-acy- lated amino acids, and a cleaning composition and personal care composition containing an N-acyl amino acid amide.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Surface-active agents constitute an extremely important class of industrial chemicals which have a wide variety of uses, for instance as detergents for washing purposes, as emulsifiers in food products and as essential ingredients in various personal care products such as shampoos, soaps or moisturizing creams.
At the molecular level, surface-active agents are sub- stances which are characterized by the presence of hydro- phobic and hydrophilic regions within each individual sur¬ factant molecule and which owe their ability to reduce surface tension to this particular structure. For in¬ stance, surface-active agents are able to effect solution of otherwise water-insoluble substances in water by inter¬ acting with such substances at the hydrophobic region of the surfactant molecule and with water at the hydrophilic region of the surfactant molecule.
Because of the ready availability of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic substances and the well-developed chemical technologies for combining such substances to form sur¬ face-active agents, a large number of surface-active agents are at present commercially available. Most such surfactants are based on petrochemically derived products which are attractive and owe their widespread use to their low cost. However, certain important surface-active agents are composed of naturally occurring compounds such as fatty acids and glycerol (commercially available as mono- and diglycerides) , mainly for application as emulsifiers in food products.
The combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same molecule may be obtained in many different ways, for instance by combining a sulphonic acid residue, a quaternized ammonium moiety or a glycerol moiety with an alkyl chain as is the case with the linear alkyl surfac¬ tants, the guarternized alkyl amines or the monogly- cerides, respectively. When designing a surfactant mole¬ cule, the detailed molecular architecture of the compounds is a major concern, care being taken to achieve a precise balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the surfactant molecules as well as to achieve a favour¬ able spatial arrangement of these individual regions of the molecules. Apart from this, the possibility of pro- ducing surface-active agents by high-yielding processes and on the basis of inexpensive and abundant raw materials is always carefully considered. The environmental issues related to the eventual loading of the surfactant into the environment are finally a matter of major concern.
As a result of these considerations, efforts have been made to develop surface-active agents based on naturally occurring substances. One such class of compounds are a- cylated amino acids (also known as lipoamino acids) which exhibit surface-active properties due to the hydrophilic properties of the amino acid moiety of the compounds and the hydrophobic properties of the fatty acid moiety of the compounds. The balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties might be varied by modifying the amino acid and/or the fatty acid by adding one or more substituents. Acylated amino acids may be prepared from relatively inex- pensive starting materials and have the advantage of being biodegradable into their naturally occurring constituent parts so that they do not constitute an environmental haz¬ ard. Acylated amino acids are known to be useful as deter- gents and emulsifiers in cosmetics due to their surface- active properties.
At present, acylated amino acids are prepared by organic synthesis. One conventional method for producing the co - pounds (briefly referred to in GB 1 483 500) is to acylate amino acids with a higher fatty acid chloride in an aque¬ ous alkaline medium. This method is stated to have the disadvantage that a chloride salt is left in the reaction mixture which makes it necessary to remove the salt in or- der to preserve a good detergency of the compounds. An¬ other method, also disclosed in GB 1 483 500, for pro¬ ducing N-acyl amino acids comprises reacting a mixed acid anhydride of a higher fatty acid and sulphuric acid with an amino acid in a liquid medium in the presence of a base.
General disadvantages of methods of organic synthesis of N-acyl amino acids are that they tend to be rather time- consuming and that there is a considerable risk that un- desirable side products will be formed during the reaction process which makes the purification of the desired end products more difficult. As a result of this, the prepara¬ tion of N-acyl amino acids by conventional organic synthe¬ sis is rather expensive for which reason acylated amino acids have not found as widespread a commercial applica¬ tion as surfactants based on petrochemically derived pro¬ ducts.
Amides of N-acyl amino acids are also known surface-active substances for use in cosmetics, and as antioxidants and antibacterial agents, cf. JP-B 52-18691, according to which N-acyl amino acid amides are prepared by heating the corresponding N-acyl amino acids with ammonia or a primary a ine in the presence of a water-soluble acidic boron com¬ pound. The reaction is conducted using a hydrocarbon as solvent. As is the case with the N-acyl amino acids used as starting materials, the corresponding amides are quite expensive to produce and, consequently, their commercial use has not become widespread.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to pro¬ vide an enzyme-catalysed process for producing N-acyl a- mino acids and N-acyl amino acid amides which is simpler and less time-consuming to carry out than the conventional processes for preparing such compounds, and which results in satisfactory yields of the acylated amino acids and amino acid amides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of the general formula I
RCO-NH
Figure imgf000006_0001
or II
RCO-NH
Figure imgf000006_0002
wherein R is an alkyl group with 3-23 carbon atoms, op- tionally substituted by a branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocar- bon group, and R1 is hydrogen or a branched or straight- chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hy¬ drocarbon group, optionally substituted by alkyl with 1-20 carbon atoms, -OH, -NH2 or SH, or an alkali metal or al- kaline earth metal salt thereof,
the process comprising
a) reacting a compound of the general formula III
RCOOR2 (III)
wherein R2 is H or an alkyl group with 1-6 carbon atoms, and R is as defined above, with a compound of the general formula IV
NH?
Figure imgf000007_0001
wherein R1 is as defined above, in the presence of an en¬ zyme capable of catalysing the formation of amide bonds, to produce the compound of the general formula I,
b) optionally removing the amide group of the compound of the general formula I by means of a second enzyme capable of selective cleavage of amide bonds, to produce the com¬ pound of the general formula II, and
c) optionally converting a thus formed compound of the general formula II to a salt by means of a suitable base.
In a further aspect, the invention relates to a cleaning composition which comprises an effective amount of a com¬ pound of the general formula I as defined above. In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a personal care composition comprising a compound of the general formula I as defined above.
DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
In the general formulae I and II, R is preferably an un- substituted alkyl group with 6-20 carbon atoms. Thus, RCO- may suitably be selected from the group consisting of hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, dode- canoyl, tetradecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, eicosa- noyl, docosanoyl, cis-9-octadecanoyl and 9,12-octadeca- dienoyl.
R1 is preferably a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethylthio, -CH2-CH2-S-CH3, benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, indolyl or alkylguanidine group.
The compound of the general formula IV is preferably an amino acid amide selected from the group consisting of alanine amide, leucine amide, phenylalanine amide, phenyl- glycine amide, lysine amide, glycine amide, valine amide, tryptophan amide, arginine amide, histidine amide, cysteine amide, iso-leucine amide, glutamine amide, as- paragine amide, aspartic acid amide, glutamic acid amide and ornithine amide. Amino acid amides may be obtained from the corresponding amino nitriles by hydrolysis. Amino nitriles may be prepared according to methods known in the art by means of the Strecker synthesis starting from the appropriate aldehyde cyanide and ammonia.
Thus, some particularly preferred compounds of the general formula I are selected from the group consisting of N- hexanoyl alanine amide, N-octanoyl alanine amide, N-deca- noyl alanine amide, N-dodecanoyl alanine amide, N-tetra¬ decanoyl alanine amide, N-hexadecanoyl alanine amide, N- octadecanoyl alanine amide, N-hexanoyl leucine amide, N- octanoyl leucine amide, N-decanoyl leucine amide, N- dodecanoyl leucine amide, N-tetradecanoyl leucine amide, N-hexadecanoyl leucine amide, N-octadecanoyl leucine amide, N-hexanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-octanoyl phenyl- alanine amide, N-decanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-dodeca¬ noyl phenylalanine amide, N-tetradecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-hexadecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-octadecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-hexanoyl phenylglycine amide, N- octanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-decanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-dodecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-tetradecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-hexadecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-octadecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-hexanoyl lysine amide, N-octanoyl lysine amide, N-decanoyl lysine amide, N-dodecanoyl lysine amide, N-tetradecanoyl lysine amide, N-hexadecanoyl lysine amide, N-octadecanoyl lysine amide, N-hexanoyl glycine amide, N-octanoyl glycine amide, N- decanoyl glycine amide, N-dodecanoyl glycine amide, N- tetradecanoyl glycine amide, N-hexadecanoyl glycine amide, N-octadecanoyl glycine amide, N-hexanoyl valine amide, N- octanoyl valine amide, N-decanoyl valine amide, N-dodeca¬ noyl valine amide, N-tetradecanoyl valine amide, N- hexadecanoyl valine amide, N-octadecanoyl valine amide, N- hexanoyl tryptophan amide, N-octanoyl tryptophan amide, N- decanoyl tryptophan amide, N-dodecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-tetradecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-hexadecanoyl trypto¬ phan amide, N-octadecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-hexanoyl arginine amide, N-octanoyl arginine amide, N-decanoyl arginine amide, N-dodecanoyl arginine amide, N-tetra- decanoyl arginine amide, N-hexadecanoyl arginine amide, N- octadecanoyl arginine amide, N-hexanoyl histidine amide, N-octanoyl histidine amide, N-decanόyl histidine amide, N- dodecanoyl histidine amide, N-tetradecanoyl histidine amide, N-hexadecanoyl histidine amide, N-octadecanoyl histidine amide, N-hexanoyl cysteine amide, N-octanoyl cysteine amide, N-decanoyl cysteine amide, N-dodecanoyl cysteine amide, N-tetradecanoyl cysteine amide, N- hexadecanoyl cysteine amide, N-octadecanoyl cysteine amide, N-hexanoyl glutamine amide, N-octanoyl glutamine amide, N-decanoyl glutamine amide, N-dodecanoyl glutamine amide, N-tetradecanoyl glutamine amide, N-hexadecanoyl glutamine amide, N-octadecanoyl glutamine amide, N- hexanoyl isoleucine amide, N-octanoyl isoleucine amide, N- decanoyl isoleucine amide, N-dodecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-tetradecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-hexadecanoyl iεo- leucine amide, N-octadecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-hexanoyl asparagine amide, N-octanoyl asparagine amide, N-decanoyl asparagine amide, N-dodecanoyl asparagine amide, N-tetra¬ decanoyl asparagine amide, N-hexadecanoyl asparagine amide, N-octadecanoyl asparagine amide, N-hexanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-octanoyl aspartic acid amide, N- decanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-dodecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-tetradecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-hexadecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-octadecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-hexanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-octanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-decanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-dodecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-tetradecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-hexadecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-octadecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-hexanoyl ornithine amide, N-octa¬ noyl ornithine amide, N-decanoyl ornithine amide, N- dodecanoyl ornithine amide, N-tetradecanoyl ornithine amide, N-hexadecanoyl ornithine amide, N-octadecanoyl ornithine amide, or an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt thereof.
Furthermore, some particularly preferred compounds of the general formula II are selected from the group consisting of N-hexanoyl alanine, N-octanoyl alanine, N-decanoyl alanine, N-dodecanoyl alanine, N-tetradecanoyl alanine, N- hexadecanoyl alanine, N-octadecanoyl alanine, N-hexanoyl leucine, N-octanoyl leucine, N-decanoyl leucine, N- dodecanoyl leucine, N-tetradecanoyl leucine, N-hexa- decanoyl leucine, N-octadecanoyl leucine, N-hexanoyl phe¬ nylalanine, N-octanoyl phenylalanine, N-decanoyl phenyl¬ alanine, N-dodecanoyl phenylalanine, N-tetradecanoyl phenylalanine, N-hexadecanoyl phenylalanine, N-octa- decanoyl phenylalanine, N-hexanoyl phenylglycine, N- octanoyl phenylglycine, N-decanoyl phenylglycine, N- dodecanoyl phenylglycine, N-tetradecanoyl phenylglycine, N-hexadecanoyl phenylglycine, N-octadecanoyl phenylglycine, N-hexanoyl lysine, N-octanoyl lysine, N- decanoyl lysine, N-dodecanoyl lysine, N-tetradecanoyl lysine, N-hexadecanoyl lysine, N-octadecanoyl lysine, N- hexanoyl glycine, N-octanoyl glycine, N-decanoyl glycine, N-dodecanoyl glycine, N-tetradecanoyl glycine, N- hexadecanoyl glycine, N-octadecanoyl glycine, N-hexanoyl valine, N-octanoyl valine, N-decanoyl valine, N-dodecanoyl valine, N-tetradecanoyl valine, N-hexadecanoyl valine, N- octadecanoyl valine, N-hexanoyl tryptophan, N-octanoyl tryptophan, N-decanoyl tryptophan, N-dodecanoyl tryptophan, N-tetradecanoyl tryptophan, N-hexadecanoyl tryptophan, N-octadecanoyl tryptophan, N-hexanoyl arginine, N-octanoyl arginine, N-decanoyl arginine, N- dodecanoyl arginine, N-tetradecanoyl arginine, N- hexadecanoyl arginine, N-octadecanoyl arginine, N-hexanoyl histidine, N-octanoyl histidine, N-decanoyl histidine, N- dodecanoyl histidine, N-tetradecanoyl histidine, N- hexadecanoyl histidine, N-octadecanoyl histidine, N- hexanoyl cysteine, N-octanoyl cysteine, N-decanoyl cysteine, N-dodecanoyl cysteine, N-tetradecanoyl cysteine, N-hexadecanoyl cysteine, N-octadecanoyl cysteine, N- hexanoyl glutamine, N-octanoyl glutamine, N-decanoyl glutamine, N-dodecanoyl glutamine, N-tetradecanoyl glutamine, N-hexadecanoyl glutamine, N-octadecanoyl glutamine, N-hexanoyl isoleucine, N-octanoyl isoleucine, N-decanoyl isoleucine, N-dodecanoyl isoleucine, N- tetradecanoyl isoleucine, N-hexadecanoyl isoleucine, N- octadecanoyl isoleucine, N-hexanoyl asparagine, N-octanoyl asparagine, N-decanoyl asparagine, N-dodecanoyl aspara¬ gine, N-tetradecanoyl asparagine, N-hexadecanoyl asparagine, N-octadecanoyl asparagine, N-hexanoyl aspartic acid, N-octanoyl aspartic acid, N-decanoyl aspartic acid, N-dodecanoyl aspartic acid, N-tetradecanoyl aspartic acid, N-hexadecanoyl aspartic acid, N-octadecanoyl aspartic acid, N-hexanoyl glutamic acid, N-octanoyl glutamic acid, N-decanoyl glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl glutamic acid, N- tetradecanoyl glutamic acid, N-hexadecanoyl glutamic acid, N-octadecanoyl glutamic acid, N-hexanoyl ornithine, N- octanoyl ornithine, N-decanoyl ornithine, N-dodecanoyl ornithine, N-tetradecanoyl ornithine, N-hexadecanoyl ornithine, N-octadecanoyl ornithine, or an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt thereof.
The starting amino acid amides (IV) as well as the re¬ sulting compounds (I) or (II) may be in the form of a racemic mixture or in optically active form.
Enzymes which may be useful as catalysts in the process of the invention should be selected according to the follow¬ ing criteria: (a) their ability to catalyse the formation of an amide bond; (b) their ability to use a fatty acid or fatty ester as substrate; and (c) their ability to use an amino acid amide as the nucleophile. More specifically, suitable enzymes for the process of the invention are those which catalyse the hydrolysis of amide bonds or the reverse synthesis reaction, e.g. hydrolases.
An enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of N-long chain acyl amino acids is described by Y. Shintani et al., J. Biochem. 96, 1984, pp. 637-643, who denote it "N-long chain acyl aminoacylase". It is briefly suggested that this enzyme may also catalyse the synthesis of lipoamino acids from fatty acids and amino acids. However, there is no indication of the reaction conditions under which the synthesis takes place, nor is there any indication of the reaction times or the final yield of lipoamino acids pro¬ vided by the synthesis. Additionally, it appears that the enzyme described by Shintani et al. is specific to lipo- amino acids containing L-glutamate so that, apparently, it cannot be used generally in a process for producing lipoamino acids containing several different amino acid residues.
EP 298 796 discloses the use of acyl transferases, includ¬ ing lipase, to catalyse a process for preparing N-substi- tuted fatty amides from fatty acids and amines (including amino acids though no examples are actually given of this) . Apart from resulting in a different end product, the present process is distinguished from the process de¬ scribed in EP 298 796 by using amino acid amides as start¬ ing materials which are monoionic compounds and as such chemically distinct from amino acids which are zwitter- ionic compounds. There would be no reason to expect that an enzymatic process using amines as starting materials might also be employed using another, chemically distinct, starting material. Moreover, it was surprisingly found that the process of the present invention is selective, i.e. that only one of the amino groups in the amino acid amide is N-acylated. In an industrial context, the present process is attractive because the starting amino acid amide may be produced on a large scale from synthetic starting materials, and because amino acid amides are more easily soluble than amino acids in organic solvents, re- suiting in higher yields of the N-acylated end products.
Hydrolytic enzymes for use in the present process may be lipases, peptidases (in particular non-specific pepti- dases) , esterases or proteases, in particular Upases which may be defined as enzymes catalyzing reactions in¬ volving ester bonds, e.g. hydrolysis, synthesis and/or ex- change of ester bonds. Lipases which may be employed in the present process may be porcine pancreatic lipase or microbial lipases produced, for instance, by strains of Aspercrillus, Enterobacterium, Chromobacterium- Geotricium or Penicillium. Preferred lipases for use according to the invention are those produced by species of Mucor (e.g. Lipozyme™, produced by Mucor iehei) , Humicola, Pseudo¬ monas or Candida (such as Candida antarctica or Candida cylindracea) .
Particularly preferred lipases are those produced by the following strains of microorganisms, all of which have been deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorga- nismen in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the purposes of Patent Procedure: Candida antarctica r deposited on 29 September 1986, with the number DSM 3855, and on 8 December 1986, with the num¬ bers DSM 3908 and DSM 3909. Pseudomonas cephacia. deposited on 30 January 1987, with the number 3959.
Humicola lanuαinosa, deposited on 13 August 1986 and 4 May, with the deposit numbers 3819 and 4109, respectively. Humicola brevispora, deposited on 4 May 1987, with the de- posit number DMS 4110,
Humicola brevis var. thermoidea, deposited on 4 May 1987, with the deposit number DSM 4111, and
Humicola insolens. deposited on 1 October 1981, with the deposit number DSM 1800.
Currently preferred lipases are those produced by Candida antarctica. DSM 3855, DSM 3908 and DSM 3909. These enzymes may be produced by the process disclosed in WO 88/02775. Briefly, the Candida strains in question are cultivated under aerobic conditions in a nutrient medium containing assimilable carbon and nitrogen sources as well as essen- tial minerals, trace elements etc., the medium being com¬ posed according to established practice. After cultiva¬ tion, liquid enzyme concentrates may be prepared by re¬ moving insoluble materials, e.g. by filtration or centri- fugation, after which the broth is concentrated by evap¬ oration or reverse osmosis. Solid enzyme preparations may be prepared from the concentrate by precipitation with salts or water-miscible solvents, e.g. ethanol, or by dry¬ ing such as spray-drying in accordance with well-known methods.
Additional lipases may be obtained from the following strains which are publicly available without restriction from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelculturen (CBS) , American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) , Agricultural Re¬ search Culture Collection (NRRL) and Institute of Fermen¬ tation, Osaka (IFO) with the following deposit numbers: Candida antarctica. CBS 5955, ATCC 34888, NRRL Y-8295, CBS 6678, ATCC 28323, CBS 6821 and NRRL Y-7954; Candida tsukubaensis. CBS 6389, ATCC 24555 and NRRL Y-7795;Candida auriculariae, CBS 6379, ATTC 24121 and IFO 1580; Candida umicola, CBS 571, ATCC 14438, IFO 0760, CBS 2041, ATCC 9949, NRRL Y-1266, IFO 0753 and IFO 1527; and Candida foliorum, CBS 5234 and ATCC 18820.
It is known to produce lipase by recombinant DNA tech¬ niques, cf. for instance EP 238 023. Recombinant lipases may also be employed for the present purpose.
N-acyl amino acid amides produced by the process of the invention may be employed as such as surface-active agents. If, however, it is desired to produce N-acyl amino acids, it has been found possible to cleave off the NH2 group selectively by an enzyme-catalysed process by means of an enzyme which is able to cleave amide bonds. An example of such an enzyme is carboxypeptidase such as car- boxypeptidase Y, which is produced by Saccharomvces cerevisiae.
When employed in step a) or b) of the process of the in¬ vention, the enzymes may be in a soluble state. It is, however, preferred to immobilize either or both enzymes in order to facilitate the recovery of the N-acyl amino acids or N-acyl amino acid amides produced by the present pro- cess. Immobilization procedures are well known (cf. for instance K. Mosbach, ed. , "Immobilized Enzymes", Methods in Enzymology 44. Academic Press, New York, 1976) and in¬ clude cross-linking of cell homogenates, covalent coupling to insoluble organic or inorganic supports, entrapment in gels and adsorption to ion exchange resins or other adsor¬ bent materials. Coating on a particulate support may also be employed (cf. for instance A.R. Macrae and R.C. Hammond, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 3, 1985, p. 193. Suitable support materials for the immo- bilized enzyme are, for instance, plastics (e.g. poly¬ styrene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, latex, nylon, teflon, dacron, polyvin lacetate, polyvinylalcohol or any siutable copolymer thereof), polysaccharides (e.g. agarose or dextran) , ion exchange resins (both cation and anion exchange resins) , silicon polymers (e.g. siloxane) or silicates (e.g. glass) .
It is preferred to immobilize the enzymes on an ion ex¬ change resin by adsorbing the enzymes to the resin or by cross-linking it to the resin by means of glutaraldehyde or another cross-linking agent in a manner known per se. A particularly preferred resin is a weakly basic anion ex¬ change resin which may be a polystyrene-, acrylic- or phenol-formaldehyde-type resin. Examples of commercially available polyacrylic-type resins are Lewatit E 1999/85 (registered trademark of Bayer, Federal Republic of Ger- many) and Duolite ES-568 (registered trademark of Rohm & Haas, Federal Republic of Germany) . Immobilization of en¬ zymes to this type of resin may be carried out according to EP 140 542. Immobilization to phenyl-formaldehyde-type resins may be conducted as described in DK 85/878. Another convenient material for immobilizing enzymes is an inorganic support, such as a silicate. The enzymes may be attached to the support by adsorption or by covalent coupling, eg. as described in K. Mosbach, ed. , op.cit.
The reaction of the compound of the general formula III with the compound of the general formula IV in step a) of the process of the invention may advantageously proceed at a low pressure such as a pressure below about 0.05 bar, in particular below about 0.01 bar. The reaction temperature is not critical, but is conveniently in the range of about 20-100°C, preferably about 30-80°C. For the reaction of short-chain fatty acids with amino acid amides, the reac¬ tion may suitably proceed at room temperature.
The choice of solvent in which the reaction of the com¬ pound (III) with the compound (IV) is of some importance. Firstly, the polarities of the enzyme substrate (the fatty acid or fatty ester III) and the nucleophile (the amino acid amide IV) differ widely. Secondly, water-soluble or¬ ganic compounds may inactivate the enzyme used in the pro¬ cess. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the in¬ vention, the reaction of the compound (III) with the com¬ pound (IV) proceeds in a substantially non-aqueous medium, e.g. a suitable organic solvent (such as ethylmethyl ketone) , or substantially in the absence of a solvent which is to say that the compound (III) acts as a solvent for the compound (IV) . In this case, an excess of the com¬ pound (III) may be added to the reaction mixture. It should be noted that a minor amount of water may be present bound to the enzyme to ensure a satisfactory reac- tivity and half-life of the enzyme. By continuously remov¬ ing water or alcohol by azeotropic distillation or, if no solvent is used, in vacuof it is possible to shift the equilibrium in the reaction of the compound (III) with the compound (IV) towards formation of the compound (I) , thus improving the yield of the compound (I) .
The yield of the end product (I) has also been found to be dependent on the concentration of the enzyme used in step a) of the present process in that the yield increases with increasing amounts of enzyme added to the reaction mix¬ ture. An advantageous enzyme concentration for the present purpose is in the range of 1-50% w/w.
Suitable salts of the N-acylated amino acids produced by the process of the invention may be prepared in a manner known per se, such as by reacting a compound (II) with an appropriate base, e.g. an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Examples of such salts are the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts, in particular the sodium salt.
Compounds of the general formulae I and II may convenient¬ ly be included in cleaning compositions which may be for- mulated in any convenient way, such as a liquid, powder, etc. Typical examples of cleaning compositions are laundry detergents, e.g. heavy-duty or light-duty detergents, dishwash detergents and hard surface cleaners.
The cleaning composition may comprise one or more other surface-active agents, such as anionic surfactants (e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, α-olefin sulfonates or soaps) , non-ionic surfactants (e.g. alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers, nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ethers, fatty acid esters of sucrose and glucose, alkyl glycosideε or esters of polyoxyethylated alkyl glycosides) , cationic surfactants and/or zwitterionic surfactants.
Liquid and powder detergents may be formulated substan- tially as described in "Frame formulations for liquid/pow¬ der heavy-duty detergents" in J. Falbe, Surfactants in Consumer Products. Theory, Technology and Application, Springer Verlag, 1987, by replacing all or part of the surfactant in the detergent formulation by one or more N- acyl amino acid amides as described above.
Thus, as described in Falbe, op. cit. , a liquid heavy-duty detergent may comprise anionic surfactants, non-ionic sur¬ factants, suds controlling agents, enzymes, foam boosters, builders, formulation aids, optical brighteners, stabi¬ lizers, fabric softeners, fragrances, dyestuffs and water. Similarly, a powder heavy-duty detergent may comprise anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, suds con¬ trolling agents, foam boosters, chelating agents, ion ex- changers, alkalis cobuilders, bleaching agents, bleach ac¬ tivators, bleach stabilizers, fabric softeners, anti- redepoεition agents, enzymes, optical brighteners, anti- corrosion agents, fragrances, dyestuffs and blueing agents, formulation aids, fillers and water.
Compounds (I) and (II) prepared by the process of the in¬ vention may advantageously be employed in personal care compositions of the invention are shampoos, toothpastes, shaving creams, liquid soaps, skin creams or body lotions.
A shampoo composition of the invention (e.g. a hair or body shampoo) may contain the compound (I) or (II) as the main or sole surfactant, in which case it is usually pres¬ ent in an amount of 1-25% by weight of the composition. However, the composition may further comprise an anionic surfactant in an amount of 5-35%, in particular 10-25%, by weight of the composition.
Examples of suitable anionic surfactants for inclusion in shampoos are alkyl ether sulphonates, alkyl sulphates (e.g. with 10-22 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) , alkyl polyethoxy sulphonates (e.g. with 10-18 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) , α-olefin sulphonates (e.g. with 10-24 carbon atoms) , α-sulphocarboxylates (e.g. with 6-20 carbon atoms) and esters thereof (prepared with, e.g. , C^-C^ al- cohols) , alkyl glyceryl ether sulphonates (e.g. with 10- 18 carbon atoms) , fatty acid monoglyceride sulphates and sulphonates, alkyl phenol polyethoxy ether sulphates (e.g. with 8-12 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) , 2-acyloxy-l- sulphonates (e.g. with 2-9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and 9-22 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety) and 3-alkyloxy alkane sulphonates (e.g. with 1-3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and 8-20 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety) .
The shampoo composition of the invention may additionally comprise a foam booster, for instance a fatty acid di- alkanol amide, an N-acyl amino acid or a betain derivative in an amount of 0.1-20% by weight of the composition.
If a higher viscosity of the shampoo composition is de- sired, it is possible to include a suitable thickener such as, for instance, carboxy methyl cellulose or, if the anionic surfactant is an alkyl ether sulphonate, the vis¬ cosity may be regulated by means of a salt, e.g. NaCl.
When the N-acyl amino acids or amides prepared by the pro¬ cess of the invention are included in toothpaste composi¬ tion, it may contain the compounds in an amount of 1-20% by weight, in addition to conventional ingredients such as gelling agents, thickeners, abrasives, bulk agents and the like. When the compounds (I) or (II) prepared by the process of the invention are included in a liquid soap composition, it may contain the surface-active compounds (I) or (II) in an amount of 1-20%, in addition to conventional ingredi- ents such as anionic surfactants, foam boosters and the like.
Similarly, a shaving cream composition may contain 1-20% by weight of the compounds (I) or (II) in addition to con- ventional ingredients.
A skin cream or body lotion may contain 0.1-10% by weight of the compounds (I) or (II) in addition to conventional ingredients such as oils, fatty acids and esters thereof, fatty alcohols, water, perfume, and an additional e ul- sifier.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are not in any way intended to limit the scope or spirit of the invention.
Examples
General procedures
Satisfactory -^H and 13C NMR-spectra were obtained for all compounds. The spectra were recorded on a Bruker WM 400 Spectrometer with TMS as internal standard. Preparative liquid chromatography was performed on Si02 with a gradient . of n-pentane, ethylacetate and methanol as eluent. Example 1
Preparation of N-decanoyl phenyl glycine amide:
To melted decanoic acid (6.0 g, 34.8 mmol) phenyl glycine amide (1.0 g, 6.7 mmol) was added. Then immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (100 mg) was added and the mixture stirred for 48 hrs. at 70°C. The product was isolated in a yield of 56% after purification by preparative chro ato- graphy. H NMR <5: 0.87 (3H,t), 1.25 (12H,S), 1.60 (2H,m) , 2.23 (2H,t) , 5.60 (lH,d) , 5.82 (1H,S), 6.28 (1H,S), 6.96 (lH,d).
Example 2
Preparation of N-decanoyl phenyl glycine amide:
To decanoic acid (5.68 g, 33.0 mmol) in ethylmethyl ketone (50 ml) was phenyl glycine amide (4 g, 26.8 mmol) and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (1.5 g) added. After 20 h the enzyme was filtered off, the solvent re¬ moved in vacuum and the crude product purified by chroma¬ tography yielding 1.8 g of product.
Example 3
Preparation of N-hexadecanoyl alanine amide:
To methylhexadecanoat (0.25 g, 0.9 mmol) in ethylmethyl ketone (5 ml) was alanine amide hydrobromide (0.5 g, 3.0 mmol) triethylamirie (0.44 ml) and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (0.2 g) added. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature, then filtered free from en- zyme and purified by chromatography yielding 25% of pro¬ duct. Example 4
Preparation of N-decanoyl alanine amide:
To decanoic acid (0.10 g, 0.59 mmol) in ethylmethyl ketone (2.5 ml) were alanine amide hydrobromide (0.25 g, 1.5 mmol) triethylamine (0.22 ml) and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (0.1 g) added. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature, then filtered free from en¬ zyme and the yield determined to 25%.
Example 5
Preparation of N-decanoyl leucine amide:
To methyldecanoat (0.1 g, 0.59 mmol) in ethylmethyl ketone
(2.5 ml) were leucine amide hydrobromide (0.25 g, 1.45 mmol), triethylamine (0.18 ml) and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (0.1 g) added. After (20 h) the lipase was removed and the yield was determined to 25%.
Example 6
Preparation of N-decanoyl phenyl glycine amide:
To methyldecanoat (100 μl, 0.45 mmol) in ethylmethyl ke¬ tone (1 ml) was phenyl glycine amide (0.14 g, 0.9 mmol) and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (0.1 g) added. After 24 h the product was isolated in a 50% yield.
Example 7
Preparation of N-decanoyl alanine:
To a suspension of N-decanoyl alanine amide (1 g, 3.9 mmol) in phosphate buffer (150 ml, pH=7.0) was carboxy- peptidase from yeast (90 mg) added. After 24 h no starting material was left giving a 90% yield of product.
Example 8
Sodium salts of N-acylated amino acids were prepared by dissolving each N-acylated amino acids in the smallest possible amount of 99% ethanol (about 2 ml per gram) . When the compounds were completely dissolved, optionally with a little heating, an equivalent amount of 6 M NaOH was added. The resulting sodium salt was precipitated by the addition of acetone (about 20 ml per gram) . The precipi¬ tated product was filtered off and dried iji vacuo.
Example 9
The ability to reduce the surface tension of water was tested for the following compounds prepared by the present process:
N-decanoyl alanine, sodium salt (C-^øAlaONa) N-dodecanoyl alanine, sodium salt (C-j^AlaONa) N-tetradecanoyl alanine, sodium salt (C14AlaONa) N-hexadecanoyl alanine, sodium salt (C16AlaONa) N-octadecanoyl alanine, sodium salt (C^gAlaONa) N-decanoyl leucine, sodium salt (C10LeuONa) N-dodecanoyl leucine, sodium salt (C12LeuONa) N-tetradecanoyl leucine, sodium salt (C-^LeuONa) N-hexadecanoyl leucine, sodium salt (C16LeuONa) N-octadecanoyl leucine, sodium salt (C18LeuONa) N-decanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt (C10 PneONa) N-dodecanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt (C12PheONa) N-tetradecanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt (C1 PheONa) N-hexadecanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt (C16PheONa) N-octadecanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt (C18PheONa) Reduction in the surface tension of water produced by the test compounds listed above was measured on a Krύss Digi¬ tal tensiometer model K 10 at 25°C. The minimum surface tension ( ft min) was determined as the lowest value measured for each of the test compounds.
The critical micelle concentration [c c] (the concentra¬ tion at which surface-active compounds begin to form micelles in water; this concentration is indicative of the concentration of a surface-active compound needed to pro¬ duce a detergent effect) of the test compounds was deter¬ mined from a plot of the surface tension against the log¬ arithm of the molar concentration.
The results are shown in the following table:
Compound ft min cmc (mol/1)
C10AlaONa 47 .4 4.74 10"2 C C1-,2-?AAllaaO0NNaa 4 422. .55 6.98 10"3
C14AlaONa 40, .8 1.63 10 -3
C16AlaONa 42, .4
C18AlaONa 39, .0
C10LeuONa 37. .0 3.17 10~3
C12LeuONa 34, .0 2.28 10"3
C1 LeuONa 33. .8 7.08 10"4
C16LeuONa 35. .5
C18LeuONa 38. .1
C10 pheONa 36. .9 5.17 10~3
C1 PheONa 34. ,5 1.20 10~3
C14PheONa 38. ,0 4.04 10~4
C16PheONa 37. ,5 1,12 10~4
C18PheONa 36. 9 1.63 10~4
It appears from the table that all the test compounds are able to reduce the surface tension of water to a consider- able degree. The minimum surface tension is substantially the same for compounds containing leucine and phenyl¬ alanine residues. The minimum surface tension is generally higher for compounds containing an alanine residue. The chain length of the acyl group is of little importance to the minimum surface tension where compounds containing leucine and phenylalanine residues are concerned as is the case with compounds containing an alanine residue when the acyl group has a chain length of 12 carbon atoms or more.
The critical micelle concentration could not be determined for N-hexanoyl alanine, sodium salt, N-octanoyl alanine, sodium salt, N-hexanoyl leucine, sodium salt, and N- octanoyl leucine, sodium salt, as the limit of solubility of these compounds was reached before the cmc. For the other test compounds, it appears from the table that the cmc decreases with an increasing acyl group chain length, except for the N-octanoyl phenylalanine, sodium salt. The cmc is generally higher for compounds containing an alanine residue, whereas compounds containing a leucine or phenylalanine residue show substantially the same cmc.

Claims

1. A process for preparing a compound of the general for¬ mula I
RCO-NH
Figure imgf000027_0001
or II
RCO-NH
Figure imgf000027_0002
0
wherein R is an alkyl group with 3-23 carbon atoms, op¬ tionally substituted by a branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocar- bon group, and R1 is hydrogen or a branched or straight- chain, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hy¬ drocarbon group, optionally substituted by alkyl with 1-20 carbon atoms, -OH, -NH2 or SH, or an alkali metal or al¬ kaline earth metal salt thereof,
the process comprising
a) reacting a compound of the general formula III
RCOOR2 (III)
wherein R2 is H or an alkyl group with 1-6 carbon atoms, and R is as defined above, with a compound of the general formula IV
Figure imgf000028_0001
wherein R1 is as defined above, in the presence of an en¬ zyme capable of catalysing the formation of amide bonds, to produce the compound of the general formula I,
b) optionally removing the amide group of the compound of the general formula I by means of a second enzyme capable of selective cleavage of amide bonds, to produce the com¬ pound of the general formula II, and
c) optionally converting a thus formed compound of the general formula II to a salt by means of a suitable base.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group with 6-20 carbon atoms.
3. A process according to claim 2, wherein RCO- is se¬ lected from the group consisting of hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, dodecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, eicosanoyl, docosanoyl, cis-9- octadecanoyl and 9,12-octadecadienoyl.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methylthio, -CH2-CH -S-CH3, benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, indolyl or alkylguanidine group.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the compound of the general formula IV is an amino acid amide selected from the group consisting of alanine amide, leucine amide, phenylalanine amide, phenylglycine amide, lysine amide, glycine amide, valine amide, tryptophan amide, arginine amide, histidine amide, cysteine amide, iso-leucine amide, glutamine amide, asparagine amide, aspartic acid amide, glutamic acid amide and ornithine amide in racemic or op¬ tically active form.
6. A process according to any of the preceding claims for preparing compounds of the general formula I as defined in claim 1, which compounds are selected from the group con¬ sisting of N-hexanoyl alanine amide, N-octanoyl alanine amide, N-decanoyl alanine amide, N-dodecanoyl alanine amide, N-tetradecanoyl alanine amide, N-hexadecanoyl alanine amide, N-octadecanoyl alanine amide, N-hexanoyl leucine amide, N-octanoyl leucine amide, N-decanoyl leucine amide, N-dodecanoyl leucine amide, N-tetradecanoyl leucine amide, N-hexadecanoyl leucine amide, N-octa- decanoyl leucine amide, N-hexanoyl phenylalanine amide, N- octanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-decanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-dodecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-tetradecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-hexadecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-octadecanoyl phenylalanine amide, N-hexanoyl phenyl- glycine amide, N-octanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-decanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-dodecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N- tetradecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N-hexadecanoyl phenyl¬ glycine amide, N-octadecanoyl phenylglycine amide, N- hexanoyl lysine amide, N-octanoyl lysine amide, N-decanoyl lysine amide, N-dodecanoyl lysine amide, N-tetradecanoyl lysine amide, N-hexadecanoyl lysine amide, N-octadecanoyl lysine amide, N-hexanoyl glycine amide, N-octanoyl glycine amide, N-decanoyl glycine amide, N-dodecanoyl glycine amide, N-tetradecanoyl glycine amide, N-hexadecanoyl gly- cine amide, N-octadecanoyl glycine amide, N-hexanoyl valine amide, N-octanoyl valine amide, N-decanoyl valine amide, N-dodecanoyl valine amide, N-tetradecanoyl valine amide, N-hexadecanoyl valine amide, N-octadecanoyl valine amide, N-hexanoyl tryptophan amide, N-octanoyl tryptophan amide, N-decanoyl tryptophan amide, N-dodecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-tetradecanoyl tryptophan amide, N- hexadecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-octadecanoyl tryptophan amide, N-hexanoyl arginine amide, N-octanoyl arginine amide, N-decanoyl arginine amide, N-dodecanoyl arginine amide, N-tetradecanoyl arginine amide, N-hexadecanoyl arginine amide, N-octadecanoyl arginine amide, N-hexanoyl histidine amide, N-octanoyl histidine amide, N-decanoyl histidine amide, N-dodecanoyl histidine amide, N-tetra¬ decanoyl histidine amide, N-hexadecanoyl histidine amide, N-octadecanoyl histidine amide, N-hexanoyl cysteine amide, N-octanoyl cysteine amide, N-decanoyl cysteine amide, N- dodecanoyl cysteine amide, N-tetradecanoyl cysteine amide, N-hexadecanoyl cysteine amide, N-octadecanoyl cysteine amide, N-hexanoyl glutamine amide, N-octanoyl glutamine amide, N-decanoyl glutamine amide, N-dodecanoyl glutamine amide, N-tetradecanoyl glutamine amide, N-hexadecanoyl glutamine amide, N-octadecanoyl glutamine amide, N- hexanoyl isoleucine amide, N-octanoyl isoleucine amide, N- decanoyl isoleucine amide, N-dodecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-tetradecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-hexadecanoyl isoleucine amide, N-octadecanoyl isoleucine amide, N- hexanoyl asparagine amide, N-octanoyl asparagine amide, N- decanoyl asparagine amide, N-dodecanoyl asparagine amide, N-tetradecanoyl asparagine amide, N-hexadecanoyl aspara¬ gine amide, N-octadecanoyl asparagine amide, N-hexanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-octanoyl aspartic acid amide, N- decanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-dodecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-tetradecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-hexadecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-octadecanoyl aspartic acid amide, N-hexanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-octanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-decanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-dodecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-tetradecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-hexadecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-octadecanoyl glutamic acid amide, N-hexanoyl ornithine amide, N-octa¬ noyl ornithine amide, N-decanoyl ornithine amide, N- dodecanoyl ornithine amide, N-tetradecanoyl ornithine amide, N-hexadecanoyl ornithine amide, N-octadecanoyl ornithine amide, or an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt thereof, each compound being in racemic or op¬ tically active form.
7. A process according to any of the preceding claims for preparing compounds of the general formula II defined in claim 1, the compounds being selected from the group con¬ sisting of N-hexanoyl alanine, N-octanoyl alanine, N- decanoyl alanine, N-dodecanoyl alanine, N-tetradecanoyl alanine, N-hexadecanoyl alanine, N-octadecanoyl alanine, N-hexanoyl leucine, N-octanoyl leucine, N-decanoyl leucine, N-dodecanoyl leucine, N-tetradecanoyl leucine, N- hexadecanoyl leucine, N-octadecanoyl leucine, N-hexanoyl phenylalanine, N-octanoyl phenylalanine, N-decanoyl phenylalanine, N-dodecanoyl phenylalanine, N-tetradecanoyl phenylalanine, N-hexadecanoyl phenylalanine, N-octa¬ decanoyl phenylalanine, N-hexanoyl phenylglycine, N-octa¬ noyl phenylglycine, N-decanoyl phenylglycine, N-dodecanoyl phenylglycine, N-tetradecanoyl phenylglycine, N- hexadecanoyl phenylglycine, N-octadecanoyl phenylglycine, N-hexanoyl lysine, N-octanoyl lysine, N-decanoyl lysine, N-dodecanoyl lysine, N-tetradecanoyl lysine, N- hexadecanoyl lysine, N-octadecanoyl lysine, N-hexanoyl glycine, N-octanoyl glycine, N-decanoyl glycine, N- dodecanoyl glycine, N-tetradecanoyl glycine, N- hexadecanoyl glycine, N-octadecanoyl glycine, N-hexanoyl valine, N-octanoyl valine, N-decanoyl valine, N-dodecanoyl valine, N-tetradecanoyl valine, N-hexadecanoyl valine, N- octadecanoyl valine, N-hexanoyl tryptophan, N-octanoyl tryptophan, N-decanoyl tryptophan, N-dodecanoyl tryptophan, N-tetradecanoyl tryptophan, N-hexadecanoyl tryptophan, N-octadecanoyl tryptophan, N-hexanoyl arginine, N-octanoyl arginine, N-decanoyl arginine, N- dodecanoyl arginine, N-tetradecanoyl arginine, N- hexadecanoyl arginine, N-octadecanoyl arginine, N-hexanoyl histidine, N-octanoyl histidine, N-decanoyl histidine, N- dodecanoyl histidine, N-tetradecanoyl histidine, N- hexadecanoyl histidine, N-octadecanoyl histidine, N- hexanoyl cysteine, N-octanoyl cysteine, N-decanoyl cysteine, N-dodecanoyl cysteine, N-tetradecanoyl cysteine, N-hexadecanoyl cysteine, N-octadecanoyl cysteine, N- hexanoyl glutamine, N-octanoyl glutamine, N-decanoyl glutamine, N-dodecanoyl glutamine, N-tetradecanoyl glutamine, N-hexadecanoyl glutamine, N-octadecanoyl glutamine, N-hexanoyl isoleucine, N-octanoyl isoleucine, N-decanoyl isoleucine, N-dodecanoyl isoleucine, N- tetradecanoyl isoleucine, N-hexadecanoyl isoleucine, N- octadecanoyl isoleucine, N-hexanoyl asparagine, N-octanoyl asparagine, N-decanoyl asparagine, N-dodecanoyl, asparagine N-tetradecanoyl asparagine, N-hexadecanoyl as- paragine, N-octadecanoyl asparagine, N-hexanoyl aspartic acid, N-octanoyl aspartic acid, N-decanoyl aspartic acid, N-dodecanoyl aspartic acid, N-tetradecanoyl aspartic acid, N-hexadecanoyl aspartic acid, N-octadecanoyl aspartic acid, N-hexanoyl glutamic acid, N-octanoyl glutamic acid, N-decanoyl glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl glutamic acid, N- tetradecanoyl glutamic acid, N-hexadecanoyl glutamic acid, N-octadecanoyl glutamic acid, N-hexanoyl ornithine, N- octanoyl ornithine, N-decanoyl ornithine, N-dodecanoyl ornithine, N-tetradecanoyl ornithine, N-hexadecanoyl ornithine, N-octadecanoyl ornithine, or an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt thereof, each compound being in racemic or optically active form.
8. A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the enzyme employed in step a) of the process of claim 1 is a hydrolase.
9. A process according to claim 8, wherein the hydrolase is a lipase, peptidase, esterase or protease.
10. A process according to claim 9, wherein the lipase is one producible by species of Mucor, Candida, Humicola, or Pseudomonas.
5 11. A process according to claim 10, wherein the lipase is one produced by Candida antarctica. DSM 3855, DSM 3908 or DSM 3909, Pseudomonas cepacia, DSM 3959, Humicola lanuginosa. DSM 3819 or 4109, Humicola brevispora, DSM 4110, Humicola brevis var. thermoidea, DSM 4111, or 10 Humicola insolens, DSM 1800.
12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the enzyme is an immobilized enzyme.
15 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein the enzyme em¬ ployed in step b) of the process of claim 1 is a carboxy- peptidase.
14. A process according to claim 13, wherein the carboxy-
20 peptidaεe is carboxypeptidaεe Y.
15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the carboxy- peptidaεe is one produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
25 16. A proceεε according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the reaction of the compound of the general for¬ mula. Ill with the compound of the general formula IV pro¬ ceeds at room temperature.
30 17. A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the reaction of the compound of the general for¬ mula III with the compound of the general formula IV pro¬ ceeds in the absence of a solvent.
35 18. A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the reaction of the compound of the general for- mula III with the compound of the general formula IV pro¬ ceeds at a low presεure such as a pressure of below about 0.05 bar, in particular a pressure below about 0.01 bar.
19. A cleaning composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of the general formula I as defined in any of claims 1-7.
20. A composition according to claim 19 which is a laundry detergent, e.g. a heavy-duty or light-duty detergent, a dishwash detergent or hard surface cleaner.
21. A perεonal care composition which comprises a compound of the general formula I as defined in any of claims 1-7.
22. A composition according to claim 21 which is a sham¬ poo, toothpaste, shaving cream, liquid soap, skin cream or body lotion.
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