WO1990011417A1 - Structure, in particular made of wood and process for its production - Google Patents

Structure, in particular made of wood and process for its production Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990011417A1
WO1990011417A1 PCT/FR1990/000202 FR9000202W WO9011417A1 WO 1990011417 A1 WO1990011417 A1 WO 1990011417A1 FR 9000202 W FR9000202 W FR 9000202W WO 9011417 A1 WO9011417 A1 WO 9011417A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
elements
structure according
columns
link
cable
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR1990/000202
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jamal Eddine Aboulfadl
Original Assignee
Jamal Eddine Aboulfadl
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jamal Eddine Aboulfadl filed Critical Jamal Eddine Aboulfadl
Publication of WO1990011417A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990011417A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/20—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stonelike material
    • E04B1/22—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stonelike material with parts being prestressed
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
    • E04B2/701—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function
    • E04B2/703—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function with longitudinal vertical elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/268—Connection to foundations
    • E04B2001/2684—Connection to foundations with metal connectors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/35—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block
    • E04B2001/3583—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block using permanent tensioning means, e.g. cables or rods, to assemble or rigidify structures (not pre- or poststressing concrete), e.g. by tying them around the structure

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structure particularly well suited to the production of buildings such as individual houses.
  • any modification requires masonry demolition work: raising, adding, enlarging etc.
  • the present invention makes it possible to produce large and comfortable houses, from preexisting elements, which can be easily modified, but also other works such as noise barriers, shopping centers and, more generally , all types of construction to which wood adapts well: buildings from traditionally user countries (Scandinavia for example), works located in rural areas, near woods, along roads, etc.
  • the subject of the invention is a method for producing structures, in particular buildings, characterized in that superimposed substantially cylindrical elements, each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage, constituting together vertical columns , that one engages in a longitudinal passage of at least some of the columns links of length at least equal to the height of said columns, that one stretches each link and that one subjects it longitudinally when it is stretched, d on the one hand to each element and on the other hand to lower and upper anchoring members situated respectively below the base and above the top of the columns.
  • a link is first submitted to the organs lower anchor, then we place a first element by passing the link inside it, then we stretch the link above said element, then we subject it, then we place another element on the first and one acts successively in the same way up to the highest element and finally one subjects the link to the upper anchoring members;
  • the invention also relates to a structure implementing the above process, characterized in that it comprises substantially cylindrical elements and each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage in which there is at least one taut and secured link on the one hand to each element and on the other hand to anchoring members located beyond the elements.
  • At least some of the elements have external and longitudinal assembly members such as tenons and / or mortises;
  • At least some of the elements have at least one of their ends external and transverse assembly members such as tenons and / or mortises;
  • At least some of the elements have at least one longitudinal outer stud which is determined by two parallel grooves and which is thus inscribed in the substantially cylindrical contour of the element;
  • At least some of the elements have at least one longitudinal external mortise, the edges of which are inscribed in the substantially cylindrical contour of the element;
  • an insulating material is placed between the tenon of one element and the bottom of the mortise of another element assembled to the first;
  • the insulating material consists of a glass wool mattress; - Each element is traversed by a central longitudinal passage whose internal diameter is slightly greater than that, external, of the link it is intended to receive;
  • the elements consist of segments of unpeeled trees
  • each element of unpeeled wood pierced with a central hole is impregnated with a protective solution such as a mixture of water and lime;
  • the structure rests on supports which are arranged on a raft and which have a height such that they determine above the raft a technical space according to all the support polygon of the structure;
  • the structure determines an interior space which must contain at least one device which must be connected to supply and / or fluid discharge conduits as well as at least one device which must be connected to energy transfer cables and / or electrical signals, these conduits and cables of any type known per se ending in the technical space and being connected to the interior space by flexible segments.
  • Figure 1 is a partial schematic view in section showing the attachment of a vertical element by means of a cable.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view showing the attachment of a cable to lower anchoring members.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic sectional view showing the securing of a cable to a vertical element.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic overview of a house under construction with a structure according to the invention.
  • Figures 5, 6 and 7 are schematic plan views illustrating the possibility offered by the invention to place independent modules differently.
  • Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 are partial schematic views of different structural elements according to the invention.
  • Figure 12 is. a partial schematic view in horizontal section of a structure according to the invention.
  • Figure 13 is a partial schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the invention according to which the base of a building comprises studs resting on a slab by balls.
  • Figure 14 is a partial schematic view showing an embodiment of the invention according to which the roof of a building comprises semi-cylindrical segments and a reinforcement composed of metal rods and cables.
  • substantially cylindrical elements have been chosen consisting of segments of unpeeled trees. They can be either segments of trunks or relatively large branches.
  • Each element 1 is drilled right through, that is to say from one end to the other, by an axial hole 2 for the passage of a steel cable 3.
  • the invention differs from the general arrangement consisting simply in making a central hole, by the very particular use of hole 2.
  • the segments are soaked, after drilling, in a basin containing a mixture of water and lime for approximately twenty-four hours. This results in an impregnation which stops the natural processes, protects the interior of the segment and maintains the oxygen in the mass, so that no bursting occurs.
  • the wood is also fireproof since it is protected against fire.
  • a cable 3 is passed which is stretched relative to the element 1 to cause within it an axial prestress which gives it a very high resistance.
  • the structure can undergo non-destructive elastic deformations thanks to the possible relative sliding between each element 1 and the cable 3. It is now understood that such a structure is particularly resistant to earthquakes since '' it can deform elastically without breaking.
  • the tree segments 1 which are not debarked, retain their natural protection against the weather. This is made possible thanks to the presence of the hole 2 and of the cable 3 which allow the fixing and the assembly of the elements 1 without any destruction of the protective bark, in particular without creating radial passages which would be as many weakening points. resistance: internal oxygen escape, water penetration. etc.
  • a level A is leveled and a slab (or slab) is poured
  • cables 3 which pass from bottom to top all the components of the construction, passing through the axial holes 2 of the elements 1 superimposed vertically, and the other end of these same cables 3 is subjected anchors located at the top of the house.
  • Each base 5 also has a horizontal seat 8 situated at the same level as the upper face of the floor elements 7 and separated from the sole 6 by a vertical plane 9.
  • the base 5 has a higher vertical border 10.
  • the first element 1 is placed partly on the seat 8 and partly on the floor elements 7, while being in horizontal abutment against the internal face 11 of the edge 10.
  • This first element 1, crossed vertically by the cable 3 is strongly applied from top to bottom, because the cable 3 is stretched and blocked by securing members 12 which will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3.
  • the length of the cable 3 is calculated so that it can extend in one piece over the entire height of the house.
  • the second element 1a is shown schematically lying on the floor 7. The end of the cable 3 must be engaged in the hole 2, then the entire cable 3 must be pulled through this hole 2 while the second element is raised. to put it on the first.
  • the cable 3 is then stretched and subjected to the top of the second element 1a, in the same way as it was made to the top of the first element 1, by means of securing members 12.
  • the column acquires its solidity not only by its anchoring due to the cable 3 but also by the securing of the cable 3 at the level of the upper part of each element 1.
  • a ply 13 clamped between the faces 6, 9, 8 and 11 on the one hand and the elements 7 and 1 on the other hand is placed.
  • the nature of the ply 13 need not be described in detail here because it is within the reach of the skilled person. It depends on both the pressure forces to be absorbed and the desired insulation: against humidity, runoff, temperature differences, vibrations, noise, etc.
  • the end of the cable 3 is introduced into a longitudinal housing 15 formed in one end of a bolt 16 provided with a strong thread 17.
  • the circular wall which surrounds the housing 15 is provided with longitudinal slots 18 determining legs 19 relatively flexible in the radial direction considering the axis of the bolt 16.
  • a nut 20 with an axial hole 21 has been engaged on the cable 3.
  • This hole 21 is tapped and frustoconical, so that it has a more open larger than the other.
  • the small opening is located on the upper face of the nut 20 and has a diameter greater than that of the cable 3 so that it passes unhindered through the hole 21.
  • the nut 20 is intended to be screwed onto a screw thread 22 provided on the lugs 19 and the frustoconical shape of the tapped hole 21 has the effect that the screwing of the nut 20 causes a powerful tightening of the cable 3 by the lugs 19 .
  • the sleeve 24 is tapped and receives the bolt 16 by screwing.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of means making it possible to secure the cable 3 at the top of each element 1.
  • Each element 1 is pierced with a pilot hole 30 of diameter greater than that of the central hole 2.
  • a frustoconical threaded sleeve 31 malleable and / or provided with longitudinal slots.
  • a nut 32 traversed by a threaded hole 33 is placed around the cable 3, above the sleeve 31.
  • the nut 32 must bear on the bottom of the pilot hole 30 because by being thus blocked, it can no longer "descend” and as the characteristic of such an assembly is to create a relative movement between the threaded nut and the threaded part, it is the cable 3 which tends to "mount”, that is to say which is taut from its lower anchoring.
  • the pushing action of the nut 32 is applied on the periphery of the hole 2 of the element 1 and to collect significant forces on a small surface, it is advantageous to interpose a solid washer 34 between the metal of the 'nut
  • This washer 34 may consist of a crown integral with a sleeve 35 engaged in the hole 2 to oppose any possible crushing of the wood which could occur radially, towards the center of the hole 2.
  • the depth of the hole 30 must be at least equal to the height of the nut 32 so that it does not exceed the contour of the element 1 if the element 1a is, as shown, devoid of hole 30 at its end lower. In this way the second element placed on the first has a stable base along the entire surface of their section. If, on the contrary, the element 1a also has a hole 30 at its lower end, the nut 32 can exceed the end of the element 1.
  • the cable 3 passes through the base 5 and the floor 7. It is possible to place securing members 12 against the floor 7 in order to obtain a fixing of the latter and of the base 5 to the slab 4.
  • the members 12 are housed in the hole 30 of the lower end of the first element 1.
  • a concrete slab 4 is poured at least over the entire surface of the construction.
  • Bases 5 are arranged, and optionally fixed, on this slab 4 at the base of the columns composed of elements 1 superimposed and crossed by a cable 3.
  • the house having, according to this example, three levels, floor elements 7 are placed between bases 5 and elements 1, between elements 1 and elements la, between elements la and elements lb.
  • This structure implies that the elements 1 and the elements 1a are one story high, about three meters. In reality, it is more advantageous to give the elements 1 a length of about one and a half meters because the holes 2 can be drilled with bits of only about seventy five centimeters, acting by the two ends. To obtain the height of a storey, two elements 1 must be superimposed.
  • the elements 1b supporting a sloping roof have different lengths depending on where they are located.
  • the cables 3 are moored to upper anchoring members 40 which will not be described in detail since they are either of a type analogous to those already described 12 and / or 25, or of a analogous type, within the reach of a skilled person.
  • cables 3 are stretched below the columns, at the upper level of each element 1 making up the columns and above the columns.
  • This structure also has the advantage of making it possible to produce modules comprising bases 5, columns of elements
  • FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 it can be seen that the same parts, made up of whole modules (possibly of different heights) can be arranged differently while having the same total surface.
  • the slab 4 has a surface greater than that of the modules, which allows the owner to add modules as and when required.
  • the house comprises an entrance hall 45 communicating on the one hand with a kitchen-dining room 46 and on the other hand with a living room 47. It is backed by a bathroom-WC 48 communicating with one bedroom 49.
  • the bathroom-WC is placed on the other side of hall 45, which opens to the outside by its side opposite to the previous one.
  • modules can be arranged in the most fanciful way as in the most traditional way. If necessary, one or more other modules can be added, such as another bedroom for a child and a bathroom for example.
  • the lower anchoring members 25 be of the removable type with respect to the slab 4.
  • the members 25 of the slab 4 are separated, the module itself which has been joined to the neighboring module (s) is detached, the module is lifted by means of 'a lifting machine, translate it and place it in its new location on the slab 4.
  • blind walls are shown composed of superimposed vertical elements which fill the spaces delimited horizontally by two columns and vertically by two floor elements of two different floors.
  • the column elements lc intended to be at an angle of a module must have two tenons 50 and 51 offset at ninety degrees. As these are tree segments which necessarily have a substantially circular section, there are no natural studs in one piece. Then, tenons 50 and 51 are created by digging two longitudinal grooves for each of them, respectively 52, 53 and 54, 55.
  • the mortise 56 of the adjacent element ld of the corner element lc must receive the pin 51.
  • the various elements ld are juxtaposed by placing each pin 57 in the mortise 56 of the neighboring element ld, as can be seen in the figure 12.
  • tenons 51 and 57 by digging grooves allows the use of tree segments, of substantially circular section and the grooves 52, 53, 54, 55, 58 and 59 are given a section allowing them to receive the remaining parts on either side of the mortises 56, as can be seen in FIG. 12.
  • This sheet can, for example, be formed by a material commonly called "glass wool”.
  • So-called "filling" elements also include a mortise 56 and a tenon 57 diametrically opposite but are not pierced with a hole 2 to receive a cable 3, unlike the previous ones.
  • an element ld can be assembled by its mortise 67 with a lug 57 of an element ld.
  • Two elements lf are placed opposite one another, their tenons 66 facing each other.
  • One or more elements 1g are placed horizontally and join the two vertical elements 1f.
  • transverse mortise 68 of internal dimensions corresponding to the external dimensions of the studs 66.
  • their ends are hollowed out to have on the one hand a concavity corresponding substantially to the radius of curvature of the vertical elements ld and on the other hand a flat bottom 69 which must be placed against the flat face 65.
  • the horizontal elements may also have a mortise 70 and / or a corresponding diametrically opposite tenon (not shown) for their assembly one on the other.
  • They can be flattened to form a threshold or a window sill.
  • the bases 5 determine between the slab 4 and the floor elements 7 a space 75 called "technical space” because, according to the invention, this space 75 is used in an original manner, concretely authorizing the mobility of the different modules.
  • the hoses 79 and 80 are given a maximum length which, without inconvenience, may even be excessive, in order to be able to connect the hoses to the ad hoc module (s): water inlet and wastewater discharge in the kitchen and bathroom, telephone in the living room.
  • FIG. 13 an embodiment of the invention is seen which makes it possible to use intermediate vertical elements to increase the resistance of the construction to heavy stresses of the kind of those of near bombardments, hurricanes or earthquake.
  • the member 101 to which the cable 3 is subject may be of any known type and, in particular, like that which has been described with regard to FIG. 2. But here, the member 101 is not immobilized in a concrete element . It is associated with a second member 102 to which is attached a second cable 103, distinct from the cable 3 and which passes through a stud 104 made of any desired material, in the same manner as what has already been described for the elements 1.
  • the stud 104 is prepared as an element 1 and it has a vertical passage 105 opening into two opposite pilot holes 106 and 107.
  • the organs 101 and 102 are integral but by means of an articulation, real or virtual, (not shown) in order to allow relative movements between them for reasons which will be explained below.
  • the cable 103 is stretched over the entire length of the stud 104 and it should be noted that there is no solution of continuity between the top of the column of superimposed elements 1 and the concrete slab 4 although on the height total there is on the one hand a continuous cable 3 from the underside of the base 5 to the top, regardless of the number of elements 1 superimposed and, on the other hand, a cable 103 between the upper face of the pad 104 and slab 4, because this continuity solution applies to cables 3 and 103 only and not to 1a transmission of forces, the junction of the members 101 and 102 ensuring mechanical continuity despite the discontinuity of the cables 3 and 103.
  • the cable 103 is associated with a member 108 similar to the member 101 but associated with a spherical piece 109 which rests on the slab 4, a small space remaining at a height x between the underside of the stud 104 and the upper face of the concrete slab 4.
  • This space can be filled with a ductile or elastic material: pozzolan, elastomeric seal 110, etc.
  • the part 109, its support and its characteristics will not be described in detail because this is well known to those skilled in the art who know that the purpose of this assembly is to allow relative movement between a foundation such as the slab 4 and construction elements or engineering structures to protect the superstructures in the event of foundation movements, which is the case during earthquakes.
  • this assembly known per se is used in accordance with the invention because a cable 103 is used to hold the spherical part 109 and one can provide a point of articulation between the cables 3 and 103.
  • the stud 104 can move relative to the concrete slab 4 in one direction (symbolized by the arrow F1) while the superstructure remains stationary or moves in another direction ( symbolized by the arrow F2).
  • the stud 104 therefore constitutes an intermediary between on the one hand the slab 4 linked to the ground and to its possible movements and on the other hand the superstructure resting on the stud 104.
  • the junction between the members 101 and 102 can advantageously be designed as a function of the location of the construction.
  • a ball joint with 360 degrees of freedom can therefore be harmful and it is then preferable to give the joint a preferential direction of inclination. This is a function of complex calculations which are a function of the location of the construction and which, therefore, are outside the scope of the present invention.
  • FIG 14 there is shown a particular embodiment of the roof of a building according to the invention.
  • the roof proper is formed by elements 200 formed here by tree trunks sawn lengthwise to present a flat upper face. Their major axis is parallel to the roof ridge, unlike the representation in Figure 4.
  • At least some of the elements 200 are pierced with a longitudinal hole in which a tension cable similar to the cable 3 of the vertical columns is engaged.
  • All the juxtaposed elements 200 are crossed by at least one metal rod 201, the number of rods 201 depending on the total length of the roof measured in the longitudinal direction of the elements 200.
  • the made of the roof receives a beam 202 called "ridge" whose upper face is higher than the plane of the elements 20 located against it at a height H and in which are formed as many housings 203 as there are rods 201 .
  • the ridge beam 202 is pierced with a longitudinal hole 20 which extends over its entire length and which receives a metal rod 205.
  • a tubular spider 206 In each housing 203 is placed a tubular spider 206, one branch of which is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the beam 202 and receives the rod 205.
  • each rod 201 On a slope of the roof, each rod 201 enters a housing 203 by a lateral hole and in the other branch of a cross 206 oriented at an angle whose value depends on the slope of the slope considered.
  • the rod 205 and the rods 201 intersect, so that the diameter of passage of the branches of the spider must be at least equal to the sum of the outside diameters of said rods.
  • Each end of the rods 201 is immobilized by any known means.
  • the two ends of the rod 205 are also immobilized so that an extremely robust and rigid assembly is obtained.
  • rods 201a are used which also pass through elements 200 and which each penetrate into a housing 203 through a lateral hole. Their end crosses the inclined branch of the cross 206 by crossing the opposite rods 201 thanks to the coordination of the diameters, as has been explained above. This end is also immobilized relative to the cross 206.
  • This geometry can lead to an asymmetry of the two sides with respect to the ridge beam 202, which results in a difference in height of the upper face of the elements 200 compared to the upper face of the beam 202.
  • the upper planar faces they contribute to constituting a flat assembly capable of receiving any desired protection and / or decoration: tiles, slate, slate, thatch or, as shown, a tarred coating 207 which provides sealing and can in turn be coated with other more aesthetic elements, as is well known in itself.
  • elements 1 constituted by tree segments, but it is possible to use other elements: tree segments debarked and possibly coated with plaster, prefabricated tubes and pipes, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Installation Of Indoor Wiring (AREA)

Abstract

The process is designed for producing structures, in particular, building structures. It is characterized in that essentially cylindrical elements (1), each having a longitudinal passage formed therein, are superimposed and together constitute vertical columns, and that links (3) whose length is at least equal to the height of said columns are engaged into the longitudinal passage (2) of at least certain of the columns. Each link (3) is then tightened and secured longitudinally, once it has been tensioned, on the one hand, to each element (1) and, on the other hand, to lower (25) and upper anchor means located respectively below the base and above the top of the columns.

Description

STRUCTURE NOTAMMENT EN BOIS ET PROCEDE DE REALISATION  STRUCTURE IN PARTICULAR OF WOOD AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
La présente invention concerne une structure particulièrement bien adaptée à la réalisation de bâtiments tels que des maisons individuelles. The present invention relates to a structure particularly well suited to the production of buildings such as individual houses.
En effet, elle permet la réalisation très libre de plans et formes extérieures et intérieures et, en outre, de modifier ces formes et d'ajouter des extensions sans démolition.  Indeed, it allows the very free realization of plans and external and internal forms and, moreover, to modify these forms and to add extensions without demolition.
On connaît déjà des bâtiments réalisés à partir de structures préfabriquées, selon deux principes essentiels :  Buildings made from prefabricated structures are already known, according to two essential principles:
- Le plus traditionnel consiste à réaliser en atelier des éléments préfabriqués de type maçonnerie : piliers, poutres et panneaux en béton puis de les acheminer sur le chantier où il sont assemblés définitivement puis, souvent, munis d'un revêtement de finition qui cache les jointoiements et autres irrégularités inhérentes à la construction. Ce procédé consiste donc uniquement à déplacer le site de fabrication des éléments, du chantier à un atelier, ce qui permet d'utiliser des moyens de production standardisés de type industriel. - The most traditional consists in making prefabricated masonry-type elements in the workshop: pillars, beams and concrete panels, then transporting them to the site where they are permanently assembled, then often provided with a finishing coating which hides the joints. and other irregularities inherent in the construction. This process therefore consists solely in moving the site for manufacturing the elements, from the site to a workshop, which makes it possible to use standardized means of production of the industrial type.
Par conséquent, le bâtiment ne peut présenter que des formes assez banales, ne laissant que très peu de latitude à l'architecte et au maître de l'ouvrage.  Consequently, the building can only present fairly banal forms, leaving very little latitude to the architect and the owner.
En outre, toute modification nécessite des travaux de démolition de maçonnerie : surélévation, adjonction, agrandissement etc.  In addition, any modification requires masonry demolition work: raising, adding, enlarging etc.
- Le plus frustre consiste à réaliser aussi des éléments préfabriqués mais à assembler ceux-ci par des organes mécaniques tels que des boulons, permettant leur démontage et leur remontage. - The most frustrating is also to make prefabricated elements but to assemble them by mechanical members such as bolts, allowing their disassembly and reassembly.
Ce procédé ne permet de réaliser que des bâtiments de petites dimensions et de solidité précaire. Il s'agit essentiellement de bâtiments provisoires : baraques, petits ateliers, hangars etc.  This process only makes it possible to build buildings of small dimensions and of precarious solidity. These are mainly temporary buildings: barracks, small workshops, hangars, etc.
La présente invention, au contraire, permet de réaliser des maisons vastes et confortables, à partir d'éléments préexistants, et susceptibles d'être facilement modifiées, mais aussi d'autres travaux tels que murs anti-bruit, centres commerciaux et, plus généralement, toutes espèces de constructions auxquelles le bois s'adapte bien : bâtiments des pays traditionnellement utilisateurs (Scandinavie par exemple), ouvrages situés en zones rurales, près des bois, le long des routes, etc.  The present invention, on the contrary, makes it possible to produce large and comfortable houses, from preexisting elements, which can be easily modified, but also other works such as noise barriers, shopping centers and, more generally , all types of construction to which wood adapts well: buildings from traditionally user countries (Scandinavia for example), works located in rural areas, near woods, along roads, etc.
A cette fin, l ' invention a pour objet un procédé pour la réalisation de structures, notamment de bâtiments, caractérisé en ce que l'on superpose des éléments substantiellement cylindriques et traversés chacun d'au moins un passage longitudinal, constituant ensemble des colonnes verticales, que l'on engage dans un passage longitudinal de certaines au moins des colonnes des liens de longueur au moins égale à la hauteur desdites colonnes, que l'on tend chaque lien et qu'on l'assujettit longitudinalement quand il est tendu, d'une part à chaque élément et d'autre part à des organes d'ancrage inférieurs et supérieurs situés respectivement au-dessous de la base et au-dessus du sommet des colonnes.  To this end, the subject of the invention is a method for producing structures, in particular buildings, characterized in that superimposed substantially cylindrical elements, each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage, constituting together vertical columns , that one engages in a longitudinal passage of at least some of the columns links of length at least equal to the height of said columns, that one stretches each link and that one subjects it longitudinally when it is stretched, d on the one hand to each element and on the other hand to lower and upper anchoring members situated respectively below the base and above the top of the columns.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques de ce procédé :  According to other characteristics of this process:
- pour chaque colonne on assujettit un lien d'abord aux organes d'ancrage inférieurs, puis on place un premier élément en faisant passer le lien à l'intérieur de celui-ci, puis on tend le lien audessus dudit élément, puis on l'y assujettit, puis on place un autre élément sur le premier et l'on agit successivement de la même manière jusqu'à l'élément le plus haut et enfin on assujettit le lien aux organes d'ancrage supérieurs; - for each column a link is first submitted to the organs lower anchor, then we place a first element by passing the link inside it, then we stretch the link above said element, then we subject it, then we place another element on the first and one acts successively in the same way up to the highest element and finally one subjects the link to the upper anchoring members;
- en vue de constituer des parois, on juxtapose des colonnes;  - in order to form walls, columns are juxtaposed;
- on place un matériau isolant entre les colonnes adjacentes;  - an insulating material is placed between the adjacent columns;
- on place des éléments les uns contre les autres et on relie entre eux des éléments adjacents au moyen d'organes à emboîtement latéral, tels que tenons et mortaises;  - Elements are placed against each other and adjacent elements are connected together by means of members with lateral interlocking, such as tenons and mortises;
- on assemble des éléments en sous-ensembles pour constituer des modules susceptibles d'être montés et démontés individuellement.  - Elements are assembled in subassemblies to form modules that can be assembled and disassembled individually.
L'invention a également pour objet une structure mettant en oeuvre le procédé ci-dessus, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend des éléments substantiellement cylindriques et traversés chacun d'au moins un passage longitudinal dans lequel se trouve au moins un lien tendu et assujetti d'une part à chaque élément et d'autre part à des organes d'ancrage situés au-delà des éléments.  The invention also relates to a structure implementing the above process, characterized in that it comprises substantially cylindrical elements and each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage in which there is at least one taut and secured link on the one hand to each element and on the other hand to anchoring members located beyond the elements.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques de cette structure:  According to other characteristics of this structure:
- certains au moins des éléments présentent des organes d'assemblage extérieurs et longitudinaux tels que tenons et/ou mortaises;  - At least some of the elements have external and longitudinal assembly members such as tenons and / or mortises;
- certains au moins des éléments présentent à l'une au moins de leurs extrémités des organes d'assemblage extérieurs et transversaux tels que tenons et/ou mortaises;  - At least some of the elements have at least one of their ends external and transverse assembly members such as tenons and / or mortises;
- certains au moins des éléments présentent au moins un tenon extérieur longitudinal qui est déterminé par deux rainures parallèles et qui, ainsi, est inscrit dans le contour substantiellement cylindrique de l'élément;  - At least some of the elements have at least one longitudinal outer stud which is determined by two parallel grooves and which is thus inscribed in the substantially cylindrical contour of the element;
- certains au moins des éléments présentent au moins une mortaise extérieure longitudinale dont les bords sont inscrits dans le contour substantiellement cylindrique de l'élément; - At least some of the elements have at least one longitudinal external mortise, the edges of which are inscribed in the substantially cylindrical contour of the element;
- un matériau isolant est placé entre le tenon d'un élément et le fond de la mortaise d'un autre élément assemblé au premier;  - an insulating material is placed between the tenon of one element and the bottom of the mortise of another element assembled to the first;
- le matériau isolant est constitué par un matelas de laine de verre; - chaque élément est traversé d'un passage longitudinal central dont la diamètre intérieur est un peu supérieur à celui, extérieur, du lien qu'il est destiné à recevoir; - the insulating material consists of a glass wool mattress; - Each element is traversed by a central longitudinal passage whose internal diameter is slightly greater than that, external, of the link it is intended to receive;
- certains des liens au moins sont constitués par des câbles;  - at least some of the links are formed by cables;
- les éléments sont constitués par des segments d'arbres non écorcés;- the elements consist of segments of unpeeled trees;
- chaque élément en bois non écorcé et percé d'un trou central est imprégné au moyen d'une solution de protection telle qu'un mélange d'eau et de chaux; - each element of unpeeled wood pierced with a central hole is impregnated with a protective solution such as a mixture of water and lime;
- la structure repose sur des appuis qui sont disposés sur un radier et qui ont une hauteur telle qu'ils déterminent au-dessus du radier un espace technique selon tout le polygone de sustentation de la structure;  - The structure rests on supports which are arranged on a raft and which have a height such that they determine above the raft a technical space according to all the support polygon of the structure;
- la structure détermine un espace intérieur devant contenir au moins un appareil qui doit être relié à des conduits d'alimentation et/ou d'évacuation de fluides ainsi qu'au moins un appareil qui doit être relié à des câbles de transfert d'énergie et/ou de signaux électriques, ces conduits et câbles de tout type connu en soi aboutissant dans l'espace technique et étant raccordés à l'espace intérieur par des segments flexibles.  - the structure determines an interior space which must contain at least one device which must be connected to supply and / or fluid discharge conduits as well as at least one device which must be connected to energy transfer cables and / or electrical signals, these conduits and cables of any type known per se ending in the technical space and being connected to the interior space by flexible segments.
L'invention sera mieux comprise par la description détaillée ci-après faite en référence au dessin annexé. Bien entendu, la description et le dessin ne sont donnés qu'à titre d'exemple indicatif et non limitatif.  The invention will be better understood from the detailed description below made with reference to the accompanying drawing. Of course, the description and the drawing are given only by way of an indicative and nonlimiting example.
La figure 1 est une vue schématique partielle en, coupe montrant la fixation d'un élément vertical au moyen d'un câble.  Figure 1 is a partial schematic view in section showing the attachment of a vertical element by means of a cable.
La figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe montrant la fixation d'un câble à des organes d'ancrage inférieurs.  Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view showing the attachment of a cable to lower anchoring members.
La figure 3 est une vue schématique en coupe montrant l'assujettissement d'un câble a un élément vertical.  Figure 3 is a schematic sectional view showing the securing of a cable to a vertical element.
La figure 4 est une vue schématique d'ensemble d'une habitation en cours de réalisation avec une structure conforme à l'invention.  Figure 4 is a schematic overview of a house under construction with a structure according to the invention.
Les figures 5, 6 et 7 sont des vues schématiques en plan illustrant la possibilité qu'offre l'invention de placer différemment des modules indépendants. Les figures 8, 9, 10 et 11 sont des vues schématiques partielles de différents éléments de structure conformes à l'invention. Figures 5, 6 and 7 are schematic plan views illustrating the possibility offered by the invention to place independent modules differently. Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 are partial schematic views of different structural elements according to the invention.
La figure 12 est. une vue schématique partielle en coupe horizontale d'une structure conforme à l'invention.  Figure 12 is. a partial schematic view in horizontal section of a structure according to the invention.
La figure 13 est une vue schématique partielle en coupe montrant un mode de réalisation de l'invention selon lequel le soubassement d'un bâtiment comprend des plots reposant sur une dalle par des boules.  Figure 13 is a partial schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the invention according to which the base of a building comprises studs resting on a slab by balls.
La figure 14 est une vue schématique partielle montrant un mode de réalisation de l'invention selon lequel la toiture d'un bâtiment comprend des segments demi-cylindriques et une armature composée de tiges métalliques et de câbles.  Figure 14 is a partial schematic view showing an embodiment of the invention according to which the roof of a building comprises semi-cylindrical segments and a reinforcement composed of metal rods and cables.
En se reportant au dessin, on voit un exemple de réalisation d'une structure conforme à l'invention, appliquée à la construction d'une maison individuelle.  Referring to the drawing, we see an embodiment of a structure according to the invention, applied to the construction of a single house.
Pour illustrer l'invention, on a choisi des éléments substantiellement cylindriques constitués par des segments d'arbres non écorcés. Il peut s'agir indifféremment de segments de troncs ou de branches relativement grosses.  To illustrate the invention, substantially cylindrical elements have been chosen consisting of segments of unpeeled trees. They can be either segments of trunks or relatively large branches.
Chaque élément 1 est percé de part en part , c ' est-à-dire d 'une extrémité à l ' autre , par un trou axial 2 pour le passage d'un câble d'acier 3.  Each element 1 is drilled right through, that is to say from one end to the other, by an axial hole 2 for the passage of a steel cable 3.
Ainsi que cela est connu en soi, le retrait du coeur du segment permet à celui-ci de sécher sans se déformer : gauchissement, fissurage, éclatement.  As is known in itself, the withdrawal of the core from the segment allows it to dry without deformation: warping, cracking, bursting.
Il en résulte, en plus, un allégement qui donne au segment une flexibilité meilleure et qui améliore encore la légèreté naturelle du bois, comparée aux autres matériaux de construction.  The result is, in addition, a reduction which gives the segment better flexibility and which further improves the natural lightness of the wood, compared to other construction materials.
L'invention se distingue de la disposition générale consistant simplement à pratiquer un trou central, par l'utilisation très particulière du trou 2.  The invention differs from the general arrangement consisting simply in making a central hole, by the very particular use of hole 2.
D'abord, si l'on conserve l'écorce, on maintient le segment en vie et il y règne encore une activité biologique tendant, notamment, favoriser la croissance du bois. Il faut, par conséquent, mettre fin le plus vite possible aux phénomènes qui pourraient avoir pour effet de déformer ou de détériorer le segment, même partiellement. First, if we keep the bark, we keep the segment alive and there is still a biological activity tending, in particular, to promote the growth of wood. It is therefore necessary to put an end to phenomena which could have the effect of deform or damage the segment, even partially.
Pour cela, on fait tremper les segments, après perçage, dans un bassin contenant un mélange d'eau et de chaux pendant vingt quatre heures environ. Il en résulte une imprégnation qui arrête les processus naturels, protège l'intérieur du segment et maintient l'oxygène dans la masse, de sorte qu'il ne se produit aucun éclatement. Le bois est, en plus, ignifugé puisqu'il est protégé contre le feu.  For this, the segments are soaked, after drilling, in a basin containing a mixture of water and lime for approximately twenty-four hours. This results in an impregnation which stops the natural processes, protects the interior of the segment and maintains the oxygen in the mass, so that no bursting occurs. The wood is also fireproof since it is protected against fire.
Selon le procédé conforme à l'invention, on fait passer un câble 3 que l'on tend par rapport à l'élément 1 pour provoquer au sein de celui-ci une précontrainte axiale qui lui donne une résistance très grande.  According to the method according to the invention, a cable 3 is passed which is stretched relative to the element 1 to cause within it an axial prestress which gives it a very high resistance.
Simultanément, le câble 3 conservant un pouvoir d'allongement, la structure peut subir des déformations élastiques non destructrices grâce au glissement relatif possible entre chaque élément 1 et le câble 3. On comprend dès maintenant qu'une telle structure est particulièrement résistante aux séismes puisqu'elle peut se déformer élastiquement sans se briser.  Simultaneously, the cable 3 retaining a power of elongation, the structure can undergo non-destructive elastic deformations thanks to the possible relative sliding between each element 1 and the cable 3. It is now understood that such a structure is particularly resistant to earthquakes since '' it can deform elastically without breaking.
En outre, les segments d'arbres 1 qui ne sont pas écorcés, conservent leur protection naturelle contre les intempéries. Cela est rendu possible grâce à la présence du trou 2 et du câble 3 qui permettent la fixation et l'assemblage des éléments 1 sans aucune destruction de l'écorce protectrice, en particulier sans création de passages radiaux qui seraient autant de points d'affaiblissement de la résistance : échappement de l'oxygène interne, pénétration d'eau. etc.  In addition, the tree segments 1 which are not debarked, retain their natural protection against the weather. This is made possible thanks to the presence of the hole 2 and of the cable 3 which allow the fixing and the assembly of the elements 1 without any destruction of the protective bark, in particular without creating radial passages which would be as many weakening points. resistance: internal oxygen escape, water penetration. etc.
Pour construire une maison au moyen d'une structure selon l'invention, on nivelle un terrain A et l'on coule une dalle (ou radier) To build a house using a structure according to the invention, a level A is leveled and a slab (or slab) is poured
4 en béton sur toute la surface au-dessus de laquelle on souhaite construire la maison. 4 concrete over the entire surface above which one wishes to build the house.
A cette base solide, on assujettit une extrémité de câbles 3 qui traversent de bas en haut tous les composants de la construction, en passant par les trous axiaux 2 des éléments 1 superposés verticalement, et on assujettit l'autre extrémité de ces mêmes câbles 3 à des organes d'ancrage situés à la partie supérieure de la maison.  To this solid base, one end of cables 3 is subjected which pass from bottom to top all the components of the construction, passing through the axial holes 2 of the elements 1 superimposed vertically, and the other end of these same cables 3 is subjected anchors located at the top of the house.
Comme on serre chaque câble 3 contre l'extrémité supérieure de chaque élément 1, on obtient à la fois une précontrainte individuelle de chaque élément 1 et un maintien vertical global des colonnes verticales composées d'éléments 1 superposés. As each cable 3 is clamped against the upper end of each element 1, an individual prestress is obtained at the same time each element 1 and an overall vertical hold of the vertical columns composed of superposed elements 1.
Sur la figure 1, on voit que l'extrémité inférieure du câble 3 est fixée à la dalle 4 et l'on explicitera en regard de la figure 2 les organes d'ancrage correspondant. Sur la dalle 4, au moins aux angles de la construction, se trouvent des socles ou pilotis 5, par exemple en bois, taillés pour présenter une semelle 6 pour des éléments de plancher 7 du rez-de-chaussée.  In Figure 1, we see that the lower end of the cable 3 is fixed to the slab 4 and we will explain with reference to Figure 2 the corresponding anchoring members. On the slab 4, at least at the corners of the construction, there are plinths or pilings 5, for example of wood, cut to present a sole 6 for floor elements 7 of the ground floor.
Chaque socle 5 présente aussi une assise horizontale 8 située au même niveau que la face supérieure des éléments de plancher 7 et séparée de la semelle 6 par un plan vertical 9. Le socle 5 possède une bordure verticale plus élevée 10.  Each base 5 also has a horizontal seat 8 situated at the same level as the upper face of the floor elements 7 and separated from the sole 6 by a vertical plane 9. The base 5 has a higher vertical border 10.
Ainsi, le premier élément 1 est posé en partie sur l'assise 8 et en partie sur des éléments de plancher 7, tout en étant en butée horizontale contre la face interne 11 de la bordure 10.  Thus, the first element 1 is placed partly on the seat 8 and partly on the floor elements 7, while being in horizontal abutment against the internal face 11 of the edge 10.
Ce premier élément 1, traversé verticalement par le câble 3 est fortement appliqué de haut en bas, du fait que le câble 3 est tendu et bloqué par des organes d'assujettissement 12 qui seront décrits plus en détail en regard de la figure 3.  This first element 1, crossed vertically by the cable 3 is strongly applied from top to bottom, because the cable 3 is stretched and blocked by securing members 12 which will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3.
Sur ce premier élément 1, on doit en superposer d'autres analogues et, pour cela, on calcule la longueur du câble 3 pour qu'il puisse s'étendre d'un seul tenant sur toute la hauteur de la maison.  On this first element 1, other analogs must be superimposed and, for this, the length of the cable 3 is calculated so that it can extend in one piece over the entire height of the house.
Le deuxième élément la est représenté schématiquement couché sur le plancher 7. L'extrémité du câble 3 doit être engagée dans le trou 2, puis le câble 3 tout entier doit être tiré à travers ce trou 2 tandis que l'on soulève le deuxième élément la pour le poser sur le premier.  The second element 1a is shown schematically lying on the floor 7. The end of the cable 3 must be engaged in the hole 2, then the entire cable 3 must be pulled through this hole 2 while the second element is raised. to put it on the first.
On tend alors le câble 3 et on l'assujettit au sommet du deuxième élément la, de la même manière qu'on l'a fait au sommet du premier élément 1, au moyen d'organes d'assujettissement 12.  The cable 3 is then stretched and subjected to the top of the second element 1a, in the same way as it was made to the top of the first element 1, by means of securing members 12.
On repète ces opérations autant de fois qu'il y a d'éléments 1 superposés pour former une colonne verticale, amarrée au sol depuis son sommet .  These operations are repeated as many times as there are elements 1 superimposed to form a vertical column, moored to the ground from its top.
La colonne acquiert sa solidité non seulement par son ancrage due au câble 3 mais également par l'assujettissement du câble 3 au niveau de la partie supérieure de chaque élément 1. Pour assurer l'étanchéité et l'isolation entre l'extérieur et l'intérieur, on place une nappe 13 serrée entre les faces 6, 9, 8 et 11 d'une part et les éléments 7 et 1 d'autre part. The column acquires its solidity not only by its anchoring due to the cable 3 but also by the securing of the cable 3 at the level of the upper part of each element 1. To ensure sealing and insulation between the exterior and the interior, a ply 13 clamped between the faces 6, 9, 8 and 11 on the one hand and the elements 7 and 1 on the other hand is placed.
La nature de la nappe 13 n'a pas à être décrite en détail ici car elle est à la portée de l'homme de métier. Elle dépend à la fois des efforts de pression à encaisser et de l'isolation souhaitée : contre l'humidité, le ruissellement, les écarts de température, les vibrations, le bruit, etc.  The nature of the ply 13 need not be described in detail here because it is within the reach of the skilled person. It depends on both the pressure forces to be absorbed and the desired insulation: against humidity, runoff, temperature differences, vibrations, noise, etc.
En se reportant à la figure 2, on voit que l'extrémité du câble 3 est introduite dans un logement longitudinal 15 ménagé dans une extrémité d'un boulon 16 muni d'un fort filetage 17. La paroi circulaire qui entoure le logement 15 est munie de fentes longitudinales 18 déterminant des pattes 19 relativement flexible dans la direction radiale en considérant l'axe du boulon 16.  Referring to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the end of the cable 3 is introduced into a longitudinal housing 15 formed in one end of a bolt 16 provided with a strong thread 17. The circular wall which surrounds the housing 15 is provided with longitudinal slots 18 determining legs 19 relatively flexible in the radial direction considering the axis of the bolt 16.
Avant d'introduire l'extrémité du câble 3 dans le logement 15, on a engagé sur le câble 3 un écrou 20 traversé d'un trou axial 21. Ce trou 21 est taraudé et tronconique, de sorte qu'il a une ouverture plus grande que l'autre. La petite ouverture se trouve sur la face supérieure de l'écrou 20 et a un diamètre supérieur à celui du câble 3 pour que celui-ci passe sans gêne dans le trou 21.  Before introducing the end of the cable 3 into the housing 15, a nut 20 with an axial hole 21 has been engaged on the cable 3. This hole 21 is tapped and frustoconical, so that it has a more open larger than the other. The small opening is located on the upper face of the nut 20 and has a diameter greater than that of the cable 3 so that it passes unhindered through the hole 21.
L'écrou 20 est destiné à être vissé sur un pas de vis 22 prévu sur les pattes 19 et la forme tronconique du trou taraudé 21 a pour effet que le vissage de l'écrou 20 provoque un serrage puissant du câble 3 par les pattes 19.  The nut 20 is intended to be screwed onto a screw thread 22 provided on the lugs 19 and the frustoconical shape of the tapped hole 21 has the effect that the screwing of the nut 20 causes a powerful tightening of the cable 3 by the lugs 19 .
Quand le câble 3 est ainsi rendu solidaire du boulon 16, celuici peut être vissé dans la dalle 4.  When the cable 3 is thus made integral with the bolt 16, this can be screwed into the slab 4.
Pour cela, on peut d'abord percer un trou 23 et y engager un fourreau 24 qui y est bloqué par tous moyens connus, tels qu'un scellement par une résine synthétique durcissable. Le fourreau 24 est taraudé et reçoit le boulon 16 par vissage.  For this, we can first drill a hole 23 and engage a sheath 24 which is blocked there by any known means, such as sealing with a curable synthetic resin. The sleeve 24 is tapped and receives the bolt 16 by screwing.
Naturellement, il est plus simple de visser d'abord le boulon 16 puis d'y assujettir le câble 3 comme expliqué plus haut.  Naturally, it is simpler to first screw the bolt 16 and then to subject the cable 3 to it as explained above.
Pour que le serrage dû à l' écrou 20 puisse être maximum, il faut qu'il ait la possibilité d'être vissé "à fond" et, pour cela, il faut qu'il reste au-dessus de la dalle 4 pour ne pas être gêné. D'autres moyens de fixation du câble 3 pourraient, bien entendu, être adoptés. On pourrait, par exemple, sceller des ferrures dans le béton de la dalle 4 et y assujettir le câble 3 par des serrecâble de tout type connu. So that the tightening due to the nut 20 can be maximum, it must have the possibility of being screwed "fully" and, for this, it must remain above the slab 4 so as not to not be embarrassed. Other means of fixing the cable 3 could, of course, be adopted. One could, for example, seal fittings in the concrete of the slab 4 and subject the cable 3 to it by cable clamps of any known type.
On pourrait aussi prévoir un filetage directement sur le câble We could also provide a thread directly on the cable
3, soit en y fixant des pièces filetées, soit en créant le filetage sur de la matière rapportée. 3, either by fixing threaded parts to it, or by creating the thread on the added material.
L'ensemble qui vient d'être décrit, ou tout autre moyen équivalent, constitue des organes d'ancrage inférieurs que l'on désignera globalement dans la suite de la description par la référence 25.  The assembly which has just been described, or any other equivalent means, constitutes lower anchoring members which will be designated overall in the following description by the reference 25.
Sur la figure 3, on a représenté un exemple de moyens permettant d'assujettir le câble 3 au sommet de chaque élément 1.  FIG. 3 shows an example of means making it possible to secure the cable 3 at the top of each element 1.
Chaque élément 1 est percé d'un avant-trou 30 de diamètre supérieur à celui du trou central 2. Autour du câble 3, est engagée un manchon tronconique fileté 31 malléable et/ou muni de fentes longitudinales. Un écrou 32 traversé d'un trou taraudé 33 est place autour du câble 3, au-dessus du manchon 31.  Each element 1 is pierced with a pilot hole 30 of diameter greater than that of the central hole 2. Around the cable 3, is engaged a frustoconical threaded sleeve 31 malleable and / or provided with longitudinal slots. A nut 32 traversed by a threaded hole 33 is placed around the cable 3, above the sleeve 31.
En vissant l'écrou 32 sur le manchon 31, on provoque 1a déformation de ce dernier et un serrage puissant du câble 3.  By screwing the nut 32 onto the sleeve 31, the latter is deformed and a powerful tightening of the cable 3.
Ici, contrairement à l'écrou 20 qui doit rester au-dessus de la dalle 4, l'écrou 32 doit prendre appui sur le fond de l'avant-trou 30 car en étant ainsi bloqué, il ne peut plus "descendre" et comme le propre d'un tel montage est de créer un mouvement relatif entre l'écrou taraudé et la pièce filetée, c'est le câble 3 qui tend à "monter", c'està-dire qui est tendu depuis son ancrage inférieur. L'action de poussé de l'écrou 32 s'applique sur le pourtour du trou 2 de l'élément 1 et pour encaisser des efforts importants sur une surface faible, il es avantageux d'interposer une solide rondelle 34 entre 1e métal de l'écrou Here, unlike the nut 20 which must remain above the slab 4, the nut 32 must bear on the bottom of the pilot hole 30 because by being thus blocked, it can no longer "descend" and as the characteristic of such an assembly is to create a relative movement between the threaded nut and the threaded part, it is the cable 3 which tends to "mount", that is to say which is taut from its lower anchoring. The pushing action of the nut 32 is applied on the periphery of the hole 2 of the element 1 and to collect significant forces on a small surface, it is advantageous to interpose a solid washer 34 between the metal of the 'nut
32 et le bois de l'élément 1. Cette rondelle 34 peut être constituée par une couronne solidaire d'un manchon 35 engagé dans le trou 2 pour s'opposer à tout écrasement éventuel du bois qui pourrait se produire radialement, vers le centre du trou 2. 32 and the wood of the element 1. This washer 34 may consist of a crown integral with a sleeve 35 engaged in the hole 2 to oppose any possible crushing of the wood which could occur radially, towards the center of the hole 2.
La profondeur du trou 30 doit être au moins égale à la hauteur de l'écrou 32 pour que celui-ci ne dépasse pas le contour de l'élément 1 si l'élément la est, comme représenté, démuni de trou 30 à son extrémite inférieure. De la sorte le deuxième élément la posé sur le premier a une assise stable selon toute la surface de leur section. Si, au contraire, l'élément la possède aussi un trou 30 à son extrémité inférieure, l'écrou 32 peut dépasser l'extrémité de l'élément 1. The depth of the hole 30 must be at least equal to the height of the nut 32 so that it does not exceed the contour of the element 1 if the element 1a is, as shown, devoid of hole 30 at its end lower. In this way the second element placed on the first has a stable base along the entire surface of their section. If, on the contrary, the element 1a also has a hole 30 at its lower end, the nut 32 can exceed the end of the element 1.
Pour des raisons de standardisation de fabrication et de montage, il est plus simple que les deux extrémités des éléments 1 soient identiques et l'on choisit alors de prévoir un trou 30 à ces deux extrémités.  For reasons of manufacturing and mounting standardization, it is simpler for the two ends of the elements 1 to be identical and it is then chosen to provide a hole 30 at these two ends.
L'ensemble qui vient d'être décrit, ou tout autre moyen équivalent, constitue les organes d'assujettissement déjà désignés globalement par la référence 12.  The assembly which has just been described, or any other equivalent means, constitutes the securing members already generally designated by the reference 12.
On remarque que le câble 3 traverse le socle 5 et le plancher 7. On peut placer des organes d'assujettissement 12 contre le plancher 7 afin d'obtenir une fixation de celui-ci et du socle 5 à la dalle 4. Les organes 12 se logent dans le trou 30 de l'extrémité inférieure du premier élément 1.  Note that the cable 3 passes through the base 5 and the floor 7. It is possible to place securing members 12 against the floor 7 in order to obtain a fixing of the latter and of the base 5 to the slab 4. The members 12 are housed in the hole 30 of the lower end of the first element 1.
En se reportant à la figure 4, on voit schématiquement comment on peut réaliser une maison entière selon le procédé conforme à l'invention.  Referring to Figure 4, we see schematically how we can achieve an entire house according to the method according to the invention.
Une dalle en béton 4 est coulée au moins sur toute la surface de la construction. Des socles 5 sont disposés, et éventuellement fixés, sur cette dalle 4 à la base des colonnes composées d'éléments 1 superposés et traversés par un câble 3. La maison ayant, selon cet exemple, trois niveaux, on place des éléments de plancher 7 entre les socles 5 et les éléments 1, entre les éléments 1 et les éléments la, entre les éléments la et les éléments lb.  A concrete slab 4 is poured at least over the entire surface of the construction. Bases 5 are arranged, and optionally fixed, on this slab 4 at the base of the columns composed of elements 1 superimposed and crossed by a cable 3. The house having, according to this example, three levels, floor elements 7 are placed between bases 5 and elements 1, between elements 1 and elements la, between elements la and elements lb.
Cette structure sous-entend que les éléments 1 et les éléments la ont la hauteur d'un étage soit environ trois mètres. En réalité, il est plus avantageux de donner aux éléments 1 une longueur d'environ un mètre cinquante car on peut percer les trous 2 avec des mèches d'environ soixante quinze centimètres seulement, en agissant par les deux extrémités. Pour obtenir la hauteur d'un étage, il faut alors superposer deux éléments 1.  This structure implies that the elements 1 and the elements 1a are one story high, about three meters. In reality, it is more advantageous to give the elements 1 a length of about one and a half meters because the holes 2 can be drilled with bits of only about seventy five centimeters, acting by the two ends. To obtain the height of a storey, two elements 1 must be superimposed.
Les éléments lb soutenant une toiture en pente, ont des longueurs différentes selon l'endroit où ils sont situés. Au-dessus des éléments lb, les câbles 3 sont amarrés à des organes d'ancrage supérieurs 40 qui ne seront pas décrits en détail car ils sont soit d'un type analogue à ceux déjà décrits 12 et/ou 25, soit d'un type analogue, à la portée d'un homme de métier. The elements 1b supporting a sloping roof have different lengths depending on where they are located. Above the elements 1b, the cables 3 are moored to upper anchoring members 40 which will not be described in detail since they are either of a type analogous to those already described 12 and / or 25, or of a analogous type, within the reach of a skilled person.
Ainsi, les câbles 3 sont tendus au-dessous des colonnes, au niveau supérieur de chaque élément 1 composant les colonnes et au-dessus des colonnes.  Thus, the cables 3 are stretched below the columns, at the upper level of each element 1 making up the columns and above the columns.
En prévoyant les organes d'ancrage supérieurs 40 sur des éléments de toiture 41, on rend ceux-ci solidaire des colonnes et des socles 5, ce qui les protège des coups de vent violents.  By providing the upper anchoring members 40 on roof elements 41, these are made integral with the columns and bases 5, which protects them from strong gusts of wind.
Cette structure a en outre l'avantage de rendre possible la réalisation de modules comprenant des socles 5, des colonnes d'éléments This structure also has the advantage of making it possible to produce modules comprising bases 5, columns of elements
1, des éléments de plancher 7 et des éléments de toiture 41. Une habitation entière peut donc être formée par la juxtaposition de modules combinés selon la fantaisie du maître de l'ouvrage. 1, floor elements 7 and roof elements 41. An entire dwelling can therefore be formed by the juxtaposition of combined modules according to the imagination of the owner.
Sur les figures 5, 6 et 7, on voit que les mêmes pièces, constituées de modules entiers (éventuellement de différentes hauteurs) peuvent être disposées différemment tout en ayant la même surface totale.  In FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, it can be seen that the same parts, made up of whole modules (possibly of different heights) can be arranged differently while having the same total surface.
La dalle 4 a une surface supérieure à celle des modules, ce qui permet au propriétaire d'aiouter des modules au fur à et à mesure de ses besoins.  The slab 4 has a surface greater than that of the modules, which allows the owner to add modules as and when required.
Sur la figure 5, la maison comprend un hall d'entrée 45 communiαuant d'une part avec une cuisine-salle à manger 46 et d'autre part avec un salon 47. Il est adossé à une salle de bain-WC 48 communiαuant avec une chambre à coucher 49.  In FIG. 5, the house comprises an entrance hall 45 communicating on the one hand with a kitchen-dining room 46 and on the other hand with a living room 47. It is backed by a bathroom-WC 48 communicating with one bedroom 49.
Sur la figure 6, la cuisine-salle à manger est décalée vers la droite et communique avec le hall 45 par l'un de ses angles.  In Figure 6, the kitchen-dining room is shifted to the right and communicates with hall 45 through one of its angles.
Sur la figure 7, la salle de bain-WC est placée de l'autre côté du hall 45, lequel ouvre sur l'extérieur par son côté opposé au précédent.  In Figure 7, the bathroom-WC is placed on the other side of hall 45, which opens to the outside by its side opposite to the previous one.
Ces exemples font comprendre que l'on peut disposer les modules de la manière la plus fantaisiste comme de la manière la plus traditionnelle. En cas de nécessité, on peut ajouter un ou plusieurs autres modules, tels qu'une autre chambre pour un enfant et une salle de bain par exemple. These examples make it clear that the modules can be arranged in the most fanciful way as in the most traditional way. If necessary, one or more other modules can be added, such as another bedroom for a child and a bathroom for example.
Si l'on souhaite pouvoir déplacer les modules existants, il est nécessaire que les organes d'ancrage inférieurs 25 soient de type démontable par rapport à la dalle 4.  If it is desired to be able to move the existing modules, it is necessary that the lower anchoring members 25 be of the removable type with respect to the slab 4.
Pour effectuer le déplacement d'un module, on désolidarise les organes 25 de la dalle 4, on désolidarise le module lui-même qui avait été réuni au(x) module(s) voisin(s), on soulève le module au moyen d'un engin de levage, on le translate et on le pose à son nouvel emplacement sur la dalle 4.  To carry out the displacement of a module, the members 25 of the slab 4 are separated, the module itself which has been joined to the neighboring module (s) is detached, the module is lifted by means of 'a lifting machine, translate it and place it in its new location on the slab 4.
Le cas échéant, on a préalablement ménagé dans la dalle 4 des logements nécessaires aux organes d'ancrage inférieurs 25.  Where appropriate, the necessary spaces for the lower anchoring members 25 have been previously provided in the slab 4.
Sur la figure 4, on a représenté des murs aveugles composés d'éléments verticaux superposés qui remplissent les espaces délimités horizontalement par deux colonnes et verticalement par deux éléments de plancher de deux étages différents.  In FIG. 4, blind walls are shown composed of superimposed vertical elements which fill the spaces delimited horizontally by two columns and vertically by two floor elements of two different floors.
Pour assurer l'étanchéité et l'isolation, il est avantageux de prévoir un assemblage latéral des éléments 1 voisins.  To ensure sealing and insulation, it is advantageous to provide a lateral assembly of neighboring elements 1.
Un exemple d'un tel assemblage est représenté sur les figures An example of such an assembly is shown in the figures
8 à 12. 8 to 12.
Il est du type tenon et mortaise à emboîtement latéral pour éviter les manipulations dues à des décalages longitudinaux, ce qui serait le cas avec un assemblage en queue d'aronde. Il permet, en outre, de disposer un matériau d'isolation.  It is of the tenon and mortise type with lateral interlocking to avoid manipulations due to longitudinal shifts, which would be the case with a dovetail assembly. It also makes it possible to have an insulation material.
Les éléments de colonne lc destinés à se trouver à un angle d'un module, doivent présenter deux tenons 50 et 51 décalés à quatre vingt dix degrés. Comme il s'agit ici de segments d'arbres qui ont nécessairement une section sensiblement circulaire, on ne dispose pas de tenons naturels en une seule pièce. Alors, on crée des tenons 50 et 51 en creusant deux rainures longitudinales pour chacun d'eux, respectivement 52, 53 et 54, 55.  The column elements lc intended to be at an angle of a module, must have two tenons 50 and 51 offset at ninety degrees. As these are tree segments which necessarily have a substantially circular section, there are no natural studs in one piece. Then, tenons 50 and 51 are created by digging two longitudinal grooves for each of them, respectively 52, 53 and 54, 55.
Les éléments de colonne ld non situés aux angles, présentent une mortaise longitudinale 56 et un tenon diamétralement opposé 57, créé lui aussi en creusant deux rainures 58 et 59. La mortaise 56 de l'élément ld voisin de l'élément d'angle lc doit recevoir le tenon 51. Ensuite, les différents éléments ld sont juxtaposés en plaçant chaque tenon 57 dans la mortaise 56 de l'élément ld voisin, comme cela se voit sur la figure 12. The column elements ld not situated at the corners, have a longitudinal mortise 56 and a diametrically opposed tenon 57, also created by digging two grooves 58 and 59. The mortise 56 of the adjacent element ld of the corner element lc must receive the pin 51. Then, the various elements ld are juxtaposed by placing each pin 57 in the mortise 56 of the neighboring element ld, as can be seen in the figure 12.
La création des tenons 51 et 57 par creusement de rainures, permet d'utiliser des segments d'arbres, à section sensiblement circulaire et l'on donne aux rainures 52, 53, 54, 55, 58 et 59 une section leur permettant de recevoir les parties subsistantes, de part et d'autre des mortaises 56, comme cela se voit bien sur la figure 12.  The creation of tenons 51 and 57 by digging grooves, allows the use of tree segments, of substantially circular section and the grooves 52, 53, 54, 55, 58 and 59 are given a section allowing them to receive the remaining parts on either side of the mortises 56, as can be seen in FIG. 12.
Pour assurer l'étanchéité et l'isolation, on place une nappe To ensure sealing and insulation, a tablecloth is placed
60 entre chaque tenon et la mortaise qui le reçoit. Cette nappe peut, par exemple être formée par un matériau appelé couramment "laine de verre". 60 between each tenon and the mortise that receives it. This sheet can, for example, be formed by a material commonly called "glass wool".
Cette figure, comme la figure 4, permet d'observer que, selon les circonstances, on peut placer un câble 3 dans certains éléments seulement ou dans tous. Ici, on a prévu un câble 3 dans chaque élément d'angle lc et dans les deux éléments ld voisins, soit cinq colonnes câblées à chaque angle.  This figure, like Figure 4, makes it possible to observe that, depending on the circumstances, a cable 3 can be placed in only certain elements or in all of them. Here, a cable 3 has been provided in each corner element lc and in the two neighboring elements ld, that is to say five columns wired at each corner.
On pourrait se contenter d'une seule colonne d'angle ou, a l'inverse, constituer toute la construction par juxtaposition de colonnes câblées.  We could be satisfied with a single corner column or, conversely, constitute the entire construction by juxtaposition of wired columns.
Des éléments dits "de remplissage" le comprennent aussi une mortaise 56 et un tenon 57 diamétralement opposés mais ne sont pas percés d'un trou 2 pour recevoir un câble 3, contrairement aux précédents.  So-called "filling" elements also include a mortise 56 and a tenon 57 diametrically opposite but are not pierced with a hole 2 to receive a cable 3, unlike the previous ones.
Les ouvertures nécessaires à toute habitation, portes et fenêtres, supposent que l'on dispose des éléments horizontalement.  The openings necessary for any dwelling, doors and windows, suppose that the elements are arranged horizontally.
Pour cela, des éléments verticaux ld sont taillés pour présenter une face plane 65 dont dépasse un tenon longitudinal 66. A l'opposé, cet élément ld présente une mortaise 67 analogue à la mortaise 56 des éléments précédents.  For this, vertical elements ld are cut to present a flat face 65 of which protrudes from a longitudinal post 66. In contrast, this element ld has a mortise 67 similar to the mortise 56 of the preceding elements.
Ainsi, un élément ld peut être assemblé par sa mortaise 67 avec un tenon 57 d'un élément ld.  Thus, an element ld can be assembled by its mortise 67 with a lug 57 of an element ld.
Deux éléments lf sont placés en regard l'un de l'autre, leurs tenons 66 se faisant face. Un ou plusieurs éléments 1g sont placés horizontalement et joignent les deux éléments verticaux 1f. Two elements lf are placed opposite one another, their tenons 66 facing each other. One or more elements 1g are placed horizontally and join the two vertical elements 1f.
A cette fin, ils présentent à leurs deux extrémités une mortaise transversale 68 de dimensions intérieures correspondant aux dimensions extérieures des tenons 66. En outre, leurs extrémités sont creusées pour présenter d'une part une concavité correspondant sensiblement au rayon de courbure des éléments verticaux ld et d'autre part un fond plan 69 devant se placer contre la face plane 65.  To this end, they have at their two ends a transverse mortise 68 of internal dimensions corresponding to the external dimensions of the studs 66. In addition, their ends are hollowed out to have on the one hand a concavity corresponding substantially to the radius of curvature of the vertical elements ld and on the other hand a flat bottom 69 which must be placed against the flat face 65.
Les éléments horizontaux peuvent également présenter une mortaise 70 et/ou un tenon correspondant diamétralement opposé (non représenté) pour leur assemblage l'un sur l'autre.  The horizontal elements may also have a mortise 70 and / or a corresponding diametrically opposite tenon (not shown) for their assembly one on the other.
Ils peuvent être aplanis pour constituer un seuil ou un appui de fenêtre.  They can be flattened to form a threshold or a window sill.
Ils reçoivent des huisseries 71 fixées latéralement aux éléments verticaux lf.  They receive frames 71 fixed laterally to the vertical elements lf.
Les socles 5 déterminent entre la dalle 4 et les éléments de plancher 7 un espace 75 dit "espace technique" car, conformément à l'invention, cet espace 75 est utilisé de manière originale, autorisant concrètement la mobilité des différents modules.  The bases 5 determine between the slab 4 and the floor elements 7 a space 75 called "technical space" because, according to the invention, this space 75 is used in an original manner, concretely authorizing the mobility of the different modules.
En effet, lors de l'implantation, on établit les différentes liaisons avec des réseaux extérieurs : eau, gaz, électricité, égouts ou fosse sceptique, téléphone, câble vidéo etc. Tous ces "conduits", fils ou tuyaux, sont reliés à un point fixe désigné par 1a référence générale 76 sur la figure 1. Pour ne pas surcharger le dessin, on n'a représenté qu'un seul tuyau "fixe" 77 et qu'un seul fil "fixe" 78.  In fact, during the establishment, the various connections are established with external networks: water, gas, electricity, sewers or septic tank, telephone, video cable etc. All these "conduits", wires or pipes, are connected to a fixed point designated by the general reference 76 in FIG. 1. In order not to overload the drawing, only one "fixed" pipe 77 has been shown and that 'a single "fixed" wire 78.
De là, partent des tuyaux et fils correspondant flexibles 79 et 80, éventuellement soutenus par des colliers ou autres supports 81 fixés sous les éléments de plancher 7.  From there, leave corresponding flexible pipes and wires 79 and 80, possibly supported by collars or other supports 81 fixed under the floor elements 7.
De la sorte, on donne aux flexibles 79 et 80 une longueur maximum qui, sans inconvénient, peut même être excessive, afin de pouvoir relier les flexibles au(x) module(s) ad hoc : arrivée d'eau et évacuation des eaux usées à la cuisine et à la salle de bain, téléphone dans le salon.  In this way, the hoses 79 and 80 are given a maximum length which, without inconvenience, may even be excessive, in order to be able to connect the hoses to the ad hoc module (s): water inlet and wastewater discharge in the kitchen and bathroom, telephone in the living room.
A l'intérieur de chaque module, l'installation est banale et ne sera pas décrite. Lors d'un déplacement de module, on débranche les flexibles 79 et 80, on déplace le module et quand il est fixé à sa nouvelle place, on rebranche les flexibles. Inside each module, the installation is trivial and will not be described. When a module is moved, the hoses 79 and 80 are disconnected, the module is moved and when it is fixed in its new place, the hoses are reconnected.
On voit que la modification d'un plan d'origine se fait sans démolition et, même, sans travaux sur les fils et canalisations.  We see that the modification of an original plan is done without demolition and, even, without work on the wires and pipes.
En se reportant maintenant à la figure 13, on voit un mode de réalisation de l'invention qui permet d'utiliser des éléments verticaux intermédiaires pour accroître la résistance de la construction aux fortes sollicitations du genre de celles des bombardements proches, des ouragans ou des tremblements de terre.  Referring now to FIG. 13, an embodiment of the invention is seen which makes it possible to use intermediate vertical elements to increase the resistance of the construction to heavy stresses of the kind of those of near bombardments, hurricanes or earthquake.
Sur cette figure, on voit que l'extrémité inférieure du cable 3 est fixée sous le socle correspondant 5 qui, à cette fin, présente un avant trou 100 correspondant à l'avant trou 30 de la figure 1.  In this figure, it can be seen that the lower end of the cable 3 is fixed under the corresponding base 5 which, for this purpose, has a pilot hole 100 corresponding to the pilot hole 30 in FIG. 1.
L'organe 101 auquel le câble 3 est assujetti peut être de tout type connu et, notamment, comme celui qui a été décrit en regard de la figure 2. Mais ici, l'organe 101 n'est pas immobilisé dans un élément en béton. Il est associé à un second organe 102 auquel est assujetti un second câble 103, distinct du câble 3 et qui traverse un plot 104 en tout matériau voulu, de la même manière que ce qui a déjà été décrit pour les éléments 1.  The member 101 to which the cable 3 is subject may be of any known type and, in particular, like that which has been described with regard to FIG. 2. But here, the member 101 is not immobilized in a concrete element . It is associated with a second member 102 to which is attached a second cable 103, distinct from the cable 3 and which passes through a stud 104 made of any desired material, in the same manner as what has already been described for the elements 1.
En d'autre termes, le plot 104 est préparé comme un élément 1 et il présente un passage vertical 105 débouchant dans deux avant-trous opposés 106 et 107.  In other words, the stud 104 is prepared as an element 1 and it has a vertical passage 105 opening into two opposite pilot holes 106 and 107.
Les organes 101 et 102 sont solidaires mais par l'intermédiaire d'une articulation, réelle ou virtuelle, (non représentée) afin d'autoriser des mouvements relatifs entre eux pour des raisons qui seront explicitées plus loin.  The organs 101 and 102 are integral but by means of an articulation, real or virtual, (not shown) in order to allow relative movements between them for reasons which will be explained below.
Le câble 103 est tendu sur toute la longueur du plot 104 et il faut remarquer qu'il n'y a pas de solution de continuité entre 1e sommet de la colonne d'éléments 1 superposés et la dalle de béton 4 bien que sur la hauteur totale on trouve d'une part un câble 3 continu depuis la face inférieure du socle 5 jusqu'au sommet, quel que soit le nombre d'éléments 1 superposés et, d'autre part, un câble 103 entre 1a face supérieure du plot 104 et la dalle 4, car c ette solution d e continuité sa ' applique aux câbl es 3 et 103 seulement et non à 1a transmission d'efforts, la jonction des organes 101 et 102 assurant la continuité mécanique malgré la discontinuité des câbles 3 et 103. Cela revient à dire que l'on crée une articulation entre la superstructure comprenant le câble 3 et l'infrastructure comprenant le câble 103. The cable 103 is stretched over the entire length of the stud 104 and it should be noted that there is no solution of continuity between the top of the column of superimposed elements 1 and the concrete slab 4 although on the height total there is on the one hand a continuous cable 3 from the underside of the base 5 to the top, regardless of the number of elements 1 superimposed and, on the other hand, a cable 103 between the upper face of the pad 104 and slab 4, because this continuity solution applies to cables 3 and 103 only and not to 1a transmission of forces, the junction of the members 101 and 102 ensuring mechanical continuity despite the discontinuity of the cables 3 and 103. This amounts to saying that a joint is created between the superstructure comprising the cable 3 and the infrastructure comprising the cable 103.
A sa partie inférieure, le câble 103 est assuietti à un organe 108 analogue à l'organe 101 mais associé à une pièce sphérique 109 qui repose sur la dalle 4, un faible espace subsistant selon une hauteur x entre la face inférieure du plot 104 et la face supérieure de la dalle de béton 4. Cet espace peut être comblé par un matériau ductile ou élastique : pouzzolane, joint en élastomère 110, etc.  At its lower part, the cable 103 is associated with a member 108 similar to the member 101 but associated with a spherical piece 109 which rests on the slab 4, a small space remaining at a height x between the underside of the stud 104 and the upper face of the concrete slab 4. This space can be filled with a ductile or elastic material: pozzolan, elastomeric seal 110, etc.
La pièce 109, son support et ses caractéristiques ne seront pas décrits en détail car cela est bien connu de l'homme de métier qui sait que ce montage a pour but d'autoriser un mouvement relatif entre un fondement tel que la dalle 4 et des éléments de construction ou d'ouvrages d'art afin de protéger les superstructures en cas de mouvements du fondement, ce qui est le cas lors de tremblements de terre.  The part 109, its support and its characteristics will not be described in detail because this is well known to those skilled in the art who know that the purpose of this assembly is to allow relative movement between a foundation such as the slab 4 and construction elements or engineering structures to protect the superstructures in the event of foundation movements, which is the case during earthquakes.
Ici, ce montage connu en soi est utilisé conformément à l'invention du fait que l'on utilise un câble 103 pour maintenir la pièce sphérique 109 et que l'on peut prévoir un point d'articulation entre les câbles 3 et 103.  Here, this assembly known per se is used in accordance with the invention because a cable 103 is used to hold the spherical part 109 and one can provide a point of articulation between the cables 3 and 103.
Ainsi, en cas de tremblement de terre, par exemple, le plot 104 peut se déplacer par rapport à la dalle de béton 4 dans une direction (symbolisée par la flèche F1) tandis que la superstructure reste immobile ou se déplace dans une autre direction (symbolisée par la flèche F2).  Thus, in the event of an earthquake, for example, the stud 104 can move relative to the concrete slab 4 in one direction (symbolized by the arrow F1) while the superstructure remains stationary or moves in another direction ( symbolized by the arrow F2).
Le plot 104 constitue donc un intermédiaire entre d'une part la dalle 4 liée au sol et à ses mouvements possibles et d'autre part la superstructure reposant sur le plot 104.  The stud 104 therefore constitutes an intermediary between on the one hand the slab 4 linked to the ground and to its possible movements and on the other hand the superstructure resting on the stud 104.
On sait qu'en cas de secousse sismique ayant une force de l'ordre de 7 selon l'échelle de Richter, les contraintes s'atténuent et peuvent reprendre ensuite. En conséquence, si une première secousse a déplacé le plot 104, lequel s'est immobilisé dans une position de décalage par rapport à la superstructure, une secousse ultérieure peut provoquer la ruine du bâtiment. Pour éviter cela, la jonction entre les organes 101 et 102 peut être avantageusement conçue en fonction de la localisation de la construction. Une rotule à 360 degrés de liberté peut donc s'avérer néfaste et il est alors préférable de donner à l'articulation un sens préférentiel d'inclinaison possible. Cela est fonction de calculs complexes qui sont fonction de la localisation de la construction et qui, par conséquent, sortent du cadre de la présente invention. We know that in the event of an earthquake having a force of the order of 7 according to the Richter scale, the stresses diminish and can then resume. Consequently, if a first shock has moved the stud 104, which has come to rest in an offset position relative to the superstructure, a subsequent shock may cause the building to collapse. To avoid this, the junction between the members 101 and 102 can advantageously be designed as a function of the location of the construction. A ball joint with 360 degrees of freedom can therefore be harmful and it is then preferable to give the joint a preferential direction of inclination. This is a function of complex calculations which are a function of the location of the construction and which, therefore, are outside the scope of the present invention.
On a indiqué par des lignes en traits mixtes respectivement Indicated by dashed lines respectively
L1 et L2 deux inclinaisons de directions possibles mais d ' angles très exagérés , que peuvent prendre d'une part l'infrastructure et d'autre part la superstructure grâce à la jonction des câbles 3 et 103 au moyen des organes 101 et 102. L1 and L2 two inclinations of possible directions but of very exaggerated angles, which the infrastructure can take on the one hand and the superstructure on the other hand by virtue of the junction of the cables 3 and 103 by means of the members 101 and 102.
Sur la figure 14, on a représenté un mode de réalisation particulier de la toiture d'un bâtiment conforme à l'invention.  In Figure 14, there is shown a particular embodiment of the roof of a building according to the invention.
Selon ce mode de réalisation, la toiture proprement dite est formée par des éléments 200 constitués ici par des troncs d'arbre sciés dans le sens de la longueur pour présenter une face supérieure plane. Leur grand axe est parallèle au faîte de toit, contrairement à la représentation de la figure 4.  According to this embodiment, the roof proper is formed by elements 200 formed here by tree trunks sawn lengthwise to present a flat upper face. Their major axis is parallel to the roof ridge, unlike the representation in Figure 4.
Certains au moins des éléments 200 sont percés d'un trou longitudinal dans lequel est engagé un câble de tension analogue au câble 3 des colonnes verticales.  At least some of the elements 200 are pierced with a longitudinal hole in which a tension cable similar to the cable 3 of the vertical columns is engaged.
Tous les éléments 200 juxtaposés sont traversés par au moins une tige métallique 201, le nombre de tiges 201 dépendant de la longueur totale de la toiture mesurée dans le sens longitudinal des éléments 200.  All the juxtaposed elements 200 are crossed by at least one metal rod 201, the number of rods 201 depending on the total length of the roof measured in the longitudinal direction of the elements 200.
Le faite de la toiture reçoit une poutre 202 dite "faîtière" dont la face supérieure est plus haute que le plan des éléments 20 situés contre elle selon une hauteur H et dans laquelle sont ménagés autant de logements 203 qu'il y a de tiges 201.  The made of the roof receives a beam 202 called "ridge" whose upper face is higher than the plane of the elements 20 located against it at a height H and in which are formed as many housings 203 as there are rods 201 .
La poutre faîtière 202 est percée d'un trou longitudinal 20 qui s'étend sur toute sa longueur et qui reçoit une tige métallique 205. Dans chaque logement 203 est placé un croisillon tubulaire 206 dont une branche est orientée dans le sens longitudinal de la poutre 202 et reçoit la tige 205. The ridge beam 202 is pierced with a longitudinal hole 20 which extends over its entire length and which receives a metal rod 205. In each housing 203 is placed a tubular spider 206, one branch of which is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the beam 202 and receives the rod 205.
Sur un versant de la toiture, chaque tige 201 pénètre dans un logement 203 par un trou latéral et dans l'autre branche d'un croisillon 206 orienté d'un angle dont la valeur dépend de la pente du versant considéré.  On a slope of the roof, each rod 201 enters a housing 203 by a lateral hole and in the other branch of a cross 206 oriented at an angle whose value depends on the slope of the slope considered.
La tige 205 et les tiges 201 se croisent, de sorte que le diamètre de passage des branches du croisillon doit être au moins égal à la somme des diamètres extérieurs desdites tiges.  The rod 205 and the rods 201 intersect, so that the diameter of passage of the branches of the spider must be at least equal to the sum of the outside diameters of said rods.
Chaque extrémité des tiges 201 est immobilisée par tous moyens connus. Les deux extrémités de la tige 205 sont elles aussi immobilisées de sorte que l'on obtient un ensemble extrêmement robuste et rigide.  Each end of the rods 201 is immobilized by any known means. The two ends of the rod 205 are also immobilized so that an extremely robust and rigid assembly is obtained.
Pour le versant opposé, on utilise des tiges 201a qui traversent aussi des éléments 200 et qui pénètrent chacune dans un logement 203 par un trou latéral. Leur extrémité traverse la branche inclinée du croisillon 206 en croisant la tiges opposée 201 grâce à la coordination des diamètres, ainsi que cela a été expliqué plus haut. Cette extrémité est, elle aussi, immobilisée par rapport au croisillon 206.  For the opposite slope, rods 201a are used which also pass through elements 200 and which each penetrate into a housing 203 through a lateral hole. Their end crosses the inclined branch of the cross 206 by crossing the opposite rods 201 thanks to the coordination of the diameters, as has been explained above. This end is also immobilized relative to the cross 206.
Cette géométrie peut conduire à une dissymétrie des deux versants par rapport à la poutre faîtière 202, ce qui se traduit par une différence de hauteur de la face supérieure des éléments 200 par rapport à la face supérieure de la poutre 202.  This geometry can lead to an asymmetry of the two sides with respect to the ridge beam 202, which results in a difference in height of the upper face of the elements 200 compared to the upper face of the beam 202.
Sur la figure 14, on suppose que la hauteur H du versant avant est supérieure à celle h du versant arrière. Pour la clarté du dessin, on n'a pas représenté les éléments 200 du versant arrière.  In FIG. 14, it is assumed that the height H of the front slope is greater than that h of the rear slope. For clarity of the drawing, the elements 200 of the rear slope have not been shown.
Compte tenu de l'esthétique d'ensemble résultant de l'emploi de troncs d'arbre, il est agréable de laisser visible les faces inférieures naturelles (avec ou sans écorce) des éléments 200.  Given the overall aesthetics resulting from the use of tree trunks, it is pleasant to leave visible the natural undersides (with or without bark) of the 200 elements.
Quant aux faces planes supérieures, elles contribuent à constituer un ensemble plan susceptible de recevoir toute protection et/ou décoration voulue : tuiles, lauzes, ardoises, chaume ou, comme représenté, une revêtement goudronné 207 qui assure l'étanchéité et peut à son tour être revêtu d'autres éléments plus esthétiques, ainsi qu cela est bien connu en soi. As for the upper planar faces, they contribute to constituting a flat assembly capable of receiving any desired protection and / or decoration: tiles, slate, slate, thatch or, as shown, a tarred coating 207 which provides sealing and can in turn be coated with other more aesthetic elements, as is well known in itself.
On a décrit l'invention avec des éléments 1 constitués par des segments d'arbres, mais il est possible d'utiliser d'autres éléments : segments d'arbres écorcés et éventuellement revêtus d'un enduit, tubes et tuyaux préfabriqués, etc.  The invention has been described with elements 1 constituted by tree segments, but it is possible to use other elements: tree segments debarked and possibly coated with plaster, prefabricated tubes and pipes, etc.

Claims

R E V E N D I C A T I O N S R E V E N D I C A T I O N S
1- Procédé pour la réalisation de structures, notamment de bâtiments, caractérisé en ce que l'on superpose des éléments (1) substantiellement cylindriques traversés chacun d'au moins un passage longitudinal (2), constituant ensemble des colonnes verticales, que l'on engage dans un passage longitudinal (2) de certaines au moins des colonnes, des liens (3) de longueur au moins égale à la hauteur desdites colonnes, que l'on tend chaque lien (3) et qu'on l'assujettit longitudinalement quand il est tendu, d'une part à chaque élément (1) et d'autre part à des organes d'ancrage inférieurs (25) et supérieurs (40) situés respectivement au-dessous de la base et au-dessus du sommet des colonnes. 1- A method for producing structures, in particular buildings, characterized in that superimposed substantially cylindrical elements (1) each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage (2), constituting together vertical columns, that the is engaged in a longitudinal passage (2) of at least some of the columns, links (3) of length at least equal to the height of said columns, that each link (3) is stretched and subjected longitudinally when it is stretched, on the one hand to each element (1) and on the other hand to lower (25) and upper (40) anchoring members situated respectively below the base and above the top of the columns.
2- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que pour chaque colonne on assujettit un lien (3) d'abord aux organes d'ancrage inférieurs (25), puis que l'on place un premier élément (1) en faisant passer le lien (3) à l'intérieur de celui- ci, puis que l'on tend le lien (3) au-dessus dudit élément (1), puis qu'on l'y assujettit, puis que l'on place un autre élément (1) sur le premier et que l'on agit successivement de la même manière jusqu'à l'élément (1) le plus haut et qu'enfin on assujettit le lien (3) aux organes d'ancrage supérieurs (40).  2- Method according to claim 1, characterized in that for each column is subject a link (3) first to the lower anchoring members (25), then that one places a first element (1) by passing the link (3) inside of it, and then stretch the link (3) above said element (1), then put it there, then place a another element (1) on the first and that one acts successively in the same way up to the highest element (1) and that finally one subjects the link (3) to the upper anchoring members (40 ).
3- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'en vue de constituer des parois, on juxtapose des colonnes.  3- A method according to claim 1, characterized in that in order to form walls, columns are juxtaposed.
4- Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'on place un matériau isolant (60) entre les colonnes adjacentes.  4- A method according to claim 3, characterized in that an insulating material (60) is placed between the adjacent columns.
5- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'on place des éléments (1) les uns contre les autres et qu'on relie entre eux des éléments (1) adjacents au moyen d'organes à emboîtement latéral, tels que tenons (51-57) et mortaises (56-67). 6- Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'on assemble des éléments en sous-ensembles pour constituer des modules susceptibles d'être montés et démontés individuellement. 5- Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the elements (1) are placed against each other and that adjacent elements (1) are connected together by means of members with lateral interlocking, such as tenons (51-57) and mortises (56-67). 6- A method according to claim 5, characterized in that one assembles elements into subassemblies to form modules capable of being assembled and disassembled individually.
7- Structure mettant en oeuvre le procédé de la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend des éléments substantiellement cylindriques (1) traversés chacun d'au moins un passage longitudinal (2) dans lequel se trouve au moins un lien (3) tendu et assujetti d'une part à chaque élément (1) et d'autre part à des organes d'ancrage (25 et 40) situés au-delà des éléments.  7- Structure implementing the method of claim 1, characterized in that it comprises substantially cylindrical elements (1) each traversed by at least one longitudinal passage (2) in which there is at least one link (3) taut and subject on the one hand to each element (1) and on the other hand to anchoring members (25 and 40) located beyond the elements.
8- Structure selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que certains au moins des éléments (1) présentent des organes d'assemblage extérieurs et longitudinaux tels que tenons (51-57) et/ou mortaises (56- 57).  8- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that at least some of the elements (1) have external and longitudinal assembly members such as tenons (51-57) and / or mortises (56-57).
9- Structure selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que certains au moins des éléments (1) présentent à l'une au moins de leurs extrémités des organes d'assemblage extérieurs et transversaux tels que tenons et/ou mortaises (68).  9- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that at least some of the elements (1) have at least at one of their ends external and transverse assembly members such as tenons and / or mortises (68).
10- Structure selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que certains au moins des éléments (1) présentent au moins un tenon extérieur longitudinal (50-51-57) qui est déterminé par deux rainures parallèles (52 et 53, 54 et 55, 58 et 59) et qui, ainsi, est inscrit dans le contour substantiellement cylindrique de l'élément (1).  10- Structure according to claim 8, characterized in that at least some of the elements (1) have at least one longitudinal external stud (50-51-57) which is determined by two parallel grooves (52 and 53, 54 and 55, 58 and 59) and which is thus inscribed in the substantially cylindrical outline of the element (1).
11- Structure selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que certains au moins des éléments (1) présentent au moins une mortaise extérieure longitudinale (56-67) dont les bords sont inscrits dans le contour substantiellement cylindrique de l'élément (1).  11- Structure according to claim 8, characterized in that at least some of the elements (1) have at least one longitudinal external mortise (56-67) whose edges are inscribed in the substantially cylindrical contour of the element (1).
12- Structure selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce qu'un matériau isolant (60) est placé entre le tenon (51-57) d'un élément (1) et le fond de la mortaise (56-67) d'un autre élément (1) assemblé au premier.  12- Structure according to claim 8, characterized in that an insulating material (60) is placed between the tenon (51-57) of an element (1) and the bottom of the mortise (56-67) of a other element (1) assembled to the first.
13- Structure selon la revendication 12, caractérisée en ce que le matériau isolant (60) est constitué par un matelas de laine de verre.  13- Structure according to claim 12, characterized in that the insulating material (60) consists of a glass wool mattress.
14- Structure selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que chaque élément (1) est traversé d'un passage longitudinal central (2) dont la diamètre intérieur est un peu supérieur à celui, extérieur, du lien (3) qu'il est destiné à recevoir. 14- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that each element (1) is traversed by a central longitudinal passage (2) whose internal diameter is slightly greater than that, external, of the link (3) that it is intended to receive.
15- Structure selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que certains des liens (3) au moins sont constitués par des câbles.  15- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that some of the links (3) at least consist of cables.
16- Structure selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que les éléments (1) sont constitués par des segments d'arbres non écorcés.  16- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that the elements (1) consist of segments of unpeeled trees.
17- Structure selon la revendication 16, caractérisée en ce que chaque élément (1) en bois non écorcé et percé d'un trou central est imprégné au moyen d'une solution de protection telle qu'un mélange d'eau et de chaux.  17- Structure according to claim 16, characterized in that each element (1) of unpeeled wood and pierced with a central hole is impregnated by means of a protective solution such as a mixture of water and lime.
18- Structure selon, la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce qu'elle repose sur des appuis (5) qui sont disposés sur un radier (4) et qui ont une hauteur telle qu'ils déterminent au-dessus du radier (4) un espace technique (75) selon tout le polygone de sustentation de la structure.  18- Structure according to claim 7, characterized in that it rests on supports (5) which are arranged on a slab (4) and which have a height such that they determine above the slab (4) a technical space (75) along the entire support polygon of the structure.
19- Structure selon la revendication 17, caractérisée en ce qu'elle détermine un espace intérieur devant contenir au moins un appareil qui doit être relié à des conduits d'alimentation et/ou d'évacuation de fluides (77) ainsi qu'au moins un appareil qui doit être relié à des câbles (78) de transfert d'énergie et/ou de signaux électriques, ces conduits (77) et câbles (78) de tout type connu en soi aboutissant dans l'espace technique (75) et étant raccordés à l'espace intérieur par des segments flexibles (79 et 80).  19- Structure according to claim 17, characterized in that it determines an interior space to contain at least one device which must be connected to supply lines and / or discharge of fluids (77) and at least an apparatus which must be connected to cables (78) for transferring energy and / or electrical signals, these conduits (77) and cables (78) of any type known per se ending in the technical space (75) and being connected to the interior space by flexible segments (79 and 80).
PCT/FR1990/000202 1989-03-24 1990-03-23 Structure, in particular made of wood and process for its production WO1990011417A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR89/03950 1989-03-24
FR8903950A FR2644814B1 (en) 1989-03-24 1989-03-24 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURE OBTAINED, PARTICULARLY IN WOOD, FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDINGS

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EP0838557A2 (en) * 1996-10-26 1998-04-29 ILA Bauen & Wohnen Ökologische Produkte und Bausysteme Vertriebsges. mbH Construction system for the erection of buildings
EP2057321A1 (en) * 2006-08-07 2009-05-13 Andrew Buchanan An engineered wood construction system for high performance structures

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FR2941244B1 (en) * 2009-01-21 2013-06-28 Heaven Climber Invest H C Invest POST SUPPORT FOR PROTECTIVE BARRIER

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CH345730A (en) * 1958-10-28 1960-04-15 Chabloz Eric Wall formed of planks for the construction of a chalet
US3226894A (en) * 1963-08-27 1966-01-04 Kirchner Ernst Concrete cooling tower
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0838557A2 (en) * 1996-10-26 1998-04-29 ILA Bauen & Wohnen Ökologische Produkte und Bausysteme Vertriebsges. mbH Construction system for the erection of buildings
EP0838557A3 (en) * 1996-10-26 1998-05-27 ILA Bauen & Wohnen Ökologische Produkte und Bausysteme Vertriebsges. mbH Construction system for the erection of buildings
EP2057321A1 (en) * 2006-08-07 2009-05-13 Andrew Buchanan An engineered wood construction system for high performance structures
EP2057321A4 (en) * 2006-08-07 2014-04-09 Prestressed Timber Ltd An engineered wood construction system for high performance structures

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FR2644814A1 (en) 1990-09-28
FR2644814B1 (en) 1991-07-12

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