WO1990008211A1 - Preparation of fibres for spinning - Google Patents

Preparation of fibres for spinning Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990008211A1
WO1990008211A1 PCT/GB1990/000094 GB9000094W WO9008211A1 WO 1990008211 A1 WO1990008211 A1 WO 1990008211A1 GB 9000094 W GB9000094 W GB 9000094W WO 9008211 A1 WO9008211 A1 WO 9008211A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fibres
strand
collected
control means
sliver
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1990/000094
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Carl Anthony Lawrence
Original Assignee
National Research Development Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by National Research Development Corporation filed Critical National Research Development Corporation
Priority to DE69023121T priority Critical patent/DE69023121T2/en
Priority to EP90901857A priority patent/EP0454718B1/en
Publication of WO1990008211A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990008211A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
    • D01G15/02—Carding machines
    • D01G15/12—Details
    • D01G15/46—Doffing or like arrangements for removing fibres from carding elements; Web-dividing apparatus; Condensers
    • D01G15/64—Drafting or twisting apparatus associated with doffing arrangements or with web-dividing apparatus
    • D01G15/68—Drafting or twisting apparatus associated with doffing arrangements or with web-dividing apparatus with arrangements inserting permanent twist, e.g. spinning
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
    • D01G15/02—Carding machines
    • D01G15/12—Details
    • D01G15/46—Doffing or like arrangements for removing fibres from carding elements; Web-dividing apparatus; Condensers
    • D01G15/64—Drafting or twisting apparatus associated with doffing arrangements or with web-dividing apparatus
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H4/00—Open-end spinning machines or arrangements for imparting twist to independently moving fibres separated from slivers; Piecing arrangements therefor; Covering endless core threads with fibres by open-end spinning techniques
    • D01H4/30—Arrangements for separating slivers into fibres; Orienting or straightening fibres, e.g. using guide-rolls
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H5/00—Drafting machines or arrangements ; Threading of roving into drafting machine

Definitions

  • This Invention relates to the preparation of fibres for spinning.
  • a fibre preparation apparatus Including means to receive sliver from a card, means to both open the sliver in to fibres and direct the fibres on to a moving elongate surface, means to exert suction to collect the opened fibres on said elongate surface, control means urged against the surface to hold collected fibres to the surface, means to withdraw collected fibres from between the control means and the surface as a continuous strand and supply the strand to a ring spinning arrangement.
  • the means to withdraw collected fibres may include means to draft the strand to a required count.
  • the means to withdraw collected fibres may include means to apply a false twist to the strand.
  • Suction may be applied to hold the collected fibres on the surface.
  • the surface may be the peripheral curved surface of a hollow disc.
  • the surface may have a groove to receive the fibres.
  • the method may Include the introduction of a core yarn and wrap spinning the fibres onto the core yarn.
  • a generally conventional opening wheel is indicated at OW.
  • a collecting device CD is conveniently of hollow disc form with the peripheral curved collecting surface CS perforated to permit suction to be exerted through the surface by means not shown but indicated by arrow SU. Over part of the periphery suction is obstructed by a suitable plate or like device OB inside the disc.
  • the disc is arranged to rotate in the direction Indicated.
  • the opening wheel OW is arranged to direct fibres F opened from a sliver S from a supply SC, in conventional manner, onto the collecting surface CS.
  • the opening wheel rotates past the surface CS in the direction shown by the arrow. Other relative rotations are possible.
  • a control means such as a rubber control roller CR, is urged against the collecting surface e.g. by spring SP, to provide a "nip" and revolves with the rotation of the disc CD. Over the greater part of the surface CS, between opening wheel OW and control roller CR, the collected fibres are held by the suction SU. Suction is obstructed elsewhere, as mentioned above.
  • the Individual fibres F opened from the sliver S by the opening wheel OW are moved directly onto the collecting surface CS, partly by the action of the wheel and partly by the suction through the perforated surface.
  • the fibres can be held to the surface by the suction as the disc rotates although in many cases suction only at the Initial approach to the surface is enough to ensure that the fibres stay In place on the disc surface.
  • the pressure produced by suction can of course be produced in other ways if preferred, as stated below, the present embodiment being only an example.
  • the opened fibres are not allowed to "float" or form a cloud, being under control throughout the movement between the opening device and the collecting surface. On the surface the fibres have the general appearance of the fibres In a card web. As the disc CD rotates the fibres are carried into the "nip" between the control roller CR and the disc.
  • the fibres which now are a loosely-formed fibre strand FS, are drawn through a pair of parallel friction-twisting belts TB and a pair of drafting rollers DR.
  • the belts apply a false twist and the rollers draft, I.e. draw out, the strand to a required count.
  • the strand is then supplied to a conventional ring-spinning arrangement RS.
  • the false twisting operation can be omitted.
  • the drafting operation can be omitted.
  • the degree of false-twisting and/or drafting, if any, is adjusted as required.
  • the strand prepared as described produces the same surface structure in the spun yarn as does the slubbing which has been treated by the rubbing aprons of the conventional technique.
  • the yarn surface structure preferably emulates that of condenser produced yarn.
  • the opening wheel is about 100 millimetres in diameter.
  • the collecting device disc is conveniently about 160 millimetres in diameter with a curved surface about 30 millimetres wide.
  • the perforated area is about 10 to 20 millimetres wide along the middle of the surface. Lips are provided at each side of the surface and the "nip" control roller fits between the lips to hold the fibres against the surface.
  • the surface may be flat or shaped but the control roller must be shaped to fit.
  • the surface can have a V-groove about 10 millimetres wide, provided with perforations, to receive the fibres.
  • the control roller Is arranged to exert a "nip" similar to that in conventional processes.
  • the techniques described are particularly suitable for the longer fibres, about one hundred millimetres or more, of wool for which ring spinning is preferred but the techniques are suitable for shorter fibres.
  • Wool fibres range from twenty to four hundred millimetres in length.
  • a further gain in efficiency is possible as the capacity of a slubbing bobbin is generally much less than that of a sliver can, so when fed from silvers a ring frame can run with much less down-time. Also the transport of sliver in cans Is simpler than that of slubbing bobbins.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)

Abstract

A fibre preparation apparatus including means to receive sliver (S) from a card, means to both open the sliver in to fibres and direct the fibres on to a moving elongate surface (CS), means (SU) to exert suction to collect the opened fibres on said elongate surface, control means (CR) urged against the surface to hold collected fibres to the surface, means (DR) to withdraw collected fibres from between the control means and the surface as a continuous strand and supply the strand to a ring spinning arrangement (RS).

Description

PREPARATION OF FIBRES FOR SPINNING
This Invention relates to the preparation of fibres for spinning.
In the preparation of fibres for spinning It is necessary to straighten and align the fibres to a certain extent. In the production of woollen yarn It is conventional to card the fibres to disentangle them. This produces a thin web of fibres which is split Into strips. The strips are fed to rubbing aprons which consolidate the strips into slubblngs. The consolidation process is slower than the carding one and Is a bottleneck in the process. A large Investment In rubbing aprons Is needed to maximise the use of a card. The slubbings are often too thick for a required yarn fibre count so they have to be divided again, particularly for ring spinning which is a preferred system for spinning the longer fibres of woollen yarns.
It is an object of the Invention to Improve the process of spinning yarns, particularly long fibre woollen yarns, by removing or reducing the need for rubbing aprons in the preparation of the fibres for the spinning stage.
According to the Invention there is provided a fibre preparation apparatus Including means to receive sliver from a card, means to both open the sliver in to fibres and direct the fibres on to a moving elongate surface, means to exert suction to collect the opened fibres on said elongate surface, control means urged against the surface to hold collected fibres to the surface, means to withdraw collected fibres from between the control means and the surface as a continuous strand and supply the strand to a ring spinning arrangement.
The means to withdraw collected fibres may include means to draft the strand to a required count. The means to withdraw collected fibres may include means to apply a false twist to the strand.
Suction may be applied to hold the collected fibres on the surface. The surface may be the peripheral curved surface of a hollow disc. The surface may have a groove to receive the fibres. According to the Invention there is also provided a method of preparing a sliver of fibres for spinning Including:
opening fibres from the sliver on to a surface,
collecting opened fibres on said surface by suction,
moving collected fibres on the surface past a control means urged against the surface,
withdrawing collected fibres from between the surface and the control means as a continuous strand and supplying the strand to a ring spinning arrangement.
According to the invention there is further provided a method of preparing fibres for spinning Including
carding fibres to a state to be suitable for rubbing into slubblngs,
presenting the carded fibres as slivers,
opening fibres from the sliver,
directing fibres by said opening action on to a collecting surface,
holding fibres on the collecting surface,
moving collected fibres held on the surface past a control means urged against the surface,
withdrawing collected fibres from between the surface and the control means as a continuous strand and supplying the strand to a spinning arrangement.
The method may Include the introduction of a core yarn and wrap spinning the fibres onto the core yarn.
Embodiments of the Invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows in schematic form a fibre preparation apparatus according to an aspect of the invention.
In the drawing a generally conventional opening wheel is indicated at OW. A collecting device CD is conveniently of hollow disc form with the peripheral curved collecting surface CS perforated to permit suction to be exerted through the surface by means not shown but indicated by arrow SU. Over part of the periphery suction is obstructed by a suitable plate or like device OB inside the disc. The disc is arranged to rotate in the direction Indicated. The opening wheel OW is arranged to direct fibres F opened from a sliver S from a supply SC, in conventional manner, onto the collecting surface CS. The opening wheel rotates past the surface CS in the direction shown by the arrow. Other relative rotations are possible. A control means, such as a rubber control roller CR, is urged against the collecting surface e.g. by spring SP, to provide a "nip" and revolves with the rotation of the disc CD. Over the greater part of the surface CS, between opening wheel OW and control roller CR, the collected fibres are held by the suction SU. Suction is obstructed elsewhere, as mentioned above.
In operation of the apparatus, as described so far, the Individual fibres F opened from the sliver S by the opening wheel OW are moved directly onto the collecting surface CS, partly by the action of the wheel and partly by the suction through the perforated surface. The fibres can be held to the surface by the suction as the disc rotates although in many cases suction only at the Initial approach to the surface is enough to ensure that the fibres stay In place on the disc surface. The pressure produced by suction can of course be produced in other ways if preferred, as stated below, the present embodiment being only an example. The opened fibres are not allowed to "float" or form a cloud, being under control throughout the movement between the opening device and the collecting surface. On the surface the fibres have the general appearance of the fibres In a card web. As the disc CD rotates the fibres are carried into the "nip" between the control roller CR and the disc.
From the "nip" the fibres, which now are a loosely-formed fibre strand FS, are drawn through a pair of parallel friction-twisting belts TB and a pair of drafting rollers DR. The belts apply a false twist and the rollers draft, I.e. draw out, the strand to a required count. The strand is then supplied to a conventional ring-spinning arrangement RS. The false twisting operation can be omitted. The drafting operation can be omitted. The degree of false-twisting and/or drafting, if any, is adjusted as required. Preferably the strand prepared as described produces the same surface structure in the spun yarn as does the slubbing which has been treated by the rubbing aprons of the conventional technique. When long fibres are used, for which condenser technique is appropriate in the present art. the yarn surface structure preferably emulates that of condenser produced yarn.
Typically the opening wheel is about 100 millimetres in diameter. The collecting device disc is conveniently about 160 millimetres in diameter with a curved surface about 30 millimetres wide. The perforated area is about 10 to 20 millimetres wide along the middle of the surface. Lips are provided at each side of the surface and the "nip" control roller fits between the lips to hold the fibres against the surface. The surface may be flat or shaped but the control roller must be shaped to fit. The surface can have a V-groove about 10 millimetres wide, provided with perforations, to receive the fibres. The control roller Is arranged to exert a "nip" similar to that in conventional processes.
As distinct from the conventional preparation of wool fibres for ring spinning, which requires extensive carding, splitting of the web and slubbing using rubbing aprons before spinning a sliver produced by less-extensive carding and without the need for slubbing can be readily and economically prepared and supplied to a ring spinner using the apparatus embodying the invention.
The techniques described are particularly suitable for the longer fibres, about one hundred millimetres or more, of wool for which ring spinning is preferred but the techniques are suitable for shorter fibres. Wool fibres range from twenty to four hundred millimetres in length. A further gain in efficiency is possible as the capacity of a slubbing bobbin is generally much less than that of a sliver can, so when fed from silvers a ring frame can run with much less down-time. Also the transport of sliver in cans Is simpler than that of slubbing bobbins.
The dimensions, speeds and pressures given by way of example are those for a typical arrangement embodying the invention and suitable ranges for these will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, having regard to the nature and length of the fibres to be handled and the yarn required. For example a core yarn could be wrapped with the fibres by introducing the core yarn into the arrangement.

Claims

1. A fibre preparation apparatus Including means to receive sliver from a card, means to both open the silver in to fibres and direct the fibres on to a moving elongate surface, means to exert suction to collect the opened fibres on said elongate surface, control means urged against the surface to hold collected fibres to the surface, means to withdraw collected fibres from between the control means and the surface as a continuous strand and supply the strand to a ring spinning arrangement.
2. A fibre preparation apparatus according to Claim 1 in which the means to withdraw collected fibres Includes means to draft the strand to a required count.
3. A fibre preparation apparatus according to Claim 1 in which the means to withdraw collected fibres includes means to apply a false twist to the strand.
4. An apparatus according to Claim 1 in which suction is applied to collected fibres up to the control means.
5. An apparatus according to Claim 1 1n which the control means is a roller urged against the surface to form a "nip".
6. An apparatus according to Claim 1 In which the surface is the peripheral curved surface of a. hollow disc and the disc is revolved.
7. An apparatus according to Claim 6 in which the surface has a groove to receive the fibres.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 1 in which the surface is perforated.
9. A method of preparing a sliver of fibres for spinning including:
opening fibres from the sliver on to a surface,
collecting opened fibres on said surface by suction,
moving collected fibres on the surface past a control means urged against the surface,
withdrawing collected fibres from between the surface and the control means as a continuous strand and supplying the strand to a ring spinning arrangement.
10. A method according to Claim 9 including carding fibres from a supply and collected carded fibres to form a sliver directly.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 9 including the introduction of a core yarn and wrap spinning the fibres onto the core yarn.
12. A method of preparing fibres for spinning including
carding fibres to a state to be suitable for rubbing into slubbings,
presenting the carded fibres as slivers,
opening fibres from the sliver,
directing fibres by said opening action on to a collecting surface,
holding fibres on the collecting surface,
moving collected fibres held on the surface past a control means urged against the surface,
withdrawing collected fibres from between the surface and the control means as a continuous strand and supplying the strand to a spinning arrangement.
13. A method according to Claim 12 Including drafting the strand and supplying the drafted strand to a ring spinning arrangement, with a false twist if required.
14. Fibre preparation apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
15. A method of preparing fibres substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
PCT/GB1990/000094 1989-01-23 1990-01-23 Preparation of fibres for spinning WO1990008211A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69023121T DE69023121T2 (en) 1989-01-23 1990-01-23 PREPARING FIBERS FOR SPINNING.
EP90901857A EP0454718B1 (en) 1989-01-23 1990-01-23 Preparation of fibres for spinning

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8901416.1 1989-01-23
GB898901416A GB8901416D0 (en) 1989-01-23 1989-01-23 Preparation of fibres for spinning

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990008211A1 true WO1990008211A1 (en) 1990-07-26

Family

ID=10650446

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1990/000094 WO1990008211A1 (en) 1989-01-23 1990-01-23 Preparation of fibres for spinning

Country Status (11)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0454718B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1046201A (en)
AU (1) AU4940390A (en)
CS (1) CS30990A2 (en)
DD (1) DD299076A5 (en)
DE (1) DE69023121T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2080823T3 (en)
GB (2) GB8901416D0 (en)
IN (1) IN176544B (en)
PL (1) PL165034B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1990008211A1 (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5163205A (en) * 1991-08-29 1992-11-17 Niederer Kurt W Belted rotary drafting device for staple fibers and method
WO1992021801A1 (en) * 1991-05-25 1992-12-10 James Holdsworth & Brothers Limited Method of fixing card clothing to carrier cylinder
EP0518801A1 (en) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-16 Ferher, S.L. Procedure and corresponding device for the preparation of slivers and spinning them by the carded yarn spinning method
US5475898A (en) * 1991-05-25 1995-12-19 Holdsworth James & Brothers Method of fixing card clothing to carrier cylinder
EP0887448A2 (en) * 1997-06-28 1998-12-30 Zinser Textilmaschinen GmbH Method and apparatus for manufacturing a textile yarn
WO2000012794A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Fibre sorting device
EP2519666B1 (en) * 2009-12-28 2014-06-25 Marzoli S.P.A. Draft device of a drafting machine or a lap-forming machine
CH713896A1 (en) * 2017-06-15 2018-12-28 Rieter Ag Maschf Device for cleaning fiber material.

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009050264A1 (en) * 2009-10-21 2011-05-12 TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG Device on a spinning preparation machine, e.g. Card, track, comber or flyer, with a pair of feeler rollers
CN109750397B (en) * 2019-01-15 2024-04-02 武汉纺织大学 Device for preparing chemical fiber yarn and yarn making method by using device

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB915764A (en) * 1958-06-27 1963-01-16 Frank Kalwaites Method and apparatus for making strands, yarns and like filamentary material
US3358432A (en) * 1966-06-28 1967-12-19 William B Croxton Spinning apparatus and method utilizing miniature carding rolls
DE2158369A1 (en) * 1971-11-25 1973-05-30 Stahlecker Gmbh Wilhelm METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SPINNING A FIBER BAND
US3996731A (en) * 1975-02-06 1976-12-14 Rockford Manufacturing Company Apparatus for conveying and break spinning fibers
EP0085017B1 (en) * 1982-01-26 1986-04-09 Devtex Device for drawing, condensing and moving a sliver of fibres in a spinning process

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1231198A (en) * 1967-09-11 1971-05-12
CA928596A (en) * 1972-07-06 1973-06-19 J. Bobkowicz Andrew Composite yarn forming method and apparatus
CA983694A (en) * 1973-10-24 1976-02-17 Emilian Bobkowicz Apparatus and method for forming composite yarns
GB1569110A (en) * 1976-12-23 1980-06-11 Bobkowicz E Method and apparatus for spinning composite yarns
DE3402084A1 (en) * 1984-01-21 1985-08-01 W. Schlafhorst & Co, 4050 Mönchengladbach METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SPIN FIBER INFORMATION
DE3448514C2 (en) * 1984-01-21 1995-08-31 Brockmanns Karl Josef Dr Ing Fiber template stretching device

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB915764A (en) * 1958-06-27 1963-01-16 Frank Kalwaites Method and apparatus for making strands, yarns and like filamentary material
US3358432A (en) * 1966-06-28 1967-12-19 William B Croxton Spinning apparatus and method utilizing miniature carding rolls
DE2158369A1 (en) * 1971-11-25 1973-05-30 Stahlecker Gmbh Wilhelm METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SPINNING A FIBER BAND
US3996731A (en) * 1975-02-06 1976-12-14 Rockford Manufacturing Company Apparatus for conveying and break spinning fibers
EP0085017B1 (en) * 1982-01-26 1986-04-09 Devtex Device for drawing, condensing and moving a sliver of fibres in a spinning process

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992021801A1 (en) * 1991-05-25 1992-12-10 James Holdsworth & Brothers Limited Method of fixing card clothing to carrier cylinder
US5475898A (en) * 1991-05-25 1995-12-19 Holdsworth James & Brothers Method of fixing card clothing to carrier cylinder
EP0518801A1 (en) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-16 Ferher, S.L. Procedure and corresponding device for the preparation of slivers and spinning them by the carded yarn spinning method
ES2040616A1 (en) * 1991-06-03 1993-10-16 Ferher Sl Procedure and corresponding device for the preparation of slivers and spinning them by the carded yarn spinning method.
US5163205A (en) * 1991-08-29 1992-11-17 Niederer Kurt W Belted rotary drafting device for staple fibers and method
EP0887448A2 (en) * 1997-06-28 1998-12-30 Zinser Textilmaschinen GmbH Method and apparatus for manufacturing a textile yarn
EP0887448A3 (en) * 1997-06-28 2000-02-23 Zinser Textilmaschinen GmbH Method and apparatus for manufacturing a textile yarn
US6308507B1 (en) * 1997-06-28 2001-10-30 Zinser Textilmaschinen Gmbh Method of and apparatus for producing a textile yarn
WO2000012794A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Fibre sorting device
EP2519666B1 (en) * 2009-12-28 2014-06-25 Marzoli S.P.A. Draft device of a drafting machine or a lap-forming machine
CH713896A1 (en) * 2017-06-15 2018-12-28 Rieter Ag Maschf Device for cleaning fiber material.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0454718B1 (en) 1995-10-18
IN176544B (en) 1996-07-13
AU4940390A (en) 1990-08-13
EP0454718A1 (en) 1991-11-06
GB2228272B (en) 1993-07-21
ES2080823T3 (en) 1996-02-16
PL165034B1 (en) 1994-11-30
CS30990A2 (en) 1991-07-16
GB8901416D0 (en) 1989-03-15
DE69023121T2 (en) 1996-06-20
CN1046201A (en) 1990-10-17
GB9001472D0 (en) 1990-03-21
DE69023121D1 (en) 1995-11-23
DD299076A5 (en) 1992-03-26
GB2228272A (en) 1990-08-22

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