Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
  • A01K51/00—Appliances for treating beehives or parts thereof, e.g. for cleaning or disinfecting
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/06—Unsaturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
  • A01N63/14—Insects

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a biological control method against varroatosis, a serious parasitosis of the bee which is due to Varroa jacobsoni Oud., A specific ectoparasitic mite of the genus Apis.
• This biological control process has two aspects: first that of the diagnosis of this parasitosis, and, if it is present, the trapping and destruction of the mite.
• the present invention also relates to trapping devices for implementing this method.
• Varroa jacobsoni finds, in the colonies of the honey bee Apis MeIlifica, the optimal climatic and trophic conditions which it needs to develop. By removing the hemolyrnph from workers and males - in adults as well as in larvae and nymphs, it causes significant disturbances in these insects, which generally lead to their early death. The bee colony is therefore very weak, and it disappears after about 4 years. In addition, the parasitized colonies are rapidly contaminated by secondary infections, in particular viral infections, which further accelerate their extinction. For example, a survey carried out by the Union of Honey Producers of France at the end of 1986 revealed that, in the Mediterranean region, all the colonies were parasitized, and that a large part of them they were in a critical situation.
• Varroa jacobsoni The only treatments currently effective against Varroa jacobsoni are chemical treatments based on acaricide molecules.
• the use of these products has various drawbacks: on the one hand, the mites become more or less quickly resistant to these molecules, and, on the other hand, they risk tarnishing the image of healthy products and beehives and especially honey. Although no trace of residue has ever been detected in France, it is not possible to predict the future on this subject.
• the mode of use of these molecules can have certain drawbacks: if their duration of action is short (from a few hours to a few days), the numerous varroa mites, which are found inside the sealed cells, are not affected by the molecules and will emerge a few days later to reproduce in turn and prolong the infestation; such methods therefore have limited effectiveness. Conversely, if their duration of action is long (a few weeks), the molecules can pass into wax or honey after a certain time and contaminate them. In addition, the use of acaricides for long periods is not without presenting risks of toxicity to the bees and themselves.
• the active principles of these kairomones are at the base of the biological control process which is the subject of the present invention and the development of which has become urgent given the fact that, as indicated above, this mite currently represents, at the level international, the most serious danger which threatens the colonies of the bee the Apis mell ifica.
• the present invention therefore relates firstly to a method for the biological control of
• Varroa jacobsoni characterized in that an attractive product consisting of:
• a total hexanic extract of bee larvae in particular male larvae and worker larvae, in particular male larvae (drones), these larvae being especially bee larvae Apis mellifica ligustica; an active fraction (that is to say a fraction responsible for the attraction of Varroa jacobsoni) of a total hexane extract of bee larvae, this fraction resulting in particular from a fractionation on a silica column of l 'above-mentioned total hexane extract; at least one active ester derived from a C 1 -C 6 aliphatic alcohol, such as methanol and ethanol, and from a C 10 -C 24 carboxylic acid, with a straight branched chain, saturated or comprising one or more several cis or trans double bonds, conjugated or not, a benzene ring or a heterocycle which may be included in the chain of said acid;
• an active fraction that is to say a fraction responsible for the attraction of Varroa
• the attractive product is introduced into the medium where the Varroa jacobsoni mite can be present, at a temperature between 30 and 36 ° C.
• this adjuvant being chosen in particular from organic esters which are more volatile than those indicated above and which do not have the attractive activity according to the invention.
• the attractive product is applied in the hive, at the entrance to the hive or outside the hive, within a trap, preventing, if necessary, by means of a protective grid, the bees from entering said trap.
• this process is advantageously combined with a heat treatment, so as to increase its efficiency.
• methyl palmitate in particular is very active at 34 ° C, but that it is no longer active at 22 ° C; however, it turns out that 34 ° C is the average temperature of the bee brood.
• 34 ° C is the average temperature of the bee brood.
• the adequate temperature for its effectiveness is slightly higher than its melting point (28-30 ° C).
• the biological control method according to the invention has two complementary aspects:
• the beekeeper will thus be informed of the presence of the parasite and of the importance of the infestation and therefore possibly carry out a controlled application of acaricide treatment;
• the mites being eliminated by means of traps (the active molecules being used in chemical decoys), by simply being trapped, for example by an adhesive substance, or killed , for example, by a contact miticide.
• the present invention also relates to a device for implementing the method as it has just been defined, this device being characterized in that it consists in a trap capable of attracting the Varroa jacobsoni mite by the presence of the attractive product as defined above, optionally combined with at least one adjuvant intended to increase the volatility thereof, and / or to modulate the rate of volatilization thereof, and / or at least one inert diluent, and / or at least one hormone.
• the trap comprises a support carrying an adhesive coating in which is incorporated a quantity of attractive product, and, where appropriate, of a pesticide, an acaricide and / or a sterilizing agent, or a porous support impregnated with an amount of attractant and, if necessary, of pesticide, acaricide, and / or sterilizing agent.
• a support carrying an adhesive coating in which is incorporated a quantity of attractive product, and, where appropriate, of a pesticide, an acaricide and / or a sterilizing agent, or a porous support impregnated with an amount of attractant and, if necessary, of pesticide, acaricide, and / or sterilizing agent.
• an elongated support which will be placed flat on the floor of the hive, in the center thereof.
• the trap consists of an open housing containing the attractive product, if necessary associated with at least one adjuvant as defined above, and / or with at least one pesticide, an acaricide and / or a sterilizing agent, the opening of said housing being able to be closed by a grid preventing the bees from entering said housing.
• the devices according to the invention can also be associated with a heating means, including a heating resistor, so as to increase the efficiency of the process.
• the main advantage of the process according to the invention is to use molecules which are generally present naturally even in the colony of bees, and which therefore do not risk polluting the various products of the hive: honey, pollen , royal jelly, propolis, wax. It is a process that is easy to use, and is suitable for both professional beekeepers and amateurs.
• the male bee larvae Apis mellifica ligustica were removed two days before the cells were sealed. Three hundred larvae were extracted in 50 ml of hexane, for one hour, at room temperature (6 equivalent larvae (Eql) per ml).
• carrier gas hydrogen at 4 x 10 4 Pa
• carrier gas hydrogen 4 x 10 4 Pa.
• the CG / SM coupling unit is composed of a Varian 3400 chromatograph equipped with a Split Splitless injector and a CW 20M column (length: 50 m, diameter: 0.32 mm), helium carrier gas and a Finigan Mat Incos 50 mass spectrometer.
• the resulting chroma togr amm ⁇ is represented in FIG. 1 e) Identification if ication:
• the device was placed in an enclosure thermostatically controlled at 32 ⁇ 1 ° C (relative humidity: 90 ⁇ 5%), which is the temperature corresponding to the thermal preference of the mite (Le Conte and Arnold, ApidoIogie, 16 (2), pages 155-164 (1988). of Varroa jacobsoni in the different fields was analyzed according to two complementary methods:
• Figure 2 of the accompanying drawing shows the spatial distribution of Varroa jacobsoni females in the olfactometer.
• methyl palmitate two of the four fields (upper left and lower right) are odorized with palmitate. methyl; the other two fields are odorless.
• Figure 3 illustrates the olfactory responses of Varroa jacobsoni females to methyl palmitate and other compounds from extracts of male bee larvae.
• Each field of a dynamic four-choice olfactometer was traversed by an air flow, at the speed of 0.9 ⁇ 0.1 l / h. Depending on the case, one or two of the fields were odorized, the others being odorless.
• the bee larvae, or the various extracts and compounds whose biological efficacy was to be tested, were placed in a glass vial connected to an arm of the olfactometer.
• the extracts were deposited on a 2 x 2 Whatman (GF / F) filter paper. cm; the other vials receiving a control filter paper of the same dimensions.
• the chemical extracts were renewed every two experiments; previously, the olfactometer was cleaned with alcohol and rinsed with distilled water. The device was rotated 90 ° after 7 consecutive tests, to eliminate interference from other signals in the orientation of the mites.
• Varroas used were female lees taken from a colony of bees and kept at 22 ° C for 7 to 9 days on workers in a breeding crate.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Environmental Sciences (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
• Animal Husbandry (AREA)
• Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Microbiology (AREA)
• Virology (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

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Cited By (2)

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Citations (2)

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• 1988
  • 1988-11-03 FR FR8814349A patent/FR2638326B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1989
  • 1989-10-31 HU HU896917A patent/HUT54291A/hu unknown
  • 1989-10-31 US US07/499,500 patent/US5135758A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1989-10-31 WO PCT/FR1989/000565 patent/WO1990004922A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 1989-10-31 JP JP1511663A patent/JPH03502104A/ja active Pending
  • 1989-10-31 EP EP89912630A patent/EP0397827A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1989-11-02 GR GR890100725A patent/GR1000417B/el unknown
  • 1989-11-02 ES ES8903705A patent/ES2018415A6/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1990
  • 1990-06-29 DK DK158190A patent/DK158190A/da not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1990-07-02 BG BG092351A patent/BG51146A3/bg unknown

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