Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
  • H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an integrated switching and transmission network comprising line groups.
• Each line group is connected to an associated link module containing a transmitter and a receiver.
• Each link module is connected to an associated link connection consisting of a first link and at least a second link in order to transfer, in time division multiplex form, digital communication- and signal information from the transmitter to a congestionless digital switching system containing identical switch modules and from the switching system to the receiver.
• the switching system carries out space interchanges and time interchanges in order to switch digital information which is transferred by means of the mentioned link connections between arbitrary time division multiplex channels.
• Switch modules In a telecommunication system similar switch modules are used to produce switches which are easy to handle and which enable the capacity of the system to be expanded during normal operation. Switch modules only enable the system to be expanded satisfactorily if a module has been so constructed from the beginning that its properties can remain unchanged independently of the switching capacity of the switching system. Switch, modules which are included in frequency division multiplex telecommunication systems and which .only perform space interchanges have been well known for a long time. Such analogue switch modules form stages interconnected by means of connection link groups which, in order to expand the system, are modified by adding further modules. Switch modules, however, which are included in time division multiplex systems are more difficult to produce because normally both space interchanges and time interchanges occur to transfer information between subscriber's lines connected to the time division multiplex switchand transmission system. Principally similar modules can only be produced if one module carries out both types of interchanges.
• time division multiplex switching principles which, for example, are indicated as “time-space-time”- or “time-space-space-time”- or “space-time-space”- principles, the indication showing in which turn information coming in to the switching system in time division multiplex form is transferred between time stages to carry out time interchanges and space stages to carry out space interchanges.
• a known module switch for time division multiplex digital information which is described in "Colloque International de Commutation Electronique, Paris 1966, pages 513-520" mainly contains similar modules each switching between a number of input links and a number of output links,, the time division multiplex format, i.e. the number of time slots per frame, being different for different types of links, and the space interchanges within a module being obtained by means of an internal multiplex format having at least as many time slots as there are information channels coming to the module.
• Time division multiplex links arranged between the modules have the same function as the mentioned connection link groups, one group being constituted by one single link connection having a time division multiplex format which guarantees that connections are established without congestion.
• the purpose of the present invention is to achieve an easily handled and an easily expandable 1ST (Integrated Switching and Transmission)- network whose congestionless "space-time"-switching system comprises identically designed switch modules which are controlled in a decentralized manner without an extra control communication system and completely without a centrally arranged control unit or computer.
• the proposed IST-network the characteristics of which appear from the characterizing parts of the claims, will be explained by means of the accompanying Figs 1 - 3.
• Fig 1 is a block diagram of an IST-network.
• Fig 2 shows a synchronizing clock.
• Fig 3 shows a time stage of a switch, module.
• Fig 4 shows three signal receiving units, and Figs 5 and 6 each show a signal converting unit.
• Fig 1 shows n line groups LGl-LGn between which telecommunication connections are achieved by means of n link modules LK1-LMn and a digital
• Each link group for example LG1, is associated with a link module LM1 comprising a transmitter T1 and a receiver R1 which through a time division multiplex link La1 and Lb1 respectively is connected to switch modules SM1/1 - SM1/n, which are shown in rows in Fig 1 and switch modules SM1/1 - SMn/1 which are shown in columns.
• the time division multiplex links transfer in time division multiplex form digital communication- and signal information from the link modules to the digital switching system and vice versa.
• the IST network which is shown in Fig 1 is simplified in order to clarify the description and only those network parts which are needed to explain the present invention are shown.
• the time division multiplex synchronization of the IST network for instance, is indicated by means of only one clock CL which is connected to all switch modules so that the receivers Rl-Rn receive the information coming from the switching system duri.ng synchronous frames.
• a frame synchronization is performed so that also the information being transferred from the transmitters T1-Tn to the switch is synchronous
• the synchronization conditions are not so ideal but phase displacements and so called plesiochronous information transmissions to the switch occur owing to the fact that in larger networks the link modules are allocated one clock each.
• a time division multiplex format is, as known, mainly defined by its frame frequency, which is for example 8 kHz, and by the number of time slots per frame period; for example, there may be m groups each comprising 32 time slots.
• an information unit is transferred, which in a digital system consists of a digital word consisting of a number of bits, for example 8.
• Most time slots in a frame period are allotted to the proper communication information but a few time slots, for example 2 within a 32-time slot group, are reserved for the purpose of synchronization and signalling.
• the synchronization does not demand a time slot in each frame period but that so called idle signals indicating that there is no need for signalling with a given time slot group, furthermore are used as synchronization signals so that, practically, the above mentioned few time slots can be used for digital signals and signal messages, as will be described more in detail, relating to the communication channels of a 32-time slot group which channels may partly be intended for pulse code modulated speech transmissions and partly for data communication.
• each link module comprises at least one control unit CU which is allotted to a line subgroup.
• Each control unit controls the allotting of a number of time slots on the respective link pair Lax/Lbx; for example one of the mentioned m 32-time slot groups, to transfer the communication information of the subgroup and associated signal information to and from the switch.
• a system is shown which is so extended that only one control unit is arranged in each link module except in the link module LM2 which comprises m control units CU2,1 - CU2,m, and so that the line group LG2 consequently comprises m subgroups LSG2,1 - LSG2,m.
• the mentioned m control units have the use of a 32-time slot group each, i.e.
• the link module LM2 comprises a concentrator not shown in Fig 1 if one of the mentioned line subgroups comprises > 30 subscribers' lines, because by means of the associated control unit 30 lines at most can be connected at the same time in time division multiplex form for example to the link connection La2.
• a control unit included in a link module is designed in such a way that it controls the establishment of connections within its own line subgroup. If the link module only comprises one control unit the switch does not necessarily need to comprise a switch module switching between the time slots on the link pair connected to this link module but the link module can contain, in this case, an internal switch to achieve internal subgroup connections. Furthermore if the subscribers' lines of this subgroup each have a separate connection to the link module, the internal switch constitutes a space stage.
• the advantage of having an internal switch is that the subgroup internal communication connections on the associated link pair do not make use of time slots intended for communication information nor time slots intended for signal information. Thus an increased switching capacity is obtained.
• the communication information of the subgroup is nonetheless converted into time division multiplex digital information which is switched through the switching system to other link modules, and as the internal switch required in the link module mostly cannot be designed simpler than a switch module, the greatest possible uniformity of the IST-network is obtained if the switching system comprises n 2 equal switch modules.
• Switch modules for example SM2/2, connected through a link pair La2/Lb2 to the associated link module LM2 each must, however, always be provided if the link modules comprise > 1 control units because connections between subgroups belonging to the same line group, for example between LSG2,1 and LSG2,m, can be connected only through the switching system.
• a control unit included in a link module is furthermore designed in such a way that it, together with control units of other subgroups, controls the switching system when establishing external connections between its own subgroup and said other subgroups, whereby the above mentioned time slots intended for signal information are used.
• Each of the modules of the switching system comprises a time stage TS and a signalling logic circuit SL, which are completely passive and without intelligence of their own.
• Each module besides the clock CL in order to achieve synchronism, is connected exclusively on the input side to one of the transmitters T1 - Tn and on the output side to one of the receivers R - Rn.
• the switch is not provided with any intelligent central control unit.
• the decentralized control unit of the link modules obtain their intelligence for example by means of programs stored in memories.
• the stored program controlled control units do not need to be described in detail in relation to the present invention.
• the functions of the control units of the proposed IST-network that is the signalling either between control units or between a control unit and the switching system are performed by means of computers known per se such as Motorola's micro computer M6800, programmed in a suitable manner. What follows explains the most important functions:
• the signalling between two control units aims at interchanging messages which are coded for example according to a signal system having the CCITT-designation X-25.
• the structure of the signal system does not need to be described in detail in order to understand the present invention but it is sufficient to mention that each message unit is coded in such a way that the receiving control unit knows when all of the message unit, consisting of an individual number of digital words, has been received.
• the structure of the signal system is such that an interchange of message units in both traffic directions results in both controls units knowing whether a communication connection is not to be established through the switching system, is to be established or is to be released by means of addresses and time slots, which have been obtained due to completed signalling process between two control units.
• the messages of the signal system are transmitted during one of the time slots intended for signal information, below called time slot 16.
• the switch module SM2/1 In order to transmit a message unit for example from the control unit CU2,m to the control unit CU1, the switch module SM2/1 must perform a time interchange from time slot 16 within the 32-time slot group allotted to the control unit CU2,m to the time slot 16 within the 32-time slot group allotted to the control unit CU1, a so called 16-16 interchange. The operation of the switch module will be described below.
• the control unit CU2,m Before the control unit CU2,m starts transmitting the mentioned message unit, it has to know that neither the switch module SM2/1 being ordered by for example the control unit CU2,1 nor one of the switch modules SM > 2/1 being ordered by one of the control units CU > 2 are carrying out any 16-16 time interchange to transfer another message to the control unit CU1.
• control unit CU2,m transmits first during the second of its time slots intended for signal information, below called time slot 0, a call signal addressed to the control unit CU1.
• the address to the control unit CU1 also defines the only switch module SM2/1 through which the call signal has to be transferred.
• a control unit transmits the call signals one at a time, indicating that the transfer of the intended message unit has to be finished before this control unit transmits a new call signal.
• this control unit Owing to call signals which a control unit has received during its allotted time slot 0, this control unit transmits answer signals one at a time during its time slot 0, indicating that the transfer of the intended message unit by means of the respective call signal has to be completed before this control unit transmits a new answer signal concerning another call signal.
• the control unit CU1 transmits, according to the mentioned "one at a time"-rule, an answer signal addressed to the control unit CU2,m.
• the address to the control unit CU2,m also defines the only switch module SM1/2, through which the answer signal has to be transferred.
• a call signal is continous repeated until the associated answer signal has been received.
• the received call signal ceases the called control unit knows that its answer signal has arrived at the calling control unit.
• an answer signal is repeated at least until the first word of the message unit has been received.
• the answer signal ceases the calling control unit knows that the mentioned 16-16 connection works reliably. There are, however, maximum times to how long the call- and the answer signals are transmitted. If no answer signal or no message work has been received after the maximum time the waiting control unit generates an alarm signal.
• the control unit CU1 When the called control unit, the control unit CU1 according to the example, has received the whole message unit during its time slot 16, it transmits to the calling control unit, the control unit CU2,m according to the example, during its time slot 0 a signal the contents of which indicate that the message unit either is correctly received or has to be retransmitted.
• the mentioned "correctly received"- and “retransmission”-signals are modified answer signals having the property in common that they do not have to contain the address of the called control unit, because, due to the "one at a time”-rule the calling control unit knows that such answer signals have to come from the called control unit.
• the mentioned acknowledgement principle is also used to complete the transfer of the message unit in a reliable manner.
• the called control unit continuously repeats the mentioned "correctly received”-signal.
• the calling "control unit answers by continuously transmitting a "correctly received”-signal to the called control unit.
• the called control unit receives the "correctly received”-signal it completes its "correctly received”-transmission.
• the calling control unit no longer receives "correctly received”-signals also the calling control unit completes its transmission.
• the mentioned signalling process results a single message unit being reliably transferred in one traffic direction. In order to achieve a message interchange an equivalent process is repeated for the other traffic direction, whereby the two control units change their roles.
• a control unit has to answer received call signals before it as the calling control unit starts or continues a message interchange.
• the mentioned first priority rule prevents too large an accumulation of unanswered call signals.
• the mentioned maximum time valid for call signals is determined with reference to the fact that a control unit can be called by all the other control units of the IST-network during the same frame period. Queuing problems are obtained not only in the called control unit but also in 'the concerned switch modules and the concerned link connection in order to transfer the call signals from the switch to the called control unit.
• the signalling between the control units and the switching system aims at establishing or releasing the mentioned 16-16-connections between the control units, as well as m1,t1 - m2, t2 connections which are included in communication connections between the subscribers' lines.
• the switch performs time interchanges from the time slot 16, being allotted a transmitting control unit, to the time slot 16, being allotted a receiving control unit, as well as from the time slot t1 associated with the 32-time slot group ml in question, during which the communication, information in question is received by the switch, to the time slot t2 associated with the 32-time slot group m2 in question, during which the switch transmits the mentioned communication information.
• the signalling logic of the receiving switch module SM2/2 converts the establish signal into operation signals by means of which the time stage of this switch module establishes the intended connection.
• the establish signal owing to its n2-number, does not influence any other time stage in another switch module. In this elegant manner the space interchanges of the switch are carried out without conventional space stages and without special space interchange signals.
• a control unit transmits during its allotted time slot 0 a release signal defined by means of a release code, the mentioned release signal differing from an establish signal only by the fact that an information of a t1-time slot is unnecessary.
• the mentioned signals generated by the control units each comprise, as the message units of the signal system, a code and variables in question such as the mentioned n1,n2- and m1,m2-number addresses and t1,t2-time slots.
• the signals cannot be each defined by means of only one digital word comprising 8 bits.
• the signalling logic circuit comprises receiving units only reacting to the associated n2-number address and respective signal code, and comprises converting units which convert signals coming to the switch module to the mentioned operation signals and to signals going out from the switch module.
• the converting units for treating the call signals decide, according to a simple second priority rule, which of the call signals coming at the same time and addressed to the same receiving control unit is converted into an operation signal to establish respective 16-16-connection to this control unit, and into a call signal going out to this control unit.
• the converting units for treating signals of the above mentioned answer types have a simpler design than the call converting units.
• the receiving control unit is connected to the mentioned column of switch modules by means of a common time division multiplex link, according to the example and Fig 1 link Lb,2, a multi frame has to be decided concerning the time slot 0 of the receiving control unit.
• the switch modules of the column and consequently the calling link modules are associated with an n1-frame period each to transfer call signals, and with a frame period common to all of the switch modules in the column to transfer signals of answer type.
• the mentioned common frame period is not needed if the mentioned call- and answer converting units are modified so that an answer signal inhibits a call signal.
• Each switch module then transmits during a time slot 0 only one signal, either an answer type signal or a call signal. If furthermore, a separate time division multiplex link is arranged for each of the switch modules, in order to transfer information to respective link module, one avoids the mentioned multi frame forming concerning signals going from the switching system.
• an IST-network modified by means of the mentioned separate links which will be explained in connection with Fig 6, one obtains a quicker signalling process having shorter maximum times than the system shown in Fig 1 having the mentioned common links Lb.
• Fig 2 shows the common clock CL of the switching system, mentioned at the beginning, in order to generate a time division multiplex format comprising 32 time slot groups each having 32 time slots.
• the time slots are designated by means of two numbers 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 31 - 0 ⁇ t ⁇ 31 .
• the time slot 0-0 starts a frame period, precedes the frame period 0-1 and follows the last time slot 31-31 of the previous frame.
• the clock defines the time slots by means of pulse series shown in Fig 2, which are generated in a known manner, for example by means of a shift register.
• the clock is provided with an output 0 which according to Fig 2 transmits a pulse series which within each time slot comprises a pulse and an interval.
• the 0-pulses are needed in order to avoid, in a known manner, coincidence in the writing- and reading operations described below in connection with the time interchanges.
• the clock is driven by an oscillator OS, the basic frequency of which is 2 3+5+5+1 kHz ⁇ 16 MHz.
• Fig 3 shows a time stage known per se to perform time interchanges within the mentioned 32 x 32 time division multiplex format.
• the time stage mainly comprises an information memory IM and an address memory AM.
• the writing inputs of the information memory are through an AND-gate G1 and through 32 x 31 AND-gates G2 connected to the link La,n1 for incoming information.
• G1 AND-gate G1
• 32 x 31 AND-gates G2 connected to the link La,n1 for incoming information.
• communication- and message information arriving during the time slots m-1 to m-31 is written in associated locations of the information memory, while singals arriving during the time slots m-0 are not registered in the information memory.
• the communication information and the message information transferred on the link La,n1 is registered in all of the switch modules connected to the link, the mentioned switch modules forming a row in Fig 1.
• the address memory AM has its reading outputs connected to a time interchange decoder TDEC through 32 x 31 AND- gates G3, the mentioned decoder addressing the information memory during the 0-intervals for reading to the link Lb,n1/n2 going out from the switch module.
• the n1- and the n2-designation defines respectively, according to Fig 1, the transmitter Tn1 and the receiver Rn2 associated with the time stage.
• the time interchange decoder receives the addresses 31-1 and 0-16 respectively during the time slots 0-31 and 31-16, while during the other time slots the addresses m ⁇ 0 are transferred, which do not occur in the information memory.
• the communication information ki registered in the information memory during the time slot 31-1 is transferred during the time slot 0-31 to the link Lb,n1/n2, and the message information mi registered during the time slot 0-16 is switched to the time slot 31-16, but the remaining information registered in the information memory is not transferred to the outgoing link.
• the address memory AM has its writing inputs connected, through an operation decoder ODEC and through AND-gates G4 activated during the 0-pulses, to the operation inputs 01 and 02 of the time stage.
• Fig 4 shows signals receiving units SRU-C, SRU-A and SRU-E, which are included in the signalling logic of a switch module SMnl/n2 and which receive call-, answer- and establish signals registered in a signal register SREG.
• the signalling logic comprises further receiving units corresponding to the mentioned receiving units SRU-E and SRU-A and therefore not shown in Fig 4.
• the mentioned signal register SREG registers by means of an OR-gate G5 and an AND-gate G6 during the time slots m-0 idle-, call-, answer-, and establish or release signals coming from the link La,n1.
• Each call- or answer signal consists of two digital words, the first of which contains,, besides respective code C or A, an n2-number in order to address the switch module SMn1/n2, and of which words the second contains an m2-number to address one of the receiving control units connected to this switch module.
• An establish signal consists of four digital words, the first of which contains, besides the extablish code E, an n2-number to address the switch module SMn1/n2, and of which words the second, third and the fourth contain the above explained m2-, t2- and t1- establish information respectively.
• the signal receiving units each comprises a code register CREG, AREG and EREG to constantly store the mentioned C-n2-, A-n2- and E-n2- informatio respectively. Furthermore the signal receiving units each contain a comparator CC, AC and EC, the one input of which is connected to the respec tive mentioned code register CREG, AREG and EREG and the second input of which is connected to the mentioned signal register SREG. Each of the mentioned comparators has its output connected to 32 AND-gates G7, which are each activated during a test pulse, according to Fig 4 the time slot 0-20, 1-20 ...
• the mentioned shift registers contain two or four shift stages.
• the other shift stages are activated between the second and the third 0-pulse after that test pulse during which the connected gate G7 is activated.
• the second, third and fourth shift stages of the mentioned shift registers SH are each connected to a first input of an AND-gate G8 whose second input is connected to the signal register SREG and whose third input is activated coincidently with that gate G7 which is connected to the respective shift register.
• the outputs pf the mentioned gates G8 constitute the outputs CM2, AM2, EM2, ET2 and ET1 of the signal receiving units, from which the above mentioned m.2-, t2- and t1- numbers are transmitted.
• the receiving unit SRU-A for answer signals is provided with a common output AM2 while the receiving units SRU-C and SRU-E for call- and establish signals are provided with separate outputs CM2andEM2, ET2, ET1, which each are allotted to a transmitting control unit defined by means of an m1-number.
• the receiving unit SRU-E for .
• establish signals is furthermore provided with outputs M which are activated by means of AND-gates G9 during a first operation pulse occurring after a respective test pulse and, according to Fig 4, constituted by that m-30-pulse which coincides with the activation of the fourth shift stage of the respective shift register.
• Fig 5 shows a converting unit for establish signals comprising first operation registers OREG1 and AND-gates G10.
• the mentioned first operation registers are connected to the mentioned outputs EM2, ET2 and ET1 of the receiving unit SRU-E but also comprise register parts to constantly store the m1-number of the respective transmitting control unit.
• the mentioned gates G10 associated with the respective m1-number have their inputs connected to the mentioned output M of the receiving unit SRU-E and; to the mentioned first operation registers OREG1 and have their outputs connected to the mentioned operation inputs 01 and 02 of the time stage in such a manner that the m1-t1-operation information is written during the 0-pulse of the mentioned first operation pulse in memory locations of the address memory AM of the time stage, the location addresses being defined by means of the m2-t2-operation information.
• Fig 6 shows a combined converting unit for call- and answer signals.
• the m2-numbers obtained from the receiving unit SRU-A for answer signals through the mentioned output AM2 are decoded by means of an answer decoder ADEC and "1"-set bistable flip-flops FF.
• An "1"-set flip-flop indicates that the associated m2-control unit shall receive an answer signal and activates the first input of an AND-gate G11 associated with the same m2-number, the second input of which is activated during the time slot 0 of the same m2-number and the third input of which is connected to an answer register REG-A which constantly stores an answer code A.
• the "0"-setting of the flip-flops is achieved by means of reset pulses associated with respective m2-number, 10-pulses according to Fig 6.
• the outputs of the mentioned gates G11 are connected to the link Lb,n1/n2 going out from the switch module.
• the m2-numbers obtained from the receiving unit SRU-C for call signals through the mentioned outputs CM2 are decoded by means of call decoders
• CDEC which are associated each with an mi-number for transmitting control units.
• the mentioned call decoders have their outputs connected to priority devices PC-0 to PD-31 each associated with an m2-number for receiving control units.
• Each priority device selects, according to the above mentioned second priority rule, one of the control units which, during a frame, calls the associated receiving control unit.
• the mentioned outputs CM1 are each connected to an AND-gate G12 and an AND-gate G13.
• the mentioned gates G12 transfer in an activated state outgoing call signals through AND-gates G14 to the link Lb, n1/n2 going out from switch module SMn1/n2.
• the mentioned outgoing call signals containing, besides a call code C, the m-1 number of the calling control unit are constantly stored in call registers REG-C.
• the mentioned gates G13 transfer in an activated state ml-16-operation information through AND-gates G15 to the operation input 01 of the time stage.
• Each priority device PD associated with an m2-number furthermore, has all of its outputs connected to an OR-gate G16 the output of which is connected to the first input of an AND-gate G17 which in an activated state transfers m2-16-operation information to the operation input 02 of the time stage.
• the mentioned operation information m1-16 and m2-16 being constantly stored in second operation registers OREG2 is used to establish 16-16-message connections. Both inputs of a gate G12 or of a gate G13 are associated with the same m-number. Furthermore the mentioned gates G17 each have a second input connected to that register of the mentioned second operation registers OREG2 which stores an m-number corresponding to the m-number of respective priority device.
• the mentioned gates G14 are opened during the time slot 0 of the respective receiving control unit provided that a call but no answer is to be transferred to the receiving control unit. If an outgoing call signal is transferred to the receiving control unit, the gates G15 and G17 associated with the respective m2-number are opened during a second operation pulse associate with the respective time slot group, the m2-5 pulse according to Fig 6 .
• the mentioned gates G11 and G24 are controlled without the above mentioned multi frame forming as it is assumed that the mentioned link Lb,n1/n2 separately connects the switch module SMh1/n2 to the link module defined by means of the n2-number. Thanks to the separate link Lb,nl/n2 the outgoing call signals do not need to contain the n1-number being associated with the transmitting link module.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Use Of Switch Circuits For Exchanges And Methods Of Control Of Multiplex Exchanges (AREA)
• Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
• Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=20332216

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (23)

Families Citing this family (13)

Citations (3)

Family Cites Families (2)

• 1977
  • 1977-09-09 SE SE7710116A patent/SE424498B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1978
  • 1978-08-16 GB GB7933704A patent/GB2036506B/en not_active Expired
  • 1978-08-16 DE DE2857028A patent/DE2857028C1/de not_active Expired
  • 1978-08-16 BR BR7808744A patent/BR7808744A/pt unknown
  • 1978-08-16 WO PCT/SE1978/000033 patent/WO1979000138A1/en unknown
  • 1978-08-16 CH CH5114/79A patent/CH649665A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-09-01 AU AU39477/78A patent/AU519944B2/en not_active Expired
  • 1978-09-06 BE BE190294A patent/BE870252A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-09-06 YU YU02120/78A patent/YU212078A/xx unknown
  • 1978-09-06 CA CA000310754A patent/CA1117204A/en not_active Expired
  • 1978-09-07 IT IT27415/78A patent/IT1098818B/it active
  • 1978-09-08 MX MX174817A patent/MX145178A/es unknown
  • 1978-09-08 AR AR273633A patent/AR218081A1/es active
  • 1978-09-08 DK DK397878A patent/DK155268C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-09-08 FR FR7825934A patent/FR2402991A1/fr active Granted
  • 1978-09-08 NO NO783057A patent/NO149755C/no unknown
  • 1978-09-08 ES ES473203A patent/ES473203A1/es not_active Expired
  • 1978-09-08 NL NLAANVRAGE7809216,A patent/NL189277C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-09-08 JP JP11059678A patent/JPS5451304A/ja active Granted
  • 1978-09-08 PL PL20948978A patent/PL209489A1/xx unknown
  • 1978-09-08 FI FI782754A patent/FI65694C/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-09-08 HU HU78EI811A patent/HU177611B/hu unknown
  • 1978-09-09 EG EG544/78A patent/EG13352A/xx active

Patent Citations (3)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events